Symbiosis of Government and Market: the Private, the Public And
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Symbiosis of Government and Market In this volume, a group of international scholars address issues relating to community well-being and the role of politics, law and economics in Europe and Japan in achieving human-centred symbiotic governance. Case studies and suggestions for reform are presented in the arenas of economy, government administration, management, health, agriculture, the environ- ment and urban planning. Drawing upon the theory of holism, a philosophy that sees the universe, and especially living nature, in terms of interacting wholes that are more than the mere sum of elementary particles, the contributors discuss various types of government and governing bodies including: • university and higher education governance; • the implementation of community well-being (e.g. the effects of mass violence); • role responses to public-sphere issues (partnerships, private enterprises and government administration); • the symbiotic aspects of governance. This book will prove a useful tool to those in business research institutes, members of administrative research institutes, NGOs and non-profit organizations, while also providing students of business, Asian studies, politics and law with an insight into possible areas of reform. Sadao Tamura is Professor of Economics for Positive Health at the Univer- sity of Waseda, Tokyo. Minoru Tokita is Professor of Management Science at the University of Waseda, Tokyo. Waseda/RoutledgeCurzon international series Series editor: Koichiro Agata Books in the series Convergence of Telecommunications and Broadcasting in Japan, United Kingdom and Germany Edited by Koichiro Agata and Kiyoshi Nakamura Nicholas of Cusa A medieval thinker for the modern age Edited by Kazuhiko Yamaki Symbiosis of Government and Market The private, the public and bureaucracy Edited by Sadao Tamura and Minoru Tokita European Governance After Nice Edited by Koji Fukuda and Hiroya Akiba Symbiosis of Government and Market The private, the public and bureaucracy Edited by Sadao Tamura and Minoru Tokita First published 2004 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2004 Sadao Tamura and Minoru Tokita selection and editorial matter; individual chapters the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-98721-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-7007-1718-8 (Print Edition) Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix List of contributors x Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii PART I Interdisciplinary research into community well-being and university governance 1 1 University governance 3 TAKAYASU OKUSHIMA 2 Governance and finance in higher education: Making German universities more autonomous 8 KLAUS BORCHARD PART II Concept of community well-being and its implementation 23 3 Traumatic outcomes: The mental health and psycho-social effects of mass violence 25 RICHARD MOLLICA 4 New developments in the social market economy in Germany 41 PETER EICHHORN vi Contents PART III The role of politics, law and economics in community well-being 53 5 Synergistic-role responses to public-sphere issues and governance: Partnerships among citizens, private enterprises and government administration 55 KATSUMI YORIMOTO 6 On the evolution of new rules: The case of environmental policies 73 RAIMUND BLEISCHWITZ 7 A practical model of community well-being: A case study of new public management in Japan 81 SADAO TAMURA 8 NPM and a research project on symbiosis 104 KOICHIRO AGATA 9 Relationships within a university 107 CLIFF PRATTEN 10 Relationships within a university: From the viewpoint of management science 117 MINORU TOKITA PART IV Symbiotic aspects of governance 129 11 Symbiotic mechanisms and agricultural policies 131 KENJI HORIGUCHI 12 A study of the roles of citizen groups in German urban planning: Case study of registered associations for transportation and environmental issues 149 MORIO UZUKI 13 Closing remarks 170 KAZUHIKO YAMAKI Index 173 Figures 2.1 Types of higher education institutions 10 2.2 Growth in student numbers 11 2.3 Forecast of number of new students up to the year 2010 12 2.4 Higher education funding in 1993 broken down according to source 13 2.5 Number of students per academic staff member 13 2.6 Total higher education research budget 14 2.7 Third-party funds 15 2.8 The development of basic funding and third-party funding in real terms (1988ϭ100) 16 2.9 Percentage contribution of financial