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The Effects of Utilization of Tree Products on Conservation of Kaya Mudzimuvya Forest in Kilifi County, Kenya

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The Effects of Utilization of Tree Products on Conservation of Kaya Mudzimuvya Forest in Kilifi County, Kenya THE EFFECTS OF UTILIZATION OF TREE PRODUCTS ON CONSERVATION OF KAYA MUDZIMUVYA FOREST IN KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA Christine Adongo (BSc Environmental Studies, Science) N50/10117/08 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science in the School of Environmental Studies of Kenyatta University Date of submission …… MAY 2014 ……… DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Candidate signature:………………………………… Date: ………………………… Prof. S.G Njuguna Signature: ………………………………………… Date …………………… …………… Department of Environmental Sciences DR. P.T Obade Signature: …………………………………………Date:………. ………………………… Department of Environmental Sciences ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my son Kimi. Thank you for your strength, patience and enduring long hours, sometimes weeks without me. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My gratitude goes to all those who helped shape and support this research in one-way or another. The department of Environmental Science was of great help and service throughout this period. I particularly appreciate the support, guidance and commitment of my two supervisors: Prof Stephen S.G Njuguna and Dr Paul Thomas Obade, without whom, I would not have completed this study. Staff of the National Museums of Kenya both in Mombasa and Rabai was always of great assistance to me in the field and in accessing information from their database. I also recognize Marie Pierre Ballarin (IRD) for the opportunity to be part of the CORUS project My appreciation also goes to the inhabitants of my study areas in Rabai, who were always ready to help me learn their ways of life and also shared their time with me. I am indepted to Mr Mukoba who welcomed me into his family and supported me during the entire duration of my field work. I would not have collected any data without the help of my guide and translater Mr Tsungula, from whom I acquired remendous knowledge on local medicinal plants and practices. Daniel Garero, thank you for letting me in on those undisclosed rituals. To all my family and friends, thank you for your support and patience. Sylvain I will always remember you for the great sacrifice. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….vi LIST OF FIGURES …………………..………………………………………………………………………………………vii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS ………………………………………………………………………………vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ix CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....1 Introduction 1.1 Background to thE Study…………………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.2 Problem StatemEnt…………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1.3 REsEarch QuEstions…………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 1.4 ObjEctivEs……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………5 1.5 HypothEsis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 1.6 Justification……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………...6 1.7 SignificancE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..6 1.8 Assumptions and Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………7 1.9 ScopE of thE Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.9.1 DEfinition of terms….…………………………………………………………………………………………….8 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….10 Literature review………..………..……………………………………………………………………………………...10 CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23 Research Methodology……....………………..……………………………………………………………………….23 3.1 Study arEa………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………..23 3.3 ConcEptual framEwork……………………………………………………………………………………………….27 3.2 ResEarch dEsign……………………………..…………………………………………………………………………..28 3.3 Population and SamplE size…………………………………………………………………………..……………28 3.4 Data collEction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………29 3.5 Data analysis and PrEsEntation….…………………………………………………..…………………………..31 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33 Data Analysis Presentation and Interpretation………...…………………………………………………….33 4.1 ResponsE rates and rEspondEnts characteristics…………………………………………………………33 CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….60 SuMMary of findings, Conclusions and ReccoMendations………….………..………………………….60 5.2 Summary of findings……………………………………………………………………………………………………..63 5.3 Discussion of findings…………………………………………………………………………………………………….67 5.