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Chap06 Pp. 66-88.Indd This pdf of your paper in South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 Years Ago belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (August 2013), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books (editorial@ oxbowbooks.com). An offprint from South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples Between 130,000 and 10,000 Years Ago Edited by Elena A. A. Garcea Contributing authors Nick Barton, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Abdeljalil Bouzouggar, Brian Boyd, Laine Clark-Balzan, Simon N. Collcutt, André Debénath, Elena A. A. Garcea, Mohamed Abdeljalil El Hajraoui, Roland Nespoulet, Romuald Schild, Jean-Luc Schwenninger, John J. Shea, Jennifer R. Smith, Pierre M. Vermeersch and Fred Wendorf © Oxbow Books 2010 ISBN 978-1-84217-403-6 Contents List of figures .......................................................................................................................................................vi List of tables ...................................................................................................................................................... viii Notes on contributors ..........................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xii 1. Introduction: goals and challenges Elena A. A. Garcea .....................................................................................................................................1 2. Palaeoenvironments of eastern North Africa and the Levant in the late Pleistocene Jennifer R. Smith.........................................................................................................................................6 3. A new luminescence chronology for Aterian cave sites on the Atlantic coast of Morocco Jean-Luc Schwenninger, Simon N. Collcutt, Nick Barton, Abdeljalil Bouzouggar, Laine Clark-Balzan, Mohamed Abdeljalil El Hajraoui, Roland Nespoulet and André Debénath ..........18 4. The spread of Aterian peoples in North Africa Elena A. A. Garcea ...................................................................................................................................37 5. The Lower and Upper Later Stone Age of North Africa Elena A. A. Garcea ...................................................................................................................................54 6. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Egyptian Nile Valley Pierre M. Vermeersch ...............................................................................................................................66 7. Late Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in the Nile Valley of Nubia and Upper Egypt Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf ..........................................................................................................89 8. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens in the Levant John J. Shea ............................................................................................................................................126 9. The Levantine Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic Ofer Bar-Yosef and Anna Belfer-Cohen .................................................................................................144 10. The Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant: a brief history and review Brian Boyd ..............................................................................................................................................168 11. Bridging the gap between in and out of Africa Elena A. A. Garcea .................................................................................................................................174 Index ................................................................................................................................................................183 6 Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Egyptian Nile Valley Pierre M. Vermeersch In any study related to Egypt, one should take in account publications (Wendorf et al. 1993; Vermeersch 2008, that Egypt is larger than the Nile Valley itself. Egypt submitted). encompasses also the deserts east and west of the Nile (Fig. Handaxes, mainly attributed to the Late Acheulean have 6.1). The natural environment available for humans is very been collected in the Lower Desert all over the Nile Valley. different in each of these regions. It would, moreover, be a Only a single site, that of Nag Ahmed el Khalifa, has been mistake to presume that the prehistoric environments were excavated (Vermeersch et al. 2000b). The site consists of always similar to the present ones. There is no doubt that, an artefact concentration with many bifaces inside a gravel in the past, the Egyptian environment has been subjected deposit, not any more in situ. All other Lower Palaeolithic to very important changes, which are discussed in Jennifer remains are to be considered as scattered over the surface Smith’s chapter (Chapter 2). In this contribution I will try of the lower desert in mainly isolated occurrences. The high to give an overview of what is known of important Middle number of such artefacts suggests that the occupation during and Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Egyptian Nile Valley, the Lower Palaeolithic was important. Erosion however mainly Middle and Upper Egypt, with special reference to prevents any chronological, environmental or cultural fl int mining and burial practices. I will leave out the Western interpretation of the Lower Palaeolithic presence of humans and Eastern Desert, which are well covered by other in the Nile Valley. Figure 6.1. Map of Upper Egypt with the position of the important sites. 66 6. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Egyptian Nile Valley 67 Middle Palaeolithic The earliest Middle Palaeolithic assemblages of the Butzer and Hansen (1968, 158) observed that “The most Egyptian Nile Valley are similar to those that were made in common prehistoric remains in southern Egypt are fl akes Middle Stone Age industries of sub-Saharan Africa (Van and fl ake tools of Middle Palaeolithic type. These are found Peer et al. 2003). According to Van Peer (2004) the widely scattered through the desert hills and plains on both sides distributed Lupemban technology of sub-Saharan Africa of the Nile Valley.” Living sites of the Middle Palaeolithic gives way to a regionally distinct facies in the lower Nile are extremely rare or even absent in Egypt. Most information Valley by the onset of the Upper Pleistocene. This is the is available from fl int extraction sites which are numerous. early Nubian Complex (Van Peer 1998) of which the lithic In the past, prehistoric studies have only incidentally shown technology is characterized by the presence of a Levallois some interest in understanding the flint1 exploitation reduction strategy (Guichard and Guichard 1968) mainly techniques in Egypt. However, huge quantities of fl int were for point production (Fig. 6.5). No living sites of this early used in prehistoric periods. In Middle and Upper Egypt, the Nubian Complex have been excavated in Egypt. However Nile Valley is entirely bordered by huge limestone cliffs all over the lower desert along the Nile Valley important formed by the Thebes Formation, which consists of thick remains of this industry have been observed. Foliates and massive white to yellow limestone including different layers lanceolates are often found scattered in the desert, but along of fl int concretions and some marl (Said 1962). The local the Nile the earliest extraction traces at Taramsa 1 are supply of coarse material derived from the plateau and scarps characterised by the presence of such tools (Van Peer et al. by wadi and slope erosion characterizes large areas of the 2010). An exceptional lanceolate from Taramsa 8 (Van Peer lower desert creating local wadi terraces, which are often et al. 2008), found broken in two parts among its production very rich in fl int cobbles. In the past the wadi terraces have fl akes, shows marks of hafting. It indicates that complex often been considered as Nile terraces with a chronological tools were produced at the workshops, probably to be connotation, which is most often not the case. The terraces exported to living sites, which still are not found. have been exploited by humans in search for fl int. By Towards the end of MIS 5, there are sites with late evaluating the availability of good quality flint, it is Nubian Complex assemblages in which bifacial foliates are important to observe that the terraces are characterised by now absent. Only points elaborated on mostly Nubian an intensively weathered upper mantle. In the upper 50 cm Levallois blanks are now documented (Van Peer 2004). At of these terrace deposits, all fl int cobbles are entirely broken valley workshops, such as Nazlet Khater 1 and 3 (Vermeersch up by salt and heat weathering, making them unsuitable for 2002a) and Taramsa 1 (Vermeersch et al. 1997a), the knapping. The intensive collecting of abundantly available proportions of different technological categories reveal raw materials without the presence of extraction features is spatial dynamics for lithic products. Indeed, Nubian recognized in the fi
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