France's Constitution of 1958 with Amendments Through 2008
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Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas. -
Background of Pennsylvania Government
Background of Pennsylvania Government The Pennsylvania General Assembly In 1776, the Pennsylvania Legislature was established as a lawmaking body by the first state constitution. Originally unicameral, the General Assembly became bicameral under the second constitution of 1790 and since that time has been comprised of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The General Assembly meets in two-year sessions. House and Senate legislative districts are reapportioned every 10 years after the federal census is taken. Reapportionment following the 2000 census created state House districts of approximately 59,000 people and Senate districts of about 240,000 people. There are 203 members in the House of Representatives; a number established when the state's constitution was revised in 1967. A representative must be at least 21 years of age, a resident of the commonwealth for four years and a resident of the district for at least one year. The term of office for a member of the House is two years, with all seats up for re-election at the same time. When the Senate was first established in 1790, there were only 18 senators. Following the 1874 Constitutional Convention, that number was increased to 50, where it remains today. A senator must be at least 25 years of age with the same residency requirements as members of the House. Senate terms are four years, with odd- and even-numbered district seats contested on a rotating basis. Chamber and caucus leadership The principal officers of the state Senate are the president pro tempore, the secretary and the chief clerk, all of whom are elected by the Senate. -
Nber Working Paper Series De Facto and De Jure Property Rights
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DE FACTO AND DE JURE PROPERTY RIGHTS: LAND SETTLEMENT AND LAND CONFLICT ON THE AUSTRALIAN, BRAZILIAN AND U.S. FRONTIERS Lee J. Alston Edwyna Harris Bernardo Mueller Working Paper 15264 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15264 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 2009 For comments we thank Eric Alston, Lee Cronk, Ernesto Dal Bó, John Ferejohn, Stephen Haber, P.J. Hill, Gary Libecap, Henry Smith, Ian Wills and participants at: a seminar on social norms at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton; a conference on “Australian Economic History in the Long Run;” the Research Group on Political Institutions and Economic Policy held at Princeton University; and a seminar at Monash University. Alston and Mueller acknowledge the support of NSF grant #528146. Alston thanks the STEP Program at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton for their support as a Visiting Research Scholar during 2008/2009 and The Australian National University for support as Research Fellow in 2009. We thank Eric Alston for research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2009 by Lee J. Alston, Edwyna Harris, and Bernardo Mueller. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. -
English, French, and Spanish Colonies: a Comparison
COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT (1585–1763) English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison THE HISTORY OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA centers other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able primarily around the struggle of England, France, and to govern themselves as long as they followed English Spain to gain control of the continent. Settlers law and were loyal to the king. In addition, unlike crossed the Atlantic for different reasons, and their France and Spain, England encouraged immigration governments took different approaches to their colo- from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula- nizing efforts. These differences created both advan- tion. By 1763 the English had established dominance tages and disadvantages that profoundly affected the in North America, having defeated France and Spain New World’s fate. France and Spain, for instance, in the French and Indian War. However, those were governed by autocratic sovereigns whose rule regions that had been colonized by the French or was absolute; their colonists went to America as ser- Spanish would retain national characteristics that vants of the Crown. The English colonists, on the linger to this day. English Colonies French Colonies Spanish Colonies Settlements/Geography Most colonies established by royal char- First colonies were trading posts in Crown-sponsored conquests gained rich- ter. Earliest settlements were in Virginia Newfoundland; others followed in wake es for Spain and expanded its empire. and Massachusetts but soon spread all of exploration of the St. Lawrence valley, Most of the southern and southwestern along the Atlantic coast, from Maine to parts of Canada, and the Mississippi regions claimed, as well as sections of Georgia, and into the continent’s interior River. -
Adopted Children and Children Coming to the UK for Adoption
Adopted children and children coming to the UK for adoption Version 2.0 Page 1 of 38 Published for Home Office staff on 1 December 2020 Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................... 2 About this guidance .................................................................................................... 4 Contacts ................................................................................................................. 4 Publication .............................................................................................................. 4 Changes from last version of this guidance ............................................................ 4 Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 5 Use of this guidance ............................................................................................... 5 Other information about this guidance .................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 Application types..................................................................................................... 6 The best interests of the child ................................................................................. 6 Background ........................................................................................................... -
