An Ethnobotanical Study of the Digo at the Kenya Coast

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An Ethnobotanical Study of the Digo at the Kenya Coast AFRICAN TRADITIONAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE TODAY: An ethnobotanical study of the Digo at the Kenya Coast By Mohamed PAKIA, M.Sc. KWALE, KENYA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF A DOCTOR OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Dr. rer. nat.) AT THE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND GEOSCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH BAYREUTH, GERMANY JANUARY 2005 i DECLARATION This dissertation is the result of original research conducted by myself with the guidance of my supervisors Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck and Prof. Dr. Franz Rottland. Any reference to other sources has been acknowledged in the text. No part of this work has been submitted for a degree at any other University. Mohamed Pakia, January 2005. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study forms part of the ‘Sonderforschungesbereich 560’ at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. Financial support was provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG), and I express my gratitude towards that. I am highly indepted to the exceptional and friendly support and advice I received from my supervisors Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck and Prof. Dr. Franz Rottland. It is through their continued encouragement and moral support that I managed to accomplish what I have. I also appreciate the support of all the respondents who cooperated and participated in the interviews and discussions. I recognise the exceptional contributions from Mr. Abdalla Mnyedze, Mr. Hussein Siwa, Mr. Juma M. Mwahari, Mr. Bakari Zondo, Mr. Ali M. Zimbu, Mr. Rashid Mwanyoha, and the members of the Mwembe Zembe farmers group, to mention but a few. I also acknowledge the administrative assistance I received from Frau Marika Albrecht and Frau Ursula Küchler, in the office of Prof. Beck. They created a family atmosphere for me that made me feel at home far from home. I also thank all the students and staff of the Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, for supporting me in many different occasions, whenever I had technical or social problems. Special thanks are due to my family members who beard with the domestic implications of my absence, particularly when we lost Hari Pakia, to whom I dedicate this dissertation. iii Traditionelles Pflanzenwissen im heutigen Afrika: Eine ethnobotanische Studie der Digo an der Kenianischen Küste Zusammenfassung Das Volk der Digo ist eine von neun Untergruppen der Midzichenda (amtliche Schreibweise Mijikenda), die im südlichen Teil der kenianischen Küste leben und dort "heilige Wälder", sog. Kaya als Schutzgebiete bewahren. Ursprünglich bezog sich der Begriff Kaya auf eine befestigte und bewohnte Lichtung im Wald, aber heute ist damit der Wald selbst gemeint. Es handelt sich um Reste des früheren Küstenwaldes, die immer noch spirituelle Bedeutung für die Midzichenda haben. Das Fortbestehen der Kaya-Wälder hat dazugeführt, dass nicht nur die Pflanzen, sondern auch traditionelles Pflanzenwissen und damit verbundene Glaubensvorstellungen erhalten geblieben sind. Da die Digo sich als erste von den übrigen Midzichenda-Gruppen getrennt haben, kann angenommen werden, dass das ursprüngliche Pflanzenwissen sich bei ihnen stärker und reiner erhalten hat. Andererseits dringt auch die Botanik als Wissenschaft über den Schulunterricht und die landwirtschaftliche Beratung in die Digo-Gesellschaft ein. Da beide Wissenssphären unterschiedliche Strukturen und Schwerpunkte haben, existieren sozusagen zwei Systeme von Pflanzenwissen gleichzeitig und parallel, erstaunlicherweise ohne dass es dadurch zu ernsten Konflikten kommt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Dokumentation des "traditionellen" Pflanzenwissens der Digo mit den darauf bezogenen Vorstellungen und Praktiken. Zugleich sollte die Wirkung globaler Einflüsse (vor allem der wissenschaftlichen Botanik) auf das Pflanzenwissen der Digo untersucht werden. Mit diesem Ziel hat der Verfasser, der selbst ein Digo ist und in dieser Gesellschaft aufwuchs, seine persönlichen Erfahrungen vor dem Hintergrund seines im Studium der Botanik erworbenen Pflanzenwissens gesichtet und mit linguistischen und ethnologischen Grundbegriffen angereichert und analysiert. So gerüstet hat er versucht, das eher verborgene Wissen der Digo ans Licht zu bringen. Zahlreiche traditionelle Nutzer von Pflanzen - Heiler, Bauern, Holzfäller, Zimmerleute, Hausbauer, Gemüse- und Pilzsammler - wurden befragt und beobachtet. Dasselbe geschah mit den "Fortschrittlichen" - Lehrern, Studenten und Schülern. Aus den Antworten, ihren Begründungen und dem beobachteten nicht verbalisierten Umgang mit Pflanzen wurde sowohl tradiertes Wissen freigelegt als auch der Einfluss der wissenschaftlichen Botanik festgestellt. Vorsichtige