Proposal for Inclusion of the Giraffe
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Plot-Scale Agroforestry Modeling Explores Tree Pruning and Fertilizer Interactions for Maize Production in a Faidherbia Parkland
Article Plot-Scale Agroforestry Modeling Explores Tree Pruning and Fertilizer Interactions for Maize Production in a Faidherbia Parkland Aynalem M. Dilla 1,2, Philip J. Smethurst 3,*, Neil I. Huth 4 and Karen M. Barry 2 1 Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia; [email protected] 2 Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; [email protected] 3 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia 4 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 203 Tor St, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 4 November 2020 Abstract: Poor agricultural productivity has led to food shortages for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Agroforestry may improve food security by increasing soil fertility, crop production, and livelihoods. Agroforestry simulation models can be useful for predicting the effects of tree management on crop growth when designing modifications to these systems. The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) agroforestry tree-proxy model was used to simulate the response of maize yield to N fertilizer applications and tree pruning practices in the parkland agroforestry system in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. The model was parameterized and tested using data collected from an experiment conducted under trees and in crop-only plots during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. The treatments contained three levels of tree pruning (100% pruned, 50% pruned, and unpruned) as 1 the main plots, and N fertilizers were applied to maize at two rates (9 or 78 kg N ha− ) as sub-plots. -
Habitats Map of Distributions of Key Wild Animal Species of Gambella National Park
www.ijird.com April, 2015 Vol 4 Issue 4 ISSN 2278 – 0211 (Online) Habitats Map of Distributions of Key Wild Animal Species of Gambella National Park Gatluak Gatkoth Rolkier Ph.D. Candidate, Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Kumelachew Yeshitela Chair Holder (Head), Ecosystem Planning and Management, Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ruediger Prasse Professor, Department of Environmental Planning, Leibniz Gottferd University of Hannover, Herrenhauser Hannover, Germany Abstract: Lack of information on habitat map of Gambella National Park had resulted in problems of identification for abundance and distribution of studied wild animal species per their habitats use in the park. Therefore, the information gathered for habitat map of key studied wild animal species of the Park, was used to fill the knowledge gap on their most preference habitat types of the Park. The specific objectives of this research were to determine the abundance and distribution of studied wild animal species in each classified habitat, to determine the density of studied wild animal species of the Park. The data were collected by lines transect method, which were conducted in both dry and wet seasons. Accordingly, six men in a queue were involved in the surveys. The front man was using a compass to lead the team in a straight line along the transects and measure the bearing of track of animals, two men were positioned in the middle and one was observed on the right side of transects while the other observed on the left side of transects and rear man was used GPS receiver and keep recording of information on observed wild animal species. -
Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp
Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis) Appendix 1: Historical and recent geographic range and population of Angolan Giraffe G. c. angolensis Geographic Range ANGOLA Historical range in Angola Giraffe formerly occurred in the mopane and acacia savannas of southern Angola (East 1999). According to Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005), the historic distribution of the species presented a discontinuous range with two, reputedly separated, populations. The western-most population extended from the upper course of the Curoca River through Otchinjau to the banks of the Kunene (synonymous Cunene) River, and through Cuamato and the Mupa area further north (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). The intention of protecting this western population of G. c. angolensis, led to the proclamation of Mupa National Park (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). The eastern population occurred between the Cuito and Cuando Rivers, with larger numbers of records from the southeast corner of the former Mucusso Game Reserve (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). By the late 1990s Giraffe were assumed to be extinct in Angola (East 1999). According to Kuedikuenda and Xavier (2009), a small population of Angolan Giraffe may still occur in Mupa National Park; however, no census data exist to substantiate this claim. As the Park was ravaged by poachers and refugees, it was generally accepted that Giraffe were locally extinct until recent re-introductions into southern Angola from Namibia (Kissama Foundation 2015, East 1999, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). BOTSWANA Current range in Botswana Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the population of Giraffe in the Central Kalahari and Khutse Game Reserves in central Botswana is from the subspecies G. -
