DOCSLIB.ORG

Semi-Annual Report for the Time Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Final Report Period covered by Report: 05/01/2018 - 4/30/2019 Sea Scallop Research NOAA Grant Number: NA18NMF4540018 Award Date: 5/1/2018 End Date: 4/30/2019 Project Title: High resolution drop camera survey examining sea star dynamics in extremely dense scallop beds of the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area Principal Investigators: Kevin D. E. Stokesbury, Ph.D., N.David Bethoney, Ph.D., Craig A. Lego, M.S. candidate Address: School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 836 S. Rodney French Blvd. New Bedford, MA 02744 Phone: (508) 910-6373 Fax: (508) 910-6374 Email: [email protected] Amount: We were allocated 38,288 lbs. ($421,171) for research and compensation. Project Summary: The goal of this project was to investigate sea scallop and sea star predator- prey interactions and produce a 2018 biomass estimate of scallops to aid in management of the area. We surveyed the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area (NLCA) with a centric systematic design resulting in 509 stations sampled in 2018. We produced spatial specific estimates and associated error of scallop size as well as maps of exploitable and juvenile scallop distributions at the time of the survey. This information was supplied to the New England Fisheries Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service and included in the annual scallop allocation setting process. To investigate predator-prey interactions station and quadrat level data from 2010-2018 were utilized. Scallop and sea star density, ratio, and size trends at the spatial scale of the NLCA indicate an extremely high scallop recruitment event in this area linked to decreases in sea star densities. Additionally, Morisita’s indexes show similar increases and decreases in aggregation of scallops and sea stars following this extreme recruitment event. At smaller spatial scales scallops and sea stars were found clustered within 130 cm or less of each other. This increase in proximity could lead to more encounters and possibly captures of sea scallops by sea stars in densely populated beds created after extremely high recruitment events. 2 Project Goals: The goal of this project was to investigate the effects of extreme recruitment of juvenile sea scallops in relation to the distributions, abundance and predator-prey interactions of predatory sea stars in the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area (NLCA) on Georges Bank and produce a biomass estimate of scallops to aid in management of the area. Objectives and Deliverables: • Identify if predatory sea stars are aggregating and persisting in extreme recruitment areas in the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area: Results will include 1) spatial and size specific estimates of sea stars and scallops, 2) maps of adult and juvenile scallop distributions in addition to sea star distributions within the Nantucket Lightship and 3) densities of individuals in m2. • Examine spatial relationships between sea stars, juvenile and adult scallops in the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area: Results will include 1) nearest neighbor analysis 2) correlation analysis of sea scallops and sea stars on multiple different spatial scales. • This project will also produce an additional year of estimates of total, exploitable sea scallop biomass and mean meat weight (g) at the time of the survey. Mean meat weight (g) will be derived from shell height(mm) frequencies and shell height to meat weight regressions used in the 50th Scallop Stock Assessment Workshop (SAW) or as specified by the New England Fisheries Management Council Scallop Plan Development Team. Estimates of total and exploitable biomass of scallops will be derived from area-specific shell heights and meat weight relationships, and commercial dredge selectivity equations (NEFSC 2010) and presented to the Scallop PDT on 1 August 2018. Habitat characteristics will also be recorded. Methods: We surveyed the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area on a 2.8 km (1.5 nmi) grid totaling approximately 509 stations. These stations were sampled as part of two research cruises (Figure 1). During each survey, the SMAST sampling pyramid, supporting cameras and lights was deployed from a commercial fishing vessel (Stokesbury 2002, Bethoney and Stokesbury 2018, Figure 2). A mobile studio including monitors, computers for image capturing, data entry, and survey navigation (software integrated with the differential global positioning system) was assembled in the vessel’s wheelhouse. The vessel stopped at each pre-determined station and the pyramid was lowered to the sea floor. Two downward facing cameras mounted on the sampling pyramid provided 2.3 m2 and 2.5 m2 quadrat images of the sea floor for all stations (Figure 2). Additionally, a third camera providing a 0.6 m2 view of the seafloor was deployed. Quadrat images from all cameras and video footage from the 2.5 m2 quadrat view of the first quadrat were saved and then the pyramid was raised, so the seafloor was longer seen. The pyramid was then lowered to the seafloor again to obtain a second quadrat; this was repeated four times at each station. Onboard the survey vessel, scallop counts, station location, and depth was recorded and saved through a specialized field application for entry into a SQL Server Relational Database Management System. 