Effect of Sustained Cyclovergence on Eye Alignment: Rapid Torsional Phoria Adaptation
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Eye-Movement Studies of Visual Face Perception
Eye-movement studies of visual face perception Joseph Arizpe A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London 2015 1 Declaration I, Joseph Arizpe, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis investigates factors influencing eye-movement patterns during face perception, the relationship of eye-movement patterns to facial recognition performance, and methodological considerations impacting the detection of differences in eye-movement patterns. In particular, in the first study (chapter 2), in which the basis of the other-race effect was investigated, differences in eye- movement patterns during recognition of own- versus other-race (African, Chinese) faces were found for Caucasian participants. However, these eye- movement differences were subtle and analysis-dependent, indicating that the discrepancy in prior reports regarding the presence or absence of such differences are due to variability in statistical sensitivity of analysis methods across studies. The second and third studies (chapters 3 and 4) characterized visuomotor factors, specifically pre-stimulus start position and distance, which strongly influence subsequent eye-movement patterns during face perception. An overall bias in fixation patterns to the opposite side of the face induced by start position and an increasing undershoot of the first ordinal fixation with increasing start distance were found. These visuomotor influences were not specific to faces and did not depend on the predictability of the location of the upcoming stimulus. -
Conjunctive and Disjunctive Eye Movements an Pupillary Response Performance for Objective Metrics in Acute Mtbi
Conjunctive and Disjunctive Eye Movements an Pupillary Response Performance for Objective Metrics in Acute mTBI Carey Balaban, PhD1 Michael Hoffer, MD2 Mikaylo Sczczupak MD2 Alex Kiderman, PhD3 1University of Pittsburgh, 2 University of Miami, 3Neuro Kinetics, Inc. Disclosures • Michael E. Hoffer and Carey D. Balaban have no conflicts of interest or financial interests to report • Alexander Kiderman is an employee and shareholder of Neuro Kinetics, Inc. • The views expressed in this talk are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Pittsburgh, University of Miami, Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. 2 Why is mTBI a Topic for Otolaryngology? • Balance disorders often present • Co-morbidities similar to balance-migraine- anxiety • Vestibular, oculomotor and reaction time tests provide objective metrics for acute mTBI Precision Medicine • Current clinical nosology as a clinical descriptive template – Symptoms – Signs – “Biomarkers” • Establish etiologic nosology – Identify acute response processes – Identify longitudinal processes – Plan interventions appropriate to patients’ clinical trajectories ‘Plain Language’ mTBI Definition • Documented traumatic event • ‘Not Quite Right’ (‘NQR’ criterion) • How does one quantify ‘NQR’? 5 Conjunctive Eye Movements as Objective mTBI Metrics: Up to 2 Weeks Post-Injury Conjuctive (Conjugate) Eye Movements for mTBI Diagnosis • High Frequency Horizontal Vestibulo-ocular Reflex – Computer-controlled Head Impulse Test (crHIT) • Saccades – Antisaccade Task – Predictive Saccade Task • Optokinetic Response • Smooth Pursuit Key Measure Changes Across Sessions Key Measure Changes Across Sessions Background • Disconjugate eye movements (convergence and divergence) track objects that vary in depth over the binocular visual field. These eye movements can be measured objectively and are commonly affected following mTBI. -
Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates
Brain Research Reviews 32Ž. 2000 413±448 www.elsevier.comrlocaterbres Full-length review Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates Edward J. Tehovnik ), Marc A. Sommer, I-Han Chou, Warren M. Slocum, Peter H. Schiller Department of Brain and CognitiÕe Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-634, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Accepted 19 October 1999 Abstract Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortexŽ. DMFC ; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to as the frontal eye fieldŽ. FEF . This review documents the similarities and differences between these eye fields. Although the DMFC and FEF are both active during the execution of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, the FEF is more dedicated to these functions. Lesions of DMFC minimally affect the production of most types of saccadic eye movements and have no effect on the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. In contrast, lesions of the FEF produce deficits in generating saccades to briefly presented targets, in the production of saccades to two or more sequentially presented targets, in the selection of simultaneously presented targets, and in the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. For the most part, these deficits are prevalent in both monkeys and humans. Single-unit recording experiments have shown that the DMFC contains neurons that mediate both limb and eye movements, whereas the FEF seems to be involved in the execution of eye movements only. -
Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction
OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction OPTOMETRY: THE PRIMARY EYE CARE PROFESSION Doctors of optometry are independent primary health care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions. Optometrists provide more than two-thirds of the primary eye care services in the United States. They are more widely distributed geographically than other eye care providers and are readily accessible for the delivery of eye and vision care services. There are approximately 36,000 full-time-equivalent doctors of optometry currently in practice in the United States. Optometrists practice in more than 6,500 communities across the United States, serving as the sole primary eye care providers in more than 3,500 communities. The mission of the profession of optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the public through clinical care, research, and education, all of which enhance the quality of life. OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH ACCOMMODATIVE AND VERGENCE DYSFUNCTION Reference Guide for Clinicians Prepared by the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D., Principal Author Carole R. Burns, O.D. Susan A. Cotter, O.D. Kent M. Daum, O.D., Ph.D. John R. Griffin, M.S., O.D. Mitchell M. Scheiman, O.D. Revised by: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D. December 2010 Reviewed by the AOA Clinical Guidelines Coordinating Committee: David A. -
A Single Coordinate Framework for Optic Flow and Binocular Disparity
A coordinate framework for optic flow and disparity Glennerster and Read A single coordinate framework for optic flow and binocular disparity 1¶* 2¶ Andrew Glennerster and Jenny C.A. Read 1 School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH ¶ These authors contributed equally to this work. * Corresponding author. Email [email protected] (AG) A coordinate framework for optic flow and disparity Glennerster and Read Abstract Optic flow is two dimensional, but no special qualities are attached to one or other of these dimensions. For binocular disparity, on the other hand, the terms 'horizontal' and 'vertical' disparities are commonly used. This is odd, since binocular disparity and optic flow describe essentially the same thing. The difference is that, generally, people tend to fixate relatively close to the direction of heading as they move, meaning that fixation is close to the optic flow epipole, whereas, for binocular vision, fixation is close to the head-centric midline, i.e. approximately 90 degrees from the binocular epipole. For fixating animals, some separations of flow may lead to simple algorithms for the judgement of surface structure and the control of action. We consider the following canonical flow patterns that sum to produce overall flow: (i) ‘towards’ flow, the component of translational flow produced by approaching (or retreating from) the fixated object, which produces pure radial flow on the retina; (ii) ‘sideways’ flow, the remaining component of translational flow, which is produced by translation of the optic centre orthogonal to the cyclopean line of sight and (iii) ‘vergence’ flow, rotational flow produced by a counter-rotation of the eye in order to maintain fixation. -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
APRIL 1978 Vol. 17/4 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science A Journal of Clinical and Basic Research Articles Training of voluntary torsion Richard Balliet and Ken Nakayama By means of a visual feedback technique, human subjects were trained to make large conjugate cyclorotary eye movements at will. The range of movement increased with training at a rate of approximately 0.8° per hour of practice, reaching 30° at the end of training. Photographs recorded the ability to make voluntary cyclofixations at any amplitude within the subject's range. Cyclotorsional pursuit was also trained, with ability increasing with greater amounts of visual feedback. In addition, torsional saccadic tracking was trained, showing a magnitude vs. peak velocity relationship similar to that seen for normal saccades. Control experiments indi- cate that all of these movements were voluntary, with no significant visual induction. With extended practice, large torsional movements could be made without any visual stimulation. The emergence of voluntary torsion through training demonstrates that the oculomotor system has more plasticity than has generally been assumed, reopening the issue as to whether other movements could also be trained to alleviate the symptoms of strabismus. Key words: eye movements, torsion, saccades, slow pursuit, fixation, orthoptics, oculomotor plasticity c' yclorotations are defined as rotations the eye can undergo a cyclorotation as it about the visual axis of the eye. These rota- moves from one tertiary position of gaze to tions are considered to be reflexive, with no another, but the amount of this cyclorotation indication of voluntary control. For example, is fixed, being dictated by Listings law.11 In addition, involuntary cyclovergence has been 1 From the Smith-Kettlewell Institute of Visual Science, reported to occur during convergence, and Department of Visual Sciences, University of the reflexive cycloversions have been demon- Pacific, San Francisco, Calif. -