Comparative Politics
Dr.Rishu Raj Assistant professor Department of Political Science M.M.College(P.U) [email protected] COMPARATIVE POLITICS Comparative study of The Constitution of Switzerland and France THE SWISS PARLIAMENT The Federal Assembly THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY • The Federal Assembly is the legislative power of Switzerland. Its two chambers – the National Council and the Council of States –have the same powers but meet separately. Federal Assembly The National The Council Council of States The National Council • The National Council, or “lower chamber”, represents the people and comprises 200 members who are elected by popular vote for a four-year term. The number of representatives sent by each canton depends on the size of its population. As a rule of thumb, each canton may send one elected representative to the National Council for roughly every 40,000 inhabitants. • The Federal Constitution guarantees at least one seat per canton, even if the canton has fewer than 40,000 residents. The cantons of Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, AppenzellInnerrhoden, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Uri and Glarus send one National Council member each, whereas Zurich, the most heavily populated canton, currently has 35 seats. The Council of States • The Council of States, or “upper chamber”, represents the cantons and comprises 46 members, who are also elected directly by the people for a four-year term. Regardless of their population size, the cantons send two deputies, with the exception of the six half-cantons of AppenzellAusserrhoden, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land, which send one deputy each. • Council of States deputies represent their cantons but are not bound by any instructions from their cantonal government or parliament. -
Code of Administrative Justice
Code of Administrative Justice Legislative Part Preliminary Title Article L1 This code applies to the Council of State and to administrative tribunals and administrative courts of appeal. Article L2 Judgments are rendered in the name of the French people. Article L3 Judgments are rendered by judges acting as a collegial body, unless the law provides otherwise. Article L4 Applications do not cause proceedings to be suspended, unless the court orders otherwise, or unless there are special statutory provisions. Article L5 Both parties are represented in the preparation of the case. Certain requirements flow from the fact that both parties are represented; if the case is urgent, these former requirements will be adapted to those of the urgent situation. Article L6 Hearings are held in open court. Article L7 A member of the court, appointed to act as consultant judge, presents his or her opinion, in public and with total independence, on the issues that must be decided by the court, that arise from the applications or appeals, and on the possible solutions. Article L8 Text last revised 3 October 2013 - Document generated 11 November 2013 - The judges' deliberations are secret. Article L9 The judges must give reasons for their judgments. Article L10 Judgments are rendered in public. Judgments must mention the names of the judges by whom they were rendered. Article L11 Judgments are enforceable. Text last revised 3 October 2013 - Document generated 11 November 2013 - Legislative Part Book I: The Council of State Title I – Powers Chapter I: Powers in contentious matters Article L111-1 The Council of State is the highest administrative court. -
Central African Republic (C.A.R.) Appears to Have Been Settled Territory of Chad
Grids & Datums CENTRAL AFRI C AN REPUBLI C by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “The Central African Republic (C.A.R.) appears to have been settled territory of Chad. Two years later the territory of Ubangi-Shari and from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the the military territory of Chad were merged into a single territory. The Kanem-Bornou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based in Lake colony of Ubangi-Shari - Chad was formed in 1906 with Chad under Chad and the Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present- a regional commander at Fort-Lamy subordinate to Ubangi-Shari. The day C.A.R., using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from commissioner general of French Congo was raised to the status of a which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa governor generalship in 1908; and by a decree of January 15, 1910, for export by European traders. Population migration in the 18th and the name of French Equatorial Africa was given to a federation of the 19th centuries brought new migrants into the area, including the Zande, three colonies (Gabon, Middle Congo, and Ubangi-Shari - Chad), each Banda, and M’Baka-Mandjia. In 1875 the Egyptian sultan Rabah of which had its own lieutenant governor. In 1914 Chad was detached governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day C.A.R.” (U.S. from the colony of Ubangi-Shari and made a separate territory; full Department of State Background Notes, 2012). colonial status was conferred on Chad in 1920. -
The 2020 Presidential Election: Provisions of the Constitution and U.S. Code
PREFACE The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is proud to acknowledge its role in the Presidential election pro- cess. NARA’s Office of the Federal Register (OFR) acts as the administrator of the Electoral College and carries out the duties of the Archivist. In this role, the OFR is charged with helping the States carry out their election responsibilities, ensuring the completeness and integrity of the Electoral College documents submitted to Congress, and informing the public about the Presidential election process. The Electoral College system was established under Article II and Amendment 12 of the U.S. Constitution. In each State, the voters choose electors to select the President and Vice President of the United States, based on the results of the Novem- ber general election. Before the general election, the Archivist officially notifies each State’s governor and the Mayor of the District of Columbia of their electoral responsibilities. OFR provides instructions and resources to help the States and District of Columbia carry out those responsibilities. As the results of the popular vote are finalized in each state, election officials create Certificates of Ascertainment, which establish the credentials of their electors, that are sent to OFR. In December, the electors hold meetings in their States to vote for President and Vice President. The electors seal Certificates of Vote and send them to the OFR and Congress. In January, Congress sits in joint session to certify the election of the President and Vice President. In the year after the election, electoral documents are held at the OFR for public viewing, and then transferred to the Archives of the United States for permanent retention and access. -
