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Dos Géneros Nuevos De Caracoles Terrestres (Stylommatophora: Arionacea) De Chile

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Dos Géneros Nuevos De Caracoles Terrestres (Stylommatophora: Arionacea) De Chile Dos géneros nuevos de caracoles terrestres (Stylommatophora: Arionacea) de Chile Patricio Vargas-Almonacid1 & José R. Stuardo2* 1 Departamento de Ciencias del Desarrollo, Programa de Educación e Investigación Biológica & Ambiental (Programa- IBAM), Universidad de Los Lagos, Coyhaique-Chile, Teléfono (56-067) 235588, Fax 238777; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción Chile. * Articulo financiado por la Dirección de Investigación Universidad de Concepción (Proyecto DIUC-201.113.059- 1.0). Recibido 12-VI-2002. Corregido 04-IX-2006. Aceptado 15-XII-2006. Abstract: Two new genera of land snails (Stylommatophora: Arionacea) from Chile. We describe two new genera of land molluscs found under wet leaf litter in isolated fragments of a secondary native forest at the Hualpén Botanical Park (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W), University of Concepción, Chile. The new taxa are Pichikadi gen.n., of Punctidae, and Chellius gen.n., of Charopidae, with the following new species: Pichikadi hualpensis sp.n., and Chellius piramidalis sp.n. English diagnosis are presented for all taxa, together with an English identification key and English versions of figure captions and table headings. To facilitate subsequent studies and interpretations, we follow recent authors in using mainly shell characters, an approach that has favored the present taxonomic stability of the world’s land micromollusca. The diagnosis and observations are complemented with a key for the species of these families inhabiting continental Chile. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 693-708. Epub 2007 June, 29. Key words: Charopidae, land snails, Punctidae, Pulmonata, Micromollusca, Stylommatophora. La importante diversidad que se está contando las especies dispersas en las grandes conociendo actualmente en los táxones de colecciones de los museos del mundo. En la caracoles terrestres, particularmente en los actualidad, sólo el concepto de ecosistema ha micromoluscos endodontoides o endodontoí- permitido reconocer relaciones directas de los deos (sensu Solem 1976), no fue reconocida micromoluscos con la estructura y desarrollo con anterioridad debido a que el grupo per- de los bosques nativos (Stanisic 1990). maneció virtualmente desconocido hasta la Los micromoluscos son organismos peque- primera mitad del siglo XX. El 76 % de las ños de los que un 96.4 % son menores de 7 mm especies en el ámbito mundial fueron des- en su tamaño máximo (Solem 1976). En su critas con anterioridad a 1890 (Solem 1976), mayoría son habitantes inconspicuos, secretos aparte de algunos bosquejos radulares publi- de la hojarasca, encontrados en suelos cubier- cados entre los años 1870 y 1890, y las disec- tos por árboles caídos, bosques nativos densos ciones de tres especies del género Endodonta y diversos hábitats asociados (Solem et al. de Hawaii (Cooke 1928), no existían otros 1981, Solem y Climo 1985, Stuardo y Vega antecedentes anatómicos en la literatura espe- 1985, Valdovinos y Stuardo 1989, Stanisic cializada. Debido a su pequeño tamaño, no 1990, Vargas-Almonacid 2000). Se encuentran presentaban interés económico, y el escaso casi siempre muertos, lo que determina que su desarrollo de la ecología, no permitía enten- sistemática y taxonomía se base en primera der su diversidad, la que sólo podía estimarse instancia en estudios conquiológicos. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 55 (2): 693-708, June 2007 693 En Chile, estudios y revisiones acerca de la Universidad de Concepción ubicada en la moluscos endodontoides son escasos, destacán- Península de Hualpén, VIII Región, Chile dose una primera sinopsis evaluadora del esta- (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W). do taxonómico de las especies descritas para el La reserva está constituida por un paisa- país, su distribución y posible origen (Stuardo je con fragmentos aislados de bosque nativo y Vega 1985); la descripción de una nueva secundario tipo mosaico, resultado de la alte- especie del género Austrodiscus (Valdovinos ración y perturbación producida por interven- y Stuardo 1989), de discutida clasificación por ciones recurrentes de origen antrópico. Esto ha Fonseca y Thomé (1993) y una nueva espe- causado cambios en los gradientes naturales, cie del género Radiodiscus perteneciente a la que reflejan un alto grado de fragmentación familia Charopidae (Vargas-Almonacid 2000). (Polyméris 1995); sin embargo, esta reserva Recientemente, se han iniciado investigaciones presenta elementos florísticos de las zonas cli- sobre los complejos problemas de sinonimia matológicas mesomórfica e higromórfica, que y taxonomía, en general de las especies de corresponden a una vegetación de tipo “par- moluscos