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Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences

1988

The Vascular Flora of the Niobrara Valley Preserve and Adjacent Areas in Nebraska

Steven P. Churchill The New York Botanical Garden

Craig C. Feeman Kansas Biological Survey

Gail E. Kantak Saginaw Valley State University

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Churchill, Steven P.; Feeman, Craig C.; and Kantak, Gail E., "The Vascular Flora of the Niobrara Valley Preserve and Adjacent Areas in Nebraska" (1988). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 178. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/178

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1988. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, XVI: 1-15.

THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE NIOBRARA VALLEY PRESERVE

AND ADJACENT AREAS IN NEBRASKA

Steven P. Churchill

The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458

and

Craig C. Freeman

Kansas Biological Survey 2291 Irving Hill Drive, Campus West Lawrence, Kansas 66045

and

Gail E. Kantak

Department of Biology Saginaw Valley State University University Center, Michigan 48710

The Niobrara Valley Preserve is a 219 krn2 area along the Niobrara River survey for The Nature Conservancy in 1982 and 1983. A pre­ in north-central Nebraska. Five hundred eighty-one species of vascular plants, liminary sketch of the area, with discussion of the plant and about one-third of the total known from Nebraska, are recorded from the Preserve. They are distributed among 332 genera in 105 families. The floristic animal communities, was provided by Harrison (1980) prior richness of this area may be attributed to two major factors: 1) a unique surface to the survey. A summary of survey results was presented by and subsurface geology has produced hydrologic and pedologic conditions Kantak (1983a & b). Published accounts describe the birds amenable to a variety of plant communities; 2) Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene (Brogie and Mossman, 1983; Mossman and Brogie, 1983), the climates were critical in determining the co-occurrence of diverse vegetation bryophytes (Churchill, 1985), and the butterflies (Dankert and types in the Niobrara River Valley. Among the principal plant communities juxtaposed in this area are three grassland types (sandhills, mixed, and tall­ Nagel, 1988). A detailed account of the biogeography of the grass prairies) and three forest types (ponderosa pine, paper-birch, and eastern Niobrara Valley based in part on the data from this survey has deciduous). . been presented by Kaul et al. (1988). In this paper we present the results of the survey of vascular plants. A total of 581 t t t species distributed among 105 families and 332 genera is re­ ported from the NVP and adjacent area, representing approx­ INTRODUCTION imately one third of the known vascular flora for Nebraska. A A plant inventory was conducted for the Niobrara Valley summary of the NVP flora is presented in Table I, and Table Preserve (NVP) and adjacent area as part of a general ecological II enumerates the ten largest families represented in the survey.

1 2 Niobrara Flora

TABLE I. Summary of the vascular flora of the Niobrara TABLE II. Summary of the ten largest families from the Ni Valley Preserve and adjacent area. brara Valley Preserve, ordered largest to smalle

Division Families Genera Species Family Number of species Native Intro· duced Poaceae 81 Asteraceae 80 Lycopodiophyta 1 Cyperaceae 40 Equisetophyta 1 4 1 Fabaceae s. s. 36 Polypodiophyta 8 9 3 Brassicaceae 19 Pinophyta 2 3 4 Lamiaceae 17 Magnoliophyta Rosaceae 16 Magnoliopsida 80 245 364 44 Polygonaceae 16 Liliopsida 17 74 138 17 Scrophulariaceae 16 Onagraceae 14 subtotal 519 62 Total 105 332 581 Total number of species 335 in the ten largest families. (ca. 58% of total NVP flora)

Cherry Co. ,.

NEBRASKA

NVP

21_

Cherry Co.

Brown Co.

,420 40'

99°55'

FIGURE 1. Map of the Niobrara Valley Preserve (NVP) and adjacent land in north-central Nebraska. Numbers 1-23 refer major sites surveyed and to local names given to collections in this study: 1. canyons S and W of Sparks; 2. Be Bridge; 3. canyons S of Sparks; 4. Smith Falls; 5. Big Cedar Creek; 6. Little Cedar Creek; 7. Rock Barn Mars 8. Sunnybrook Marsh; 9. Fairfield Creek; 10. NVP headquarters area; 11. Birch Hollow; Horsetail Canyon an. Dicranum Gorge; 12. East Middle Creek; 13. Turkey Vulture Point; 14. Turkey Creek; 15. Barney Creek; 16. Garde Creek; 17. Hazel Creek; 18. old Kirkpatrick Ranch; 19. Jeff Creek; 20. Tickc10ver Canyon, Aggravation Rockb and Smith Creeks, Rhodobryum Gorge, and Kantak Coulee; 21. Buzzard Canyon and Dutch Creek; 22. Qui Canyon; and 23. Plum Creek area. Niobrara Flora 3

LOCATION AND PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION more characteristic of western pine forest. Likewise, the ta­ blelands at the top of the Valley support shallow-rooted drought­ The study area is located in north-central Nebraska along tolerant species typically found in mixed grass prairie. proximately 50 km stretch of the Niobrara River (Fig. ~ ihe Niobrara Valley Preserve comprises about 219 km2 in 1 'rthwestern Brown, northeastern Cherry, and southwestern DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR PLANT COMMUNITIES ~~ya Paba counties. ~ map. 0: the ~tudy ~ea sho,,:ing many of the collection sites In detalliS avaIlable m ChurchIll (1985). Eastern Deciduous Forest The eastern deciduous forest element is most widespread, The middle reaches of the Niobrara River Valley, in which covering much of the river floodplain and south wall of the the NVP is located, are notable for the co-occurrence of several Valley. At these locations a permanent water supply is acces­ distinctly different plant communities, including Rocky Moun­ sible via the shallow floodplain water table or from permanent tain pine forest, eastern deciduous forest, paper-birch forest, spring seeps. These forests are typically dominated by Fraxinus tall-grass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, and sandhill prairie, all pennsylvanica, Tilia americana, and Ostrya virginiana, with within several miles of each other. This mosaic of vegetation Quercus macrocarpa, Ulmus americana, Acer negundo, Celtis types was first alluded to in the scientific literature by Bessey occidentalis and Juglans nigra often represented. The under­ in 1887, when he described one of the Niobrara tributaries in story comprises typical mesic, shade-tolerant species. This is this area, Long Pine Creek, as "a meeting place for two floras," the most diverse plant community type in the area; a more referring to the mingling of western and eastern plant species extensive list of species is found in Kaul et al. (1988). that he found there. In the intervening 100 years other workers have described and characterized the ecological plant com­ Ponderosa Pine Forest munities found in this region (e.g. Pool 1914, Pound and Clem­ The ponderosa pine forest along the Niobrara River in this ents 1900, Tolstead 1942a, b, 1947). The physical and area is an eastern outlier of this community type in the Great topographical features giving rise to the disparate microhabitats Plains. It is best developed on the rocky soils and steep eroding found here were first pointed out by Tolstead (1942b) and are cliffs of the north wall of the river valley, where there is no summarized below. More recently, the biogeographic evidence shading by deciduous trees and little chance of fire. Pines also for the historical events leading to this admixture of species occur on the steep, sandy slopes above the springbranch can­ and community types has been treated by Kaul et al. (1988). yons on the south wall, and some are scattered in the sandhills The persistence here of species of widely varying biogeograph­ to the south, where they may be increasing in this century due ical affinities in a characteristically grassland climate can be to fire exclusion (Steinauer and Bragg, 1987). Juniperus vir­ attributed largely to hydrological and geological features of the giniana often occurs with the dominant Pinus ponderosa. valley that provide microhabitats more characteristic of eco­ systems to the east, west, or north. On the south side of the Tall-grass Prairie river, permeable sandhills overlie a buried impervious geolog­ The lowland meadows on the south side of the river support ical formation, permitting the accumulation of rainwater in the native tallgrasses and a diverse array of eastern prairie forbs. dune sands. This water runs laterally toward the valley, emerg­ These species are restricted to areas where the water table is ing in seeps and springs where the downcutting river has ex­ high, and consequently are found in the river floodplain or on posed the interface between the absorbent sands and the some of the lower terraces. This community type is poorly impermeable stratum. This permanently-flowing water has pro­ represented because these lowland areas are heavily utilized duced seeps, springs, springbranch canyons and sub irrigated for cultivation, haying or grazing. The best examples are dom­ meadows on the south wall of the central Niobrara Valley, inated by Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon gerardii, Panicum which is also shaded and protected from the prevailing south­ virgatum and Agrostis stolonifera. erly winds of the growing season because it faces north. Thus this side of the valley, in various places, provides appropriate Sandhills Prairie environmental conditions for the more mesic plant species char­ This vegetation type is found atop the sand dunes above acteristic of eastern deciduous forest, northern boreal forest, the canyons south of the river and is very extensive between or tallgrass prairie. the canyons cut by the tributaries of the Niobrara River. It is dominated by taller, vigorous, native perennial grasses in deep, Environmental conditions are quite different to the north often moist, sandy soil of stabilized sand dunes. These soils of the Niobrara River. Here the underlying geological stratum support a mixture of tall, mid- and short-grasses, with their ~oduces a fine-textured loamy soil that does not permit the relative abundance varying according to variation in water­ infIltration and percolation of sufficient rainwater to maintain holding capacity of the sandy soil as influenced by topography. pennanently flowing springs or seeps. In addition this north In this range of microhabitats may be found grasses such as ~. , th IS exposed to the southerly winds and to the sun and Andropogon hallii, A. scoparius, Stipa comata, Panicum vir­ erefore is much drier. The plants adapted to the more xeric gatum, Bouteloua hirsuta, Festuca octoflora, Calamovilfa Conditions on these slopes tend to be shade-intolerant species longifolia, Koeleria pyramidata, and associated prairie forbs. 4 Niobrara Flora

