DOCSLIB.ORG

Tuberculosis Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tuberculosis Report global TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156564-6 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY- NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global tuberculosis report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Designed by minimum graphics Cover designed by Irwin Law Printed in France WHO/CDS/TB/2018.20 Contents Abbreviations iv Acknowledgements v Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 7 Chapter 2. Global commitments to end TB and multisectoral accountability 9 Chapter 3. TB disease burden 27 Chapter 4. Diagnosis and treatment: TB, HIV-associated TB and drug-resistant TB 67 Chapter 5. TB prevention services 103 Chapter 6. Financing for TB prevention, diagnosis and treatment 113 Chapter 7. Universal health coverage, social protection and social determinants 131 Chapter 8. TB research and development 149 Annexes 1. The WHO global TB database 165 2. Country profiles for 30 high TB burden countries 171 3. Regional and global profiles 233 4. TB burden estimates, notifications and treatment outcomes 243 GLOBALTUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 iii Abbreviations aDSM active TB drug-safety monitoring and management MDR/RR-TB multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MDR-TB multidrug-resistant TB AMR antimicrobial resistance M:F male to female (ratio) ART antiretroviral therapy MIC minimal inhibitory concentration BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin mRNA messenger RNA BPaMZ bedaquiline, pretomanid, moxifloxacin and NACO National AIDS Control Organization pyrazinamide NCD noncommunicable disease BRICS Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South NFC near-field communication Africa NGO nongovernmental organization CAD computer-aided detection NHI national health insurance CFR case fatality ratio NHIF National Health Insurance Fund CHOICE CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Efective NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme (WHO) NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases CHW community health worker NIH National Institutes of Health CI confidence interval NTLD National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease CRS creditor reporting system Programme CV community volunteer NTP national TB programme CXR chest X-ray OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DALY disability-adjusted life-year Development DST drug susceptibility testing PanACEA Pan-African Consortium for the Evaluation of EBA early bactericidal activity Antituberculosis Antibiotics EDCTP European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial PCR polymerase chain reaction Partnership PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief EECA Eastern Europe and Central Asia PLHIV people living with HIV FIND Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics PMDT programmatic management of drug-resistant TB GDG Guideline Development Group P:N prevalence to notification (ratio) GDP gross domestic product PPM public–public and public–private mix GHCC Global Health Cost Consortium ReSeqTB Relational Sequencing TB Knowledgebase Global Fund The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and RNA ribonucleic acid Malaria RNTCP Revised National TB Control Programme GPW General Programme of Work (WHO) RR rifampicin-resistant GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, RR-TB rifampicin-resistant TB Development and Evaluation RT-qPCR reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR HBC high-burden country SDG Sustainable Development Goal HDC Health Data Collaborative SHA System of Health Accounts HIV human immunodeficiency virus SRL supranational reference laboratory HLM high-level meeting SSI Statens Serum Institut ICD-10 International classification of diseases (10th edition) TB tuberculosis IER Department of Information, Evidence and Research TB Alliance Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (WHO) TBTC TB Trial Consortium IGRA interferon gamma release assay TNF tumour necrosis factor IHME Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation UCSR Unit Cost Study Repository ILO International Labour Organization UHC universal health coverage LAM lipoarabinomannan UN United Nations LEAP Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS LF-LAM lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay US United States LPA line probe assay USA United States of America LTBI latent TB infection USAID US Agency for International Development MAMS-TB multi-arm, multi-stage TB VR vital registration MBLA molecular bacterial load assay WHO World Health Organization MDG Millennium Development Goal WRD WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic GLOBALTUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 MDR multidrug-resistant XDR-TB extensively drug-resistant TB iv Acknowledgements This global TB report was produced by a core team of Chapter 4 (Diagnosis and treatment: TB, HIV-associated 17 people: