Census Geographies, Concepts, and Relationships

Michael Ratcliffe Senior Advisor for Frames Assistant Division Chief for Geographic Standards, Criteria, Research, and Quality Geography Division US Census Bureau

June 8, 2020

1 What we’ll cover:

• Geography as the foundation for the decennial census • A brief primer on the decennial census • Basic census geography concepts • Standard "nesting" hierarchy • Geographic areas outside the standard nesting hierarchy • Legal, administrative, and statistical areas • Counties, places, and county subdivisions • Sources of geographic area boundaries and attributes • Regional variations • Rethinking the geographic hierarchy • Questions and further discussion

2 Geography is the Foundation of the Decennial Census

In-Office Address Canvassing

Where Should We Continual Start? 2. Conducting the Research and Updating In-Field Address Enumeration Ongoing Process for Canvassing Address List and Spatial In-Office Canvassing Database 1. Establishing Where to Count

3. Tabulating and Disseminating Results

3 3 Decennial Census

• Conducted every 10 years since 1790. • The Decennial Census collects the following data items for each person • Mandated by the U.S. Constitution. in each household: • Counts are used to determine • representation in Congress. Name • Sex • Participation required by law. • Age • Federal law protects the personal information collected and shared • Race during the census. • Hispanic Ethnicity • Information from every person in • Relationship to Householder every household in the United States • Housing Tenure (for household) and Puerto Rico. • Persons are counted at the household they “live or stay” as of April 1 of **Data are self-reported** Census Year.

4 Basic Census Geographic Area Concepts

5 Hierarchy of Census Geographic Entities

6 Legal Entities Statistical Entities Nation Region Division

American Indian Reservation Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area American Indian Tribal Subdivision American Indian Tribal Subdivision Tribal Designated Statistical Area State Designated Tribal Statistical Area State Combined Statistical Area Core Based Statistical Area (Metro/Micro Areas) Metropolitan Division Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

County, Parish, Borough, etc. Census Area (in Alaska)

Combined NECTA New England City and Town Area (NECTA) NECTA Division

Minor Civil Division Census County Division/Unorganized Territory

Alaska Native villages (not collected) Alaska Native village statistical areas

Incorporated Place Census Designated Place Special Purpose District (Census of Gov’ts) Census Designated Place

Traffic Analysis Zone ZIP Code Tabulation Area Census Tract Block Group Census Block 7 Legal Geography Legal entities originate from legal actions, treaties, statutes, ordinances, resolutions, court decisions, etc. • State and Equivalent • County and Equivalent • Consolidated City • Incorporated Places • Minor Civil Divisions (County Subdivisions) • Townships • Alaska Native Regional Corporation • American Indian/Alaska Native • Off Reservation Trust Lands • Native Hawaiian Area • American Indian Tribal Subdivision

• Puerto Rico • Barrio (minor civil division) • Sub-barrio (sub-MCD)

Mason-Dixon Line separating the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Photo by Michael Ratcliffe, 2015 8 What do statistical areas represent? • Commonly understood areas or communities that lack legally defined boundaries • ZIP Code tabulation areas • Census designated places (CDPs– unincorporated places) • Tribal designated statistical areas, state designated tribal statistical areas • Geographic, demographic, economic concepts • Metropolitan, micropolitan, urban, rural • Representations of entities that have (or had) a legal existence, but may lack clear boundaries or may not fit within an agency’s definition of legal entities • Oklahoma tribal statistical areas (former reservations), Alaska Native Village statistical areas • Areas defined specifically for data presentation and analysis • Census tracts, block groups, census county divisions, public use microdata areas (PUMAs)

9 Census Tracts • Small, relatively permanent geographic divisions of a county or county equivalent defined to tabulate and present data from the decennial census, the ACS, and selected other statistical programs. • Must not cross county or state boundaries. • Must cover the entire land and water area of a county. • Must comprise a reasonably compact and contiguous land area, with a few exceptions. • Must meet specific population and housing unit thresholds and suggested area and employment thresholds. • Should follow visible and identifiable features.

10 Census Tract Thresholds

Threshold Tract Type Optimum Minimum Maximum Type Population 4,000 1,200 8,000 Standard and Housing Tribal Tracts 1,600 480 3,200 Units At least comparable in land area size to Land Area Special Land Use surrounding census tracts Census Tracts Little or none, or within standard tract Population thresholds

11 Block Groups • Statistical geographic subdivisions of a census tract. • Nest within, and completely cover, census tracts nationwide. • Each block group comprises a reasonably compact and contiguous cluster of census blocks. Census tracts may contain no more than 10 block groups (nine standard and one composed of water). • Must comprise a reasonably compact and contiguous land area, with a few exceptions. • Must meet specific population and housing unit thresholds and suggested area and employment thresholds. • Boundaries should follow visible and identifiable features.

12 Block Group Thresholds

Threshold BG Type Optimum Minimum Maximum Type Standard and Population 600 3,000 Tribal Block Housing 240 1,800 Groups unit At least comparable in land area Special Land Land Area size to surrounding block groups Use Block Little or none, or within standard Groups Population tract thresholds

13 Sources of Boundaries

• Legal Entities • Boundaries are collected from tribal, state, and local governments, via the Boundary and Annexation Survey. • The Census Bureau is not responsible for establishing boundaries for legal entities.

• Statistical Entities • Boundaries are defined in cooperation with tribal, state, and local officials, based on criteria issued by the Census Bureau. • For a limited set of statistical areas, boundaries are defined by Census Bureau staff without external input, but based on published criteria.

14 Regional Variations

15 16 17 Census Designated Places

In states in which communities tend not to incorporate as cities, towns, or villages, CDPs are critical for providing place-level data.

18 Chesapeake Counties and New England Towns… and a Middle Path in the Mid-Atlantic

• Our basic units of local political geography largely stem from three colonial hearths: • The Chesapeake Region of Maryland and Virginia • New England • Pennsylvania • The political landscape in the Chesapeake region formed around counties. • In New England, the basic unit of local government was the town/township. • In Pennsylvania, we see a mix of counties, cities, and townships.

19 As Americans moved west, they tended to take their political geography preferences with them.

Source: Donald W. Meinig. 1993. The Shaping of America: Continental America, 1800-1865. Yale University Press.

20 Rethinking the Geographic Hierarchy

21 Rethinking the geographic hierarchy:

Focus on the more important sub-state geographic entities and recognizing regional variation.

22 Rethinking the geographic hierarchy • What is Washington, DC? • Five geographic entities covering the same space: • Federal district (state equivalent) • County equivalent • County subdivision equivalent • Incorporated place • Unified school district

• We can rethink Washington, DC’s hierarchy as: • Washington, DC • Ward • Tract (part)

23 Rethinking the geographic hierarchy: focus on “municipal-like” entities (counties and cities in Maryland)

Maryland has strong counties that provide services typically provided by cities and towns/townships in other states. As a result, there is little incentive for communities to incorporate; two counties contain

no municipalities. 24 Rethinking the geographic hierarchy:

Geographic areas lower on the conceptual hierarchy do not always provide greater spatial resolution.

In this typical Great Plains County of small population size, county subdivisions provide greater spatial resolution that census tracts.

25 Thanks!

Contact:

Michael Ratcliffe Geography Division US Census Bureau [email protected] 202-253-3449

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