Mixed Prairie mation was deemed potentially valuable because it adds to our Mixed prairie is found most extensively on the flat tableland understanding of phytogeographic relationships in the Niobrara above the pine-covered slopes north of the Niobrara River. River Valley, and it may be a means by which vegetation Here the drier, sandy loam soils support shallow-rooted, drought­ changes can be gauged in the future. Non-native species are tolerant species, producing an upland prairie dominated uy noted as "Introduced." Counties from which vouchers were perennial bunch- and sod-grasses. Mixed prairie also occurs in collected during the course of this study are abbreviated as some areas of the river's south slope having appropriate soil follows: Brown (B), Cherry (C), and Keya Paha (K). moisture characteristics. Here may be found Stipa comata, S. spartea, Festuca octoflora, Calamovilfa longifolia, and Bou­ teloua gracilis. I. LYCOPODIOPHYTA Northern Boreal Relicts (Paper-birch forest) Selaginellaceae Boreal relicts tend to be restricted and clustered around Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Abundant in dry upland mixed and transi­ cold springs in sheltered springbranch canyons, or near springfed tional sandhill prairies, gravelly ridges, and on dry sandy soil along streams seeps along the steep canyon walls on the south side of the in open areas. (B, C) Niobrara Valley. Paper-birch (Betula papyrifera) is diagnostic of this community type, and is at its southern distributional II. EQUISETOPHYTA limit, here widely disjunct from the major portion of its range. Equisetaceae It is associated with other species typical of mixed conifer­ Equisetum arvense L. Common along the river and its tributaries, in marshes aspen forests or cold-water marsh or bog habitats, and has a and disturbed mesic habitats. (B) boreal-type understory of grasses, sedges, and mosses. It is Equisetum jerrissii Clute. Common in open mesic sites in sandy-loam soils [E. hyemale x E. laevigatum]. (B) often associated with Ostrya virginiana or Fraxinus pennsyl­ Equisetum hyemale L. Common in springbranch canyons in paper-birch and vanica. eastern deciduous forests along streams. (B, C) Equisetum laevigatum. A. Br. Common in open mesic sites in sandy to sandy­ loam soil. This species was often found in the same habitat with E .ferrissii, Minor Vegetation Types but E. laevigatum normally occupied slightly drier sites. (B) Other, less extensive vegetation types can be recognized in this region, but they will not be discussed in this paper. They III. POLYPODIOPHYTA include a mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (where the eastern forests intermingle with the pine forest), hardwood savanna, Marsileaceae pine-juniper savanna, transitional mixed-prairie/sandhills prai­ Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. subsp. vestita.Infrequent in and around ephem­ eral ponds in the sandhills. [Marsilea mucronata A. Br.]. (B) rie or mixed-prairie/shortgrass prairie, upland thickets of Rhus glabra, and oxbow marshes. Ophioglossaceae Botrychium campestre W. H. Wagner & D. R. Farrar. Originally reported as B. matricariifolium A. Br. (Freeman & Churchill, 1983), this species was only recently described (Wagner & Wagner, 1986), and represents one of ANNOTATED CATALOGUE but a few that might be considered endemic to the plains. It is rare in juniper-oak woodlands along the floodplain of the river, the only known locality for this species in Nebraska. (B) The following annotated catalogue combines both field and Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Infrequent on steep to moderate slopes in herbarium data to provide the first comprehensive listing of eastern deciduous forests in loamy soil. (B) species found in the Niobrara Valley Preserve and adjacent Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farw. Rare around a pond near the old fish hatchery on the south side of the river. This is only areas. All taxa in the list are documented by voucher specimens the second known locality for the species in Nebraska (Freeman & Church­ deposited in the University of Nebraska Herbarium (NEB) in ill, 1983; see also Sutherland & Kaul, 1986). (C) Lincoln. Representative duplicate sets have been distributed to Polypodiaceae the Kansas State University Herbarium (KSC), the New York Cystopteris jragilis (L.) Bernh. Abundant on moist, sandy to sandy-loam Botanical Garden (NY), and the University of Kansas Her­ slopes in paper-birch, eastern deciduous, and ponderosa pine forests. (B, barium (KANU). A reference collection of nearly all species C, K) Dryopteris spinulosa (c. F. Muell.) Watt. Rare in springbranch canyons in is deposited at the Niobrara Valley Preserve headquarters near paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests in loamy soil. The four popu­ Johnstown. lations located along the river are reported in Freeman & Churchill (1983). [Dryopteris spinulosa (C. F. Muell.) Watt.] (B, C) Onoclea sensibilis L. Infrequent in marshes and around ponds along the Nio­ In the list, all families and genera are given in alphabetical brara River. (C) order within each plant division and class. Nomenclature fol­ Thelypteris palustris Schott. Common along streams, around seeps, and ponds, lows the Flora of the Great Plains (Great Plains Flora Asso­ and in marshes and other mesic habitats, usually in full to partial shade. (B, C) ciation, 1986). A statement of habitat, associated vegetation, Woodsia oregana D. C. Eat. Occasional in eastern deciduous to coniferous­ and a subjective estimate of abundance is provided for each deciduous forests on sandy-loam slopes. (B, C) taxon, and is based largely on field observations. Such infor- Niobrara Flora 5

IV. PINOPHYTA Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis L. Common in rich deciduous forests on slopes along spring­ Cupressaceae branch canyons. Observed in nearly every springbranch canyon on the Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Rare on a xeric bluff and slope at the edge south side of the river from the fish hatchery on the east edge of Fort of a ponderosa pine forest north of the river. (K) Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge east to the mouth of Plum Creek. (B, Juniperus virginiana L. Common on sandy to gravelly slopes, uplands, and C) floodplains. (B, C) Asclepiadaceae Pinaceae Asclepias arenaria Torr. Infrequent on upland sandhill and mixed prairies in picea pungens Engelm. Rare around old ranches along the river. A persistent sandy soil. (K) cultivar. Introduced. (C) Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata. Common along the river and its Pinus ponderosa Laws. Abundant on xeric slopes on the north side of the tributaries, especially in marshes and on stabilized sandbars. (B, K) river, and on gravelly ridges above canyons south of the river. Occasionally Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Rare on gravelly to sandy slopes in openings of on open sandhills. (B) ponderosa pine forests. (K) Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Infrequent on mixed prairies on slopes and uplands. (K) V. MAGNOLIOPHYTA Asclepias syriaca L. Occasional in pastures along the river and in disturbed sites. (C) A. Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Asclepias verticillata L. Infrequent in mesic to xeric sites in sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, C) Aceraceae Asclepias viridijlora Raf. Scarce on upland sandhills and mixed prairies. (B, Acer negundo L. var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. Common along the river floodplain K) and its tributaries. (B, K) Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Achillea milleJolium L. subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper. Common along roads Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. Common in sandy disturbed habitats and on upland prairies. (B) around old ranches, roads, and center pivots. (B, K) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. (B) Amaranthus graecizans L. Common in disturbed sandy to sandy-loam habitats Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Common on upland sandhill and mixed prairies around ranches and roads. (B) and in disturbed habitats. (B) Amaranthus retroflexus L. Common in disturbed sandy to loamy soil. Intro­ Ambrosia trifula L. Frequent in disturbed habitats along roads and abandoned duced. (K) fields. (K) Froelichiafloridana (Nutt.) Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. Common in Antennaria neglecta Greene. Common in deciduous and coniferous woods disturbed sandy habitats. (B, C) along the river and its tributaries. (B, C) Froelichiagracilis (Hook.) Moq. Infrequent in disturbed, often eroded, sandy Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. Common on upland sandhills and mixed prairies habitats. (B, C) and on gravelly ridges and slopes. (B, K) Arctium minus Bernh. Infrequent in disturbed wooded canyons and around Anacardiaceae old ranches. Introduced. (B) Rhus aromatica Ait. var. serotina (Greene) Rehd. Common in rocky to sandy Artemisia dracunculus L. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (K) wooded canyons and on upland mixed prairie slopes. (B, K) Artemisia filifolia Torr. Rare on upland mixed prairie and on gravelly ridges Rhus glabra L. Common in disturbed habitats, mixed and sandhills prairies, and slopes. (B, K) and coniferous woods. (K) Artemisia Jrigida Willd. Frequent on sandhill and mixed prairies. (C, K) Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small) Greene. Abundant on mixed and sandhill Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. ludoviciana. Frequent in prairies, often in prairies, and in canyons in coniferous and deciduous woods. (K) sandy soil. (K) Aster ericoides L. Common in wetland meadows, prairies, and deciduous and Apiaceae coniferous woods. (C) Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. var. incisum (Torr.) Cronq. Common in marshes Aster laevis L. Common in deciduous and coniferous woods, usually on shaded along the river and in springbranch tributaries. (B) slopes. (C, K) Cicuta bulbifera L. Rare in marshes along the river. (C) Aster novae-angliae L. Frequent in marshes, wetland prairies and along the Cicuta maculata L. Common in marshes along the river and along its tribu­ banks of the river. (B, C, K) taries. (B, C, K) Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Occasional on mixed prairies and ponderosa pine­ Conium maculatum L. Occasional in disturbed sites. Introduced. (B) oak woods. (B, C) Cymopteris acaulis (Pursh) Raf. Uncommon on dry banks in transitional mixed Aster praealtus Poir. var. nebraskensis (Britt.) Wieg. Common in marshes prairie and ponderosa pine forests. (K) and mesic prairies. (C, K) Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. montanum (Schleicher) Briq. Infrequent Aster simplex Willd. var. ramosissimus (T. & G.) Cronq. Common in marshes on open to shaded banks along springbranch creeks and on the south side and mesic prairies. (K) of the river. (C) Bidens cernua L. Infrequent along the river on stablized sandbars and in Lomatium orientale Coult. & Rose. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies. (B, marshes. (B, C, K) C, K) Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. Infrequent along the river on stablized sandbars Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Clarke. Uncommon in deciduous forests. Col­ and in marshes. (B, C, KO lected by Churchill in 1974 (NEB). (C) Bidens Jrondosa L. Occasional on sandbars and in streamside marshes. (B, Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. var. longistylis. Infrequent in rich deciduous K) woods, often around springs in springbranch canyons. (B) Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners. Infrequent on upland mixed prairie Sanicula canadensis L. Common in deciduous woods. (B, C, K) and gravelly ridges. (K) Sium suave Walt. Uncommon in marshes. Collected by Tolstead in 1936 Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. Occasional in deciduous and coniferous (NEB). woods. (B, C) Cirsium canescens Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (B) < Apocynaceae Cirsiumflodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur. Occasional in mixed prairies. (K) Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Infrequent on slopes in shaded eastern de­ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis. Common in disturbed habitats ciduous forest. (K) throughout, especially in overgrazed pastures and along roads. (B, K) 6 Niobrara Flora

