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Mountain Livestock Farmers and Their Encounter with an Artificial Insemination Project in Paihuén, Chile

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Mountain Livestock Farmers and Their Encounter with an Artificial Insemination Project in Paihuén, Chile Wageningen University – Department of Social Sciences Rural Development Sociology (RDS) Social transformation and new technologies: Mountain livestock farmers and their encounter with an artificial insemination project in Paihuén, Chile. August 2013 Yenni Valentina Astete Salazar Reg. No. 810527-020-030 MSc Development and Rural Innovation Supervisor: Alberto Arce Second reader: Stephen Sherwood Thesis code: RDS-80430 1 “…Y no hay belleza como esta belleza de América extendida en sus infiernos, en sus cerros de piedra y poderío, y en sus ríos atávicos y eternos...” Pablo Neruda 2 Summary This thesis explores the process of social transformation experienced by mountain livestock farmers, in their encounter with a project of artificial insemination at the rural foothill community of Paihuén, in the central area of Chile. In a broader contemporary process of transformation, the everyday life of the livestock farmers of Paihuén is surrounded by new technologies, institutional policies and market requirements. This new reality has generated a conflicting interaction between the growth of these techno scientific resources –in this case the artificial insemination project- and the development of social and cultural progress in the everyday life of the mountain livestock farmers. To understand the process of social transformation, the mountain livestock farmers’ subjectivity is studied through their cattle management and other livelihoods practices, to later focus the attention in their encounter with the artificial insemination project in Paihuén. The study used actor oriented approach as a guideline to explore the development field, in addition to a conceptual framework to unpack policies. As methods, the research is based on ethnographic evidence: observation/ participant observation, situated conversation, autobiographic interviews and group interviews, complementing these evidences with secondary data analysis. The main result highlight that, although the artificial insemination project in Paihuén did not have the technical expected results by the livestock farmers, it transforms their subjectivity through a change in their relation with public actors and the acquisition of new materialities. This relational shift makes the livestock farmers of Paihuén institutionally visible, creating new relations through the involvement of technical assistance actors in the community. Thus, the artificial insemination project can be claimed to be part of on-going technological realities that are indubitably transforming people, things and their relations. In this on-going process of transformation, the study highlights the needs of further research related to the everyday practices of the rural people as knowledge that make them able to build their livelihoods (human action) in a reality of agro-climatic transformation, complex gender dynamics, policies regarding the protection of wild life, disconnection in different levels of policy process and a political administrative categorization of territories. 3 Acknowledgement I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the livestock producers of Paihuén and their families, who opened their homes to allow me share their precious time and everyday practices that build this research. A special gratitude I give to the Livestock Committee members of Paihuén for allowing me to follow them in their various mountain cattle management practices. Also, I want to thank the participants of my various forms of ethnographic interviews: livestock farmers of Paihuén and Petorca, the consultant, public servants, the representatives of the private company, veterinarian colleagues and lectures of the University of Chile. Thanks to my colleagues, bosses and friends at job, who ‘waited for me’ while I was studying this Master. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, for his useful comments and remarks through the learning process of this master thesis. He introduced me to the complexity of the multiples realities and their ‘blur boundaries’, inspiring me to see beyond the obvious and clear ‘facts’. Finally and foremost, I would like to thank my loved ones, family and friends, who have supported me through the entire process, both emotionally and helping me with the logistic of this research. Thanks for always give me love and the power to continue working for my dreams. Thanks for trusting in my ‘crazy’ idea to mix veterinarian and social science, tangling them in the pursuit of a better quality of life for people in the rural areas. 4 Table of Contents Summary.................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 5 Table of Pictures ........................................................................................................................ 6 Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 6 Table of Annexes ....................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7 2. Background .................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. National Policy ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Peasant Family Agriculture in Chile (in numbers) ............................................................ 11 2.2.1. The rural locality of Paihuén ..................................................................................... 12 2.3. The Artificial Insemination Project in Paihuén ..................................................................... 12 3. Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 13 4. Research Question ......................................................................................................... 14 5. Theoretical framework.................................................................................................... 15 5.1. Actor Oriented Approach ............................................................................................. 15 5.2. Unpacking Policy ........................................................................................................ 16 5.3. The practices in contemporary theories ......................................................................... 17 5.4. The three-fold model of rural space .............................................................................. 18 5.5. Livelihood ................................................................................................................. 18 5.6. Interfaces ................................................................................................................. 20 6. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 21 6.1. Data collection .......................................................................................................... 21 6.1.1. Ethnographic evidence ............................................................................................ 22 6.2. Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 24 7. The mountain livestock farmers ....................................................................................... 25 7.1. La Arena Corral ......................................................................................................... 26 7.2. Paihuén Corral ........................................................................................................... 34 7.3. Cattle management in the mountain ............................................................................. 38 8. Paihuén and its history ................................................................................................... 43 8.1. The Society ............................................................................................................... 44 8.1.1. The transfer .......................................................................................................... 45 8.2. The Livestock Committee ............................................................................................ 47 9. The diversity of livelihood in Paihuén ................................................................................ 51 9.1. The farmer................................................................................................................ 52 9.2. The livestock farmer ................................................................................................... 61 9.3. The avocado producer ................................................................................................ 67 9.4. The miners ............................................................................................................... 69 9.5. Women Activities ......................................................................................................
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