3 Figure 1. SMAST drop camera stations in 2018 displayed by vessel with survey dates. Figure 2. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, School for Marine Science and Technology drop camera survey pyramid including cameras and lights used for data collection with the area of each quadrat. 4 After the survey, the 2.3 m2 high resolution digital still images were used as the primary data source. Within each quadrat, scallops and other macrobenthos were counted and the substrate was identified (Stokesbury 2002, Stokesbury et al. 2004, Bethoney and Stokesbury 2018). Scallop shell heights were also measured at this time. After the images were digitized, a quality assurance check was performed on each image for accuracy of counted and identified species. Sediments in digital still images were visually identified following the Wentworth particle grade scale from images, where the sediment particle size categories are based on a doubling or halving of the fixed reference point of 1 mm; sand = 0.0625 to 2.0 mm, gravel = 2.0 to 256.0 mm and boulders > 256.0 mm (Lincoln et al. 1992). Gravel was divided into two categories, granule/pebble = 2.0 to 64.0 mm and cobble = 64.0 to 256.0 mm (Lincoln et al. 1992). Shell debris was also identified. Analysis for abundance estimates included increasing the camera view area to account for counting scallops that lie on the edge of the image. This expansion was reviewed and accepted in the 50th SAW and is based on the average shell height of scallops in the area. The length and width of each image were increased by the mean shell height of measured scallops within the survey area using the equation: (1) 퐸푥푝푎푛푑푒푑 푉푖푒푤 퐴푟푒푎 = (푙 + 푆퐻̅̅̅̅) × (푤 + 푆퐻̅̅̅̅) where l and w are quadrat length and width and 푆퐻̅̅̅̅ is mean shell height (O’Keefe et al. 2010). Mean densities and standard errors of scallops were calculated using equations for a two-stage sampling design where the mean of the total sample is (Cochran 1977): n xi (2) x = i=1 n where n is the number of stations and xi is the mean of the 4 quadrats at station i. The SE of this 2-stage mean was calculated as: 1 2 (3) S.E.(x) = (s ) n n 2 2 where: s = (xi − x) /(n −1) . According to Cochran (1977) and Krebs (1999) this simplified version of the 2-stage variance is appropriate when the ratio of sample area to survey area (n/N) is small. In this case, thousands of square meters (n) were sampled compared with thousands of square kilometers (N) in the study areas. All calculations used number of scallops per square meter. The number of scallops in the survey areas was calculated by multiplying scallop density by the total area surveyed (Stokesbury 2002). Estimates of scallop meat weight in grams were derived from shell height (mm) frequencies collected during each survey and shell height to meat weight regressions used in the 65th SAW or as specified by the NEFMC Scallop PDT. The mean meat weight for each 5 mm size bin was multiplied by the total number of scallops in the survey 5 area to estimate the total biomass of scallop meats. Exploitable biomass was calculated using the commercial scallop dredge selectivity equation determined by Yochum & Dupaul (2008). To investigate the effects of extreme recruitment of juvenile sea scallops in relation to the distributions, abundance and predator-prey interactions with predatory sea stars 1,888 stations surveyed within the NLCA over from 2010-2018 were utilized. Scallop counts and measurements in all images had already been quantified and quality controlled. For this project, sea star arm lengths and distance between nearest neighbors were measured. Due to interannual differences in locations of stations within the NLCA and total area surveyed (km2), only stations that were in areas surveyed more than 4 years in a row were utilized for density and scallop-sea star ratio results. To identify these stations the NLCA was divided into a 5.6 km grid, matching the maximum distance between stations within a year. Densities and associated error for sea stars were calculated following equations (2) and (3). Yearly ratios for sea scallop counts to sea star counts were calculated by dividing the cumulative total number of sea scallop counts by the cumulative total number of sea star counts for all stations in that year. Ratios for sea scallops to sea star maps were calculated by dividing the total number of counts of sea scallops per station by the total number of sea stars at that same station.
Recommended publications
  • Comprehensive Mutagenesis of the Fims Promoter Regulatory Switch Reveals Novel Regulation of Type 1 Pili in Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli

    Comprehensive Mutagenesis of the Fims Promoter Regulatory Switch Reveals Novel Regulation of Type 1 Pili in Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli

    Comprehensive mutagenesis of the fimS promoter regulatory switch reveals novel regulation of type 1 pili in uropathogenic Escherichia coli Huibin Zhanga, Teodorus T. Susantob, Yue Wanb, and Swaine L. Chena,c,1 aInfectious Diseases Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672; bStem Cell and Development, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672; and cDepartment of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074 Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved March 7, 2016 (received for review December 6, 2015) Type 1 pili (T1P) are major virulence factors for uropathogenic (11). These regulators act through a variety of mechanisms, such Escherichia coli (UPEC), which cause both acute and recurrent uri- as DNA structure and supercoiling (20–22), transcription ter- nary tract infections. T1P expression therefore is of direct relevance mination and RNA stability (23, 24), or dual effects on both for disease. T1P are phase variable (both piliated and nonpiliated phase variation and fimA transcription [such as through cAMP bacteria exist in a clonal population) and are controlled by an in- receptor protein (CRP), integration host factor (IHF), or growth vertible DNA switch (fimS), which contains the promoter for the fim phase] (18, 20, 25). operon encoding T1P. Inversion of fimS is stochastic but may be In vitro, the recombinases bind to sites flanking and over- biased by environmental conditions and other signals that ulti- lapping fimS inverted repeats (IRs) (26). On plasmid substrates, mately converge at fimS itself. Previous studies of fimS sequences FimB mediates switching in both directions, whereas FimE important for T1P phase variation have focused on laboratory-adapted performs only ON-to-OFF switching (27).
  • Heraldic Terms

    Heraldic Terms

    HERALDIC TERMS The following terms, and their definitions, are used in heraldry. Some terms and practices were used in period real-world heraldry only. Some terms and practices are used in modern real-world heraldry only. Other terms and practices are used in SCA heraldry only. Most are used in both real-world and SCA heraldry. All are presented here as an aid to heraldic research and education. A LA CUISSE, A LA QUISE - at the thigh ABAISED, ABAISSÉ, ABASED - a charge or element depicted lower than its normal position ABATEMENTS - marks of disgrace placed on the shield of an offender of the law. There are extreme few records of such being employed, and then only noted in rolls. (As who would display their device if it had an abatement on it?) ABISME - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ABOUTÉ - end to end ABOVE - an ambiguous term which should be avoided in blazon. Generally, two charges one of which is above the other on the field can be blazoned better as "in pale an X and a Y" or "an A and in chief a B". See atop, ensigned. ABYSS - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ACCOLLÉ - (1) two shields side-by-side, sometimes united by their bottom tips overlapping or being connected to each other by their sides; (2) an animal with a crown, collar or other item around its neck; (3) keys, weapons or other implements placed saltirewise behind the shield in a heraldic display.
  • The History of Florida's State Flag the History of Florida's State Flag Robert M

    The History of Florida's State Flag the History of Florida's State Flag Robert M

    Nova Law Review Volume 18, Issue 2 1994 Article 11 The History of Florida’s State Flag Robert M. Jarvis∗ ∗ Copyright c 1994 by the authors. Nova Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nlr Jarvis: The History of Florida's State Flag The History of Florida's State Flag Robert M. Jarvis* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........ .................. 1037 II. EUROPEAN DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST ........... 1038 III. AMERICAN ACQUISITION AND STATEHOOD ......... 1045 IV. THE CIVIL WAR .......................... 1051 V. RECONSTRUCTION AND THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ..................... 1056 VI. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ................... 1059 VII. CONCLUSION ............................ 1063 I. INTRODUCTION The Florida Constitution requires the state to have an official flag, and places responsibility for its design on the State Legislature.' Prior to 1900, a number of different flags served as the state's banner. Since 1900, however, the flag has consisted of a white field,2 a red saltire,3 and the * Professor of Law, Nova University. B.A., Northwestern University; J.D., University of Pennsylvania; LL.M., New York University. 1. "The design of the great seal and flag of the state shall be prescribed by law." FLA. CONST. art. If, § 4. Although the constitution mentions only a seal and a flag, the Florida Legislature has designated many other state symbols, including: a state flower (the orange blossom - adopted in 1909); bird (mockingbird - 1927); song ("Old Folks Home" - 1935); tree (sabal palm - 1.953); beverage (orange juice - 1967); shell (horse conch - 1969); gem (moonstone - 1970); marine mammal (manatee - 1975); saltwater mammal (dolphin - 1975); freshwater fish (largemouth bass - 1975); saltwater fish (Atlantic sailfish - 1975); stone (agatized coral - 1979); reptile (alligator - 1987); animal (panther - 1982); soil (Mayakka Fine Sand - 1989); and wildflower (coreopsis - 1991).
  • Flags of the World

