1 Who were the Nataruk people? Mandibular morphology among late Pleistocene and early 2 Holocene fisher-forager populations of West Turkana (Kenya). 3 Aurélien Mounier1,2, Maria Correia2, Frances Rivera2, Federica Crivellaro2, Ronika Power2,3, Joe 4 Jeffery2, Alex Wilshaw2, Robert A. Foley2,4, Marta Mirazón Lahr2,4*. 5 6 1UMR 7194, CNRS-Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro 7 et du 11 novembre, 75016 Paris, France. 8 2Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, 9 University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, United Kingdom. 10 3Department of Ancient History, Level 5, W6A Building, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia 11 4Turkana Basin Institute, Kenya 12 13 *Corresponding author: Marta Mirazón Lahr 14 e-mail:
[email protected] 15 16 1 1 Abstract 2 Africa is the birthplace of the species Homo sapiens, and Africans today are genetically more diverse 3 than other populations of the world. However, the processes that underpinned the evolution of 4 African populations remain largely obscure. Only a handful of late Pleistocene African fossils (~50-12 5 Ka) are known, while the more numerous sites with human fossils of early Holocene age are patchily 6 distributed. In particular, late Pleistocene and early Holocene human diversity in Eastern Africa 7 remains little studied, precluding any analysis of the potential factors that shaped human diversity in 8 the region, and more broadly throughout the continent. These periods include the Last Glacial 9 Maximum (LGM), a moment of extreme aridity in Africa that caused the fragmentation of population 10 ranges and localised extinctions, as well as the ‘African Humid Period’, a moment of abrupt climate 11 change and enhanced connectivity throughout Africa.