Conyza ramosissima Cronq. Infrequent in disturbed habitats around old ranches Senecio plattensis Nutt. Common on mesic mixed prairies and in woodlands: and prairie dog towns. (B) along the river and its tributaries. (B, C, K) Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G. subsp. runcinata. Rare in mesic tallgrass Senecio riddellii T. & G. Frequent in sandhill prairies. (B, C) prairie along the river. (C) Senecio tridenticulatus Rydb. Common in sandhill prairies. (B) Dyssodia papposa (Yent.) Hitchc. Infrequent in disturbed habitats throughout, Shinnersoseris rostrata (A. Gray) Tomb. Infrequent on sandy to gravelly especially in pastures and along roadsides. (C, KO sandhill prairie slopes and ridges. [Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray] (B, C) Echinacea angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia. Common on uplands and slopes Solidago canadensis L. var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Occasional in marshes and of mixed and sandhill prairies and slopes. (K) mesic prairies. (C) Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt. var. bellidiastrum. Common in disturbed sandy Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra T. & G. Common in marshes and mesic habitats, especially in grazed pastures and along roadsides. (B, C, K) prairies. (C, K) Erigeron philadelphicus L. Common along streams, around seeps, in marshes, Solidago gigantea Ait. Infrequent on oxbow and river marshes. (C) and along the floodplain of the river. (C, K) Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. fa~ciculata Holz. Common on sandhill and Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus. Common in disturbed mixed prairies. (B) habitats, especially in grazed pastures and along roads. (B, C) Solidago mollis Bartl. Uncommon in transitional eastern deciduous and con­ Eupatorium maculatum L. var. bruneri (A. Gray) Breitung. Common in iferous forests. (C) marshes, around ponds, and along the river. (B, C) Solidago nemoralis Ait. Common in mixed prairie and transitional sandhill­ Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Rare in marshes, around ponds, and along the mixed prairies. (C, K) river in mesic tallgrass prairie. (C, K) Solidago rigida L. Infrequent on tallgrass prairie along the river. (C) Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene. Common in marshes and meadows along Solidago speciosa Nutt. Uncommon in transitional sandhills prairie and pon­ the floodplain of the river. [Solidago graminifolia var. gymnospermoides derosa woods. Collected by Tolstead in 1936 (NEB). (C) (Greene) Croat]. (B) Tanm;etum vulgare L. Uncommon on disturbed ground along the liver. In­ Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Occasional in seeded tallgrass prairie, possibly troduced. (C) introduced. (K) Taraxacum officinale Weber. Infrequent in disturbed habitats throughout. In­ Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dun. var. squarrosa. Frequent in mixed prairie, troduced. (K) particularly in overgrazed pastures. (K) Thelespermafilifolium (Hook.) A. Gray var. intermedium (Rydb.) Shinners. Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby. Occasional in mixed prairies Common to abundant on upland mixed prairie and occasionally on sandhill and transitional sandhill-mixed prairies on escarpments. (K) prairie. (B) Haplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. Common on upland sandhill and mixed Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter. Scarce on xeric sandhill and mixed prairie. (B, C) prairies. (B) Helenium autumnale L. Scarce in marshes, around ponds, and along the river. Tragopogon dubius Scop. Infrequent in disturbed habitats, especially along (B, C) roadsides and in pastures. Introduced. (B, K) H elianthus annuus L. Common in disturbed habitats along roads, in prairies, Vernoniafasciculata Michx. ssp.fasciculata. Occasional in disturbed prairies. and wooded margins. (B, K) (B) Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. Scarce on mesic tallgrass prairies. (C) Xanthium strumarium L. Frequent in disturbed sites along roadsides, sand­ H elianthus nuttallii T. & G. subsp. nuttallii. Occasional in mesic prairies bars, and in oldfields. (B, K) and marshes along the river. (K) Helianthus nuttallii T. & G. subsp. rydbergii (Britt.) Long. Uncommon in Balsaminaceae mesic prairies and marshes along the river. (C) Impatiens capensis Meerb. Common along wooded streams, around seeps, Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. subsp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Heiser. and in marshes along the river. (B, C) Common on upland sandhill prairies and on slopes on mixed prairies. (B) Helianthus tuberosus L. Occasional in marshes along the river and along Betulaceae creek banks. (B) Betula papyrifera Marsh. Common along streams and around springs in can­ Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dun.) Fern. Common in mesic yons almost exclusively on the south side of the river, and on the south habitats around marshes, ponds, and along the river and its tributaries. (B, bank of the river. One population was observed north of the river ca 3.5 C, K) mi south of Sparks. Populations on the south side of the river were observed Hieracium canadense Michx. Uncommon in transitional eastern deciduous from the fish hatchery on the east edge of the Fort Niobrara National and coniferous forests. (C) Wildlife Refuge east to Dutch Creek. (B, C) Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. Corylus americana Walt. Rare along streams and around springs in canyom (B, C) on the south side of the river. Observed sporadically in springbranch can Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa T. & G. Infrequent on sandhill yons from the fish hatchery on the east edge of the Fort Niobrara Natiom and mixed prairies. (C, K) Wildlife Refuge east to Jeff Creek. (B, C) Lactuca canadensis L. Occasional in deciduous woods and meadows. (K) Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Common along the river and its tributarie: Lactuca oblongifolia Nutt. Scarce along disturbed roadsides. (B) (C, K) Liatris aspera Michx. Uncommon on sandy slopes in open deciduous to con­ iferous woods. (B) Boraginaceae Liatris punctata Hook. Common on upland sandhills and mixed prairies. (B, Cryptantha minima Rydb. Common in grazed pastures and disturbed habitats C) ~,~ . Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. glabrata (Rydb.) Gaiser. Common on Hackelia deflexa (Wahl.) Opiz. Infrequent in level disturbed areas in mesic sandhill prairie and occasionally on mixed prairie. [L. glabrata Rydb.] (B, deciduous woods. (B, C) C) Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnst. Infrequent in juniper-oak woodlands Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) Hook. Common in disturbed sandy habitats and along the river. (K) on mixed and sandhill prairies. (K) Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene. Common in disturbed habitats through­ Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Sch.-Bip. Common on upland mixed prairies out. (B, C, K) and slopes. The report of Agoseris glauca (Pursh) D. Dietr. by Harrison Lithospermum carolinense (Walt.) MacM. Common on upland sandhill and (1980) is this species. (B, K) mixed prairies and on steep sandy-loam slopes in open coniferous woods. Pectis angustifolius Torr. Uncommon in dry sandy prairie (C). Collected by (B, C) Bates in 1908 (NEB). Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Infrequent on mixed and sandhill prairies. (B, Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & StandI. Common on sandhill and mixed C, K) prairies and in open woodlands. (C, K) Myosotis laxa Lehm. Rare on sandbars along the river and at the mouth of Rudbeckia hirta L. Common in mesic sandhill meadows, mesic tallgrass Plum Creek. This is the first locality for this species in Nebraska and the meadows along the river, and in open woods along tributaries to the river. Great Plains (Sutherland & Kaul, 1986). (B) (B, C) Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) Johnst. Infrequent on Senecio integerrimus Nutt. var. integerrimus. Common in canyons along xeric sandy to gravelly slopes, thickets, and prairies. (B, K) tributaries to the river in deciduous and coniferous woods. (B, C, K) Niobrara Flora 7

Brassicaceae Capparaceae Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (H,2pkins) Rollins. Infrequent in Cleome serrulata Pursh. Common in disturbed sandy habitats, especially along dense to open deciduous and coniferous woods on slopes and along streams. roadsides and in overgrazed pastures. (B, K) Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. subsp. trachysperma (T. & G.) litis. Rare (B, C, K) . . . Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Rare m disturbed sandy habitats along along disturbed sandy to gravelly roadsides. (C) roads and in pastures. Introduced. (B) Polanisiajamesii (T. & G.) litis. Common in exposed sand on sandhill and Capsella .bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Common in disturbed habitats. Intro- mixed prairies, especially in disturbed habitats. (B, C, K) [Cristatella duced. (K) jamesii T. & G.] Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P. Rare around springs and seeps along the river. (B) Caprifoliaceae Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. Rare in disturbed habitats along roadsides and Lonicera dioica L. Infrequent in canyons along the river in deciduous forests. in overgrazed pastures. Introduced. (C) (B, C, K) DescurainiapiIinata (Walt.) Britt. Occasional in disturbed habitats, especially Sambucus canadensis L. Uncommon at edge of rich deciduous forests. (B) in overgrazed pastures. (B) Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. Uncommon in prairies and open conifer­ Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. deciduous woods. Collected by Bates in 1890 (NEB). (C) Introduced. (K) Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. Common on mixed prairies. (B) and in deciduous and coniferous woods. (B, C, K) Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, K) Caryophyllaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ~om~on ~n deciduous. woods and occasionally Arenaria lateriflora L. Common in rich deciduous and coniferous forests in in coniferous woods, especially m disturbed habitats. (B, C, K) canyons along the river. (B, C, K) Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. Rare in grazed deciduous woods Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Robins. Common in disturbed and on the banks of the river. (B) sandy to gravelly habitats. (B) Hesperis matronalis L. Rare in deciduous woodlands along the river and its Silene antirrhina L. Scarce in open disturbed habitats and on grazed slopes. tributaries. Introduced. (K) (B) Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. (K) Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godr. & Gren. Uncommon in overgrazed pastures. Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Wats. Common on sandhill and mixed Introduced. [Lychnis alba P. Mill.] (C) prairies. (B, C) Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Rare on low wet ground around ponds, Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Common along the river and its tributaries, marshes, and along the river. (B, C) especially around seeps and springs. Introduced. (B, C) Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. subsp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell. Infrequent on Celastraceae sandbars and around marshes along the river. (K) Celastrus scandens L. Infrequent in dry canyons, rich deciduous and coni­ Sisymbrium altissimum L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats along roadsides ferous woods, thickets, and along the river. (B, K) and in pastures and fields. Introduced. (K) Sisymbrium loeselii L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats along roadsides and Ceratophyllaceae in pastures and fields. (K) Ceratophyllum demersum L. Common in shallow, clear, still or slow flowing Thlaspi arvense L. Infrequent in overgrazed pastures and disturbed habitats. water in ponds and streams and occasionally in the river in shallow pools. Introduced. (K) (B)