Laura Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Hannah TB and drug-resistant TB) was prepared by Hazim Monica Dias, Katherine Floyd, Inés Garcia Baena, Nebiat Timimi, Yinyin Xia and Matteo Zignol, with contributions Gebreselassie, Christopher Gilpin, Philippe Glaziou, Irwin from Laura Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Hannah Monica Law, Nobuyuki Nishikiori, Molebogeng Rangaka, Andrew Dias, Dennis Falzon, Katherine Floyd, Ernesto Jaramillo, Siroka, Charalambos Sismanidis, Lana Syed, Hazim Thomas Joseph, Irwin Law, Charalambos Sismanidis and Timimi, Yinyin Xia and Matteo Zignol. The team was led Lana Syed. For the box on the national inventory study in by Katherine Floyd. Overall guidance was provided by the Indonesia, which measured the level of underreporting of Director of the Global TB Programme, Tereza Kasaeva. detected TB cases in the country and is the largest study The data collection forms (long and short versions) of its kind to date globally, special thanks are due to the were developed by Philippe Glaziou and Hazim Timimi, study team for allowing WHO to feature the results and with input from staf throughout the WHO Global TB lessons learned in this report. The study team comprised Programme. Hazim Timimi led and organized all aspects the National TB Programme (Asik Surya, Sitti Ganefa, of data management. The review and follow-up of data Sulistyo, Syarifah Khadijah), the National Institute of was done by a team of reviewers that included Laura Health Research and Development (Agus Suprapto, Feri Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Anna Dean, Hannah Monica Ahmadi, Dina Bisara Lolong, Oster Suriani Simarmata, Dias, Dennis Falzon, Inés García Baena, Giuliano Gargioni, Felly Philipus Senewe, Kristina Tobing), the National TB Medea Gegia, Ernesto Jaramillo, Thomas Joseph, Alexei Expert Committee (Muhammad N Farid, Pandu Riono) and Korobitsyn, Tomáš Matas,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oxazolidinones for TB
    Oxazolidinones for TB: Current Status and Future Prospects 12th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of Tuberculosis Drugs London, UK 10 September 2019 Lawrence Geiter, PhD Disclosures • Currently contract consultant with LegoChem Biosciences, Inc., Daejeon, Korea (LCB01-0371/delpazolid) • Previously employed with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc. (delamanid, OPC-167832, LAM assay) What are Oxazolidinones • A family of antimicrobials mostly targeting an early step in protein synthesis • Cycloserine technically oxazolidinone but 2-oxazolidinone different MOA and chemical properties • New generation oxazolidinones bind to both 50S subunit and 30S subunit • Linezolid (Zyvox) and Tedizolid (Sivestro) approved for drug resistant skin infections and community acquired pneumonia Cycloserine • Activity against TB demonstrated in non- clinical and clinical studies • Mitochondrial toxicity >21 days limits use in TB treatment Linezolid Developing Oxazolidinones for TB Compound Generic Brand Sponsor Development Status TB Code- Activity/Trials PNU-100766 Linezolid Zyvox Pfizer Multiple regimen Yes/Yes TR-201 Tedizolid Sivextro Merck Pre-clinical efficacy Yes/No PNU-100480 Sutezolid Pfizer Multiple regimen studies Sequella Yes/Yes (PanACEA) TB Alliance LCB01-0371 Delpazolid LegoChem Bio EBA trial recruitment completed Yes/Yes TBI-223 - Global Alliance SAD trial launched Yes/Yes AZD5847 Posizolid AstraZenica Completed EBA Yes/No RX-1741 Radezolid Melinta IND for vaginal infections ?/No RBX-7644 Ranbezolid Rabbaxy None found ?/No MRX-4/MRX-1 Contezolid MicuRx Skin infections Yes/No U-100592 Eperezolid ? No clinical trials ?/No PK of Oxazolidinones in Development for TB Steady State PK Parameters Parameter Linezolid 600 Delpazolid 800 mg QD2 mg QD3 Cmax (mg/L) 17.8 8.9 Cmin (mg/L) 2.43 0.1 Tmax (h) 0.87 0.5 T1/2 (h) 3.54 1.7 AUC0-24 (µg*h/mL) 84.5 20.1 1 MIC90 (µg/mL) 0.25 0.5 References 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Use and Abuse: a Threat to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts with Impact on Research, Health, and Environment
    Insights & Perspectives Think again Antibiotic use and abuse: A threat to mitochondria and chloroplasts with impact on research, health, and environment Xu Wang1)†, Dongryeol Ryu1)†, Riekelt H. Houtkooper2)* and Johan Auwerx1)* Recently, several studies have demonstrated that tetracyclines, the antibiotics Introduction most intensively used in livestock and that are also widely applied in biomedical research, interrupt mitochondrial proteostasis and physiology in animals Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ranging from round worms, fruit flies, and mice to human cell lines. Importantly, unique and subcellular organelles that a plant chloroplasts, like their mitochondria, are also under certain conditions have evolved from endosymbiotic - proteobacteria and cyanobacteria-like vulnerable to these and other antibiotics that are leached into our environment. prokaryotes, respectively (Fig. 1A) [1, 2]. Together these endosymbiotic