    Flags of the World

    ATHELSTANEFORD A SOME WELL KNOWN FLAGS Birthplace of Scotland’s Flag The name Japan means “The Land Canada, prior to 1965 used the of the Rising Sun” and this is British Red Ensign with the represented in the flag. The redness Canadian arms, though this was of the disc denotes passion and unpopular with the French sincerity and the whiteness Canadians. The country’s new flag represents honesty and purity. breaks all previous links. The maple leaf is the Another of the most famous flags Flags of the World traditional emblem of Canada, the white represents in the world is the flag of France, The foremost property of flags is that each one the vast snowy areas in the north, and the two red stripes which dates back to the represent the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. immediately identifies a particular nation or territory, revolution of 1789. The tricolour, The flag of the United States of America, the ‘Stars and comprising three vertical stripes, without the need for explanation. The colours, Stripes’, is one of the most recognisable flags is said to represent liberty, shapes, sizes and devices of each flag are often in the world. It was first adopted in 1777 equality and fraternity - the basis of the republican ideal. linked to the political evolution of a country, and during the War of Independence. The flag of Germany, as with many European Union United Nations The stars on the blue canton incorporate heraldic codes or strongly held ideals. European flags, is based on three represent the 50 states, and the horizontal stripes.
  • Heraldic Achievement of MOST REVEREND NELSON J

    Heraldic Achievement of MOST REVEREND NELSON J

    Heraldic Achievement of MOST REVEREND NELSON J. PEREZ Tenth Archbishop of Philadelphia Per pale: dexter, argent on a pile azure a mullet in chief of the field, overall on a fess sable three plates each charged with a cross throughout gules; sinister, per fess azure and chevronny inverted azure and Or, in chief a Star of Bethlehem argent and in base a mound Or, over all on a fess sable fimbriated argent, a Paschal Lamb reguardant, carrying in the dexter forelimb a palm branch Or and a banner argent charged with a Cross gules In designing the shield — the central element in what is formally called the heraldic achievement — an archbishop has an opportunity to depict symbolically various aspects of his own life and heritage, and to highlight aspects of Catholic faith and devotion that are important to him. The formal description of a coat of arms, known as the blazon, uses a technical language, derived from medieval French and English terms, which allows the appearance and position of each element in the achievement to be recorded precisely. An archbishop shows his commitment to the flock he shepherds by combining his personal coat of arms with that of the archdiocese, in a technique known as impaling. The shield is divided in half along the pale or central vertical line. The arms of the archdiocese appear on the dexter side — that is, on the side of the shield to the viewer’s left, which would cover the right side (in Latin, dextera) of the person carrying the shield. The arms of the archbishop are on the sinister side — the bearer’s left, the viewer’s right.
  • Armorial Rules for Submission of the S.C.A. College of Arms Illustrated by Coblaith Mhuimhneach

    Armorial Rules for Submission of the S.C.A. College of Arms Illustrated by Coblaith Mhuimhneach

    Armorial Rules for Submission of the S.C.A. College of Arms Illustrated by Coblaith Mhuimhneach My son, Áed, is fascinated (some would say obsessed) with heraldry. When he was eight years old, he reached a level in his understanding of heraldry as practiced in the S.C.A. at which the next logical step was to study the armory-related sections of the Rules for Submission. I read through them, and found visualizing the example devices and comparisons troublesome, so I decided to spare him the effort. The images in this document were the eventual result. I would like to thank Daniel de Lincoln, Jaelle of Armida, Meradudd Cethin, and Julianna de Luna for taking the time to share their heraldic expertise with me, thus much improving the quality of my depictions. There were some portions of the rules that I did not believe my son had, at that time, the discrimination and general background knowledge to comprehend even with illustrations. I did not create images for those portions. If you would like to see some, contact me. Sufficient interest would probably spur me to make them. In the mean time, the text of the un- illustrated portions are included here for the user’s convenience. You can find the current, definitive version of the RfS on the S.C.A. College of Arms’ website, at http://heraldry.sca.org. The graphics in this document are under my copyright, as of 2008. You may distribute them as you wish, so long as you credit me as their creator and do not sell them at a profit.
  • 14 Flags Over Oklahoma Trunk Contents