Cactaceae Chenopodiaceae Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britt. & Rose var. missouriensis. Un­ Chenopodium album L. Common in disturbed habitats along roadsides, in common in transitional ponderosa pine forest and sandhill prairie. Previ­ fields, and around farm sites. (K) ously known onlyJrom Sheridan and Logan counties in Nebraska (GPFA, Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Occasional in deciduous wooded canyons. 1977). [Mammillaria missouriensis Sweet] (B) (K) Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose var. vivipara. Infrequent on sandy Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen. Occasional in disturbed sites along to gravelly ridges and on sandhill and mixed prairies. [Mammillaria vi­ roadsides and in grazed woods. [C. hybridum L.] (B, C, K) vipara (Nutt.) Haw.] (B, K) Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen. Occasional in deciduous and coniferous- Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, es­ deciduous woods. (B) pecially in overgrazed habitats. (K) Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Scarce in disturbed sandy habitats. (B) Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. var. macrorhiza. Common on sandhill and mixed Corispermum nitidum Kit. Scarce in disturbed sandy habitats. (K) prairies, especially in overgrazed habitats. [0. compressa (Salisb.) Macbr. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Common in disturbed sandy hab- var. macrorhiza (Engelm.) Benson] (K) itats in sandhill and mixed prairies and on sandbars in the river. (B, C, K) Campanulaceae - Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Common in disturbed sites along roadsides, Campanula americana L. Infrequent in springbranch canyons, especially around oldfields, and in overgrazed pastures. Introduced. (K) seeps and springs. (C) Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Infrequent in marshes and on stabilized sand­ Cistaceae bars along the river. (B) Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. Uncommon in or at the edges of deciduous Campanula rotundifolia L. Common on steep to moderate slopes in canyons or coniferous-deciduous woods. (B, C) along the river and its tributaries. (B, C, K) Lobelia siphilitica L. Infrequent around marshes, on stablized sandbars, and Clusiaceae on low wet ground along the river. (B, C, K) Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britt. Common on stabilized sandbars in the Lobelia spicata Lam. Infrequent around marshes and in wet depressions along river and in mesic habitats along the floodplain of the river. (B) . the river and its tributaries. (B) Tnodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuw. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, Convolvulaceae especially in overgrazed areas. [Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.] (B, K) Convolvulus arvensis L. Common in disturbed habitats, especially along roads, in fields, and around farm sites. (K) C . . Cannabaceae Evolvulus nuttallianus R. & S. Infrequent on sandy to gravelly slopes and annabls sativa L. subsp. sativa. Common in disturbed habitats along road­ ridges in sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, C, K) Sides, streams, and farm sites. Introduced. (K) Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Common on sandhill and mixed prairie uplands Humulus lupulus L. Infrequent in mixed deciduous and coniferous woods. and slopes. (K) (K) 8 Niobrara Flora

Cornaceae Lathyrus polymorphus Nutt. subsp. polymorphus. Common in open sandy Cornus stoloni/era Michx. Common in marshes, around ponds, and along the habitats and disturbed habitats in sandhills. (C, K) river and its tributaries. (B, K) Lespedeza capitata Michx. Occasional in transitional pine-deciduous woods. (C) Crassulaceae Lotus purshianus Clem. & Clem. Scarce in disturbed upland habitats in sandy Penthorum sedoilles L. Common on stablized sandbars, in marshes, around soil. (B) ponds, and along the river and its tributaries. (B, K) Medicago lupulina L. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. IntrodUCed. (B, K) Cucurbitaceae Medicago sativa L. Subsp. sativa. Infrequent in disturbed habitats, especially Echinocystis lobllla (Michx.) T. & G. Infrequent in trees and shrubs along in fields and along roadsides. Introduced. (K) the river and its tributaries. (B, C) Melilotus alba Medic. Common in disturbed habitats, especially along road­ sides and in pastures. Introduced. (B, K) Cuscutaceae Melilotus ofJicinalis (L.) Pall. Common in disturbed habitats, especially along Cuscuta coryli Engelm. Rare in open to partially shaded habitats, on Salix roadsides, streams, and in pastures. Introduced. (K) and Solidago. (B) OxytTOpis /ambertii Pursh var. lambertii. Common on upland sandhill and mixed prairies. (B) Elaeagnaceae Psoralea argophyllo Pursh. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies and in Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Infrequent along the floodplain of the river and its open coniferous woods. (B, K) tributaries. Introduced. (K) Psoralea cuspidalil Pursh. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies. (K) Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. Infrequent along the floodplain of the river Psoralea digitata Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (B) and on bluffs above the river. (B, C, K) Psoralea esculenlil Pursh. Infrequent on mixed prairies and rarely on sandhill prairies. (K) Elatinaceae Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. var. hypogaea. Rare on sandy to gravelly ridges on Elotine triandra Schkuhr. Rare in shallow water in stock tanks and in empty mixed prairies. (B, C, K) moist tanks. (B) Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Common in mixed and sandhill prairies and tran­ sitional coniferous woods. (K) Euphorbiaceae StTOphostyles leiasperma (T. & G.) Piper. Common on stablized sandbars in Croton texensis (Kl.) Muell. Arg. Common in grazed pastures and disturbed the river, along the floodplain of the river, and on sandy banks along habitats, often along roadsides. (C) tributaries. (B, K) Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. Infrequent in disturbed lowland sites in sandy soil, Trifolium hybridum L. subsp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn. Infrequent in especially where grazed. (B, C, K) disturbed pastures and along the floodplain of the river. Introduced. (B, Euphorbia missurica Raf. Infrequent in open sandy habitats on sandhill and K) mixed prairies. (B, C) Trifolium pratense L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats, especially along road­ Euphorbia X pseudovirgata (Schur) Soo. Rare in disturbed woods and pas­ sides, and in pastures. Introduced. (K) tures. [E. podperae Croizat] (B) Trifolium repens L. Common in disturbed habitats, especially in grazed grassy Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. Frequent in disturbed sites along roadsides and in areas on the floodplain of the river. Introduced. (B) heavily grazed pastures. (K) Vicia villosa Roth. var. villosa. Common along roadsides and disturbed hab­ itats. (B) Fabaceae Amorpho canescens Pursh. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies although Fagaceae less common in grazed pastures. (B) Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Common along the river and its tributaries, on Amorpha fruticosa L. Common along the floodplain of the river, especially the floodplain and on valley slopes. (C, K) around marshes and on stablized sandbars. (B) Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Common in deciduous woods and on Fumariaceae floodplain meadows. (C) Corydalis aurea Willd. subsp. occidentalis (Engelm.) Ownbey. Infrequent on Apias americana Medic. Common along the river and its tributaries. (C) sandy, exposed slopes in juniper-oak woodlands along the river and its Astrogalus canodensis L. Infrequent along the river on open loamy banks. tributaries. (B) (B,C) Astrogalus ceramicus Sheld. var. fili/olius (A. Gray) Herm. Infrequent in Gentianaceae sandhill prairies and exposed sandy soils. (C) Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Occasional in mature marshes along the river. Astrogalus crassicarpus Nutt. var. crassicarpus. Common on upland mixed (B, C, K) prairies in sandy-loam soi!. (K) Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. Scarce on upland mixed prairies and gravelly Geraniaceae ridges. (B, K) Geranium carolinianum L. Infrequent in open disturbed habitats. (B) Astrogalus missouriensis Nutt. Occasional on exposed escarpments in pine woods. (B, K) Grossulariaceae Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies and slopes. Ribes americanum P. Mill. Common in open deciduous and coniferous wood- (K) lands. (B, C, K) . Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners. Common Ribes missouriense Nutt. Common along the river and its tributaries on wooded on sandhill and mixed prairies. [Petalostemon occidentale (A. Gray) Fern.] slopes. (B) (B, K) Ribes odoratum Wend!. Common along the floodplains of the river and its Dalea enneandra Nutt. Common on mixed prairies. (K) tributaries, especially in dry wooded areas. (B, C, K) Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea. Common on sandhill prairies and oc­ Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Rare in springbranch canyons in eastern deciduous casionally on upland mixed prairies. [Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) forests on moderate slopes. (C) Rydb.] (C) Dalea villosa (Nutt.) Spreng. Common on sandhill prairies and occasionally Hydropbyllaceae . on upland mixed prairies. [Petalostemon villosus Nutt.] (K) Ellisia nyctelea L. Common in disturbed habitats, especially along the flood­ Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Common along the floodplain of the river, plain and on grazed wooded slopes. (B, C, K) especially around marshes, ponds, wet meadows, and occasionally prairies. (C) Juglandaceae Desmodium glutinosum (Muh!. ex Willd.) Wood. Common on rich paperbirch Jugians nigra L. Occasional in deciduous woods along the floodplain of the and eastern deciduous forests. (B, C, K) river (B, C) Glycy"hiza lepidolil Pursh var. lepidolil. Common along the floodplain of the river, especially around marshes, ponds, wet meadows, and occasionally on prairies. (B, C, K) Niobrara Flora 9