organelles are not only essential for cellular and This endosymbiotic origin also makes organismal homeostasis stricto sensu, but also have an important role to play in theseorganellesvulnerabletoantibiotics. the sustainability of our ecosystem as they maintain the delicate balance Mitochondria and chloroplasts retained between autotrophs and heterotrophs, which fix and utilize energy, respec- multiple copies of their own circular DNA (mtDNA and cpDNA), a vestige of the tively. Therefore, stricter policies on antibiotic usage are absolutely required as bacterial DNA, which encodes for only a their use in research confounds experimental outcomes, and their uncontrolled few polypeptides, tRNAs and rRNAs [1, 3, applications in medicine and agriculture pose a significant threat to a balanced 4]. Furthermore, both mitochondria and ecosystem and the well-being of these endosymbionts that are essential to chloroplasts have bacterial-type ribo- sustain health.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Putative Nucleomodulins in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
    IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PUTATIVE NUCLEOMODULINS IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Abstract The nuclear targeting of bacterial proteins that modify host cell gene expression, the so- called nucleomodulins, has emerged as a novel mechanism contributing to virulence of several intracellular pathogens. The goal of this study was to identify nucleomodulins produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and to investigate their role upon infection of the host. We first performed a screening of Mtb genome in search of genes encoding proteins with putative eukaryotic-like nuclear localization signals (NLS). We identified two genes of Mtb, Rv0229c and Rv3876, encoding proteins that are secreted in the medium by Mtb and are localized into the nucleus when expressed in epithelial cells or in human or murine macrophages. The NLSs of these two proteins were identified and found to be essential for their nuclear localization. The gene Rv0229c, a putative RNase, is present only in pathogen species of the Mtb complex and seems to have been recently acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Rv3876 appears more widely distributed in mycobacteria, and belongs to a chromosomal region encoding proteins of the type VII secretion system ESX1, essential for virulence. Ongoing studies are currently investigating the dynamics of these proteins upon infection of host cells, and their putative role in the modulation of host cell gene expression and Mtb virulence. ii IDENTIFICATION ET CARACTERISATION DE NUCLEOMODULINES PUTATIVES CHEZ LA BACTERIE MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Résumé Les nucléomodulines sont des protéines produites par des bactéries parasites intracellulaires et qui sont importées dans le noyau des cellules infectées pour y moduler l’expression génique et contribuer ainsi à la virulence de la bactéries.
    [Show full text]
  • EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
    Ref. Ares(2019)6843167 - 05/11/2019 31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .
    [Show full text]
  • Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0192440 A1
    US 20190192440A1 (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No. : US 2019 /0192440 A1 LI (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 27 , 2019 ( 54 ) ORAL DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPRISING Publication Classification DRUG IN THE FORM OF NANOPARTICLES (51 ) Int . CI. A61K 9 / 20 (2006 .01 ) ( 71 ) Applicant: Triastek , Inc. , Nanjing ( CN ) A61K 9 /00 ( 2006 . 01) A61K 31/ 192 ( 2006 .01 ) (72 ) Inventor : Xiaoling LI , Dublin , CA (US ) A61K 9 / 24 ( 2006 .01 ) ( 52 ) U . S . CI. ( 21 ) Appl. No. : 16 /289 ,499 CPC . .. .. A61K 9 /2031 (2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 9 /0065 ( 22 ) Filed : Feb . 28 , 2019 (2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 / 209 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 /2027 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 31/ 192 ( 2013. 01 ) ; Related U . S . Application Data A61K 9 /2072 ( 2013 .01 ) (63 ) Continuation of application No. 16 /028 ,305 , filed on Jul. 5 , 2018 , now Pat . No . 10 , 258 ,575 , which is a (57 ) ABSTRACT continuation of application No . 15 / 173 ,596 , filed on The present disclosure provides a stable solid pharmaceuti Jun . 3 , 2016 . cal dosage form for oral administration . The dosage form (60 ) Provisional application No . 62 /313 ,092 , filed on Mar. includes a substrate that forms at least one compartment and 24 , 2016 , provisional application No . 62 / 296 , 087 , a drug content loaded into the compartment. The dosage filed on Feb . 17 , 2016 , provisional application No . form is so designed that the active pharmaceutical ingredient 62 / 170, 645 , filed on Jun . 3 , 2015 . of the drug content is released in a controlled manner. Patent Application Publication Jun . 27 , 2019 Sheet 1 of 20 US 2019 /0192440 A1 FIG .
