global TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156564-6 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY- NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global tuberculosis report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Designed by minimum graphics Cover designed by Irwin Law Printed in France WHO/CDS/TB/2018.20 Contents Abbreviations iv Acknowledgements v Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 7 Chapter 2. Global commitments to end TB and multisectoral accountability 9 Chapter 3. TB disease burden 27 Chapter 4. Diagnosis and treatment: TB, HIV-associated TB and drug-resistant TB 67 Chapter 5. TB prevention services 103 Chapter 6. Financing for TB prevention, diagnosis and treatment 113 Chapter 7. Universal health coverage, social protection and social determinants 131 Chapter 8. TB research and development 149 Annexes 1. The WHO global TB database 165 2. Country profiles for 30 high TB burden countries 171 3. Regional and global profiles 233 4. TB burden estimates, notifications and treatment outcomes 243 GLOBALTUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 iii Abbreviations aDSM active TB drug-safety monitoring and management MDR/RR-TB multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MDR-TB multidrug-resistant TB AMR antimicrobial resistance M:F male to female (ratio) ART antiretroviral therapy MIC minimal inhibitory concentration BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin mRNA messenger RNA BPaMZ bedaquiline, pretomanid, moxifloxacin and NACO National AIDS Control Organization pyrazinamide NCD noncommunicable disease BRICS Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South NFC near-field communication Africa NGO nongovernmental organization CAD computer-aided detection NHI national health insurance CFR case fatality ratio NHIF National Health Insurance Fund CHOICE CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Efective NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme (WHO) NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases CHW community health worker NIH National Institutes of Health CI confidence interval NTLD National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease CRS creditor reporting system Programme CV community volunteer NTP national TB programme CXR chest X-ray OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DALY disability-adjusted life-year Development DST drug susceptibility testing PanACEA Pan-African Consortium for the Evaluation of EBA early bactericidal activity Antituberculosis Antibiotics EDCTP European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial PCR polymerase chain reaction Partnership PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief EECA Eastern Europe and Central Asia PLHIV people living with HIV FIND Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics PMDT programmatic management of drug-resistant TB GDG Guideline Development Group P:N prevalence to notification (ratio) GDP gross domestic product PPM public–public and public–private mix GHCC Global Health Cost Consortium ReSeqTB Relational Sequencing TB Knowledgebase Global Fund The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and RNA ribonucleic acid Malaria RNTCP Revised National TB Control Programme GPW General Programme of Work (WHO) RR rifampicin-resistant GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, RR-TB rifampicin-resistant TB Development and Evaluation RT-qPCR reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR HBC high-burden country SDG Sustainable Development Goal HDC Health Data Collaborative SHA System of Health Accounts HIV human immunodeficiency virus SRL supranational reference laboratory HLM high-level meeting SSI Statens Serum Institut ICD-10 International classification of diseases (10th edition) TB tuberculosis IER Department of Information, Evidence and Research TB Alliance Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (WHO) TBTC TB Trial Consortium IGRA interferon gamma release assay TNF tumour necrosis factor IHME Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation UCSR Unit Cost Study Repository ILO International Labour Organization UHC universal health coverage LAM lipoarabinomannan UN United Nations LEAP Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS LF-LAM lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay US United States LPA line probe assay USA United States of America LTBI latent TB infection USAID US Agency for International Development MAMS-TB multi-arm, multi-stage TB VR vital registration MBLA molecular bacterial load assay WHO World Health Organization MDG Millennium Development Goal WRD WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic GLOBALTUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 MDR multidrug-resistant XDR-TB extensively drug-resistant TB iv Acknowledgements This global TB report was produced by a core team of Chapter 4 (Diagnosis and treatment: TB, HIV-associated 17 people: Laura Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Hannah TB and drug-resistant TB) was prepared by Hazim Monica Dias, Katherine Floyd, Inés Garcia Baena, Nebiat Timimi, Yinyin Xia and Matteo Zignol, with contributions Gebreselassie, Christopher Gilpin, Philippe Glaziou, Irwin from Laura Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Hannah Monica Law, Nobuyuki Nishikiori, Molebogeng Rangaka, Andrew Dias, Dennis Falzon, Katherine Floyd, Ernesto Jaramillo, Siroka, Charalambos Sismanidis, Lana Syed, Hazim Thomas Joseph, Irwin Law, Charalambos Sismanidis and Timimi, Yinyin Xia and Matteo Zignol. The team was led Lana Syed. For the box on the national inventory study in by Katherine Floyd. Overall guidance was provided by the Indonesia, which measured the level of underreporting of Director of the Global TB Programme, Tereza Kasaeva. detected TB cases in the country and is the largest study The data collection forms (long and short versions) of its kind to date globally, special thanks are due to the were developed by Philippe Glaziou and Hazim Timimi, study team for allowing WHO to feature the results and with input from staf throughout the WHO Global TB lessons learned in this report. The study team comprised Programme. Hazim Timimi led and organized all aspects the National TB Programme (Asik Surya, Sitti Ganefa, of data management. The review and follow-up of data Sulistyo, Syarifah Khadijah), the National Institute of was done by a team of reviewers that included Laura Health Research and Development (Agus Suprapto, Feri Anderson, Annabel Baddeley, Anna Dean, Hannah Monica Ahmadi, Dina Bisara Lolong, Oster Suriani Simarmata, Dias, Dennis Falzon, Inés García Baena, Giuliano Gargioni, Felly Philipus Senewe, Kristina Tobing), the National TB Medea Gegia, Ernesto Jaramillo, Thomas Joseph, Alexei Expert Committee (Muhammad N Farid, Pandu Riono) and Korobitsyn, Tomáš Matas,