Section 4 Step-by-Step Instruction I Must Leave This House SECTION SECTION “ I am still here within sound of the cannon! . . . I have had [a wagon] filled with the . . . most valu- able portable articles. . . . I insist on waiting until the Review and Preview large picture of Gen. Washington is secured. . . . Students have studied how the United And now, dear sister, I must leave this house.” States tried to avoid war with Britain and France. Now they will learn the —Dolley Madison, letter describing British attack causes and consequences of the War of on the White House, 1814 1812.

ᮤ British soldiers burn the White House.

Section Focus Question The What were the causes and Objectives Why It Matters Presidents Washington, Adams, and Jef- effects of the War of 1812? •Explain why the United States declared war ferson had all worked hard to avoid war with Britain and Before you begin the lesson for the day, on Britain. France. But finally, in 1812, the United States declared war write the Section Focus Question on the • Describe what happened in the early days of on Britain. board. (Lesson focus: Causes: British aggres- the war. Section Focus Question: What were the causes and sion, ineffectiveness of embargo, American • Discuss the American invasion of Canada and effects of the War of 1812? nationalism. Effects: increased worldwide the fighting in the South. The Move Toward War respect and recognition, increased American •Identify the events leading to the end of the nationalism, crushed Native American resis- War of 1812. Tension with Britain was high when took office in 1809. Americans were angry at Britain for tance) arming Native Americans in the Northwest. Americans also Reading Skill resented the continued impressment of American sailors by Prepare to Read Explain How Events Are Related in the British. Time Events can be related in time in many ways. To most Americans, the country’s honor was at stake. Build Background One event may directly cause another or events may They felt a new sense of American nationalism—pride in Knowledge L2 unfold over time. As you read this section, try to one’s country. In 1810, two strong nationalists, of relate the many events to one another in time. Use Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, became Ask students if they have ever heard of the the skills you practiced in Sections 1–3 as tools. leaders in the House of Representatives. War of 1812. Ask volunteers to share any Also, use sequence verbs as a tool. These verbs information about the war that they may describe how events progress over time. Clay, Calhoun, and their supporters were called war hawks—those who were eager for war with Britain. Opposi- know. Write all accurate facts on the board. tion to war was strongest in New England. Many New Then ask students to preview the section Key Terms and People Englanders believed war with Britain would harm Amer- by reading the headings and looking at the nationalism Oliver Hazard ican trade. images. Ask students to predict what they war hawk Perry blockade Relations with Britain worsened steadily in the early will learn about the War of 1812. Use the secede months of 1812. In the spring, the British told the United States Numbered Heads participation strategy they would continue impressing sailors. Meanwhile, Native (TE, p. T24) to elicit responses. Americans in the Northwest began new attacks on frontier settlements. In June, Congress declared war on Britain. Set a Purpose L2 In what regions of the United States was the I Read each statement in the Reading support for war with Britain the strongest? Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to

Section 4 The War of 1812 327 mark the statements True or False. Teaching Resources, Unit 3,

Reading Readiness Guide, p. 50 Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. I Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark their High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation structure (TE, p. reinforce, p. 328 v. to strengthen with additional troops T24) to call on students to share their At Yorktown, American forces were reinforced by the French navy. group’s perspectives. The students will critic, p. 331 n. someone who makes judgments on the value of actions return to these worksheets later. The Antifederalists were critics of the U.S. Constitution. Answer the South and the West