    [Show full text]
  • Of TB Drug Development: What's on the Horizon (For Patients with Or Without
    The ‘third wave’ of TB drug development: What’s on the horizon (for patients with or without HIV) Kelly Dooley, MD, PhD 20th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV, Hepatitis, Other Antivirals Noordwijk, The Netherlands 15 May 2019 D I V I S I O N O F CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 1 Objectives • To give you an idea of the drug development pathway for TB drugs, the history, and the pipeline • To convince you to come work in the TB field, if you are not already The Problem State-of-the-state: Global burden of TB disease: 2017 In 2014, TB surpassed HIV as the #1 infectious disease killer worldwide In 2017, 10.0M cases TB is estimated to have killed 1 in 7 of humans who have ever lived WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2018: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/ Latent TB infection (LTBI) About 1 in 4 persons Chaisson and Golub, Lancet Global Health, 2017 MDR- and XDR-TB: Global Health Emergencies Multidrug-resistant TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid Extensively drug-resistant TB: and rifampin: 558,000 incident cases in 2017 M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and injectable agents Reported in 123 WHO member state countries 6 HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemiology Global Burden of Tuberculosis, 2017 Total Population HIV-Infected Persons Incidence 10.0 million 900,000 (9%) Deaths 1.3 million 300,000 (23%) WHO Report 2018 Global Tuberculosis Control7 TB Treatment: Global Scientific Agenda Area Goals Drug-sensitive TB Treatment shortening to < 3 months More options for patients
    [Show full text]
  • Looking for the New Preparations for Antibacterial Therapy V
    PRZEGL EPIDEMIOL 2017;71(2): 207-219 Problems of infections / Problemy zakażeń Izabela Karpiuk1, Stefan Tyski1,2 LOOKING FOR THE NEW PREPARATIONS FOR ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY V. NEW ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS FROM THE OXAZOLIDINONES GROUP IN CLINICAL TRIALS POSZUKIWANIE NOWYCH PREPARATÓW DO TERAPII PRZECIWBAKTERYJNEJ V. NOWE ZWIĄZKI PRZECIWBAKTERYJNE Z GRUPY OKSAZOLIDYNONÓW W BADANIACH KLINICZNYCH 1National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Warsaw 2Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Warsaw 1Zakład Antybiotyków i Mikrobiologii, Narodowy Instytut Leków, Warszawa 2Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Zakład Mikrobiologii Farmaceutycznej, Warszawa ABSTRACT This paper is the fifth part of the series concerning the search for new preparations for antibacterial therapy and discussing new compounds belonging to the oxazolidinone class of antibacterial chemotherapeutics. This arti- cle presents five new substances that are currently at the stage of clinical trials (radezolid, sutezolid, posizolid, LCB01-0371 and MRX-I). The intensive search for new antibiotics and antibacterial chemotherapeutics with effective antibacterial activity is aimed at overcoming the existing resistance mechanisms in order to effectively fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria, which pose a real threat to public health. The crisis of antibiotic resis- tance can be overcome by the proper use of these drugs, based on bacteriological and pharmacological knowl- edge. Oxazolidinones, with their unique mechanism of action and favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacody- namic parameters, represent an alternative way to effectively treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive microorganisms. Key words: novel antibiotics, oxazolidinone, Gram-positive bacteria, radezolid, sutezolid STRESZCZENIE Niniejsza praca stanowi V część cyklu dotyczącego poszukiwania nowych preparatów do terapii przeciwbak- teryjnej i omawia nowe związki należące do kolejnej klasy chemioterapeutyków przeciwbakteryjnych: oksazo- lidynonów.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxazolidinone Antibiotics: Chemical, Biological and Analytical Aspects