Comprehensive Mutagenesis of the Fims Promoter Regulatory Switch Reveals Novel Regulation of Type 1 Pili in Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli
Comprehensive mutagenesis of the fimS promoter regulatory switch reveals novel regulation of type 1 pili in uropathogenic Escherichia coli Huibin Zhanga, Teodorus T. Susantob, Yue Wanb, and Swaine L. Chena,c,1 aInfectious Diseases Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672; bStem Cell and Development, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672; and cDepartment of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074 Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved March 7, 2016 (received for review December 6, 2015) Type 1 pili (T1P) are major virulence factors for uropathogenic (11). These regulators act through a variety of mechanisms, such Escherichia coli (UPEC), which cause both acute and recurrent uri- as DNA structure and supercoiling (20–22), transcription ter- nary tract infections. T1P expression therefore is of direct relevance mination and RNA stability (23, 24), or dual effects on both for disease. T1P are phase variable (both piliated and nonpiliated phase variation and fimA transcription [such as through cAMP bacteria exist in a clonal population) and are controlled by an in- receptor protein (CRP), integration host factor (IHF), or growth vertible DNA switch (fimS), which contains the promoter for the fim phase] (18, 20, 25). operon encoding T1P. Inversion of fimS is stochastic but may be In vitro, the recombinases bind to sites flanking and over- biased by environmental conditions and other signals that ulti- lapping fimS inverted repeats (IRs) (26). On plasmid substrates, mately converge at fimS itself. Previous studies of fimS sequences FimB mediates switching in both directions, whereas FimE important for T1P phase variation have focused on laboratory-adapted performs only ON-to-OFF switching (27). -
Semi-Annual Report for the Time Period
Final Report Period covered by Report: 05/01/2018 - 4/30/2019 Sea Scallop Research NOAA Grant Number: NA18NMF4540018 Award Date: 5/1/2018 End Date: 4/30/2019 Project Title: High resolution drop camera survey examining sea star dynamics in extremely dense scallop beds of the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area Principal Investigators: Kevin D. E. Stokesbury, Ph.D., N.David Bethoney, Ph.D., Craig A. Lego, M.S. candidate Address: School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 836 S. Rodney French Blvd. New Bedford, MA 02744 Phone: (508) 910-6373 Fax: (508) 910-6374 Email: [email protected] Amount: We were allocated 38,288 lbs. ($421,171) for research and compensation. Project Summary: The goal of this project was to investigate sea scallop and sea star predator- prey interactions and produce a 2018 biomass estimate of scallops to aid in management of the area. We surveyed the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area (NLCA) with a centric systematic design resulting in 509 stations sampled in 2018. We produced spatial specific estimates and associated error of scallop size as well as maps of exploitable and juvenile scallop distributions at the time of the survey. This information was supplied to the New England Fisheries Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service and included in the annual scallop allocation setting process. To investigate predator-prey interactions station and quadrat level data from 2010-2018 were utilized. Scallop and sea star density, ratio, and size trends at the spatial scale of the NLCA indicate an extremely high scallop recruitment event in this area linked to decreases in sea star densities. -
EAZA Bushmeat Campaign
B USHMEAT | R AINFOREST | T IGER | S HELLSHOCK | R HINO | M ADAGASCAR | A MPHIBIAN | C ARNIVORE | A PE EAZA Conservation Campaigns EAZA Bushmeat Over the last ten years Europe’s leading zoos and aquariums have worked together in addressing a variety of issues affecting a range of species and Campaign habitats. EAZA’s annual conservation campaigns have raised funds and promoted awareness amongst 2000-2001 millions of zoo visitors each year, as well as providing the impetus for key regulatory change. | INTRODUCTION | The first of EAZA's annual conservation campaigns addressed the issue of the unsustainable and illegal hunting and trade of threatened wildlife, in particular the great apes. Bushmeat is a term commonly used to describe the hunting and trade of wild meat. For the Bushmeat Campaign EAZA collaborated with the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) as an official partner in order to enhance the chances of a successful campaign. The Bushmeat Campaign can be regarded as the ‘template campaign’ for the EAZA conservation campaigns that followed over the subsequent ten years. | CAMPAIGN AIMS | Through launching the Bushmeat Campaign EAZA hoped to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of great apes in the wild, particularly in Africa, over the next 20 to 50 years. The bushmeat trade was (and still is) a serious threat to the survival of apes in the wild. Habitat loss and deforestation have historically been the major causal factors for declining populations of great apes, but experts now agree that the illegal commercial bushmeat trade has surpassed habitat loss as the primary threat to ape populations. -