    14 Flags Over Oklahoma Trunk Contents

    14 Flags Trunk Contents Te Over Oklahoma Hands-on Items 14 Flags – This trunk includes 14 full-size cloth flags that represent the 14 flags over Oklahoma. You may display these in the classroom and let the students pick them up and examine them. Royal Standard of Spain, circa 1513 – According to the Oklahoma Historical Society, this was the first flag to fly over Oklahoma. A Spanish explorer named Coronado brought it to Oklahoma in 1541. The red- and-white quartered flag has a golden castle on the red and a red lion on the white. The castle and lion represented royal houses Castile and Leon, from which the King of Spain descended. The Great Union Flag of Great Britain – This flag flew over Oklahoma beginning in 1663 when King Charles II gave his friends a wide strip of country called Carolina, which stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 1 14 Flags Trunk Contents Te French Flag – Bernard de la Harpe brought this flag to the region in 1719 when he visited an Indian village on the Arkansas River near present-day Haskell in Muskogee County. However, the French claims on this area go back to 1682 when La Salle claimed all the country drained by the Mississippi River and its branches in the name of France. Cross of Burgundy, circa 1506 – In 1763 France gave all the country west of the Mississippi to Spain at the end of the Seven Years' War via the Treaty of Paris. Both French and Spanish explorers had established trading posts in the area.
  • Heraldry in Game of Thrones

    Heraldry in Game of Thrones

    genealogy Article The Shields that Guard the Realms of Men: Heraldry in Game of Thrones Mat Hardy School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Education, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia; [email protected] Received: 12 October 2018; Accepted: 6 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: The vast popularity of the Game of Thrones franchise has drawn a new and diverse audience to the fantasy genre. Within the pseudo-medieval world created by G.R.R. Martin, a great deal of detail has gone into establishing coats of arms for the characters and families that are depicted. These arms fulfill an extremely important role, both within the arc of the story and as part of the marketing collateral of this very successful series. This article examines the role of arms in the Game of Thrones universe and explores how the heraldic system transcends the usual genealogical display and functions more as a type of familial branding. An exploration of some of the practices and idiosyncrasies of heraldry in the franchise shows that whilst Martin sets his foundation firmly in the traditional, he then extends this into the fanciful; in much the same manner as he does with other faux-historical aspects of his work. This study is valuable because Game of Thrones has brought heraldry from being a niche interest to something that is now consumed by a global audience of hundreds of millions of people. Several of the fantasy blazons in the series are now arguably the most recognisable coats of arms in history. Keywords: Game of Thrones; A Song of Ice and Fire; heraldry; blazonry; fantasy; G.R.R.
  • Ing Items Have Been Registered

    Ing Items Have Been Registered

    ACCEPTANCES Page 1 of 27 April 2012 LoAR THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN REGISTERED: ÆTHELMEARC Faelan mac Colmain. Name. Ylaire Saint Claire. Name change from Ylaire le Enguigniur. Commenters questioned whether Saint Claire needed to be changed to Sainte Claire. However, Green Staff was able to find medieval examples of bynames using the submitted spelling. Therefore, this can be registered as submitted. The submitter’s previous name, Ylaire le Enguigniur, is released. AN TIR Andrew of Dragon’s Mist. Reblazon of device. Sable, between the horns of a crescent argent a wolf’s head erased Or and on a chief argent three mullets sable. Blazoned when registered in October 1994 as Sable, a wolf’s head erased Or between the horns of a crescent and on a chief argent three mullets sable, the crescent is the primary charge, with the wolf’s head a secondary charge. Anne Midwinter. Name. Cerridwen Maelwedd. Reblazon of device. Vert, between the horns of a crescent argent a sea-lion statant Or, a chief embattled ermine. Blazoned when registered in January 1995 as Vert, a sea lion statant Or within the horns of a crescent argent and a chief embattled ermine, the crescent is the primary charge and the sea-lion is a secondary charge. Dýrfinna þeysir. Name. Edmund Halliday. Device. Or, semy of trefoil knots inverted azure, a crane close contourny sable within an orle vert. Electra de Flora. Reblazon of device. Per bend purpure and gules, a crescent bendwise sinister and a cinquefoil and between the horns of the crescent a mullet argent.
  • Habitat Characterization and Sea Scallop Resource Enhancement Study in a Proposed Habitat Research Area