    molecules Review Oxazolidinone Antibiotics: Chemical, Biological and Analytical Aspects Claudia Foti , Anna Piperno , Angela Scala and Ottavia Giuffrè * Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (A.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This review covers the main aspects concerning the chemistry, the biological activity and the analytical determination of oxazolidinones, the only new class of synthetic antibiotics advanced in clinical use over the past 50 years. They are characterized by a chemical structure including the oxazolidone ring with the S configuration of substituent at C5, the acylaminomethyl group linked to C5 and the N-aryl substituent. The synthesis of oxazolidinones has gained increasing interest due to their unique mechanism of action that assures high antibiotic efficiency and low susceptibility to resistance mechanisms. Here, the main features of oxazolidinone antibiotics licensed or under development, such as Linezolid, Sutezolid, Eperezolid, Radezolid, Contezolid, Posizolid, Tedizolid, Delpazolid and TBI-223, are discussed. As they are protein synthesis inhibitors active against a wide spectrum of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, their biological activity is carefully analyzed, together with the drug delivery systems recently developed to overcome the poor oxazolidinone water solubility. Finally, the most employed analytical techniques for oxazolidinone determination in different matrices, such as biological fluids, tissues, drugs and natural waters, are reviewed. Most are based on HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) coupled with UV-Vis or mass Citation: Foti, C.; Piperno, A.; spectrometer detectors, but, to a lesser extent are also based on spectrofluorimetry or voltammetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Stembook 2018.Pdf
    The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]
  • Newer Antibiotics: Need for More Studies in Neonates and Children Jeeson C Unni
    ANTIMICROBIALS Newer Antibiotics: Need for More Studies in Neonates and Children Jeeson C Unni ABSTRACT This article reviews few trials assessing the use of newer antibiotics in the neonates and children. Published data show that more studies are conducted in the adult population (50 times) when compared to children with respect to the testing of newer antibiotics. The figures are approximately 177 and 580 times more as compared to neonatal and preterm babies, respectively. Although there is paucity of data in the pediatric domain, carbavance (meropenem + vaborbactam) and solithromycin deserve special mention, as they are currently being used in pediatric clinical trials. Keywords: New antibiotics, Pediatric population, Resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease (2019): 10.5005/jp-journals-10081-1212 INTRODUCTION IAP Drug Formulary, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India Ninety-one years after the invention of penicillin, a silent epidemic Corresponding Author: Jeeson C Unni, IAP Drug Formulary, Aster of antibiotic resistance is emerging. There is a dearth of new Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India, Phone: +91 9847245207, e-mail: antibiotics to fall back upon. Newly approved antibiotics tend to [email protected] be reserved as a last line of defense against multidrug-resistant How to cite this article: Unni JC. Newer Antibiotics: Need for More (MDR) infections, thus minimizing its sales value. Drugs on which Studies in Neonates and Children. Pediatr Inf Dis 2019;1(4):164–168. millions are spent on research and development (R&D) sometimes, Source of support: Nil therefore, do not see the light of day. This is a major deterrent for Conflict of interest: None investment in R&D by pharmaceuticals, which has resulted in a bleak future for development of new antibiotic molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • 6-Veterinary-Medicinal-Products-Criteria-Designation-Antimicrobials-Be-Reserved-Treatment
    31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Efficacy Comparison of Linezolid, Tedizolid, Sutezolid and Delpazolid
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.172742; this version posted June 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 In Vitro efficacy comparison of linezolid, tedizolid, sutezolid and delpazolid 2 against rapid growing Mycobacteria isolated in Beijing, China 3 4 Shuan Wen1§， Xiaopan Gao2§, Weijie Zhao3§, Fengmin Huo1, Guanglu Jiang1, Lingling Dong1, 5 Liping Zhao1, Fen Wang1, Xia Yu1*, Hairong Huang1*. 6 1 National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key laboratory for Drug-resistant 7 Tuberculosis Research，Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; 8 2MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese 9 Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 10 3 The administration office of clinical trial, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 11 Beijing, China 12 13 14 §These authors contributed equally to this study. Author order was determined by working load. 15 16 17 18 *Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Huang at [email protected] or Dr. Yu at 19 [email protected], BeiguanSt, No. 9, Tongzhou Qu, Beijing 101149, China. 20 21 22 Running title: The efficacy of oxazolidinones against RGM 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.172742; this version posted June 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]