Political Relations Between Albania and France 1945- 1990
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Vol 8 No 5 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) Social Sciences September 2017 Political Relations between Albania and France 1945- 1990 Arshela Arapi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, France Abstract This paper focuses on the relations between Albania and France in the period 1945-1990 in the political optics, and aims to evaluate the dynamics of this cooperation, pointing to the different intensity at different times during dictatorship, byhilosophical demagoguery of the Albanian party and the identification of collaborative priorities extended over 20 years. Albanian - French cooperation spread in all fields. Since our country was still unconfirmed as a state, it needed the experience of other countries. France was a kind of guide to our country, as it was a developed country. Albania also linked with France by some traditional and conjunctural elements. France regarded Albania as very important, and considered it as an opportunity to expand its economy and improve its situation. France needed the mineral resources of Albania. In general, our relations with France has been normal and were concretized in several areas of mutual interest, such as trade and culture. In various speeches, the Albanian leadership has expressed the desire to strengthen more these relations on the basis of the recognized principles of equality, non-interference and mutual benefit. But at certain times, there was also anxiety, and in July 1984, there was a regress of state relations. Keywords: France, collaboration, convention, strategy 1. Introduction In the framework of the complex historical evaluation of the diplomatic policy of the Albanian country, the relationships, with the European countries in general and those of the Western Europe especially, hold a great importance. -
Legislative Process Lpbooklet 2016 15Th Edition.Qxp Booklet00-01 12Th Edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 1
LPBkltCvr_2016_15th edition-1.qxp_BkltCvr00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 2:49 PM Page 1 South Carolina’s Legislative Process LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 1 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 2 October 2016 15th Edition LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 3 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS The contents of this pamphlet consist of South Carolina’s Legislative Process , pub - lished by Charles F. Reid, Clerk of the South Carolina House of Representatives. The material is reproduced with permission. LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 4 LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 5 South Carolina’s Legislative Process HISTORY o understand the legislative process, it is nec - Tessary to know a few facts about the lawmak - ing body. The South Carolina Legislature consists of two bodies—the Senate and the House of Rep - resentatives. There are 170 members—46 Sena - tors and 124 Representatives representing dis tricts based on population. When these two bodies are referred to collectively, the Senate and House are together called the General Assembly. To be eligible to be a Representative, a person must be at least 21 years old, and Senators must be at least 25 years old. Members of the House serve for two years; Senators serve for four years. The terms of office begin on the Monday following the General Election which is held in even num - bered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. -
Paris Resilience Strategy
Paris Resilience Strategy FLUCTUAT NEC MERGITUR Front page : Bernard Pedretti/ Mairie de Paris Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris “Fluctuat nec Mergitur”, which translates to “Beaten by the waves but not sunk”, proudly announces our motto. Made official in 1853 by the Baron Haussmann, it had been used by Parisians since the 16th century. Its origins lie in the river’s history, dating back to antiquity! Urban resilience is therefore not a new trend: it is an integral part of urban discourse. The concept was, however, somewhat forgotten at the end of the 20th century, as our societies were convinced that technical solutions would be able to overcome the risks faced by our cities. Today we are confronted with new and great challenges, which affect current and future generations. Climate change, air pollution, growing inequalities, terror threats, persistent water insecurity, the migrant crisis – all these challenges bring cities to the front line. DR/Mairie de Paris Far from inducing anxiety, urban resilience offers solutions to better prepare and adapt cities, their populations, businesses and infrastructures to these I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the challenges. It also provides opportunities to create institutional, business, academic and associated new activities and jobs while improving citizens’ partners, as well as to the municipal teams, for their quality of life. contribution to this very ambitious work, which has only just begun. I also warmly thank Michael Governance, which is our ability to organise ourselves Berkowitz and 100 Resilient Cities – Pioneered by collectively with all stakeholders and to create new the Rockefeller Foundation (100RC), who have partnerships, particularly beyond the municipality, is enlightened, guided and supported us in this key to the resilience of Paris.