DO&M_;V.10576-21 DOE Nv. 10576-21 r re.', IU - 1 - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 0 C YUCCA R MOUNTAIN YUCCA M OUNTAI* PROJECT LITERATURE REVIEW AND ETHNOHISTORY OF NATIVE AMERICAN OCCUPANCY AND USE OF THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN AREA INTERIM REPORT JANUARY 1990 WORK PERFORMED UNDER CONTRACT NO. DE-ACO8-87NV10576 Technical & Management Support Services SCIENCE APPLICA TIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORA TION DOE/NV-1 0576-21 DOE/NV-1 0576-21 YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECT LITERATURE REVIEW AND ETHNOHISTORY OF NATIVE AMERICAN OCCUPANCY AND USE OF THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN REGION Interim Report January 1990 by Richard W. Stoffle John E. Olmsted Michael J. Evans Institute for Social Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office under Contract No. DE-ACOB-87NV10576 by Science Applications International Corporation Las Vegas, Nevada Table of Contents Chapter One - Introduction .................................. Repository Site Characterization ................................ 3. ..... Involved Indian Tribes ..... ........................... 3. Major Findings ........................................... 7. Organization of Report ...................................... Chapter Two - Summary of Methods and Effort ..................... Early Traveler Reports Analysis ....... ............................... 8 Government Documents Analysis ......... .......................... 8 Early Government Reconnaissance Expeditions ......................... 8 Annual Reports of the Nevada Indian Agents ........................... 9 United States Census ....... .................................. 9 Reports of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Nevada Bureau of Mines .......... 9 Archaeological Surveys, Cultural Resource Surveys, and Planning Studies ......... 9 Nye County Documents ....... ................................. 9 School Enrollment Records ...................................... 9 Ethnographic and Historical Documents Analysis ........................... 10 Ethnographic Literature ....................................... 10 Historical Literature .......................................... 10 "Unpublished Manuscripts ...................................... 10 Photographs .............................................. 10 Local Newspapers Analysis ........................................ 10 Visits to Archives in Nevada ....................................... 13 Chapter Three - Native American Groups with Ties to the Study Area ......... .. 14 Traditional Native American Groups (Pre-1850) ............................ 14 Traditional Holy Land ......................................... 14 Overlapping and Shared Territory .................................. 14 Ethnic versus Band Affiliation .................................... 15 Recent Native American Occupants (Post-1850) ........................... 18 Involved Native American Groups Based on Literature Search .................. 19 Contemporary Involved Native American Groups ........................... 20 Chapter Four - Summary of Native American Occupancy and Use ............ 23 Introduction ................................................ 23 Native American Use Areas ....................................... 23 Core Areas .............................................. 23 Permanently Occupied Springs .................................. 26 Areas of Seasonal or Temporary Use .............................. 27 Territories Encompassing All Three Kinds of Use Area .................... 27 Major Factors and Vectors Affecting Native American Occupancy and Use Since Contact 27 Disease ........ ........................................ 27 Violence ................................................ 28 iii Table of Contents (continued) Appropriation of Resources ............................... 28 Cultural Change ........ .................................... 30 Place-by-Place Chronologies ......... ................................ 31 Oasis Valley Core Area ......................................... 31 Ash Meadows Core Area ........................................ 37 Pahrump Valley Core Area ........ ............................... 41 Permanently Occupied Springs North and East of Yucca Mountain and Fortymile Canyon ........................................... 43 Yucca Mountain and Fortymile Canyon Area ............................ 48 Conclusion .......... ......................................... 49 Chapter Five - Keyword Chronological Data Bases ......................... 50 Introduction ....................................... .50* 50 Pre-Contact and Early Contact Period, Undated .................. Late 1800s and Early 1 900s, No Exact Date .................... .56 Post-Contact Period to 1900 .............................. * 65 1820s ........ ................................. * 65 1830s . ° °. ° °. , . .66 1840-48 * 67 1849.. .68 1850-57 . * 73 S. 1858-59 . °. ° * 75 1860-64 . .. .° . 78 S. 1865-69 82 1870-72 . ...° , . 85 S. 1873-74 * 87 1875-79 * 91 1880-84 .94 1885-89 97 1890-91 98 Peio.1..900. S.n . 1892-99 104 Post-Contact . ,. .. .o . ..... •°°..°........ .107 1900-04 Perio.Sinc.190 .... °............. 107 1905. , . ............ °°°..,. 113 1906.. 116 1907. .. ., ., . , .. 123 1908.. .. °° . .. .• . ., ..., . 126 1909.. .. .° . , . .. 130 1910. ........... °o. .... .., . 133 1911-14 . 139 . .. ., . .. , . 1915-19 .................. .. .. , . 140 1920-24 .................. 142 1925-29 ....•°............ 144 iv Table of Contents (continued) 1930-34 . S.... 146 1935-39 . S.... 147 1940-49 . S. .. 15 1 Since 1949 ...................................... S.... 153 Twentieth Century, No Exact Date .......................... S.... 155 Bibliography ........................................ S.... 168 Books, Journal Articles, and Government Publications .............. S.... 168 Nye County Government Documents ......................... S.... 182 Unpublished Manuscripts and Taped Interviews .................. S.... 183 Photographs ........ ................................ S.... 184 Newspaper Articles .................................... S.... 185 V List of Tables Table 1 Number and Location of Indian People Involved in the Yucca Mountain Cultural Resources Study ................................. 21 2a Documented Native American Occupancy or Use, by Place and Decade ..... .24 2b Documented Native American Occupancy or Use, by Place and Decade ..... .25 3 Southern Paiute Tribal Groupings, Populations, Political Leadership and Regional Links, 1870s .................................. 89 4 1900 Census Data on Native American People in Southern Nye County . ... 108 5 1910 Census Data on Native American People in Southern Nye County . ... 134 List of Illustrations 1 Study Area and Surrounding Region ............................. 2 2 Traditional Ethnic Boundanies and Locations of Tribes Involved in the Yucca Mountain Project .................................. 4 3 Southern Paiute Bands .................................... 16 4 Routes of the Forty-Niner Emigrants ............................ 45 5 Routes of the Forty-Niners .................................. 46 6 Some of the Archaeological Sites on the Nevada Test Site ............. 157 7 Springs, Settlements, Roads, and Railroads in Southwestern Nevada, 1909 . ........................... .158 8 Ranches, Mines, and Settlements in the Amargosa Region, 1870-90 ...... .159 9 Towns, Mining Camps, and Railroads in the Amargosa Region, 1890-1910 ... 160 10 Towns, Mining Camps, and Railroads in the Amargosa Region, 1910-33. .. 161 Photo I Native American Settlement at Bullfrog, Nevada, 1906 ................ 162 2 Native American Camp, Rhyolite, Nevada, circa 1910 ................ 163 3 Native American Women in Fourth of July Foot Race in Rhyolite, 1908 ..... .164 4 Native American Residents of Rhyolite, 1907 ...................... 165 5 Native American Women near Beatty, circa 1901 ................... 166 6 The M.M. Beatty Family at the Beatty Ranch, circa 1905 .............. 167 vA CHAPTER ONE Introduction This report presents a review of the literature concerning Native American occupancy and use of the Yucca Mountain area and vicinity. It draws on a wide range of material, including early traveler reports, government documents, ethnographic and historical works, and local newspapers. The report complements two other concurrent studies, one focused on the cul tural resources of Native American people in the study area and the other an ethnobotanical study of plant resources used by Native American people in the study area. Both concurrent studies are based on interviews with Native American people. The literature review has had two principal purposes: to determine the completeness of the Yucca Mountain Native American study design (Stoffle, 1987) and to contribute to the under standing of the presence of Native American people in the Yucca Mountain area. A review of the existing literature about the Yucca Mountain area and southern Nye County, supple mented by the broader literature about the Great Basin, has verified three aspects of the study design. First, the review has aided in assessing the completeness of the list of Native American ethnic groups that have traditional or historical ties to the site. Second, it has aided in the production of a chronology of Native American activities that occurred on or near the site during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Third, it has helped to identity the location of cultural resources, including burials and other archaeological sites, in the study area and vicinity. Repository Site Characterization