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RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXVII T R No. 1 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Spring 2018 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Towards a Balanced Metropolitan Governance: Combating the “Back-door” Status CENTER FOR of Peripheral Rural Areas 3 TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Júlia A. Nagy József Benedek Drivers of Change in Post-communist Agriculture in the Apuseni Mountains 21 Magdalena Drãgan Gabriela Cocean Pipelines for Energy, Interests for Companies and Great Powers 34 Artur L. Lakatos Egon Nagy Comparison of Changes in Urbanized Areas in Poland and Romania 56 Cezary Kowalczyk Jacek Kil Ciprian S. Moldovan Territorial Data Agregation and Trends of Regional Economic Convergence in Europe: A Geo-statistical Analysis for the 2003–2014 Period 73 Alexandru Rusu Octavian Groza Urban and Regional Competitiveness in the North-West Region of Romania 94 Melania-Gabriela Ciot • Transsilvanica Political Activism in the Romanian Countryside of the 1930s: The Peasants from Hunedoara County and the Ploughmen’s Front 121 On the cover: Sorin Radu RAREª LUPU, • Editorial Events Carpet (2018), Politics and Population in Romania (1948–2015) 139 oil on canvas Ioan Bolovan • Book Reviews Transylvanian Review continues the ION CÂRJA, DAN LUCIAN VAIDA, LORÁND L. MÁDLY, tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which and DAN PRAHASE, eds., Un ardelean în Marele Rãzboi/ was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Ein Siebenbürger im Großen Krieg/A Transylvanian between 1934 and 1944. in the Great War: Albert Porkoláb (1880–1920) Transylvanian Review is published (reviewed by Robert-Marius Mihalache) 144 quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. Ottmar traşcã and STELIAN OBIZIUC, eds., Diplomaþi români în slujba vieþii: EDITORIAL BOARD Constantin I. Karadja şi salvarea evreilor români CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. din Europa în timpul celui de-al Treilea Reich Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, (1932–1944) (reviewed by Mihaela Gligor) 147 Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy Pãun IOn OtIman, ed., Almãjul—de ieri, de azi HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. şi de mâine sau mult dorita vale a miracolelor Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany (reviewed by Ioan Bolovan) 149 KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. ROBERT D. KAPLAN, În umbra Europei: Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte Douã rãzboaie reci ºi trei decenii de cãlãtorie prin der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, Oldenburg, Germany România ºi dincolo de ea HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. (reviewed by Marta Petreu) 151 Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. PAOLO PRODI, Homo europaeus Huntington University, Indiana, USA (reviewed by Alberto Castaldini) 153 MoMčilo Pavlović, Ph.D. YVONNE RYDIN, Governing for Sustainable Director of the Institute of Contemporary Urban Development History, Belgrade, Serbia ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. (reviewed by Júlia A. Nagy) 153 Academician, honorary director of A. D. VASILE SEBASTIAN DÂNCU, Politically incorrect: Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania Scenarii pentru o Românie posibilã EDITORIAL STAFF (reviewed by Artur L. Lakatos) 156 Ioan-Aurel Pop Daniela Mârza Ioan Bolovan Robert-M. Mihalache cOnstantIn mãruÞOIU, DANIELA POPESCU, IOAN Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon Maria Ghitta Florian D. Soporan BRATU, RADU MORARU, and LUmiNiþA DANA POSTOLACHE, Rudolf Gräf George State Biserici de lemn din Transilvania: Cluj şi Sãlaj Virgil Leon (reviewed by Ciprian-Valentin Nicoarã) 158 Translated by • Contributors 159 Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Publication indexed and abstracted in the Cosmina Varga Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index® Correspondence, manuscripts and books and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, Centrul de Studii Transilvane and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. (Center for Transylvanian Studies) 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., ISSN 1221-1249 Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. All material copyright © 2018 by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., without written permission is prohibited. Zalãu 450031, Romania [email protected] Tel. (0040)260-660598 www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro paradigms Towards a Balanced Metropolitan Governance J Ú L IA A. N A G Y Combating the “Back-door” J ÓZSEF B ENEDE K Status of Peripheral Rural Areas The main results of the study Introduction bring evidence for the peri- VEN IF urban centers provide pheralization of rural areas better job opportunities and E good service delivery, their rap- situated