International Politics International Politics Concepts, Theories and Issues Edited by Rumki Basu Copyright © Rumki Basu, 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2012 by Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India www.sagepub.in Sage Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA Sage Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom Sage Publications asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Published by Vivek Mehra for SAgE Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by Diligent Typesetter, Delhi and printed at Saurabh Printers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International politics: concepts, theories and issues/edited by Rumki Basu. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. International relations. I. Basu, Rumki. JZ1305.I5642 327—dc23 2012 2012027005 ISBN: 978-81-321-0691-3 (PB) The Sage Team: Sharel Simon, Puja Narula Nagpal, Nand Kumar Jha and Rajinder Kaur Dedicated to our students in the Department of Political Science Jamia Millia Islamia Thank you for choosing a SAGE product! If you have any comment, observation or feedback, I would like to personally hear from you. Please write to me at [email protected] —Vivek Mehra, Managing Director and CEO, SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi Bulk Sales SAGE India offers special discounts for purchase of books in bulk. We also make available special imprints and excerpts from our books on demand. For orders and enquiries, write to us at Marketing Department SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, Post Bag 7 New Delhi 110044, India E-mail us at [email protected] Get to know more about SAGE, be invited to SAGE events, get on our mailing list. Write today to [email protected] This book is also available as an e-book. Contents List of Boxes xv List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xxiii Introduction xxv PART a CONCePTS Chapter 1 The Nation State System: National Power, Balance of Power and Collective Security 3 S. R. T. P. Sugunakara Raju • Learning Objectives 3 1.1 Evolution and Main Features of the Nation State System 4 1.2 The Contemporary State System 7 1.3 Globalization and the State System 7 1.4 National Power: Meaning and Elements 8 1.5 Evaluation of National Power 15 1.6 Balance of Power 15 1.7 Conditions of Success for the Balance of Power System 20 1.8 Main Patterns and Methods of the Balance of Power 20 1.9 The Balance of Power System: An Appraisal 26 1.10 Collective Security 31 1.11 Collective Security and Balance of Power: Similarities and Differences 35 1.12 Collective Security System under the League of Nations 36 113 Collective Security System under the United Nations 38 1.14 Peacekeeping 44 1.15 Evaluation of Collective Security System 49 viii l International Politics Chapter 2 Role of National Interest 52 Farah Naaz • Learning Objectives 52 2.1 National Interest and Foreign Policy 57 2.2 National Interest and Ideology 60 2.3 The Question of Ethics versus National Interest 62 2.4 Instruments for the Promotion of National Interest 63 2.5 Conclusion 69 Chapter 3 Diplomacy: Nature, Forms and Relevance 71 Mehtab Manzar • Learning Objectives 71 3.1 Diplomacy: Meaning and Definition 73 3.2 Nature and Content of Diplomacy 75 3.3 Kinds of Diplomacy 76 3.4 Attributes of Diplomats 82 3.5 Functions of Diplomatic Missions 83 3.6 Diplomatic Methods 87 3.7 Features of New Diplomacy 92 3.8 Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 94 Chapter 4 Colonialism and Neocolonialism: Impact of Decolonization 97 Furqan Ahmad • Learning Objectives 97 4.1 Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism 99 4.2 Factors Responsible for Colonization 101 4.3 Types of Colonies 102 4.4 Neocolonialism as Economic Dominance 106 4.5 Dependency Theory 106 4.6 Decolonization: Methods and Stages 110 4.7 Impact of Decolonization 114 4.8 Modern Approaches to Decolonization 115 4.9 Postcolonialism 116 4.10 Third World: A Conceptual Framework 118 Contents l ix Chapter 5 Disarmament, arms Control and Nuclear Proliferation 122 M. Muslim Khan • Learning Objectives 122 5.1 Disarmament 125 5.2 Disarmament versus Collective Security 125 5.3 Forms and Types of Disarmament 127 5.4 Arms Control 128 5.5 Types of Arms Control 129 5.6 Differences between Disarmament and Arms Control 129 5.7 Theories of Disarmament 130 5.8 Disarmament in the Era of globalization 135 5.9 Post–Cold War Efforts 136 5.10 Nuclear Proliferation 140 5.11 Barriers to Disarmament 142 5.12 India–US Nuclear Deal, 2008 144 5.13 Proposed Arms Trade Treaty (by 2012) 145 PaRT B TheORIeS Chapter 6 Liberalism 