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Revista De Temas Nicaragüenses. Dedicada a La Investigación Sobre 0 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 141 – Enero 2020 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ No. 141 – Enero 2020 ISSN 2164-4268 TEMAS NICARAGÜENSES una revista dedicada a documentar asuntos referentes a Nicaragua CONTENIDO CONTENIDO _____________________________________________ 1 PRESENTACIÓN __________________________________________ 4 NUESTRA PORTADA _______________________________________________ 4 Nicaragua y su Cacao ______________________________________ 4 Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Guillermo Bendaña García ______________________________ 4 El cacao: cultivo y comercio _________________________________ 9 Banco Central de Nicaragua _________________________________________ 9 DE NUESTROS LECTORES _________________________________________ 17 GUÍA PARA EL LECTOR ___________________________________________ 18 Noticias _______________________________________________ 18 Agradecimientos ________________________________________ 18 Guía para el Lector _______________________________________ 18 DEL ESCRITORIO DEL EDITOR _____________________________________ 25 Alfabetismo y Numerismo _________________________________ 26 José Mejía Lacayo ________________________________________________ 26 DE ACTUALIDAD ________________________________________________ 28 CIENCIAS NATURALES ____________________________________ 29 Colapsa El Cultivo De La Fresa En El Municipio La Sabana (Madriz) _ 31 Guillermo Bendaña García _________________________________________ 31 Diversidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres en la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua y sus preferencias de hábitat _____________ 36 Antonio Mijail Pérez, Marlon Sotelo, Irma Arana & Adolfo López ___________ 36 LAS SEGOVIAS __________________________________________________ 59 Los Municipios de Madriz __________________________________ 61 Recopilación por José Mejía Lacayo __________________________________ 61 El Viaje a Las Segovias ____________________________________ 71 Contenido © RTN – [email protected] Thomas Belt ____________________________________________________ 71 COSTA CARIBE __________________________________________________ 83 Estudios de Colonos en Frontera Agrícola de Nicaragua __________ 85 Edwin Matamoros Chávez, PhD _____________________________________ 85 Un breve resumen de la iglesia de Moravia ___________________ 116 Mary W. Helms _________________________________________________ 116 ENSAYOS ______________________________________________________130 La Calle Corral de Granada ________________________________ 131 Alejandro Barberena Pérez ________________________________________ 131 Inmigrantes Extranjeros que Construyeron en Nicaragua ________ 140 Eddy Kühl Arauz ________________________________________________ 140 La Vivienda y la Tecnología en Nicaragua ____________________ 173 Arq. Carmen Sotomayor e Ing. Ramón Morales ________________________ 173 HISTORIA______________________________________________________191 Sobre la hacienda San Jacinto _____________________________ 193 Enrique Guzmán Bermúdez (1882-1973) _____________________________ 193 Gregor MacGregor y La Proclama De Poyais __________________ 197 Alberto Bárcenas Reyes __________________________________________ 197 Orígenes del Estado en América Central _____________________ 201 Julio C. Pinto S. ________________________________________________ 201 Aspectos Históricos sobre Managua de 1821 a 1857 ____________ 228 Lic. Marcia Traña Galeano ________________________________________ 228 Desastres Naturales en Nicaragua 1528-2007 _________________ 288 HISTORIA DE LAS IDEAS Y DE LAS MENTALIDADES_____________________290 Presentación de la Sección ________________________________ 290 Editor: Ligia Madrigal Mendieta ____________________________________ 290 Estudio Sobre Medidas De Seguridad En Áreas Críticas __________ 291 Special Operations Research Office _________________________________ 291 Traducción: Hamlet Danilo García __________________________________ 291 GEOGRAFÍA ____________________________________________________295 Nicaragua en 1900 según Crisanto Medina ___________________ 297 Alberto Bárcenas Reyes __________________________________________ 297 El Golfo de Fonseca _____________________________________ 306 Recopilación por José Mejía Lacayo _________________________________ 306 ANTROPOLOGÍA _________________________________________________310 HISTORIA DE VIDA ______________________________________________311 Carlos Ulloa Arauz: El aviador mártir de Bahía de Cochinos ______ 312 Francisco-Ernesto Martínez _______________________________________ 312 DERECHO ______________________________________________________315 2 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 141 – Enero 2020 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ Editor provisional: Roberto Ferrey Echaverry _________________________ 315 Derecho Constitucional __________________________________ 317 Roberto Ferrey Echaverry _________________________________________ 317 BIBLIOGRAFÍA _________________________________________________329 Plos One ______________________________________________ 330 RESEÑAS ______________________________________________________334 Don Enrique Guzmán ____________________________________ 335 Manuel Mejía Bárcenas ___________________________________________ 335 Las Obras Completas de Don Enrique Guzmán Selva ____________ 338 Nota editorial de Franco Cerutti ____________________________________ 338 INFORMACIÓN EDITORIAL ________________________________ 340 AVISO PERMANENTE _____________________________________________346 Cómo suscribirse a la Lista de Correos _______________________________346 MADERO CALENDÁRICO NICARAO __________________________ 347 Nicaragua y su Cacao © Guillermo Bendaña García – [email protected] PRESENTACIÓN NUESTRA PORTADA Nicaragua y su Cacao Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Guillermo Bendaña García [email protected] Consultor Independiente 2265 2678 (casa-oficina) 8265 2524 (Movistar) 8426 9186 (Claro) Los tipos de cacao Cacao CRIOLLO: Es el más raro y escaso (1% de producción mundial) y tiene su origen en América Central y Méjico. Se cultiva en Méjico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Madagascar, Comores, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java) e Islas Samoa. El árbol que da este fruto es frágil, sensible y de bajo rendimiento, lo cual explica su nivel de producción tan escasa. Su fruto es grande y de color verde o rojo. Los granos son grandes y de color claro. Es un cacao excepcional, aromático y poco amargo. Cacao FORASTERO. Es el más cultivado (80% de producción mundial) y básicamente se planta en Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Brasil y África en general. El árbol que lo produce es muy resistente a las enfermedades, el fruto es de color verde y amarillo cuando madura y los granos son aplanados de un color violeta. Para poder elaborar este cacao se mezcla con otros cacaos superiores. Tiene un sabor fuerte y su aroma es amargo y ácido. Cacao TRINITARIO. Este tipo de cacao es un híbrido del cacao forastero y el criollo. En cuanto a la producción a nivel mundial representa entre un 10% y un 15%. Normalmente se cultiva en las zonas donde se había plantado anteriormente el cacao Criollo. Se empezó a cultivar en la Isla de Trinidad (Caribe) cuando un ciclón arrasó las plantaciones de Criollo. Su rendimiento es cercano al 4 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 141 – Enero 2020 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ del cacao Forastero. Además es un excelente cacao que en ocasiones reemplaza las plantaciones de Criollo. Es el que predomina en Nicaragua. Origen del cacao en Nicaragua. La producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en nuestro país se inició desde el siglo XII con la llegada de nativos de Mesoamérica, probablemente los Nahualt, descendientes de los aztecas. Ya establecidos en el territorio de lo que más tarde se llamaría Nicaragua, fueron llamados Nicaraos. Los Nicaraos usaban el cacao, además del uso culinario, como una moneda para sus trueques y transacciones comerciales. La primera plantación comercial de cacao en Nicaragua. Según National Geographic, en los años 1800, Emilie-Justin Menier decidió comprar tierra y cultivar el cacao de Nicaragua, considerado como uno de los mejores del mundo y reservado a la corona Por 53 años (1867-1920) la firma Menier tuvo sus plantaciones de cacao en Nicaragua, ubicadas en el Valle Menier, en Nandaime. En 1959 vendió sus activos a Nestlé de Suiza. Entre los años 1830 a 1850, se establecieron plantaciones masivas de cacao al que localmente llamaban Lagarto y de cuyo material genético mezcla dos con los introducidos, resultan las plantaciones actuales de cacao, aunque la base genética del cacao de Nicaragua es el Trinitario, la cual, si se beneficia correctamente, produce un grano de calidad tipificado como fino de aroma. El CIRAD (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement o Centro de cooperación internacional en investigación agronómica para el desarrollo) indicó que todos los cacaos estudiados en Nicaragua, (96) excepto dos, mostraron una muy buena calidad, con rasgos específicos de sabor afrutado, floral, especias, entre otros, indicativo de alto potencial de buen sabor. El actual proceso de beneficiado y post cosecha del cacao nica. En los últimos 8 años se han realizado grandes esfuerzos, más privados que públicos, en el proceso de beneficiado del cacao (fermentación y secado) para obtener cacao con alto estándar de calidad con destino principal al mercado europeo y estadounidense. De paso hay que decir que Nicaragua es el país que más produce cacao en Centroamérica y es referencia en la región por los procesos alcanzados en calidad de cacao
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