sources to total income of ordinary full-time students in western Germany 17 2.10 Percentage of students receiving BafÖG benefits in western Germany 18 3.1 The trauma story: the four stories within a story 28 3.2 The centrality of the trauma story 32 3.3 Causes and consequences 33 3.4 Three major approaches 35 3.5 Functional limitations 36 3.6 The paradox of survival 37 5.1 Making life-related problems into public-sphere issues 57 7.1 The micro survival order 83 7.2 The macro survival order observed in relation to the micro survival order 84 7.3 Anatomical chart of the human survival order 85 7.4 Multichannel Medical System Plan 87 7.5 Oita City Association Hospital and accumulation of positive health technology 88 7.6 Basic model of the Multichannel Medical System 89 7.7 Members and functions of Oita City Regional Positive Health Committee 90 7.8 Positive health system managed by Oita City Regional Positive Health Committee 90 viii List of figures 7.9 Community positive health information system 91 7.10 Hypothesis of human activities for positive health (human adaptability) 93 7.11 Oita model of evaluation of positive health investment 94 7.12 Price system for positive health investment 96 7.13 Money flow movement (1978–1999) in Oita Area Positive Health Center 98 7.14 Optimization of global positive health 99 7.15 Keywords in new public management 100 10.1 Model of decision-making 118 10.2 Model of hierarchical system 120 10.3 Example of matrix-type organization in private sector 124 10.4 Decision-making in a matrix-type organization 125 10.5 Model of meta-decision-making 126 10.6 Office layout 127 12.1 Types of associations represented by participants 153 12.2 Problems faced by the associations 156 12.3 Assessment of citizen participation programmes experienced 156 12.4 Evaluation of citizen participation system 157 12.5 Need for citizen groups 158 12.6 Requirement for realizing citizens’ demands 159 12.7 Five sectors necessary for discussion of urban planning 160 12.8 Flow of project planning at Rieselfeld 164 12.9 Citizen participation as an individual and through a group 168 Tables 3.1 Assessment approaches 38 7.1 Socio-economic indicators of Oita City, 1995 86 7.2 Comparison between theory of value for maximizing consumption of goods and services and theory of value for positive health 92 7.3 Comparative table of Oita Area Positive Health Center’s prices and social insurance prices, 1997 97 12.1 Citizen groups participating in the congress categorized by type and characteristics 154 12.2 Membership composition of Münchner Forum 160 12.3 Themes of the 11th Citizens’ Congress on Transportation and Environmental Issues 162 12.4 Comparison of three types of registered association 166 Contributors Sadao Tamura is Professor of Economics for Positive Health at Waseda University, Tokyo. Takayasu Okushima, L.L.D. is Professor of Commercial Law and Presi- dent of Waseda University, Tokyo. Klaus Borchard is Professor of Urban Development and Settlement Politics and Rector of Bonn University, Germany. Richard Mollica is Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, USA. Peter Eichhorn is Professor of Public Management at Mannheim Univer- sity, Germany. Katsumi Yorimoto is Professor of Local Government and Environmental Policy at Waseda University, Tokyo. Raimund Bleischwitz is Senior Research Fellow at the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Energy and Environment, Germany. Koichiro Agata is Professor of Public Administration at Waseda Univer- sity, Tokyo. Cliff Pratten is Senior Research Officer at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity Hall, UK. Minoru Tokita is Professor of Management Science at Waseda University, Tokyo. Kenji Horiguchi is Professor of Agricultural Policy at Waseda University, Tokyo. Morio Uzuki is Professor of Urban Design and Architecture Planning at the Art and Architecture School, Waseda University, Tokyo. Kazuhiko Yamaki is Professor of Philosophy at Waseda University, Tokyo. Preface Developing a new paradigm from the Waseda Campus in Japan In the twentieth century, the development of the principles of modern science and technology led to the flowering of material enlightenment. Human beings were broken down into details, only to be analysed and dealt with as objects. We know this has brought about the advancement of material enlightenment and a critical situation in the existence of human beings. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, these realities are beginning to be taken seriously on a global level.