    Habitat Characterization and Sea Scallop Resource Enhancement Study in a Proposed Habitat Research Area

    Habitat Characterization and Sea Scallop Resource Enhancement Study in a Proposed Habitat Research Area Final Report Prepared for the 2013 Sea Scallop Research Set-Aside May 2014 Submitted by Coonamessett Farm Foundation, Inc In Collaboration with Kevin Stokesbury, Susan Inglis, Changsheng Chen - SMAST Coonamessett Farm Foundation, Inc 277 Hatchville Road East Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA 02536 508-564-5516 FAX 508-564-5073 [email protected] NOAA Grant Number: NA13NMF4540009 A. Grantee: Coonamessett Farm Foundation, Inc B. Project Title: Habitat Characterization and Sea Scallop Resource Enhancement Study in a Proposed Habitat Research Area C. Amount of Grant: $201,609.00 D. Award Period: 03/01/2013 - 02/28/2014 E. Reporting Period: 03/01/2013 - 02/28/2014 Project Summary: Scallop seed from a natural seed bed was harvested in the Great South Channel on Georges Bank and transplanted to an experimental seed bed in Closed Area I (CAI) which has been identified as a potential Dedicated Habitat Research Area (DHRA). The encompassing goal of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of a seeding program to enhance and stabilize scallop recruitment on Georges Bank while documenting the factors that affect seed survival. The success of the transplanting experiment was evaluated with optical surveys using drop cameras operated by the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) and an off-bottom towed benthic sled (HabCam II operated by Arnie’s Fisheries). The goal was to use images to evaluate scallop survival, scallop growth, and dispersal of scallop seed, as well as changes in population density of scallops and predators after the seeding operation.
  • Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People's/Socialist

    Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People's/Socialist

    genealogy Article Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia until 1991 Jovan Jonovski Macedonian Heraldic Society, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +389-70-252-989 Abstract: Every European region and country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. Due to historical, as well as geographical factors, there is only a small number of coats of arms and a developing knowledge of art, which make this paper’s aim feasible. This paper covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coats of arms found in Macedonia, as well as the attributed arms in European culture and armorials of Macedonia, the кing of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the land arms of Macedonia from the so-called Illyrian Heraldry, as well as the state and municipal heraldry of P/SR Macedonia. The paper covers the development of heraldry as both a discipline and science, and the development of heraldic thought in SR Macedonia until its independence in 1991. Keywords: heraldry of Macedonia; coats of arms of Macedonia; socialist heraldry; Macedonian municipal heraldry 1. Introduction Macedonia, as a region, is situated on the south of Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Citation: Jonovski, Jovan. 2021. Europe. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains to the east; the Skopska Crna Regard to the People’s/Socialist Gora and Shar mountains, bordering Southern Serbia, in the north; the Korab range and Republic of Macedonia until 1991.
  • HERALDRY MANUAL GUIDE: RULES for REGISTRATON and ADMINISTRATION

    HERALDRY MANUAL GUIDE: RULES for REGISTRATON and ADMINISTRATION

    The Adrian Empire, Inc. HERALDRY MANUAL GUIDE: RULES FOR REGISTRATON and ADMINISTRATION This document is presented as a GUIDE. It is the Heraldry Manual: Rules for Registration and Administration as adopted October 1999 and amended November 2001. It also contains rulings, policies, and clarifications as published by the Imperial College of Arms since November 2001. This is NOT an official document of the Adrian Empire (it has not been adopted for use by any body within the Adrian Empire). It is a REFERENCE tool so that the College of Arms may consolidate its rules and regulations. ~Maedb Hawkins, Imperial Office of Publishing. As adopted October 1999 DRAFTamended November 2001 DRAFT AMENDMENTS ADDED MAY 2004 © 2004 The Adrian Empire Inc., all rights reserved. Anyone is welcome to point out any error or omission that they may find. Imperial Sovereign of Arms [email protected] Empress [email protected] Emperor [email protected] Page 2 of 35 DRAFT Heraldry Manual Guide as amended May 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................................................5 I. The Rule of Tincture .......................................................................................................................................5 A. Simple Ordinaries.............................................................................................................................5 B. Field Divisions..................................................................................................................................5