Prognosen über die künftige Entwicklung des Pflanzenwissens der Digo wurden daraus abgeleitet. iv Die Kaya Elders stehen im Ruf, die Bewahrer des kulturellen Wissens der Digo zu sein; deshalb stand am Anfang der Untersuchungen die Vermutung, dass sie wegen ihres umfassenden Wissens die bevorzugten Gesprächspartner sein würden. Es zeigte sich aber, dass auch die Kaya Elders nur Pflanzenwissen in den Bereichen ihres jeweiligen Alltags besitzen, also im Feldbau, als Heiler etc. Diese völlig unerwartete Beobachtung zeigt einen Rückgang der Kultur-bewahrenden Funktion der Elders zu Gunsten ökonomisch bestimmter Lebensstrategien. Die Konsequenz ist, dass man nur Digo-Gruppen mit partiellem, auf spezifischen Nutzen ausgerichtetem Wissen findet. Daraus ergab sich die Notwendigkeit, möglichst viele verschiedene Nutzer von Pflanzen zu befragen - ein Umstand, der von manchen Ethnobotanikern übersehen wird. Das Pflanzenwissen der Digo - untrennbar vom täglichen Leben der Menschen - bietet ein riesiges Beobachtungsfeld. Die vorliegende Studie kann deshalb auch nicht erschöpfend sein, geht aber ihr Ziel der Dokumentation und Illustration des tradierten Wissens durchaus gründlich an; im Einzelnen wurden folgende Aspekte genauer untersucht. - Lexikon der Pflanzen und Pflanzenteile - nicht-verbalisiertes Pflanzenwissen - Gliederung der Pflanzenwelt - kognitives Erfassen der "unsichtbaren" botanischen Prozesse - praktische Anwendung des Pflanzenwissens beim Feldbau - lokale und globale Komponenten des Pflanzenwissens Als Fazit kann vorausgeschickt werden, dass das pflanzenbezogene Wissen der Digo im angewandten Bereich sehr extensiv ist, dass es andererseits lückenhaft ist, wo Wissen nicht zur Anwendung gebracht werden kann und es unerheblich ist, ob man etwas über eine Pflanze weiß oder nicht. Mit anderen Worten: Das praxis-bezogene Pflanzenwissen der Digo zielt überhaupt nicht auf Vollständigkeit oder Kohärenz, ist also kein wissenschaftliches Wissen. Der globale Einfluss der wissenschaftlichen Botanik auf das Wissen der Digo ist eher peripherer Natur und im Wesentlichen auf Terminologie und nicht auf Sachkenntnis ausgerichtet. Wenn tradiertes Pflanzenwissen der Digo verebbt, dann nicht wegen des Eindringens der globalen Pflanzenwissenschaften, sondern weil im Zuge der Urbanisierung und Subsistenzwirtschaft durch Handel und in der Tourismusbranche die Bedeutung des Pflanzenbaus und der Landwirtschaft nachlässt. v Die verschiedenen Aspekte der Studie sind als Kapitelfolge in fortschreitender Komplexität des Wissens dargestellt und führen von der einfachen Terminologie zur "Erklärung" und schließlich zum Ausblick auf die künftige Entwicklung. Im Folgenden werden die einzelnen Kapitel der Reihe nach zusammengefasst. Terminologie und Beschreibung von Pflanzen Das Pflanzenwissen der Digo ist in hohem Maße lexikalisiert; es enthält ca. 80 Bezeichnungen für Pflanzenteile, etwa 20 beschreibende Termini für Pflanzen und mehr als 500 Pflanzennamen. Auch findet man nicht-verbales Wissen, z.B. die Kenntnis unbezeichneter Blütenteile, und unterspezifizierte Eigenschaften wie Farbe, Geruch und Geschmack. Einiges davon wird kognitiv erfasst, während anderes für die Digo ohne Belang zu sein scheint. Man geht also selektiv vor und lässt sich von seinen materiellen und sozialen Interessen leiten. Vollständigkeit des Wissens, wie in der wissenschaftlichen Botanik, ist außerhalb der Interessenssphäre. Die Digo-Terminologie deckt sich vielfach nicht mit der wissenschaftlichen Terminologie und sie ist auch nicht ohne weiteres in andere Sprachen übersetzbar. Es gibt Teiläquivalente wie Makodza: Blätter, Ruwa : Blüten, Tunda : Frucht, oder Muzi : Wurzel, aber die jeweils durch diese Begriffe abgedeckten semantischen Felder sind zwischen den Sprachen nicht deckungsgleich. Die Digo-Pflanzenterminologie zeigt starke Anleihen bei der Fauna (Mensch und Tier), vermutlich weil letztere stärker erfahren wird. So werden Körperteilbezeichnungen auf Pflanzenteile übertragen: Nyama (Fleisch), Mromo (Mund), Dzitso (Auge), Mongo (Rückgrat), Mishipa (Adern) und Mala (Finger). Andererseits werden Bezeichnungen für Pflanzenteile wörtlich oder metaphorisch auf Menschliches übertragen, z.B. Gopha (Rinde), Sina (Stamm), Mbeyu (Samen). Das Pflanzenlexikon der Digo hat ererbte (historisch ableitbare) Wörter und Innovationen für neu erfasste Elemente. Zu letzterem dienen auch Lehnwörter, vor allem aus dem Swahili. Die Digo gehen also aktiv mit ihrem botanischen Vokabular und seiner Anpassung um. Dies war auch während der Feldforschung zu beobachten. Benennung und Beschreibung sind vor allem am Nutzen orientiert, d.h. der Grad der lexikalischen Detailliertheit entspricht dem Grad der Nützlichkeit. Das gibt vor allem den Nutzpflanzen eine besondere Stellung in der vi Terminologie (an der Kokospalme dargestellt). Auch ist eine gewisse, vom kulturellen Kontext abhängige Polysemie erkennbar, wobei z.B. das gleiche Wort gewöhnlich
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