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Recherche Entomologique Dans Les Écosystèmes Forestiers Africains Recherche Entomologique Dans Les Écosystèmes Forestiers Africains

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Recherche Entomologique Dans Les Écosystèmes Forestiers Africains Recherche Entomologique Dans Les Écosystèmes Forestiers Africains Recherche entomologique dans les écosystèmes forestiers africains Recherche entomologique dans les écosystèmes forestiers africains Directeurs de la publication: Guy Couturier Juste Boussienguet Henri Dosso Rapport de l'atelier régional organisé par l'Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale (lET), le Comité national de Côte d'Ivoire pour le MAB, l'ORSTOM, l'Unesco-MAB, le Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE) et le Réseau Africain de Biosciences (RAB), qui s'est tenu à Abidjan et Taï (Côte d'Ivoire) du 25 novembre au 6 décembre 1985. Unesco Le Programme intergouvernemental sur l'homme et la biosphère (MAD), lancé par ('Unesco en 1970, a pour objectif de développer, avec l'apport des sciences naturelles et sociales, une base rationnelle pour l'utilisation et la conservation des ressources de la biosphère et pour l'amélioration des relations entre "homme et l'environnement. Afin d'atteindre ce but, le MAD a adopté une approche écologique intégrée pour ses activités de recherche et de formation, qui sont axées autour de quatorze thèmes internationaux et orientées vers la solution de problèmes concrets de gestion dans les différents types d'écosystèmes. Publié en 1986 par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris Imprimerie des Presses Universitaires de France, Vendôme © Unesco 1986 TABLE DES MATIERES Page SECTION l - INTRODUCTION ET RESUME OBJECTIFS 3 ORGANISATION 3 PARTICIPANTS 3 PROGRAMME D'ACTIVITES 4 SECTION II - RECOMMANDATIONS ET REMERCIEMENTS 7 PREAMBULE 9 RECOMMANDATIONS 9 REMERCIEMENTS 10 SECTION III - EXPOSES TECHNIQUES 13 PROBLEMATIQUE ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE EN COTE D'IVOIRE, par Dognenenan Coulibaly 15 Introduction 15 La recherche scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire 15 Adaptation du système de programmation scientifique 17 La constitution d'un potentiel-chercheur de qualité 17 Organisation et structuration de l'appareil de recherche 17 Approfondissement de la coopération scientifique et technique 20 Le financement de la recherche 20 Le transfert des résultats au développement 21 Conclusion 21 LES RECHERCHES ENTOMOLOGIQUES DANS QUELQUES PAYS DE LA REGION A. CONGO, par Daniel Diangana et Antoine Ki y indou 23 B. GABON, par Paul Posso 24 C. GUINEE, par Bakary Coulibaly 26 D. REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE, par Eugène Kaine et Christophe Lah Saraga 27 E. TOGO, par Sanda Kolla 28 TABLE DES MATIERES (suite) Page LA FORET SEMPERVIRENTE CADRE DE L'ENTOMOLOGIE FORESTIERE, '9":J ,- par Yves Gillon FZCfo7;:> 29 Introduction 29 Distribution 30 Le climat des forêts sempervirentes 31 Richesse spécifique 32 Conclusion 39 Références citées et ouvra~es sur la forêt tropicale 40 L'ECOLOGIE TROPICALE ET LES ETUDES ENTOMOLOGIQUES QUELQUES APERCUS DU PROGRAMME MAB, par M'alcolm Hadley 41 La forêt tropicale et ses ressources 41 Les actions du programme MAB dans les tropiques humides 42 Conclusion 46 Bibliographie 46 EFFETS DES BRULIS SUR L ES ARBRES EN AFRIQUE, par Yves Gillon 49 Introduction 49 Interdépendance du feu et de la végétation 49 Zone de fréquence max imale des feux 50 Incendie en forêts 51 Incendies en zones arides 52 Conclusion 52 L'ENTOMOFAUNE DES STOCKS DE VIVRiERS