Chapter 9 Section 4 327 Teach Early Days of the War The war did not come at a good time for the British, who were still at war in Europe. However, Britain was not willing to meet American The Move Toward War demands to avoid war. Providing Native Americans with support p. 327 was one way of protecting Canada against an American invasion. When the war began, Americans were confident that they would win. It soon became apparent that the United States was not prepared Early Days of the War for war. Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened American military p. 328 strength. The navy had only 16 warships ready for action. The army also was small, with fewer than 7,000 men. Instruction L2 In the first days of the war, the British set up a blockade of the I Vocabulary Builder Before teaching American coast. A blockade is the action of shutting a port or road to this section, preteach the High-Use prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it. By Words reinforce and critic using the Vocabulary Builder 1814, the British navy had 135 warships blockading American ports. strategy on TE p. T21. reinforce (ree ihn FORS) v. to After reinforcing their troops, the British were able to close off all strengthen with additional troops Key Terms Have students complete the American ports by war’s end. See It–Remember It chart. A major sea battle was fought at the beginning of the war. In August 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guer- I Read The Move Toward War and Early rière (gai ree AIR) in a fierce battle. According to tradition, American Days of the War with students using the sailors nicknamed the Constitution “Old Ironsides” because British Partner Paragraph Shrinking strategy artillery fire bounced off the ship’s thick wooden hull. To the Ameri- (TE, p. T23). cans, it seemed as if the Constitution were made of iron. I Ask students to name the Congressmen Why was the United States unprepared for war? who were most eager for war. (Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) I Ask: How do you think the early days of the war might have been different if Jefferson had not cut military spend- ing? (Students might think that Americans Explore would have been able to better defend them- “Old Ironsides” selves with more weapons, ships, and better Visit: PHSchool.com trained officers.) In the most famous sea battle of the War of 1812, Web Code: myp-3054 the USS Constitution engaged the British frigate I Show students the History Interactive Guerrière in the North Atlantic Ocean. transparency Old Ironsides and the War of For nearly an hour, the two ships closed in on each other. Then, the 1812. Ask: What made Old Ironsides so Constitution fired a barrage that tore off both of the Guerrière masts. strong? (its thick hull) Meanwhile, British cannonballs bounced harmlessly off the reinforced hull of the Constitution. Critical Thinking: Identify Benefits How were ships like the Constitution helpful to the American naval effort? Color Transparencies, Old Ironsides and the

War of 1812 Independent Practice A cutaway of the Constitution’s hull. Have students begin filling in the study guide. The ship’s hull, which was more than two feet thick at the waterline, was made up Monitor Progress of three layers of extremely tough and durable oak wood. As students fill in the Notetaking Study The USS Constitution (left) batters Guide, circulate to make sure individuals the British ship HMS Guerrière (right). understand why the War of 1812 began. 328 Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson Provide assistance as needed. Differentiated Instruction

L1 L1 L1 English Language Learners Less Proficient Readers Special Needs Vocabulary Development Have students each student with a partner and have them make a list of the key terms and high-use quiz each other on the definitions of the words in this section. Then have them words, using the flashcards. For English Answers create flashcards with the word on one Language Learners, have students add pic- Its military was small and side and its definition on the other. Pair tures to the flashcards. underfunded. Identify Benefits They made it harder for the British to defeat the United States.

328 Chapter 9 The War of 1812 The War in the West and BRITISH TERRITORY South . 75 R 80 (CANADA) ce Maine Indiana ° n W W p. 329 ° W e The United States declared

° r W ° Terr. w (part a 95 90 L 85 Ft. Mackinac of MA) war on Britain in June 1812. t. L S ° . W VT H Constitution As the map shows, the war n Instruction L2 u Lake a defeats r g o Champlain Illinois i n Guerrière, was fought on several fronts. h rio NH ta H I Terr. c On Aug. 1812 i L. Have students read The War in the West u

Michigan d M NY

s N . (a) Read a Map What areas o MA

L Terr. The Thames n and South. Remind students to look for

e R

Eri were affected by the Detroit . CT L. W e ways that events are related in time. E RI d British blockade? Put-in-Bay a PA k °N c S NJ 40 o Indiana OH Potomac R. l (b) Analyze Cause and I b Discuss the results of Hull’s invasion of Baltimore h s Terr. i Effect How did the t i r Canada. (The British forced Hull’s army to Washington, D.C. DE B blockade affect the . o R MD Ohi Chesapeake economy of the United surrender and captured more than 2,000 VA Bay KY States? American soldiers.)