in the second ring id expansion faces spatial limitations. of the metropolitan area. Therefore, cities become reliant not only on the land but also the human as well as environmental resources of their surrounding rural territories. As a consequence, these spatial and sectoral flows result in linkages between the rural and urban territories, a process which requires a balanced and integra- tive approach in order to exploit the strengths and opportunities that rural- Júlia A. Nagy urban linkages can offer. Neverthe- Ph.D. candidate at the Faculty of Geogra- less, their interdependent relationship phy, Babeº-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca. and synergistic effect (Elmqvist et al. 2016; Hamilton 2014) are repeatedly József Benedek neglected by their governance systems Professor at the Faculty of Geography, which constantly fail to involve local Babeº-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, elected academician of the Hungarian stakeholders from peripheral rural ar- Academy of Science and Country Repre- eas in the planning and development sentative at the Regional Studies Associa- of the metropolitan area. As a conse- tion, Seaford, United Kingdom. quence, the peri-urban interface is left 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVII, NO. 1 (SPRING 2018) to marginalized local authorities which only function as a “back door” for the urban center, providing it with various resources and space without benefit- ing from infrastructure developments, service delivery, financial mechanisms or even active involvement in decision-making processes as members of the met- ropolitan area. Therefore, in order to achieve territorial cohesion and eliminate the marginalization of peripheral actors, an integrative metropolitan governance is crucial. Against this background, in its first section the paper provides a re- view of the concepts of periphery, peripheralization and integrative governance from a metropolitan perspective. By contrasting these concepts and approaching them from a practical perspective, the second section of the paper draws on ex- periences of local decision makers, urban planners and academics from the Cluj Metropolitan Area. Metropolitan Governance: Changing Conceptions HE FORCES of globalization have not only led to the rapid growth of cities but they also changed their nature and texture. More and more people T are moving from rural to urban settlements hoping for better job and study opportunities, social interaction and improved public services. Neverthe- less, this rapid urbanization has its own downbacks as well, which lead to issues of social, environmental challenges that call for remedies from those responsible for the management, planning and development of urban areas. On the other hand, we must consider the socio-economic connections, the spatial as well as the functional relations between the core cities and their sur- rounding areas (Vasanen 2013), their interdependent relationship to one an- other as well as their synergistic effect (Elmqvist et al. 2016; Hamilton 2014) as metropolitan areas become decisive factors in the global economic growth. Therefore, in order to enhance this process and exploit the strengths and op- portunities that rural-urban linkages can offer, governance at the metropolitan level becomes crucial. Although the concept of governance and its understanding has changed over the years and it is no longer considered as a state-centered practice only (Benn 2009), there is still concern about its implementation at a metropolitan level, especially regarding the fragmented approaches towards the management of ur- ban growth and its socio-economic consequences (Gleeson et al. 2004). According to Pierre (2011) the governance approach entails a lower impor- tance of the formal local government structures and raises attention on how public and private entities are supported in delivering common interests. As a consequence, there is an increasing pressure on local authorities and decision PARADIGMS • 5 makers to respond to the challenges presented by the regional economies and to look beyond their administrative and political boundaries (Hamilton 2014) in order to strengthen social cohesion and promote sustainable metropolitan development. Next to this, according to Rydin (2010, 47) governance is a policy system which is articulated through the organization of various stakeholder networks with the aim of delivering means of rightfulness, reveal new forms of resources and resolve issues by using innovative solutions. However, governance is not responsible for capacity building within the various government establishments, but rather it has to support the involvement and consultation of numerous stakeholders on decisions regarding development and public policy regulation within the overall area (Kübler 2005). Nevertheless, several metropolitan areas face problems of local
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