Lamiaceae Sphaeraicea coccinea (Pursh) Rydb. Infrequent on exposed gravelly soil, halum parviflorum Nutt. Uncommon in dry disturbed soils. Col- usually on xeric slopes. (B, K) Draco cep . I cted by Clements In 1893 (NEB). (K) Ie e ma hederacea L. Common on the grassy banks of a small tributary of Mimosaceae G ~~e river at the Niobrara Valley Preserve Headquarters. Introduced. (B) Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies, H d oma hispida Pursh. Common on mixed prairie uplands and slopes and especially where somewhat disturbed. (C, K) e :ccasionally on sandhill prairies. (B) . ' .. Schrankia nuttallii (DC.) StandI. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies, es­ L 'Pus americanus Muhl. ex Bart. Common along the nver and Its trJbu­ pecially where somewhat disturbed. (K) ",c~aries especially around marshes and on stablized sandbars. (B, C) L 'Pus ~sper Greene. Common along the river and its tributaries, especially Molluginaceae ",c~ound marshes and on stablized sandbars. (B, C) Mollugo verticillata L. Common in disturbed sandy habitats, especially along M ntha arvensis L. Common along the river and its tributaries, especially roads and trails. Introduced. (B) e around marshes and on stablized sandbars. (B, K) Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa. Occasional in deciduous woods. (B) Monotropaceae Monardafistulosa L. var. menthifolia (Grah.) Fern. Common along the flood­ Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Occasional in transitional ponderosa pine and plain and on slopes in coniferous and deciduous woods. (K) paper-birch forests in springbranch canyons on steep to moderate slopes. Nepeta cataria L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats including roadsides, oldfields Recently reported for the Niobrara area by Sutherland and Kaul (1986), and at the edges of woods. Introduced. (B) this species previously was known in Nebraska only from Sioux County prunella vulgaris L. Infrequent in disturbed, often grazed, mesic habitats (GPFA, 1977). It has been observed in springbranch canyons from 0.7 mi along the floodplain and tributaries. (B) north of Brewer Bridge across the river east to near the Niobrara Valley pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Our. & Jackson ex Robins. & Fern. Infre­ Preserve Headquarters. (B, C) quent along the river and Plum Creek, especially in marshes. (B, C, K) Salvia azurea Lam. Uncommon on grazed mixed prairies. This species was Moraceae known previously only from southeastern Nebraska, south of the Platte Morus alba L. Uncommon, usually around old farms and ranches. Introduced. River, and from a disjunct location in Perkins County. [So pitcheri Nutt.] , , (B) (C) Salvia reflexa Hornem. Infrequent in disturbed habitats, especially along road- Nyctaginaceae sides. (C) Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. Infrequent on sandhill and mixed prairies Scutellaria galericulata L. Infrequent in marshes and around ponds along the and in rocky ponderosa pine woodlands. (K) river. (C) Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl. Infrequent on mixed prairies. (B, K) Scutellaria lateriflora L. Common along the river and its tributaries, especially Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Infrequent in disturbed habitats along in marshes and on stablized sandbars. (B) roadsides and in fields. (K) Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. leonardii (Epl.) Fern. Rare in sandy soil in juniper-oak woodlands on the floodplain. (B) Nymphaeaceae Teucrium canadense L. var. boreale (Bickn.) Shinners. Infrequent along the Nymphaea odorata Ait. Uncommon in oxbow pond along the river. Collected river and its tributaries and in marshes. [var. occidentale (A. Gray) McCI. by Tolstead in 1941 (NEB). (K) & Epl.] (B, C) Oleaceae Lentibulariaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Common in eastern deciduous forests along Utricularia vulgaris L. Infrequent in shallow still water in beaver ponds and the river and its tributaries. (B, C, K) marshes along the river. (B, C) Syringa vulgaris L. Occasional on abandoned ranch and farm sites. Introduced. (B) Linaceae Linum rigidum Pursh var. compactum (A. Nels.) Rogers. Occasional on mixed Onagraceae prairies. (B, K) Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. Linum rigidum Pursh var. rigidum. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (K) (C) Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Mag. Common in spring­ branch canyons in paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests. (B, C, K) Loasaceae Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Common along the river and its tributaries on sand­ Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Uncommon in mixed prairie. bars, in marshes, around ponds, and on sandy banks. (B, C) Collected by Bessey in 1890 (NEB) and by Tolstead in 1936 (NEB). (C) Epilobium coloratum Biehler. Infrequent around ponds, marshes, and along Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. Occasional on mixed and sandhill prairies. the river and its tributaries. (K) (B, K) Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. Common along the river on stablized sandbars and around marshes. (B) Lythraceae Gaura coccfnea Pursh. Occasional on mixed prairies. (C, K) Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel. Infrequent along the river and its tributaries Gaura parviflora Dougl. Frequent in wetlands and on mixed prairies. (C, K) in open sandy habitats. (B) Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Uncommon on sandy banks on the floodplain of Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum. Common in marshes, around ponds, and the river. (B) on stablized sandbars in the river. [L. dacotanum Nieuw.] (B) Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Uncommon on the floodplain of the river Lythrum salicaria L. Abundant in marshes and on stablized sandbars in along and on wet ground. (B) the river. This species is well established along the river and was observed Denothera albicaulis Pursh. Infrequent on upland mixed pairies, usually where from the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge east to sandbars 2 mi somewhat disturbed. (C) east of the Meadville Bridge across the Niobrara. Purple loosestrife is an Denothera biennis L. Common in marshes and mesic prairies, especially along aggressive adventive and poses a potentially serious threat to native plants the floodplain of the river. (B) in marshes and on sandbars along the river. Further localities for the Denothera laciniata Hill. Infrequent in disturbed habitats throughout. (B) Niobrara and Nebraska have been recorded by Churchill et aI., 1976 and Denothera nuttallii Sweet. Infrequent on upland sandhill and mixed prairies. Sutherland and Kaul, 1986. The spread of this species in North America (B) has been examined by Stuckey (1980). Introduced. (B, C, K) Denothera rhombipetala Nutt. ex T. & G. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies and in disturbed sandy to gravelly habitats. (B) Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. Scarce in disturbed habitats, especially along roadsides. Orobanchaceae Introduced. (C) Drobanchefasciculata Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, usually Malva rotundifolia L. Scarce in disturbed habitats, especially around old parasitic on Artemisia frigida. (B, C) ranches and roadsides. Introduced. (B) 10 Niobrara Flora

