Phytoplankton Assemblages in Selected Freshwaters of New Jersey
MEIYIN WU & YARITZA ACOSTA NJ Phytoplankton Monitoring
Higher intensity of HAB events Little information available on freshwater phytoplankton and cyanobacteria taxa in New Jersey
Algal bloom from October 2016 in Orange Reservoir, Algal bloom from October 2016 in the Passaic River, NJ. NJ (South Mountain Reservation) Objectives Compile a list of freshwater phytoplankton in New Jersey Understand distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in New Jersey Identify potential toxin-producing cyano taxa
Photo credit :https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton/ Study Sites
60 freshwater waterbodies ◦ New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection ◦ Taxa data from Passaic Valley Water Commission 64 Samples 20 New Jersey Water Management Areas 20 Counties 49 Municipalities Methods
Sampling ◦ 1 m depth or surface grab samples ◦ 250 ml amber jars wrapped in aluminum foil ◦ stored in ice
Retrieved from: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hemocytometer-manualcellcounting1- 141130214600-conversion-gate01/95/hemocytometer-manual-cell-counting-1-6- Identification/cell density 638.jpg?cb=1417384177 ◦ conducted within 24 hours of collection ◦ Microscope-hemocytometer ◦ Taxa identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible ◦ Wehr et al 2015 & Bellinger et al. 2015
Microcystins ◦ EPA Method 546/Abraxis ELISA Kits ◦ Triplicate ◦ 0.15 to 5 μg/L Retrieved from: https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/production- oms/data/13930/pool_and_spa_master/1338939680_hp-united.jpg Freshwater Phytoplankton Taxa
Taxa richness: 65 Range: 1-31 Average: 6 Most diverse site: Passaic Valley Water Commission
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1000 1000 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Temperature (°C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Freshwater Phytoplankton Taxa
No. of Taxa Group/ Phylum Green Algae/Chlorophyta 27 42%
Diatoms/ Bacillariophyta 21 32%
Selenastrum spp. Blue-Green/Cyanobacteria 9 14% Fragilaria spp.
Golden Algae/Chrysophyceae 4 6%
Dinoflagellates/Dinoflagellata 3 5%
Red Algae/Rhodophyta 1 2% Scenedesmus spp. Synedra spp. Freshwater Cyanobacteria Taxa Cyano taxa richness: 9 ◦ All are potential toxin producers ◦ Weston’s Mill Pond, New Jersey American Water Reservoir 2
Sites with presence of cyano: 45/60 or 75% Relative dominance of cyano ◦ Range: 1% - 94% ◦ Average: 45% ◦ New Jersey American Water Reservoir 1 & Smithville Lake
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100 100 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Temperature (°C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Cyanobacteria
Microcystis spp. Anabaena spp. Aphanizomenon Lyngbya spp. Oscillatoria spp. spp.
Chrococcus limneticus Gomphosphaeria spp. Phormidium Synechococcus spp. spp. Cyanobacteria Taxa and Potential Toxins Neurotoxin Endotoxin, Hepatotoxin Taste/Odor (Nervous Dermatotoxin (Liver) Compound Taxonomy No. of Sites System) microcystin-LR7, microcystin-YR8, Anabaena spp. microsystin- RR7, cylindrospermopsin anatoxin-a1, 28 44% LPS 1 3 saxitoxins1 MIB, Geosmin6
Synechococcus spp. 17 27% LPS 1 MIB, Geosmin6 1 Aphanizomenon spp. cylindrospermopsin anatoxin-a , 11 17% LPS 1 3 saxitoxins1 Geosmin6 microcystin-LR2, Microcystis spp. microcystin-YR2, 8 13% LPS 1 microsystin- RR2 anatoxina-a2 Geosmin6 Chrococcus limneticus 4 6% LPS 1 LPS 1 Geosmin6 Gomphosphaeria spp. 3 5% 1 1 4 Oscillatoria spp. LPS , aplysiatoxins , microcystin-LR , 2 3% lyngbyatoxin-a1 microsystin- RR4, anatoxin-a1 Geosmin6
Lyngbya spp. 1 2% LPS 1 lyngbyatoxin-a1 saxitoxins1 MIB, Geosmin6
Merismopedia spp. 1 2% LPS 1 microcystins5
LPS- Lipopolysaccharides; 1Bláha et al. 2009; 2Watanabe et al. 1995; 3Stüken et al. 2009; 4 Luukkainen et al. 1993; 5Furtado et al. 2009; 6Izaguirre and Taylor 2004; 7Namikoshi et al. 1992; 8Harada et al. 1991 Potential Health Impacts
Toxin Symptoms Lipopolysaccharides Gastroenteritis, skin irritation, eye irritation, allergic reactions, hay fever, and asthma Anatoxins Muscle twitching, cramping, and paralysis