Do You Really Need Your Oblique Muscles? Adaptations and Exaptations
SPECIAL ARTICLE Do You Really Need Your Oblique Muscles? Adaptations and Exaptations Michael C. Brodsky, MD Background: Primitive adaptations in lateral-eyed ani- facilitate stereoscopic perception in the pitch plane. It also mals have programmed the oblique muscles to counter- recruits the oblique muscles to generate cycloversional rotate the eyes during pitch and roll. In humans, these saccades that preset torsional eye position immediately torsional movements are rudimentary. preceding volitional head tilt, permitting instantaneous nonstereoscopic tilt perception in the roll plane. Purpose: To determine whether the human oblique muscles are vestigial. Conclusions: The evolution of frontal binocular vision has exapted the human oblique muscles for stereo- Methods: Review of primitive oblique muscle adapta- scopic detection of slant in the pitch plane and nonste- tions and exaptations in human binocular vision. reoscopic detection of tilt in the roll plane. These exap- tations do not erase more primitive adaptations, which Results: Primitive adaptations in human oblique muscle can resurface when congenital strabismus and neuro- function produce rudimentary torsional eye move- logic disease produce evolutionary reversion from exap- ments that can be measured as cycloversion and cyclo- tation to adaptation. vergence under experimental conditions. The human tor- sional regulatory system suppresses these primitive adaptations and exaptively modulates cyclovergence to Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:820-828 HE HUMAN extraocular static counterroll led Jampel9 to con- muscles have evolved to clude that the primary role of the oblique meet the needs of a dy- muscles in humans is to prevent torsion. namic, 3-dimensional vi- So the question is whether the human ob- sual world. -
The Effect of Eye Movements and Blinks on Afterimage Appearance and Duration
Journal of Vision (2015) 15(3):20, 1–15 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/3/20 1 The effect of eye movements and blinks on afterimage appearance and duration School of Psychology, Cardiff University, # Georgina Powell Cardiff, Wales, UK $ School of Psychology, Cardiff University, # Petroc Sumner Cardiff, Wales, UK $ Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, # Aline Bompas Centre Hospitalier Vinatier, Bron, Cedex, France $ The question of whether eye movements influence argued that afterimage signals are inherently ambigu- afterimage perception has been asked since the 18th ous, and this could explain why their visibility is century, and yet there is surprisingly little consensus on influenced by cues, such as surrounding luminance how robust these effects are and why they occur. The edges, more than are real stimuli (Powell, Bompas, & number of historical theories aiming to explain the Sumner, 2012). Helmholtz (1962) identified another cue effects are more numerous than clear experimental that is important to take into account when conducting demonstrations of such effects. We provide a clearer afterimage experiments: characterization of when eye movements and blinks do or do not affect afterimages with the aim to distinguish For obtaining really beautiful positive after- between historical theories and integrate them with a images, the following additional rules should be modern understanding of perception. We found neither saccades nor pursuit reduced strong afterimage observed. Both before and after they are devel- duration, and blinks actually increased afterimage oped, any movement of the eye or any sudden duration when tested in the light. However, for weak movement of the body must be carefully avoided, afterimages, we found saccades reduced duration, and because under such circumstances they invariably blinks and pursuit eye movements did not. -
Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Eye Movements
CINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EYE MOVEMENTS C. c. BAILEY\ J. KABALA2, R. LAITT2, M. WESTON2, P. GODDARD2, H. B. HOHl, M. J. POTTSl and R. A. HARRADl Bristol SUMMARY Images were obtained using the FISP 2D sequence (fast Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique in imaging with a steady state progression). The patient was which multiple sequential static orbital MRI films are positioned within the head coil in the magnet. A strip of taken while the patient fixates a series of targets across paper with six separate marks set 30° apart was suspended the visual field. These are then sequenced to give a in front of the patient and aligned either transversely or graphic animation to the eyes. The excellent soft tissue sagittally depending on the eye movement of interest. The differentiationofMRI, combined with the dynamic imag patient was asked to look sequentially at each mark on the ing, allows rapid visualisation, and functional assessment paper, and a scan was performed in each position. Each of the extraocular muscles. Good assessment of contrac image took 15 seconds to acquire. After the patient had tility can be obtained, but the technique does not allow fixated all six points the procedure was repeated in reverse study of saccadic or pursuit eye movements. We have order. The images generated were then displayed as a used this technique in 36 patients with a range of ocular continuous video loop. The total time required to generate motility disorders, including thyroid-related ophthalmo a video loop for each patient was only 6 minutes. -