DES PAYSANS DE COTE D'IVOIRE, par Kouahou Foua-Bi 55 Les productions vivrières 55 Buts et limites 56 Etude pratique des problèmes 57 Principaux résultats 57 Conclusion 60 CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE DE QUELQUES INSECTES ENNEMIS DES GRAINS ET GRAINES CULTIVES EN BASSE COTE D'IVOIRE, par Kouassi Bekon 61 Introduction 61 Identification "rapide" des insectes des denrées 61 Description et biologie des espèces nuisibles 62 Conclusion 64 Bibliographie 64 PRINCIPAUX PROBLEMES ENTOMOLOGIQUES DES PLANTATIONS FORESTIERES EN COTE D' IVOIRE, par Bernard Mallet et Lambert Kanga 65 La situation forestière en Côte d' Ivoire 65 Principaux problèmes entomologiques des plantations forestières en Côte d'Ivoire 66 Bibliographie 71 LES LEPIDOPTERES DEFOLIATEURS DU FRAKE ET DU FRAMIRE EN COTE D'IVOIRE, par Gilles Fédiere, Lambert Kanga et Annie Monsarrat f 24 'Y1?- 73 Préambule 73 Les plantations mécanisées de Tenninalia sp. en Côte d'Ivoire 73 Les lépidoptères défoliateurs 75 Conclusions et moyens de lutte 78 Remerciement 78 Bibliographie 79 TABLE DES MATIERES (suite) Page EPICERURA PERGRISEA HAMPSON (LEPIDOPTERE NOTODONTIDAE) - DEFOLIATEUR PRINCIPAL DES TERMINALIA SP. EN COTE D'IVOIRE: BIOLOGIE ET LUTTE, par Lambert H.B. Kanga 81 Les plantations forestières de Terminalia sp. en Côte d'Ivoire 81 Les problèmes entomologiques 81 L'Insecte et sa bIologie 82 Mét hode de lutte 83 Conclusion 84 LES RECHERCHES D'ENTOMOVIROLOGIE DE L'ORSTOM A ADIOPODOUME, par Gilles Fédiere 87 ETUDE DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES - 1. ENQUETES ET ECHANTILLONNAGES, par Juste BoussIenguet 91 Introduction 91 ChoIx du type d'enquête 91 Méthode d'échantillonnage 92 Pratique de l'échantillonnage 93 Traitement du matériel récolté 93 L'INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPERATION, par Jean Launay 95 L 'ORSTOM et ses hult départements 95 Le Centre d'AdIopodoumé 96 ETUDE DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES - II. METHODOLOGIE D'ETUDES DES PARAME TRES BIOLOGIQUES DU COMPLEXE ENTOMOPHAGE DE LA COCHENILLE DU MANIOC PHENAcocr;us MANIHOTI, par Juste Boussienguet 97 Considérations générales 97 Les méthodes de terrain 98 Bibliographie 99 APERCU DE LA NICHE TROPHIQUE DES COLEOPTERES CERAMBYCIDAE DE LA REGION DE LAMTO (COTE D'IVOIRE), par Jean-Marie Leroux 101 La Station d'écologie tropicale 101 Méthodes 101 Résultats 102 Conclusion 102 LE PROJET TAI : HISTORIQUE ET REALITES, par Henri Dosso 105 Historique 105 Le Projet Taï 105 Grands axes de recherche 106 Organisation du projet 108 Bibliographie 109 LE PROGRAMME SUR L'EVOLUTION DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES PARASITES DES CULTURES DANS LE PROJET TAI. PROBLEMATIQUE, METHODES DE COLLECTE, te ?I. O:ll'to 111 RESUL TATS. par Guy Couturier If ~., 1 Y::1 Introduction 111 Les méthodes de collecte 111 Résultats 117 Conclusion 117 Bibliographie 119 TABLE DES MATIERES (suite) Page TECHNIQUES D'ETUDES ECOLOGIQUES DES TERMITES FORESTIERS, par Yaya Sangaré 121 Contexte historique et régional du Projet TaI 121 Techniques des études sur les termites 121 LES FORMICIDAE TERRICOLES DE FORET OMBROPHILE METHODOLOGIE, RESULTATS OBTENUS, par Tlemoko Diomandé 123 Méthodes 123 Résultats 123 BIbliographIe 124 UN CAMPEMENT BAOULE, REGION DE TAI, SUD-OUEST DE LA COTE D'IVOIRE, par Anneke de Rouw 125 Introduct ion 125 Le cycle culture vivrière-jachère-culture vivrière 125 Forêt "noire" - cultures vivrières et cultures pérennes 127 Bibliographie 128 L'état sanitaire des cultures à Sangbékro 129 RECOLTE, ELEVAGE, CONSERVATION ET MONTAGE DES HYMENOPTERES PARASITES POUR ETUDES