Country Profile Republic of Zambia Giraffe Conservation Status Report
Country Profile Republic of Zambia Giraffe Conservation Status Report Sub-region: Southern Africa General statistics Size of country: 752,614 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 30% (Sub)species Thornicroft’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti) Angolan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) – possible South African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) – possible Conservation Status IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012): Giraffa camelopardalis (as a species) – least concern G. c. thornicrofti – not assessed G. c. angolensis – not assessed G. c. giraffa – not assessed In the Republic of Zambia: The Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) is mandated under the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998 to manage and conserve Zambia’s wildlife and under this same act, the hunting of giraffe in Zambia is illegal (ZAWA 2015). Zambia has the second largest proportion of land under protected status in Southern Africa with approximately 225,000 km2 designated as protected areas. This equates to approximately 30% of the total land cover and of this, approximately 8% as National Parks (NPs) and 22% as Game Management Areas (GMA). The remaining protected land consists of bird sanctuaries, game ranches, forest and botanical reserves, and national heritage sites (Mwanza 2006). The Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), is potentially the world’s largest conservation area, spanning five southern African countries; Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, centred around the Caprivi-Chobe-Victoria Falls area (KAZA 2015). Parks within Zambia that fall under KAZA are: Liuwa Plain, Kafue, Mosi-oa-Tunya and Sioma Ngwezi (Peace Parks Foundation 2013). GCF is dedicated to securing a future for all giraffe populations and (sub)species in the wild. -
Higher Than Expected Growth Rate of the Endangered West African Giraffe Giraffa Camelopardalis Peralta: a Successful Human–Wildlife Cohabitation
Higher than expected growth rate of the Endangered West African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis peralta: a successful human–wildlife cohabitation J.-P. SURAUD,J.FENNESSY,E.BONNAUD,A.M.ISSA,H.FRITZ and J . - M . G AILLARD Abstract The West African giraffe is a genetically unique Introduction population represented only by the subspecies Giraffa 20 camelopardalis peralta, categorized as Endangered on the ince the beginning of the th century the density ff ff IUCN Red List. These giraffes live outside protected areas, Sand distribution of gira e Gira a camelopardalis 1965 without natural predators and share their habitat with local populations has decreased across Africa (Sidney, )toa 140 000 1990 1999 ff people and their livestock. This study provides demographic total of c. , by the late s (East, ). Gira es , 80 000 data on this poorly studied megaherbivore and documents are now thought to number , (unpubl. data from ff its recovery. We analysed the results of photo-identification the international gira e database). The population of the ff ff censuses from 1996 to 1999 (count data) and from 2005 to West African gira e Gira a camelopardalis peralta,a 2008 (count and demographic data). From 1996 to 1999 genetically unique subspecies represented only by this 2007 the annual growth rate was c. 19% because of an unbalanced population, has also decreased (Brown et al., ; Hassanin 2007 population structure after a period of severe poaching. et al., ). ff From 2005 to 2008 an annual growth rate of c. 12–13% During Palaeolithic times the gira e ranged across West was estimated from both count data and demographic and North Africa, including the Mediterranean coastline 1957 20 parameters. -
Empty Forests, Empty Stomachs? Bushmeat and Livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins
International Forestry Review Vol.13(3), 2011 355 Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins R. NASI1, A. TABER1 and N. VAN VLIET2 1Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Email: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] SUMMARY Protein from forest wildlife is crucial to rural food security and livelihoods across the tropics. The harvest of animals such as tapir, duikers, deer, pigs, peccaries, primates and larger rodents, birds and reptiles provides benefits to local people worth millions of US$ annually and represents around 6 million tonnes of animals extracted yearly. Vulnerability to hunting varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations. Some species or groups have been characterized as ecosystem engineers and ecological keystone species. They affect plant distribution and structure ecosystems, through seed dispersal and predation, grazing, browsing, rooting and other mechanisms. Global attention has been drawn to their loss through debates regarding bushmeat, the “empty forest” syndrome and their ecological importance. However, information on the harvest remains fragmentary, along with understanding of ecological, socioeconomic and cultural dimensions. Here we assess the consequences, both for ecosystems and local livelihoods, of the loss of these species in the Amazon and Congo basins. Keywords: bushmeat, livelihoods, forest, Amazon, Congo Forêts vides, estomacs vides? Viande de brousse et condition de vie dans les bassins du Congo et de l’Amazone. -