Oxalidaceae Primulaceae Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Common in wooded ravines and in open wooded areas Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Common on mixed prairies and in open de. in short grass. (K) ciduous and coniferous woods. (B, K) Oxalis stricta L. Infrequent along the river and its tributaries and in mesic Centunculus minim us L. Rare around ephemeral ponds in sandhill prairies. woods. (B) This is only the fourth report of this species in tbe state, it having been recorded from Holt, Lancaster and Nemaha counties (Great Plains Flora' Papveraceae Association, 1977). (B) Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G. Ownbey. Infrequent on sandhill and Lysimachiq ciliata L. Infrequent around marshes and ponds along the flood_ ) mixed prairies and in disturbed habitats, especially along roadsides and in plain of the river. (B) grazed pastures. (B, K) . Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Common in shallow water in marshes and ponds, and on wet ground along the river. (B) Pedaliaceae Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Theil. Rare on disturbed ground around Ranunculaceae one farm. Introduced. (K) Anemone caroliniana Walt. Infrequent on transitional sandhill-mixed prairies. (B) Plantaginaceae Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Common along the floodplain of the river in, Plantago rugelii Dcne. Infrequent in disturbed habitats around homes and juniper-oak woodlands. (B, C, K) ranches. (C, K) Anemone patens L. Scarce in ponderosa pine woods on the upper slopes of , Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. patagonica. Common on sandhill and mixed tbe river valley. (B, K) prairies and in sandy disturbed habitats. (B) Aquilegia canadensis L. Common on slopes and long streams in springbranch' canyons in eastern deciduous and paper birch forests. (B, C) Polemoniaceae Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. R'are along roadsides and creeks growing over Collomia linearis Nutt. Common in dry sandy soil in disturbed habitats, trees and shrubs. (K) \ especially where grazed. (B, C, K) Clematis virginiana L. Rare along roadsides and creeks, growing over trees /pomopsis longiflora (Torr.) V. Grant. Common on sandhill prairies. (B, K) and shrubs. (K) . Phlox andicola Nutt. Infrequent on sandhill prairies in loose sand and blo­ Delphinium virescens Nutt. Common on upland sandhill and mixed prairies. wouts. (C) (B) Ranunculus abortivus L. Common along streams in deciduous woods, often Polygalaceae in disturbed habitats. (B) Polygala alba Nutt. Infrequent in exposed gravelly soil, usually on xeric slopes Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. Common on low wet ground around marshes, at the edge of ponderosa pine forest. (C, K) seeps, streams, ponds, and sandbars along the river. (B, C, K) Polygala verticillata var. isocycla Fern. Occasional on sandhill and mixed Ranunculus longirostris Godr. Infrequent in still or slowly moving water in prairies, and in open ponderosa pine forest. (B) marshes and pools along the river. (B, K) Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus. Infrequent in and along streams in Polygonaceae open areas. Introduced. (K) Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, especially Ranunculus subrigidus Drew. Occasional in shallow water along the river. in disturbed habitats. (C) (C) Polygonum achoreum Blake. Frequent in disturbed habitats along roadsides Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. Common along the floodplain of and in oldfields. (K) the river at the edge of eastern deciduous forests, around marshes, and on; Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Colem. Rare in shallow water in stablized sandbars. (B, C) oxbow ponds along tbe river. (B) Polygonum arenastrum Jord. ex Bor. Occasional in disturbed habitats. Intro­ Rhamnaceae duced. (C) Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. var. pubescens (T. & G.) Shinners. Scarce on' Polygonum convolvulus L. Infrequent in disturbed sandy habitats. Introduced. sandhill prairies and on sandy slopes in ponderosa pine woods. (B) (C) Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh var. glabratus Gl. Uncommon in deciduous woods. Polygonum erectum L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats along roadsides. (B) Collected by Clements in 1893 (NEB). (K) Polygonum lapathifolium L. Common around epherrneral ponds, marshes and along the river and its tributaries. (B, C, K) Rosaceae Polygonum persicaria L. Occasional in marshes and wet depressions on the Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Infrequent in thickets around marshes and alonf floodplain of the river. Introduced. (C) the river. (B) Polygonum punctatum Ell. Common around seeps, in marshes, and along the Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Scarce on open to semi-open slopes in ponderosi river and its tributaries. (B, C) pine forests. (B, K) Polygonum scandens L. Common in disturbed sandy habitats. (C) Fragaria vesca L. var. americana Porter. Common in thickets and grassy Polygonum tenue Michx. Infrequent in disturbed habitats around prairie dog woodlands along streams. (B, C, K) towns. (B) Geum aleppicum Jacq. Uncommon. Collected by Tolstead in 1936 (NEB)., Rumex altissimus Wood. Infrequent in disturbed habitats throughout. (C, K) (C) Rumex crispus L. Common in disturbed habitats, around marshes, and along Malus sylvestris Mill. Rare along the river. A persistent cultivated, introduced the floodplain of the river. Introduced. (K) species. (C) I Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen. Common in marshes and Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Raf. var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins. Common on stablized and unstablized sandbars along the river. (C, K) in springbranch canyons in eastern deciduous and paper birch forests and Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. Infrequent in marshes and wet disturbed habitats. on the banks of the river. This species is known from only five counties Introduced. (K) in the state, along the river (GPFA, 1977). It was observed to be common, Rumex venosus Pursh. Common on sandhill prairies in blowouts and loose particularly on the south bank of the river, from the east edge of the Fort sand, and along sandy roadsides. (C) Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge east to the Meadville Bridge over tbe river. (B, C, K) Portulacaceae Potentilla arguta Pursh. Common on prairies and transitional areas betweer Talinum calycinum Engelm. Infrequent on exposed sandy to gravelly prairie prairies and woods. (K) ridges on well-drained soils south of the river. This species, rare in Ne­ Potentilla norvegica L. Infrequent in disturbed grassy lowlands along the river braska, is known from Brown, Cherry, and Kearney counties (Great Plains and its tributaries. (B) Flora Association, 1977). It was found to be relatively common on gravelly Potentilla pensylvanica L. Infrequent in disturbed grassy lowlands along the \ ridges on the south side of Plum Creek, often in mixed populations with river and its tributaries. (C, K) Talinum parviflorum. Elsewhere, T. calycinum was rare. (B, C) Potentilla rivalis Nutt. Infrequent in meadows and in disturbed mesic to xeri' Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Common on exposed sandy to gravelly prairie sites. (K) ridges on well-drained soils. (B, C) Niobrara Flora 11

s americana Marsh. Common in thickets, edges of woods, and in open Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh: Common in open eastern deciduous woods p,";usemi-open deciduous and coniferous woods. (K) along streams. (B, C) °us pumila L. var. besseyi (Bailey) Gl. Common on sandhill prairies on Verbascum thapsus L. Common in disturbed habitats, including pastures, Prun esic slopes and occasionally on mixed prairie in sandy soil. (B) roadsides and open woods. Introduced. (K) mus virginiana L. Common in thickets, along streams, at the edges of Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth. Common along the river and pru:oods , in open to semi-open woods, and along the floodplain of the river. its tributaries on sandbars, around marshes and ponds. (B, C, K) Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Common along the river and its tributaries on Ros~~rkansana Porter. Common on sandhill and mi:ed prairies, in thickets, sandbars, around marshes and ponds. Introduced. (K) and openings III woods. (K) Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis St. John & Warren. Infrequent around R sa woodsii Lindl. Scarce in thickets and on banks along the river. (B) ephemeral ponds, in mesic depressions and in disturbed mesic habitats R 0 bus occidentalis L. Common along wooded tributaries to the river in sandy along the floodplain of the river. (B) u to sandy-loam soil. (B) Solanaceae Rubiaceae Lycium halimifolium P. Mill. Rare and persistent around old abandoned farms Galium aparine L. Common in eastern deciduous and coniferous forests, and ranches. Introduced. (C) ravines, and disturbed habitats. (B, C, K) Physalis heterophylla Nees. Infrequent in open woods and at the edges of Galium circaezans Michx. Scarce in springbranch canyons along streams on woods. (B) partially shaded banks in loamy soil. (B, C) Physalis pumila Nutt. ssp. hispida (Waterfall) Hinton. Common in disturbed Galium triflorum Michx. Common along springbranch canyons in eastern habitats and along streams in open areas. (B) deciduous forests in loamy soil. (B, C) Solanum ptycanthum Dun. ex DC. Infrequent in disturbed habitats along roadsides, center pivots and in grazed woods. (B, C) Rutaceae Solanum rostratum Dun. Frequent in overgrazed prairies and disturbed sites Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. Common in eastern deciduous and con­ throughout. (B, K) iferous woods and in thickets. (B, C, K) Solanum triflorum Nutt. Infrequent in disturbed sandy to sandy-gravelly hab­ itats in sandhill and mixed prairies, often associated with prairie dog towns. Salicaceae (B, K) Populus alba L. Rare in canyons around seeps and along streams. Introduced and spreading locally. (K) Tiliaceae Populus deltoides Marsh. subsp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenw. Common along Tilia americana L. Common in springbranch canyons on the south side of the floodplain of the river and its tributaries. [Po sargentii Dode) (B) the river. (B) Populus grandidentata Michx. x P. tremuloides Michx. Locally common in the area of Smith Falls. This is the only hybrid population involving these Ulmaceae two parental species currently known in the Great Plains region (see Eck­ Celtis occidentalis L. Common on open mesic floodplains along the river and enwalder's treatment of Salicaceae in Great Plains Flora Association, 1986). its tributaries. (B) Salix amygdaloides Anderss. Common along the river and its tributaries. (B, Ulmus americana L. Common on the floodplain of the river and its tributaries. C, K) (B) Salix eriocephala Michx. Occasional along creeks and rivers, and in marshes. Collected by Bates in Cherry County, 1894, and in 1899 in Brown County Urticaceae (NEB) [So rigida Muhl. var. rigida) (B, C) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Infrequent in marshes and around ponds along Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. interior (Rowlee) Cronq. Common along the river the river. (B) on stablized sandbars, around marshes, ponds, and along tributaries. (K) Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Common in mesic shaded woods, especially in springbranch canyons. (C) Santalaceae Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. Common in disturbed habitats in shaded woods Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl. Common on and open grazed areas. (B) upland sandhill and mixed prairies in sandy to gravelly soil. (B) Pi/ea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. Common in springbranch streams in shallow flowing water and on wet banks. (B, C) Saxifragaceae Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland. Common in disturbed habitats Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. Common on wooded slopes in paper birch, along streams, roadsides, farm sites and along the river floodplain. (C, K) eastern deciduous, and ponderosa pine forests, especially along spring­ branch canyon streams. (C) Verbenaceae Phryma leptostachya L. Common in springbranch canyons in paper birch and Scrophulariaceae eastern deciduous forests. (C, K) Agalinis aspera (Dougl. ex Benth.) Britt. Uncommon on mixed prairies on Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Common in disturbed habitats along roadsides dry slopes. (K) and around center pivots. (C, K) Agalinis tenuifolia (Bahl) Raf. var. parvijlora (Nutt.) Penn. Infrequent in Verbena hastata L. Common around ponds, marshes, on stablized sandbars tallgrass meadows and mesic habitats along the river. (C) and along the river and its tributaries. (C, K) Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Infrequent in and around ephemeral Verbena stricta Vent. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies and in open ponds in the sandhills. (B) woods, especially in disturbed habitats. (K) Castilleja sessi/ijlora Pursh. Uncommon on dry gravelly to rocky soil on mixed Verbena urticifolia L. Common along streams in eastern deciduous woods. prairies. (K) . (B, C) Lindernia dubia (L.) Penn. Common around ephemeral ponds, in marshes, and on stablized and unstablized sandbars along the river. [including L. Violaceae anagallidea (Michx.) Penn.) (B, K) Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C. L. Hitchc. Infrequent in paper­ Mimulus glabratus H. B. K. var. fremontii (Benth.) A. L. Grant. Common birch, eastern deciduous, and ponderosa pine forests along streams on . along the river on stabilized sandbars and in marshes. (B, K) mesic ground. (B, C, K) Mlmulus ringens L. Common along the river on stabilized sandbars and in Viola nephrophylla Greene. Common along streams in springbranch canyons marshes. (B, K) in paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests. (B, K) ~enstemon albidus Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, C, K) Viola pratincola Greene. Common along streams in springbranch canyons in enstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh var. angustifolius. Common on sand­ paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests. (K) hill and mixed prairies. (B, C, K) Penstemon gracilis Nutt. var. gracilis_ Common on mesic upland mixed prai- Vitaceae 11 nes, along streams and in openings in ponderosa pine forests. (K) Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. Common in thickets and woods enstemon grandijlorus Nutt. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, and throughout. (B, C) along sandy roadsides. (K) 12 Niobrara Flora