Convexity Bias and Perspective Cues in the Reverse-Perspective Illusion
Short Report i-Perception Convexity Bias and January-February 2016: 1–7 ! The Author(s) 2016 DOI: 10.1177/2041669516631698 Perspective Cues in the ipe.sagepub.com Reverse-Perspective Illusion Joshua J. Dobias Department of Psychology and Counseling, Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA Thomas V. Papathomas Department of Biomedical Engineering and Laboratory of Vision Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA Vanja M. Vlajnic Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Abstract The present experiment was designed to examine the roles of painted linear perspective cues, and the convexity bias that are known to influence human observers’ perception of three-dimensional (3D) objects and scenes. Reverse-perspective stimuli were used to elicit a depth-inversion illusion, in which far points on the stimulus appear to be closer than near points and vice versa, with a 2 (Type of stimulus) Â 2 (Fixation mark position) design. To study perspective, two types of stimuli were used: a version with painted linear perspective cues and a version with blank (unpainted) surfaces. To examine the role of convexity, two locations were used for the fixation mark: either in a locally convex or a locally concave part of each stimulus (painted and unpainted versions). Results indicated that the reverse-perspective illusion was stronger when the stimulus contained strong perspective cues and when observers fixated a locally concave region within the scene. Keywords Three-dimensional shape, reverse perspective, convexity bias, linear perspective, fixation location, visual context Introduction When viewing reverse-perspective stimuli (Wade & Hughes, 1999), painted linear perspective cues can compete with bottom-up monocular (motion parallax, shading, lens accommodation) and binocular (disparity, vergence angle) depth cues, thus creating a Corresponding author: Joshua J. -
Vergence Eye Movements in Responsetobinoculardisparity
letters to nature black-and-white bars at the neuron’s preferred orientation. The central region movements are elicited at ultrashort latencies1,2. Here we show of the stereogram completely covered the minimum response field. After that the same steps applied to dense anticorrelated patterns, in testing with RDS, neurons were classified as simple or complex on the basis of which each black dot in one eye is matched to a white dot in the the modulation in their firing to drifting gratings17. Of the 72 neurons, 57 were other eye, initiate vergence responses that are very similar, except tested in this way, of which 50 were complex cells and 7 were simple cells. that they are in the opposite direction. This sensitivity to the Analysis. For each neuron, the mean firing rate as a function of disparity (f(d)) disparity of anticorrelated patterns is shared by many disparity- was fitted with a Gabor function: selective neurons in cortical area V1 (ref. 3), despite the fact that human subjects fail to perceive depth in such stimuli4,5. These f ðdÞ¼Aexpð 2 ðd 2 DÞ2=2j2Þ cosð2pqðd 2 DÞþfÞþB data indicate that the vergence eye movements initiated at ultrashort by nonlinear regression, where A, q and f are the amplitude, spatial frequency latencies result solely from locally matched binocular features, and phase, respectively, of the cosine component, j is the standard deviation of and derive their visual input from an early stage of cortical the gaussian, D is a position offset, and B is the baseline firing rate. In our processing before the level at which depth percepts are elaborated. -
Pseudogaze in Afterimages
Journal of Vision (2016) 16(5):6, 1–10 1 Where are you looking? Pseudogaze in afterimages Caltech Brain Imaging Center, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, # Daw-An Wu Pasadena, CA, USA $ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Universite´ # Patrick Cavanagh Paris Descartes, Paris, France $ How do we know where we are looking? A frequent gaze seems exceptionally well defined and we seldom assumption is that the subjective experience of our feel that we don’t know where we are looking within a direction of gaze is assigned to the location in the world visual scene. The conceptual equivalence of mental and that falls on our fovea. However, we find that observers physical gaze is ingrained to the point that the two can shift their subjective direction of gaze among concepts share almost all their terminology, even in different nonfoveal points in an afterimage. Observers scientific and technical usage. Terms such as ‘‘gaze,’’ were asked to look directly at different corners of a ‘‘look at,’’ ‘‘fixate,’’ etc. do not distinguish between the diamond-shaped afterimage. When the requested corner subjective sense of visual targeting and the physical was 3.58 in the periphery, the observer often reported pointing of the eyes at something. that the image moved away in the direction of the Whereas a large body of work exists regarding the attempted gaze shift. However, when the corner was at perceived direction of visual targets in egocentric space 1.758 eccentricity, most reported successfully fixating at the point.