terrestres de Chile (Stuardo y Vargas- que”; es decir, parches de bosques separados Almonacid 2000, Vargas-Almonacid 2002) y por sectores de vegetación más baja, que de en particular del nuevo ordenamiento de los acuerdo con Pisano (1956) parecen constituir micromoluscos terrestres chilenos (Vargas- una zona vegetacional de transición entre las Almonacid y Stuardo, en prensa). zonas norte y sur del país. Frente a esta realidad y a la gran diver- sidad de técnicas y táxones utilizados para la Muestreo de la malacofauna: El material evaluación de la biodiversidad en bosques tem- examinado fue recolectado durante los meses plados, sorprende el escaso interés prestado a de Agosto a Febrero (2001-2002) en forma los invertebrados y en particular a los moluscos aleatoria bajo la hojarasca de seis parches de terrestres. No se han utilizado como indica- diferente tamaño (Fig. 1). Cada fragmento fue dores de biodiversidad debido principalmente georeferenciado mediante un navegador perso- a que no se cree o se sabe que existan en el nal Garmin GPS45 y la digitalización se basó bosque y que sean tan diversos (Lydeard et al. en fotografías aéreas (1:20 000) utilizando los 2004). En este sentido, el hallazgo de nuevas y programas ARC-VIEW 3.2 y ARC INFO NT. diversas categorías taxonómicas está implícito Independiente del tamaño del fragmento en el aportar nuevos e importantes antecedentes estudio y con el objeto de hacer comparables para entender el endemismo, la filogenia y la los sitios de muestreo para posteriores análisis zoogeografía del grupo en la posible relación ecológicos de los táxones encontrados (Vargas- de la fauna de los moluscos terrestres chilenos Almonacid et al., en prensa), la superficie total con las vertientes Gondwánicas y Pacífico- de cada fragmento fue dividida arbitrariamente, occidentales (Stuardo y Vega 1985, Vargas- en nueve cuadrantes de iguales dimensiones Almonacid 2000, 2002). (m2) de acuerdo conl tamaño de cada fragmen- De la interesante fauna encontrada en el to. En el centro de cada cuadrante se tomó una hábitat en estudio y su ecología, en el presente muestra de hojarasca (1/2 kg balanza manual) trabajo se describen dos nuevos géneros y dos sobre una superficie aproximada de 1 m2 (4.5 kg nuevas especies de micromoluscos terrestres por fragmento). Ocasionalmente y debido a que para Chile central. algunos fragmentos presentaban formas irre- gulares sólo se obtuvo muestras donde existía cubierta vegetacional. La hojarasca así obtenida, MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS fue almacenada en bolsas plásticas, debidamen- te etiquetadas y cuando fue necesario, fijadas Área de estudio (Fig. 1): El área de en alcohol al 70 % para su posterior análisis y estudio forma parte del Parque Botánico de clasificación. El análisis taxonómico se realizó 694 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 55 (2): 693-708, June 2007 Fig. 1. Área de estudio (fragmentos analizados en blanco); parte del Parque Botánico de la Universidad de Concepción ubicada en la Península de Hualpén, Chile (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W). Fig. 1. Study area (analyzed fragments in white); part of the Botanical Park of the University of Concepcion at the Peninsula of Hualpén, Chile (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W). mediante el estudio morfológico detallado de RESULTADOS las conchas (Fig. 2) siguiendo la metodología propuesta por Solem y Climo (1985). El estudio del material obtenido permitió El examen de los detalles finos de las con- determinar dos géneros nuevos y dos especies chas se realizó mediante fotografías al micros- nuevas para la ciencia: Pichikadi gen.n., de la copio electrónico de barrido usando un equipo familia Punctidae Morse, 1864 y Chellius gen. Autoscan U-1 Siemen ETEC (Laboratorio de n., de la familia Charopidae Hutton, 1884, y las Microscopía Electrónica de la Universidad de respectivas especies Pichikadi hualpensis sp.n., Concepción), utilizando la técnica recomenda- y Chellius piramidalis sp.n. da por Solem (1970, 1972). Junto a la descrip- ción de los caracteres de cada nuevo género y Familia Punctidae especie como diagnosis de uno u otro, según Morse, 1864 corresponda, se definen las características de las dos familias y subfamilias que son aquí cita- Generalmente pequeños a diminutos endo- das fehacientemente por primera vez en Chile. dontoides, primitivamente con una fina escultura Se complementa este estudio con una clave de apical espiral y una combinación pos-embrio- identificación de las especies encontradas. nal macro y microradial de origen periostracal, Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 55 (2): 693-708, June 2007 695 Fig. 2. Medidas básicas de la concha (mm), utilizando los criterios de Solem y Climo (1985): A-B= Diámetro de la con- cha; C-D= Diámetro de la espira; B-G= Altura de la concha; B-E= Elevación de la espira; E-G= Altura del cuerpo; E-F= Descenso del
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