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..82 5.5 RecommEndations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..84 5.6 RefErEncE list ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..87 APPENDIX: Household questionnaire………………………………………………………95 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Characteristics of Eastern Africa hotspots Table 3.1: List of Villages sampled during the household survey for this study and corresponding sample sizes/frequency calculated based on the total number of households per village. Table 4.1 List of Villages in Rabai Location from where the respondents were drawn with corresponding total number of households/village Table 4.2: indicates the income generating activities that the respondents are involved Table 4.3: Respondents’ Duration of stay within the Rabai location Table 4.4: Type of housing owned by the respondents, showing makuti as the dominant type. Table 4.5: Results of interviews of indigenous knowledge of Species of medicinal significance extracted from Kaya Mudzimuvya with corresponding use. Table 4.6: shows weekly, monthly and yearly estimates of the average quantity of wood fuel collected from Kaya Mudzimuvya, that collected from on-farm and quantity of wood fuel purchased locally per households Table 4.7: Shows some of the preferred species for different uses and specifically targeted species for the same uses by households. Table 4.8: Table showing the percentage changes in the forest cover for Kaya Mudzimuvya between 1990 and 2011 Table 4.9: Table showing percentage changes in land cover/land use in the study area between 1990 and 2011 Table 4.10: Table showing changes in NDVI In Kaya Mudzimuvya between 1995 and 2011 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Estimates of forest fragmentation. Figure 3.1: Location of study site (Kaya Mudzimuvya) and neigbouring Mwache forest within the Kaloleni division. Figure 3.2: Dorminant livelihood sustenance activities within the study County : Kaloleni division in which Kaya Mudzimuvya is situated engages mostly in formal employment, casual labour and bussiness. Figure 3.3: socio-economic and biophysical factors in society-environment links in rural areas. Figure 3.4: Summary of GIS process followed from acquisition of images to analysis. Figure 4.1: Gender representation of the respondents Figure 4.2: Age composition of the respondents involved during this survey. Figure 4.3: The highest level of formal education attained by the respondents Figure 4.4: Variation in sampled household sizes in Rabai location. Figure 4.5. Indicating households’ tree products demand from Kaya Mudzimuvya, showing that wood fuel is on highest demand in comparison to poles and medicine. Figure 4.6: Households’ sources of wood fuel giving an indication that most wood-fuel for domestic use is collected directly from the Kaya forest. Figure 4.7: shows the responses received from the respondents regarding the level of importance of the Kaya forest to them. Figure 4.8: Respondents’ reasons for their perceptions of the Kaya to justify results of Figure Figure 4.9: Gender Vis a Vis perception on importance of the Kaya forest. Figure 4.10: Shows the Status of Kaya Mudzimuvya according to respondents Figure 4.11: Level of education vis a vis selective cutting of tress species for specific uses Figure 4.12: Graph showing the trend in the forest cover for Kaya Mudzimuvya between 1990 and 2011 Figure 4.13: Graph showing changes in land cover/land use in the study area between 1990 and 2011 Figure 4.14: Maps showing changes in land cover and land use in the study area between 1990 and 2011 Figure 4.15: Graph showing changes in NDVI in Kaya Mudzimuvya forest between 1995 and 2011 Figure 4.16: Map of NDVI changes in Kaya Mudzimuvya forest (1995) Figure 4.17: Map of NDVI changes in Kaya Mudzimuvya forest (2011) vii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity. UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization. FAO: Food and Agriculture organization. WWF:World Wildlife fund for Nature. IUCN: International Union for Conservation. CEPF: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. NMK: National Museums of Kenya. GIS: Geographical Information Systems. UNEP: United Nations Environment Program. ICCROM: International Centre for the study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. ROI: Region Of Interest. MadCat: Mapping Device-Change Analysis tool. FAO LCCs: Land Cover Classification System legend. SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Scientists. NDVI: Normalized Difference vegetation index. COM: Community ownership and management. KNBS: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. CMC: Church Missionary Society. ACK: Anglican Church of Kenya. NEMA: National Environment Management Authority. CFCU: Coastal Forests Conservation Unit. viii ABSTRACT Kaya Mudzimuvya is one of the Mijikenda sacred forests along the Kenya Coast, whose sanctity has, to some extent contributed to its conservation. However, due to gradual detachment from the Kaya culture and attempts to sustain livelihoods, these forests have continually undergone degradation. Consequently, this has tremendously reduced the forest cover thus resulting in the loss of biodiversity. This study sought to establish the relationship between the social, cultural and economic situation of the dependant
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