Microcystins Diarrhea, vomiting, goose bumps, weakness, and liver hemorrhaging/ toxicity
Cylindrospermopsin Gastroenteritis, kidney failure, and liver failure
Saxitoxins Headache, vertigo, paresthesia, muscle twitching, and respiratory paralysis
Aplysiatoxins Skin irritation and asthma-like symptoms
Lyngbyatoxins Smooth muscle contraction leading to irritation, dermatitis, poisoning and asthma-like symptoms Adapted from Weirich & Miller 2014 Microcystins
31 samples Collected in 2016-2017 NJ health advisory guidance values for recreational exposure: 3 μg/L 29 sites or 94%, below the advisory guidance value ◦ Range: <0.15 to >5 μg/L
15 sites or 48% below detection limit of 0.15 μg/L 2 sites were above the advisory guidance value ◦ Greenwood Lake/Belcher’s Creek: 3.2 μg/L ◦ New Jersey American Water Reservoir 2: > 5 μg/L 6
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0 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Potential Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria Density (cells/mL) Future Directions
Continue building the database of freshwater phytoplankton in New Jersey Development of qPCR detection methods for ◦ Microcystis spp. ◦ Cylindrospermopsis spp. ◦ Anabaena spp. ◦ Microcystins ◦ Cylindrospermopsin ◦ Anatoxins ◦ Saxitoxins
R & D environmental variables triggering HABs. Cyanotoxins in freshwater biota/seafood Removal of algae and cyanotoxins in water References
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Bláha, L., Babica, P., & Maršálek, B. (2009). Toxins produced in cyanobacterial water blooms-toxicity and risks. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 2(2), 36-41.
Furtado, A. L. F. F., do Carmo Calijuri, M., Lorenzi, A. S., Honda, R. Y., Genuário, D. B., & Fiore, M. F. (2009). Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacteria from a Brazilian facultative wastewater stabilization pond and evaluation of microcystin production. Hydrobiologia, 627(1), 195-209.
Harada, K., Ogawa, K., Kimura, Y., Murata, H., Suzuki, M., Thorn, P. M., ... & Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Microcystins from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17. Chemical research in toxicology, 4(5), 535-540.
Jochimsen, E. M., Carmichael, W. W., An, J., Cardo, D. M., Cookson, S. T., Holmes, C. E., & Azevedo, S. M. (1998). Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(13), 873-878.
Luukkainen, R., Sivonen, K., Namikoshi, M., Färdig, M., Rinehart, K. L., & Niemelä, S. I. (1993). Isolation and identification of eight microcystins from thirteen Oscillatoria agardhii strains and structure of a new microcystin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(7), 2204-2209.
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Meriluoto, J., Spoof, L., & Codd, G. A. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
Namikoshi, M., Sivonen, K., Evans, W. R., Carmichael, W. W., Sun, F., Rouhiainen, L., & Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Two new L-serine variants of microcystins-LR and-RR from Anabaena sp. strains 202 A1 and 202 A2. Toxicon, 30(11), 1457-1464.
Paerl, H. W., & Huisman, J. (2009). Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environmental microbiology reports, 1(1), 27-37.
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Izaguirre, G., & Taylor, W. D. (2004). A guide to geosmin-and MIB-producing cyanobacteria in the United States. Water Science and Technology, 49(9), 19-24.
Stüken, A., Campbell, R. J., Quesada, A., Sukenik, A., Dadheech, P. K., & Wiedner, C. (2009). Genetic and morphologic characterization of four putative cylindrospermopsin producing species of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. Journal of Plankton Research, 31(5), 465-480.
Watanabe, M. F., Harada, K. I., Carmichael, W. W., & Fujiki, H. (1995). Toxic microcystis. CRC press.
Wehr, J. D., Sheath, R. G., & Kociolek, J. P. (Eds.). (2015). Freshwater algae of North America: ecology and classification. Elsevier.
Weirich, C. A., & Miller, T. R. (2014). Freshwater harmful algal blooms: toxins and children's health. Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care, 44(1), 2-24.