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Mahmudkhodja Behbudi and the Issue of New Uzbek Linguistics SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 9 | September 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal MAHMUDKHODJA BEHBUDI AND THE ISSUE OF NEW UZBEK LINGUISTICS Zaynabidin Abdirashidov Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra5168 ABSTRACT One of the leaders of Turkestan Jadid movement Mahmudkhodja Behbudi ran a wide range of activities. He was first to be engaged in science among new Uzbek educated men despite his career in editorial, publication and journalism. His school textbooks, scientific articles, in particular his views on linguistics were clear indication of his achievements in this sphere of science. In his articles devoted to languages Behbudi paid attention to the pressing issues of modern linguistics and he put forward his ideas worth considering in this field of science. An analysis of Behbudi's articles in this area shows that he conducted a number of studies in dialectology, sociology, and cultural anthropology. KEY WORDS: Behbudi, Jadidism, linguistics, literary language, dialect, cultural anthropology, reformist movement. I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW At the end of the 19th century and the The twentieth century began with some beginning of the 20th century, the reform movement success for the peoples living in the territory of the spread throughout the countries of the East and Russian Empire. After Russia was defeated in the spread to Turkestan, which was under the control of war against Japan, it was unable to withstand the the Russian Empire. This reformist movement was pressure of internal and external forces. Political named differently across regions. In the Arab world it struggles within the Empire began to escalate, and by was called “An-Nahda” (Renaissance) and in the the end of 1905 the Emperor was forced to declare a history of the Turkic peoples in the colonies of the Manifesto giving freedom to all political forces and Russian Empire it was given the name of Jadidism. groups. One of the main points of the manifesto was The word Jadid literally means “new.” Jadidism freedom of speech. began in the Crimean Baghchasaray in 1883 with Turkestan Jadidism emerged much later than opening a newmethod school by Ismail Gasprinsky. in other Muslim regions of the Russian Empire, in the The Jadid movement is one of the relatively early twentieth century. Some scholars who study short but very intense and complex periods in the Turkestan Jadidism point out that local Jadids did not socio-political, cultural and enlightenment history of have a common program until 1917. According to the Turkic peoples under control of the Russian them, Abd al-Rauf Fitrat's (1886-1938) Munazara Empire. The essence of this movement has been (Debate) and Hind Sayyahi (Indian Traveller), which studied and analyzed differently in various periods. changed the worldview of inhabitants of Turkestan, The scale of Jadidism, the lives and works of those were considered an unofficial program of Turkestan who initiated it and its impact on society have not yet Jadids until 1917. [6: 95-96] The same idea was put been fully explored in researches. This, in turn, forward by the Japanese scholar Hisao Komatsu and requires the study of the Jadid movement in its he states that above two works by Fitrat were a entirety. manifesto of the Jadid - reformist movement in Bukhara and Turkestan. [2: 279] 2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |300 | SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 9 | September 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal These assertions and definitions are, of the capitals of the Muslim East. Adeeb Khalid noted course, relative in determining the nature and that during the same trip, Behbudi had the direction of Turkestan Jadidism. Prior to the opportunity to observe the reforms and innovations in publication of Fitrat's Munazara and Hind Sayyahi in the field of public education in the Ottoman Empire 1911, the activities of the Turkestan Jadids had and Egypt, as well as to communicate with those who reached a certain stage, they had achieved great led the reforms in the social sphere. Eight months success in spreading new schools of thought, and later, upon his return to Samarkand, he subscribed to most importantly, had established a national press in the Tarjuman newspaper. [1:80] Turkestan. Behbudi's work is multifaceted, and he Adeeb Khalid, an American historian who stands out among the Jadids of Turkestan for his has studied the foundations of Turkestan Jadidism, effective work in the fields of education, journalism, sees its emergence as a modern “response” to politics, and social issues. And, if one examines the modernity as a result of the transformation of Central aspects of this activity, it becomes clear that Asian society and the Russian invasion and its efforts Mahmudhodja Behbudi was the leader of the to redistribute the world, including the Islamic world. Turkestan Jadids. In his multifaceted work, language, Through the spread of Jadid enlightenment, Khalid especially literary language, as well as the issue of sought to distinguish the Turkestan Jadids and their language learning occupies a special place. Of followers, who sought to create a “modern and at the course, Behbudi, in his articles for various same time a new elite committed to Islam and loyal periodicals in any field, tried to write in a language to Turkestan” [1: 218] and as a result ready to defend that he considered a “literary language” for the the region’s interests in the modern world. According Turkestan region. At this point, it is important to to Khalid, Turkestan Jadidism often denied the views clarify Behbudi's position on the issue of a common of the Crimean and Volga-Ural Tatars and tried to language or literary language, as well as on the issue find ways to adapt to the realities of the region in of “common literary language”, which was very school work, literary language and other issues. relevant for that period. [1:23, 181–182, 262–328] At the end of the 19th century, more However, it should be noted that the precisely, from 1883, ie from the first issue of the Turkestan Jadids relied more on the views and ideas newspaper Tarjuman, Ismail Gasprinsky proposed of the Muslims of Inner Russia, especially the the creation of a common literary language for the Crimean Tatar Ismail Gasprinsky, the founder of the Turkic peoples, in the words of Ingeborg Baldauf, Jadid movement, in resolving important issues. “dialect of reconciliation” [3:38]. Gasprinsky's efforts According to Begali Kasimov, Jadidism is to create a “common language” for the Turkic not a stream, but a movement. It is a social, political, peoples can be considered as a product of his concept enlightenment movement. Because this movement: of “nation” and “nationality” and the interpretation of 1) was able to involve all segments of this concept. In his numerous articles on language, society in the reform process; Gasprinsky focuses subscribers' attention on 2) carried out political activity on the way to understanding the concept of “nation” above. national independence; According to him, “a nation is a union of religion and 3) was able to direct education and culture, language. If one of these two things is lost, the nation the press to socio-political goals. [7: 6] loses its identity” and faces a crisis. [9] Gasprinsky stressed that the past and future of all nations are III. ANALYSIS based on religion and language. As important as the In Turkestan, the so-called Jadid unity of religion is, the unity of language in literature intelligentsia was formed in the first decade of the is just as important and a direct means of twentieth century. The basis of this group was the development. [4] In order to show the great enlighteners of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and importance of language unity, Gasprinsky even Kokand. Munavvarqari Abdurashidkhanov and raised it to the level of the beginning and foundation Abdulla Avloni in Tashkent, Mahmudkhodja of all other units. [5] Behbudi and Abdulkadir Shakuri in Samarkand, From this point of view, Behbudi was the Sadriddin Ayni, Fitrat and Usmankhodja in Bukhara, first among the Turkestans to widely promote and Ashurali Zahiri and Mahmudjan Abidov in Kokand support the idea of linguistic unity by Gasprinsky. were at the center of this Jadid group. Behbudi also conducted a special survey and Mahmudhodja Behbudi was one of the experiment on this issue in the cities of Turkestan. In people who played an important role in the formation this respect, we also discover Behbudi as the first of the Jadid movement in Turkestan and contributed sociologist among Turkestanies. During his to the spread of Jadid ideas in Turkestan with his sociological research, Behbudi read out various thoughts and practical actions. newspapers to ordinary people who did not read Behbudi first set out for the Hajj pilgrimage newspapers at all and did not know the language of in 1899 and visited cities such as Istanbul and Cairo, other Turkic peoples and thus gathered opinions on 2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |301 | SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 9 | September 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal the “language” of the newspapers read from different newspaper in Turkestan can be seen in the fact that parts of Turkestan, and gave general conclusions.
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