MORPHOLOGIQUES, par Juste Boussienguet 131 Récolte et élevages 131 Conservation et montage 131 Etude des larves 132 UTILISATION DES COCCINELLES PREDATRICES LOCALES POUR LA LUTTE CONTRE LA COCHENILLE AU CONGO, par Antoine Kiyindou 133 Paramètres bioécologiques 133 Etude de terrain 133 Bibliographie 135 LES COLLECTIONS DE REFERENCE, LES COLLECTIONS NATIONALES, LES IDENTIFICATIONS D'INSECTES, par Guy Couturier 137 Nécessité et limites des collections d'insectes 137 Le problème des ident ifications 138 Bibliographie 139 SECTION IV - ANNEXES 141 ANNEXE 1 Liste des participants 143 ANNEXE 2 Programme de l'Atelier 145 ANNEXE 3 Allocutions d'ouverture 149 SEC T ION INTRODUCTION ET RESUME INTRODUCTION ET RESUME œJECTIFS Un atel ier régional de sensibi l isat ion à la recherche entomologique dans les écosystèmes forest iers ­ aspects techniques - a été organisé à Abidjan et Taï, Côte d'Ivoire, du 25 novembre au 6 décembre 1985. L'atel ier étai t dest iné à assurer un complément de format ion aux chercheurs, ingénieurs et techni­ ciens nationaux travaillant en zone forestière humide et se spécialisant en entomologie générale ou agricole. Les nécessités actuelles de l'aménagement impliquent de tenir compte tant des impératifs de conservation du milieu naturel que de son exploitation sur le plan agricole et forestier. C'est pourquoi les activités du cours ont eu une orientation écologique et ont porté principalement sur la méthodologie applicable aux recherches dans les écosystèmes forestiers anthropisés (milieux cultivés) ou non. L'objectif poursuivi a été double: premièrement, promouvoir des contacts entre entomologistes africains francophones travaillant en zone forestière et favoriser ainsi le développement d'un réseau de recherches; deuxièmement, améliorer les connaissances techniques liées aux recherches entomologiques. <HiIINlSATlCl'l Le stage a été organisé conjointement par l'Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale dans le cadre du programme MAS de Côte d'Ivoire et l'Institut français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTüM), avec l'appui technique et financier de l'Unesco-MAB, du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE) et du Réseau Africain de Biosciences (RAB). Sur le plan technique, la planification et le déroulement du cours ont été assurés par deux en­ cadreurs, M. Guy Couturier, entomologiste agricole de l'ORSTO'vI, et M. Juste-Lié Boussienguet, Assistant en Zoologie de l'Université Omar Bongo à Libreville (Gabon) - avec l'aimable participation d'autres conférenciers venant de la Côte d'Ivoire et d'ailleurs. Bien que le cours se soit déroulé sous le titre de cours de sensibilisation, les activités ont revêtu la forme d'un atelier informel et interactif où chacun a partagé ses connaissances et ses expériences. PARTICIPANTS Ont participé à ce cours une trentaine de spécialistes et stagiaires venant de neuf pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale (Bénin, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, République de Guinée, République Centrafricaine, Sénégal, Togo, Zaïre), ainsi qu'une quinzaine de spécialistes et de stagiaires du pays hôte. La liste des participants se trouve en annexe 1. 3 PRlGWwt.E D'/lCfIVITES Le stage a été organi sé en deux par t ies (annexe 2). La première semaine a été consacrée à quelques exposés d'ordre général ainsi qu'à des visites de laboratoires à Abidjan et dans ses environs. La deuxième semaine du stage s'est tenue à la Station d'Ecologie Tropicale de Taï, où s'est réalisée la part ie technique de celui-ci.
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