153 Farah Naaz • Learning Objectives 153 6.1 Core Ideas 156 6.2 Pluralism and Neo liberalism 161 6.3 Liberalism and globalization 164 6.4 Critique 166 6.5 Conclusion 166 Chapter 7 Realism 170 Rumki Basu • Learning Objectives 170 7.1 Core Ideas 171 7.2 Neorealism: Kenneth Waltz and Others 176 7.3 Critique 179 7.4 Conclusion 180 x l International Politics Chapter 8 Marxism 186 Krishna Swamy Dara • Learning Objectives 186 8.1 Marx and Engels on International Relations 189 8.2 Criticism of the Realist School 192 8.3 Neo-gramscianism and International Relations 194 8.4 Critical Theory and International Relations 199 8.5 Dependency Theory and International Relations 210 8.6 Conclusion 215 Chapter 9 Feminism 221 Krishna Swamy Dara • Learning Objectives 221 9.1 Politics of Feminism 223 9.2 Sex and gender 225 9.3 History of Feminist International Relations 226 9.4 Feminist Critique of International Relations 228 9.5 Feminist Critique of Realist Paradigm 229 9.6 Feminist Critique of the Concept of Security 232 9.7 Feminist Interpretation of Insecurity 235 9.8 Feminist Critique of Citizenship 237 9.9 Feminism, Ethics and Human Rights 239 9.10 Conclusion 243 Chapter 10 Postmodernism and Constructivism in International Relations 248 Krishna Swamy Dara • Learning Objectives 248 10.1 Knowledge and Power 250 10.2 Genealogy 252 10.3 Deconstruction 254 Contents l xi 10.4 Postmodernism in International Relations Theory 256 10.5 Critique of the Sovereign State 263 10.6 Constructivism 269 10.7 Challenging Realism 270 10.8 Identities and Interests 271 10.9 Conclusion 273 PaRT C ISSueS Chapter 11 Globalization: Meaning and Dimensions 279 Adnan Farooqui • Learning Objectives 279 11.1 Definition 282 11.2 Globalization: A Trajectory 283 11.3 Various Dimensions of globalization 284 11.4 Globalization and Climate Change 287 11.5 Globalization: Drawbacks 287 Chapter 12 The united Nations: Changing Role 292 Rumki Basu • Learning Objectives 292 12.1 The Main Organs of the United Nations: Structure and Functions 294 12.2 The Budget 309 12.3 The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security 310 12.4 Intervention within States 314 12.5 Economic and Social Development 316 12.6 Humanitarian Assistance and Human Rights 320 12.7 Decolonization 322 12.8 Achievements 323 12.9 The Limits of UN Action 325 12.10 Millennium Declaration 325 12.11 United Nations Reform 328 12.12 Conclusion 333 xii l International Politics Chapter 13 Human Rights and International Politics 336 Mehtab Manzar • Learning Objectives 336 13.1 Historical Landmarks 339 13.2 New Dimensions of Individual Rights 343 13.3 Universal versus Cultural Relativism 343 13.4 Three generations of Human Rights 345 13.5 Democracy, Development and Human Rights 346 13.6 Vienna Declaration on Human Rights, 1993 347 13.7 Human Rights Interventions 348 13.8 Protection of Human Rights: Challenges Ahead 350 13.9 Conclusion 351 Chapter 14 The global environment: Issues and Debates 354 Rumki Basu • Learning Objectives 354 14.1 Global Environmental Negotiations: A Brief History 358 14.2 Global Regime for Addressing Climate Change 362 14.3 The global Environment Debate 364 14.4 The Politics of Environmental Negotiations 367 14.5 Conclusion 371 Chapter 15 Terrorism 376 Adnan Farooqui • Learning Objectives 376 15.1 Causes of Terrorism 380 15.2 Terrorism and Democracy 381 15.3 The History of Terrorism 384 15.4 Terrorism since the Second World War 386 15.5 September 11 Attacks 388 15.6 War on Terror 389 15.7 Difference between Terrorism and Insurgency 390 Contents l xiii Chapter 16 Development and Security: Changing Paradigms 393 Rumki Basu • Learning Objectives 393 16.1 North–South Politics 398 16.2 UNCTAD and UNDP 401 16.3 The Development Decades 403 16.4 The Right to Development 407 16.5 Human Development and Human Security: An Alternative Approach 410 16.6 Conclusion 418 PaRT D INDIa’S FOReIgN POLICy aND BILaTeRaL ReLaTIONS Chapter 17 Basic Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy and Bilateral Relations 425 Mohammed Badrul Alam • Learning Objectives 425 17.1 Basic Determinants 427 17.2 Policy of Non-alignment 429 17.3 India as an Emerging Power 431 17.4 India and the United States 433 17.5 India and Russia 438 17.6 India and China 443 17.7 India and Regions 448 17.8 India and Her Neighbours 461 17.9 India and the UN 479 17.10 Conclusion 482 Afterword by Rumki Basu 489 Model Questions 501 About the Editor and Contributors 512 Index 514 List of Boxes 3.1 India’s Cultural Diplomacy 80 3.2 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961: Diplomatic Bag 84 4.1 Neocolonialism 105 4.2 Pan-African and Non-aligned