Vitis riparia Michx. Common in dry canyons, along streams, and on the Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Uncommon in marshes and oxbow ponds. (B) floodplain of the river and its tributaries. (B, K) Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Common around ephemeral ponds in the sandhills, in marshes, and along the river and its tributaries. (B) Zygopbyllaceae Cyperus aristatus Rottb. Common around ephemeral ponds in the sandhills, . Tribulus terrestris L. Infrequent in disturbed habitats, especially along road­ in marshes, and along the river and its tributaries. (B, K) . sides, in oldfields, and pastures. (B, K) Cyperus diandrus Torr. Common along the river and its tributaries in sparsely , vegetated habitats. (B, K) Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Occasional along sandbar river marshes. (B) B. LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONS) Cyperus odoratus L. Common on sandbars in the river and along tributaries and marshes. [C. ferruginescens Boeck.] (K) Agavaceae Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Common along the river and its tributaries in mesic Yucca glauca L. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies, especially in ov­ sandy soil. (B, C, K) ergrazed areas. (K) Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies and along streams. (B, C) Alismataceae Cyperus strigosus L. Common on sandbars in the river and along tributaries Alisma ref. subcordatum Raf. Rare in mud and shallow water along the river and marshes. (B, C, K) and its tributaries. (B) Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Common around ephemeral ponds in the Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common in oxbow ponds and on sandbars along sandhills, around marshes, and on sandbars in the river, usually in exposed the river. (B) wet sand. (B) Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Common along the river and its tributaries, Commelinaceae and in marshes. (B, C, K) Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern. Infrequent in disturbed Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J. A. Schult. var. ovata Drapalik & Mohlenbrock. areas in woods and on slopes in sandhill prairies. (B, K) Infrequent around ephemeral ponds in the sandhills, in marshes, and along Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth. Common in sandhill and transitional the river. (B) sandhill-mixed prairies. (B, K) Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl. var. interior (Britt.) Kral. Rare in tall­ grass meadow along the river. (C) Cyperaceae Scirpus acutus Muhl. Occasional in oxbow ponds and marshes along the river. Carex aurea Nutt. Occasional in marshes, oxbow ponds, and wetland prairies (B) along the river. (B) Scirpus pallidus (Britt.) Fern. Occasional in marshes and along sandbars. (B Carex blanda Dew. Common in canyons in deciduous woods and along the Scirpus pungens Vahl. Common around marshes, oxbow ponds, and on san~ floodplain of the river. (B, C) bars in the river and its tributaries. [S. america!lus long misapplied] (B Carex brevior (Dew.) Mack. ex Lunell. Common in meadows and coniferous C, K) and deciduous woods. (B) Scirpus validus Vahl. Common in ponds, marshes, and along the river and Carex comosa F. Boott. Rare in marshes, oxbow ponds, and along the river its tributaries. (K) and its tributaries. (B) Carex diandra Schrank. Uncommon in marsh along Plum Creek. Collected Hydrocbaritaceae by Tolstead in 1940 (NEB). (B) Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. Common in slowly flowing water along Carex eburnea F. Boott. Common in canyons on slopes in deciduous woods. the river. (K) (B, C) Carex eleocharis Bailey. Common on prairies and in meadows, often in dry Iridaceae sandy soil. (B, C) Sisyrinchium montanum Greene. Infrequent in grassy open areas, often at Carex fili/olia Nutt. Common on mixed prairies and transitional sandhill­ the edges of woods. (C, K) mixed prairies. (C, K) Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. granularis. Infrequent in marshes and Juncaceae along streams in sandy soil. (K) luncus alpinus Vill. Common on sandbars in and along the river and occa· Carex heliophila Mack. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, C) sionally along its tributaries. (K) Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. Common on sandbars in the river and in luncus balticus Willd. Common around oxbow ponds, marshes, mesic pas­ marshes and around seeps. (B, C, K) tures, and other mesic habitats along the river and its tributaries. (B, C) Carex interiar Bailey. Scarce along tributaries to the river, especially around luncus brachyphyllus Wieg. Infrequent on mesic sandhill prairies and along seeps and on low wet ground. (B, C) the river and its tributaries. (B) Carex lanuginosa Michx. Common along tributaries to the river and around luncus bufonius L. Common in mud and sand on sandbars in and along the marshes. (B, C, K) river. (B, K) Carex meadii Dew. Common in moist pastures and along the river and its luncus dudleyi Wieg. Common on sandbars in the river and along the flood­ tributaries. (B) plain of the river. (B, C, K) Carex nebraskensis Dew. Common around marshes and oxbow ponds along luncus longistylis Torr. Rare in marshes and on stablized sandbars along the the river and its tributaries. (B, C) river. (B) Carex peckii Howe. Scarce on slopes in canyons in paper-birch and eastern luncus marginatus Rostk. Uncommon on stablized sandbars along the river. deciduous forests. Observed sporadically in the river valley, this species (B) appears to be restricted in the state to a roughly 45-mile stretch of the luncus nodosus L. Common in marshes and on sandbars along the river. (B) Niobrara River Valley from Valentine east to Long Pine Creek. (B, C, K) luncus torreyi Cov. Common around ponds, marshes and along the river and Carex praegracilis W. Boott. Uncommon in prairies. Collected by Tolstead its tributaries. (C, K) in 1936 (NEB). (C) Carex saximontana Mack. Common in rich wooded springbranch canyons Juncaginaceae and moist ravines in ponderosa pine forests along the river. (B, C, K) Triglochin maritima L. var. elata (Nutt.) A. Gray. Infrequent in tallgrass Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. Infrequent around marshes and ponds along meadows along the river. (C) the river. (B) Triglochin palustris L. Infrequent along the river on both stablized and un­ Carex sprengelii Dew. ex Spreng. Common in open to wooded mesic slopes stablized sandbars. These collections from Brown and Keya Paha counties and level areas along the river and its tributaries. (B, C, K) represent the third and fourth county records for this species in the state Carex stipata Muhl. Common in marshes and meadows along the river and (Great Plains Flora Association, 1977). Widely scattered populations were its tributaries. (B, C, K) observed from approximately 2 mi west of the Norden-Johnstown roac Carex stricta Lam. Common in marshes, oxbow ponds, and wet depressions bridge across the Niobrara River, east to a sandbar I mi east of the Mead· along the river and its tributaries. (B) ville Bridge across the river. (B, K) Carex tetanica Schkuhr. Uncommon in deciduous woods. Collected by Tol­ stead in 1938 (NEB). (C) Niobrara Flora 13

Lemnaceae Bromus latiglumis (Scribn. ex Shear) Hitchc. Infrequent along streams and [,emna minor L. Common in still or slowly flowing water in streams, marshes, on mesic slopes in deciduous and coniferous forests. (C, K) ponds, and pools in the river. (B) Bromus tectorum L. Common in disturbed sandy habitats throughout. (K) Lemna trisulca L. Infrequent in still shallow water in beaver ponds along the Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Common on mixed prairies and occa­ river. (C) sionally sandhill prairies. (B, C, K) Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Infrequent in still shallow water in beaver Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Common along the river and its ponds along the river. (B) tributaries on stabilized sandbars and around marshes. (B) Calamagrostis stricta (Timm.) Koel. Infrequent in marshes along the river. Liliaceae [C. inexpansa A. Gray] (B) AUium perdulce S. V. Fraser. Infrequent on gravelly slopes and ridges on Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. Abundant on sandhill and mixed prai­ mixed prairies. (B) ries. (B, C) Asparagus officinalis L. Infrequent around old farm sites, oldfields, and in Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Common along streams in springbranch can­ disturbed woods. Introduced. (K) yons and on stabilized sandbars along the river. (B, C) Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Infrequent on low wet ground in tallgrass meadows Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. Common in disturbed sandy habitats, along the river. (C) especially along roadsides and cattle trails. (B, K) polygonatum bijlorum (Walt.) Ell. Common in springbranch canyons on steep Cinna arundinacea L. Infrequent around ponds and marshes and along the to moderate slopes in paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests. (B, C) river and its tributaries. (B, C) Smilacina stellatiz (L.) Desf. Common in springbranch canyons on steep to Dactylis glomerata L. Scarce on open to partially shaded banks along the river moderate slopes in paper-birch and eastern deciduous forests and in wooded and its tributaries. Introduced. (B) ravines in ponderosa pine forests. (C) Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark var. acuminatum. Infre­ quent on sandhill and mixed prairies. [Panicum lanuginosum Ell.] (B) Orchidaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould. var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould. Common in woods and on disturbed sandhill and mixed prairies. [Panicum Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Common in springbranch canyons in paper­ birch and eastern deciduous forests, and around seeps along the river. (B, oligosanthes Schult. var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern.] (B, C, K) Dichanthelium wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann. Common on mixed prairies, C) often at the edges of ponderosa pine forests. [Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey] Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. Infrequent in marshes along the south side of the river. This species is relatively uncommon in Nebraska, having been re­ (B, C) ported previously from five counties in the state (Great Plains Flora As­ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Infrequent in disturbed sandy to sandy-loam sociation, 1977). Scattered populations were observed along the river from habitats. Introduced. (B) near the mouth of Fairfield Creek east to the mouth of Bamey Creek. (B) Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg. Common in Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Occasional on tallgrass prairies along the river disturbed habitats throughout. (B) Elymus canadensis L. Common in mesic sandy to sandy-loam habitats, es­ and in marshes. (B, C) pecially along streams and roadsides. (B) Poaceae Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Common on slopes along streams in eastern x Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage (Agropygron caninum x Hordeum deciduous woods and on the floodplain of the river. (B, C, K) jubatum). Uncommon in meadow-marsh transition. Collected by Bates in Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. Introduced. (B, C) 1893 (NEB). (C) Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Uncommon on sandbars along the river. Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. subsp. majus (Vasey) c. L. Hitchc. Infre­ quent on dry wooded slopes and occasionally in grazed pastures. (C) (B) Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Infrequent on dry upland prairies, often Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Infrequent along disturbed sandy road­ where somewhat disturbed. Introduced. (B, K) sides. (B) Agropyron smithii Rydb. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies and in Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Common in sandhill prairies and sandy disturbed habitats. (B) terrace meadows along the river. (B, K) Agrostis scabra Willd. Common in deciduous and coniferous woods on mesic Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood. Abundant on sandhill prairies and in dis­ slopes, along streams, and in mesic habitats along the river. [A. hyemalis turbed sandy habitats. (C, K) (Walt.) B.S.P. var. tenuis (Thckerm.) Gl.] (B) Festuca obtusa Biehler. Common in springbranch canyons in eastern deciduous Agrostis stolonifera L. var. major (Gaud.) Farw. Common in mesic habitats and paper birch forests. (B, C) throughout. Introduced. (B) Festuca octoflora Walt. Abundant on sandhill and mixed prairies, often in Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Uncommon in wet meadows and marshes along slightly disturbed habitats. (B, K) the river. (B) ) Glyceria grandis S. Wats. ex A. Gray. Scarce in marshes and around ponds Andropogon gerardii Vitrnan. Occasional in oak woodlands, tallgrass mead­ along the river. (B) ows, and marshes along the river and its tributaries. (B, K) Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Common along the Niobrara River and its Andropogon hallii Hack. Common on sandhill and transitional sandhill-mixed tributaries. (B, K) prairies. (C, K) Hordeum jubatum L. Common in disturbed habitats, especially along road­ Andropogon scoparius Michx. Common on mixed and sandhill prairies. (C, sides and in pastures. Introduced. (B) K) Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. (B) Aristida basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey. Infrequent on transitional sandhill­ Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv. Common on upland sandhill and mixed mixed and mixed prairies. (B) prairies. (B) Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. robusta H. & H. Common on upland transitional Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Common in open to semi-open areas in mesic sandhill-mixed and mixed prairies and in open grassy woods. [A. longiseta loamy soil along the river and its tributaries. (C) Steud.] (B, K) Leersia virginica Willd. Infrequent around seeps and along streams in spring­ Bouteloua curlipendula (Michx.) Torr. Common on sandhill and mixed prai­ branch canyons on the south side of the river and rarely north of the river. ries. (K) (B, K) Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Griffiths. Common on upland sandhill Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Mey.) Parodi. Infrequent in mesic tallgrass and mixed prairies on well drained soils. (B, K) meadows and on sandbars along the river. (C, K) Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies on sandy to Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. Common on sandhill and mixed prairies gravelly slopes. (B, C, K) on fine-textured soils. (B) Bromus ciliatus L. Infrequent along the river and its tributaries in mesic loamy Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb. Uncommon on sandbars along the river. (K) . habitats in eastern deciduous woodlands. (B) Bromus inermis Leyss. subsp. inermis. Common in grazed pastures and other Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Uncommon on stabilized sandbars along disturbed habitats. Introduced. (B) the river. (K) Bromusjaponicus Thunb. ex Murr. Common in disturbed habitats, especially Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. Common in loose sand and blowouts on sand­ around old ranches and in heavily grazed areas. Introduced. (B, K) hill prairies. (B, C) 14 Niobrara Flora