Nuleaf Kapama 24G Ecology Report
KAPAMA GAME RESERVE TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT APRIL 2019 REVISED MAY 2021 Prepared for: Peter Velcich NuLeaf Planning and Environmental PostNet Suite 168 Private Bag X 844 Silverton 0127 Prepared by: ECOREX Consulting Ecologists CC Postnet Suite #192, Private Bag X2 Raslouw 0109 Author: Duncan McKenzie Reviewer: Warren McCleland (ECOREX) KAPAMA GAME RESERVE ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT - REVISION (ECOREX) MAY 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 4 TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 4 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ....................................................................................................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 6 2. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 7 3. STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................................... -
Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020
Country Profile Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020 General statistics Size of country: 622,984 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 13% Species and subspecies In 2016 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) completed the first detailed assessment of the conservation status of giraffe, revealing that their numbers are in peril. This was further emphasised when the majority of the IUCN recognised subspecies where assessed in 2018 – some as Critically Endangered. While this update further confirms the real threat to one of Africa’s most charismatic megafauna, it also highlights a rather confusing aspect of giraffe conservation: how many species/subspecies of giraffe are there? The IUCN currently recognises one species (Giraffa camelopardalis) and nine subspecies of giraffe (Muller et al. 2016) historically based on outdated assessments of their morphological features and geographic ranges. The subspecies are thus divided: Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis), Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum), Masai giraffe (G. c. tippleskirchi), Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata), Rothschild’s giraffe (G. c. rothschildi), South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa), Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) and West African giraffe (G. c. peralta). However, over the past decade GCF together with their partner Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) have performed the first-ever comprehensive DNA sampling and analysis (genomic, nuclear and mitochondrial) from all major natural populations of giraffe throughout their range in Africa. As a result, an update to the traditional taxonomy now exists. This study revealed that there are four distinct species of giraffe and likely five subspecies (Fennessy et al. -
Foraging Ecologies of Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Reticulata)
Foraging ecologies of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in northern Kenya: effects of habitat structure and possibilities for competition? David A. O’Connor1,2,3*, Bilal Butt2 and Johannes B. Foufopoulos2 1San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A., 2School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church St. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1041, U.S.A. and 3National Geographic Society 1145 17th St., NW, Washington, DC, 20036, U.S.A. Abstract au Kenya, ou ces especes sont recemment devenues The foraging ecologies of reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camel- sympatriques. La popularite croissante des dromadaires opardalis reticulata) and domestic camels (Camelus drome- dans la region a suscite des inquietudes au sujet des darius) were examined in the Laikipia District of Kenya, impacts sur l’environnement et d’une eventuelle competi- where these species have recently become sympatric. tion pour les ressources avec les girafes sauvages. Nous Camels increased popularity in the region has lead to avons recolte des donnees sur l’alimentation des deux concerns about their environmental impacts and possible especes au moyen de scan de groupe de deux minutes, qui competition with wild giraffe for resources. We gathered enregistraient la hauteur a laquelle les animaux mangea- foraging data on both species using 2-min group scans ient et les plantes preferees. Des transects ont permis de that recorded feeding heights and plant food preferences. recolter des echantillons de vegetation dans les zones ou les Transects sampled the vegetation in areas where foraging observations alimentaires ont ete faites.