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Soil Genesis and Classification D Cla Soil Gene Soil Genesis and Soil Genesis and s Classification s Classification sixth edition i sixth edition fi Soils are natural bodies wherein inorganic components derived from geologic materials combine c with organic materials produced by biological activity in ecosystems. The nearly infinite combinations of geologic materials and biological diversity of life on earth have produced a a staggering array of chemical, physical, and biological reactions that over time have created the soils that we observe today. In the United States more than 23,000 kinds of soil are formally s tion identified, and the number of soils in the world is not known. i Soil Genesis and Classification, Sixth Edition builds on the strong foundations of this venerable s soil science text to present the most current concepts on how soils are formed and sustained within the dynamic changes of ecosystem successions and climatic dynamics. The sixth edition has been fully revised and updated, incorporating more detailed data regarding specific and examples of how soils have acquired various characteristics. Methods of communicating and analyzing spatial information have been expanded in light of the latest technological advances. Color plates have also been added to allow readers a better visualization of various soils. sixth edition Soil Genesis and Classification, Sixth Edition is a comprehensive work that meets the diverse range of needs from soil science students to professionals in fields ranging from agriculture and ecology to civil engineering. This well-established text will be a vital source of information for those with a need to better understand soils and their various impacts on ecosystem functions, on environmental quality, and on the multitude of human endeavors to sustain human life on earth. Authos r Stanley W. Buol is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Soil Science at North Carolina State University. Randal J. Southard is Professor of Soil Genesis and Morphology at the University of California, Davis. Robert C. Graham is Professor Soil Mineralogy and Pedology at the University of California, Riverside. Graham, McDaniel Buol, Southard, Paul A. McDaniel is Professor of Soil and Land Resources at the University of Idaho. Rele at d Titles Soil Science Simplified, Fifth Edition Soils and Soil Fertility, Sixth Edition By Neal Eash, Cary J. Green, Aga Ravzi, By Frederick R. Troeh and Louis M. Thompson William F. Bennett, and Mary C. Bratz (Illustrator) ISBN: 9780813809557 ISBN: 9780813818238 ISBN: 978-0-8138-0769-0 S.W. Buol, R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, and P.A. McDaniel www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell BBuol_ffirs.indduol_ffirs.indd iiii 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:58:060:58:06 AAMM SOIL GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION SIXTH EDITION BBuol_ffirs.indduol_ffirs.indd i 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:58:050:58:05 AAMM BBuol_ffirs.indduol_ffirs.indd iiii 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:58:060:58:06 AAMM SOIL GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION SIXTH EDITION S. W. BUOL R. J. SOUTHARD R. C. GRAHAM P. A. McDANIEL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication BBuol_ffirs.indduol_ffirs.indd iiiiii 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:58:060:58:06 AAMM This edition fi rst published 2011 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2003, 1997, 1989, 1980, 1973 Iowa State University Press. Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offi ces 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specifi c clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0769-0/2011. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil genesis and classification / S.W. Buol ... [et al.]. – 6th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0769-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8138-0769-7 1. Soil science. 2. Soil formation. 3. Soils–Classification. I. Buol, S. W. S591.B887 2011 631.4–dc22 2011012321 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470960592; Wiley Online Library 9780470960622; ePub 9780470960608; Mobi 9780470960615 Set in 11/13pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2011 BBuol_ffirs.indduol_ffirs.indd iivv 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:58:060:58:06 AAMM Contents Authors vii Preface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition x Preface to the Third Edition xi Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii Preface to the Fifth Edition xiv Preface to the Sixth Edition xv 1 . Introduction 3 2 . Morphology and Composition of Soils 35 3 . Soil-forming Factors: Soil as a Component of Ecosystems 89 4 . Soil Materials and Weathering 141 5 . Soil-forming Processes 163 6 . Modern Soil Classification Systems 181 7 . U.S. Soil Taxonomy 207 8 . Alfisols: High Base Status Soils with Finer-textured Subsoil Horizons 233 9 . Andisols: Soils with Andic Soil Properties 249 10. Aridisols: Soils of Dry Regions 265 11. Entisols: Recently Formed Soils 283 v BBuol_ftoc.indduol_ftoc.indd v 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:59:350:59:35 AAMM vi Contents 12. Gelisols: Very Cold Soils 293 13. Histosols: Organic Soils 307 14. Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with Few Diagnostic Features 321 15. Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Steppes and Prairies 331 16. Oxisols: Low Activity Soils 349 17. Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Accumulations of Humus and Sesquioxides 361 18. Ultisols: Low Base Status Soils with Finer-textured Subsoil Horizons 375 19. Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Dark Clay Soils 385 20. Spatial Arrangement of Soils: Soilscapes and Map Units 397 21. Interpretations of Soil Surveys and Technical Soil Classification 425 Bibliography 437 Index 531 Color plate section located between pages 232 and 233 BBuol_ftoc.indduol_ftoc.indd vvii 77/1/2011/1/2011 110:59:350:59:35 AAMM Authors STANLEY W. BUOL is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Soil Science at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, where he held William Neal Reynolds Distinguished and Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professorships before retirement. He earned B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Prior to moving to North Carolina State University, he was a faculty member of the Agricultural Chemistry and Soils Department at the University of Arizona. He is a Fellow in both the Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy. He has received the International Soil Science Award and Distinguished Service Award from the Soil Science Society of America and the Achievement Award from the North Carolina Soil Science Society. In addition to several papers in scientific journals and book chapters, he has authored the book Soils, Land, and Life. RANDAL J. SOUTHARD is Professor of Soil Genesis and Morphology and Soil Scientist in the California Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of California, Davis. He holds a B.S degree in biology and a M.S. degree in soil science from Utah State University and a Ph.D. in soil science from North Carolina State University. He is a member of the Soil Science Society of America, Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, and the International Union of Soil Sciences and is a Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America. He served as Associate Dean of Environmental Sciences in the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at UC Davis from 1999 to 2009. He teaches courses in introductory soil, pedology, and environmental sciences. He served as president of the Western Society of Soil Science from 1995 to 1996 and was an associate editor for the Soil Science Society of America Journal from 1999 to 2002. He has published articles in various journals including Soil Science Society of America Journal, Geoderma, Soil Science, Clays and Clay Minerals, Soil Survey Horizons, California Agriculture, Journal of Environmental Quality, Global Change Biology, and Atmospheric Environment. ROBERT C. GRAHAM is professor of Soil Mineralogy and Pedology at the University of California, Riverside. He has degrees in soil science from the University of California at Davis, Utah State University, and North Carolina State University. He is a member of the Soil Science Society of America, International Union of Soil Sciences, Professional Soil Scientists Association of California, California Forest Soils Council, and the Geological Society of America. He has served as Associate Editor for the Soil Science Society of America Journal and is a Fellow in the Soil Science Society of America.
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