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Common in deciduous and deci­ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS duous-coniferous woods. (B, C, K) Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Infrequent in disturbed sandy to gravelly habitats. (B, C, K) Our thanks are extended to a number of individuals who Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb. Common on slopes in canyons provided assistance during the course of this study: Tom Bragg, in eastern deciduous, paper birch, and ponderosa pine forests. (B, C) Roy Breuklander, Mark and Ed Brogie, Ben Brown, Mary Panicum capillare L. Common in disturbed sandy to sandy-loam habitats throughout. (B) Clausen, Roger Dunn, Fred and Richard Egelhoff, Steve Hobbs, Panicum dichotomijlorum Michx. Rare along Plum Creek on sandbars. (B) David Kizirian, Doug Kuhre, Michael O'Leary, Mike Moss­ Panicum virgatum L. Abundant on upland sandhill and mixed prairies. (B, man, Deborah Paulson, David Sutherland, Janet Suttie and C) Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) D. Banks. Common in Gorden Warrick. A loan of specimens and preparation of a disturbed sandy habitats throughout. (B) reference collection for NVP was provided by Margaret Bolick Phleum pratense L. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. Introduced. and the Nebraska State Herbarium (NEB). We appreciate the (K) Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Frequent along river marshes. (C, comments and reviews of the manuscript by Robert Kaul and K) David Sutherland. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the Poa compressa L. Common on disturbed wooded slopes, along the floodplain support of The Nature Conservancy, which made this study of the river, and on stabilized sandbars in the river. Introduced. (B) Poa pratensis L. Abundant in open wooded habitats, grazed pastures, and possible. This study is dedicated to the memory of Loring other disturbed habitats. Introduced. (B, C, K) Kuhre. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. Rare on slopes in eastern deciduous forests in loamy soil, on the south side of the river. (B) Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Common on stabilized and unstabilized sandbars along the river and its tributaries. Introduced. (B, C, K) REFERENCES Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. Common in blowouts and exposed un­ stabilized sand in the sandhills. (B) Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Infrequent on upland sandhill and Bessey, C. E. 1887. A meeting-place for two floras. Bulletin. mixed prairies. (B) of the Torrey Botanical Club, 14: 189-191. Secale cereale L. Infrequent along roadsides and around center pivots. Intro­ Brogie, M. A., and M. J. Mossman. 1983. Spring and summer duced. (B) Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Occasional in disturbed habitats including roadsides birds of the Niobrara Valley Preserve area, Nebraska: an and oldfields. Introduced. (B) annotated checklist. Nebraska Bird Review, 51: 44-51. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Common in disturbed habitats around old ranches, Churchill, S. P. 1985. Mosses of the Great Plains X. The roads, and center pivots. Introduced. (B) Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Infrequent in tallgrass meadows and mesic Niobrara Valley Preserve and adjacent area in Nebraska. habitats along the river and its tributaries. [So avenaceum (Michx.) Nash] Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 13: (B) 13-19. Spartina pectinata Link. Common around marshes, ponds, and mesic depres­ sions along the river and its tributaries. (B) __, R. B. Kaul, and D. M. Sutherland. 1976. New records Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. major (Torr.) Erdm. Infrequent of native and introduced plants from Nebraska. Transac­ on slopes in eastern deciduous woods in loamy soil. (K) tions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 3: 32-36. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Common in disturbed habitats throughout. (B, C) Dankert, N., and H. G. Nagel. 1988. Butterflies of the Nio­ Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Abundant on sandhill and mixed prairies. (C, K) brara Valley Preserve. Transactions of the Nebraska Acad­ Stipa spartea Trin. Infrequent in sandhill prairies on mesic slopes and in emy of Sciences, 16: 17-30 depressions. (B) Stipa viridula Trin. Infrequent on upland mixed prairies and along roadsides. Freeman, C. c., and S. P. Churchill. 1983. Noteworthy pter­ (K) idophyte records for Nebraska. American Fern Journal, Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Common in open disturbed sandy habitats. 73: 29-30. (B, C, K) Triticum aestivum L. Infrequent along roadsides and around center pivots. Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the Flora of The Introduced. (B) Great Plains. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press: 600 p. Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Infrequent in ponds and oxbows along the river. __. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, Kansas. (B) University Press of Kansas: 1, 392p. Harrison, A. T. 1980. The Niobrara Valley Preserve: Its bio Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea L. var. lasioneuron (Small) Rydb. Occasional in deciduous geographic importance and description of its biotic com· woods. (B, C) munities. A working report to The Nature Conservancy. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 116 p. Sparganiaceae Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Common in still shallow water in ponds, Kantak, G. E. 1983a. Niobrara Preserve Inventory. 1982 An marshes, and along sandbars in the river. (B) nual Report. The Nature Conservancy. Minneapolis, MN __. 1983b. The Niobrara Valley Preserve: documentatior Typhaceae Typha latifolia L. Common in ponds, along streams, in marshes, and in of its biogeographic significance. Proceedings of the Ne­ shallow water along the river. (K) braska Academy of Sciences, 93: 10. Kaul, R. B., G. E. Kantak and S. P. Churchill. 1988. The Zannichelliaceae Zannichellia palustris L. Common in still shallow water in ponds and marshes, Niobrara River Valley, a postglacial migration corridor and and in slowly flowing water in the river. (K) refugium of forest plants and animals in the grasslands of central North America. The Botanical Review, 54: 44-81. Niobrara Flora 15

Mossman, M. J., and M. A. Brogie. 1983. Breeding status of Sutherland, D. M., and R. B. Kaul. 1986. Nebraska plant selected bird species in the Niobrara Valley Preserve area, distribution. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sci­ Nebraska. Nebraska Bird Review, 51: 52-62. ences, 14: 55-59. Pool, R. J. 1914. A study of the vegetation of the sandhills of Tolstead, W. L. 1942a. Vegetation of the northern part of Nebraska. University of Minnesota Botanical Studies, 4: Cherry County, Nebraska. Ecological Monographs, 12: 189-312. 255-292. pound, R., and F. E. Clements. 1900. The phytogeography of __. 1942b. A note on unusual plants in the flora of north­ Nebraska. 2nd ed. University of Nebraska Botanical Sem­ western Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist, 28: 475- inar, Lincoln: 442p. 481. Steinauer, E. M., and T. B. Bragg. 1987. Ponderosa pine __. 1947. Woodlands in northwestern Nebraska. Ecology, (Pinus ponderosa) invasion of Nebraska sandhills prairie. 28: 180-188. American Midland Naturalist, 118: 358-365 Wagner, W. H. Jr., and F. S. Wagner. 1986. Three new species stuckey, R. L. 1980. Distributional history of Lythrum sali­ of moonworts (Botrychium subg. Botrychium) endemic in caria (Purple Loosestrife) in North America. Bartonia, western North America. American Fern Journal, 76: 33- 46: 3-20. 47.