N I . 35° Ask students to draw conclusions about R TN NC i p p i why the Great Lakes were so important s s i ATLANTIC s For: Interactive map s i Mississippi SC OCEAN in the War of 1812. (Control of the Great M Terr. Horseshoe Visit: PHSchool.com Bend Lakes meant control over access to the center GA Web Code: mvp-3094 Claimed by Spain KEY LA and the U.S. of the nation.) American forces S 30°N I PANIS Have students discuss the effects of the H F British forces LO New R 0 km 300 war on Native Americans. (They suffered Orleans ID American victories A Gulf of Mexico British victories 0 miles 300 Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection many defeats and had to give up a great deal of territory.) Independent Practice The War in the West and South Have students continue filling in the study In the West, the Americans and British fought for control of the guide for this section. Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Both sides had Native Amer- Interactive Reading and ican allies. Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 9, Invasion of Canada Even before the war began, war hawks Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.) were demanding an invasion of Canada. They expected Canadians to welcome the chance to throw off British rule. In July 1812, American troops under General William Hull Monitor Progress invaded Canada from Detroit. Hull was unsure of himself. Fearing he As students fill in the Notetaking Study did not have enough soldiers, he soon retreated. Guide, circulate to make sure individuals The British commander, General , took advantage of understand the military actions that took Hull’s confusion. His army of British soldiers and Native American warriors quickly surrounded Hull’s army and forced it to surrender. place in the West and in the South. Provide The British captured more than 2,000 American soldiers. It was a assistance as needed. If students do not serious defeat for the United States. seem to have a good understanding of the American forces had better luck on Lake Erie. Both sides were material, have them reread the section. aware of the importance of controlling the lake. A key three-hour battle took place at Put-In-Bay, in the western part of the lake, in 1813. During the battle, the American flagship was badly damaged. The American commander, Oliver Hazard Perry, switched to another ship and continued the fight until it was won. Perry announced his victory with a dramatic message: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” With Americans in control of the lake, the British were forced to leave Detroit and retreat back into Canada.

Section 4 The War of 1812 329

History Background

Uncle Sam During the War of 1812, Sam- U.S., for United States, but many assumed uel “Uncle Sam” Wilson of Troy, New that the initials stood for Uncle Sam. Soon York, supplied meat to the American army. “Uncle Sam” became the nickname for the Answers The barrels containing meat were marked government of the United States. (a) the Atlantic coast, the

Gulf of Mexico (b) It limited trade with other nations. As a result, American mer- chants lost profits. Also, Americans had limited access to the foreign goods that they wanted.

Chapter 9 Section 4 329 Final Battles Explain How Events As the British and their Native American allies retreated, the Are Related in Time Americans under General William Henry Harrison pursued them. p. 330 Did the Battle of the They followed the British into Canada, defeating them in the Battle of Thames take place before or after the Thames. Tecumseh was among those killed in the battle. Instruction L2 the Battle of Lake Erie? I Have students read Final Battles. Point Conflict in the South Native Americans also suffered defeat out the reading Checkpoint question in the South. In the summer of 1813, Creek warriors attacked several and tell students to look for details that southern American settlements. Andrew Jackson took command of support it as they read. American forces in Georgia. In March 1814, Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The treaty that ended the I Ask: How did the war change after the fighting forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land. British made peace with France? (The British had more resources to send to fight What is the connection between the Battle of Lake the war in America.) Erie and the Battle of the Thames? I Assign the Dolley Madison worksheet and discuss how Madison’s actions Final Battles would have inspired great pride among In 1814, the British finally defeated Napoleon. This allowed Americans. (She showed courage, taking a Britain to send many more troops across the Atlantic to fight against risk to rescue a national treasure.) the United States. Teaching Resources, Dolley The British Attack Washington and

Madison, p. 57 Baltimore The new British strategy was to attack the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C. In I Ask: What were some of the effects of August 1814, a British force marched into the city. the War of 1812? (Some people believed it Dolley Madison, the President’s wife, gathered up forced Europe to treat the United States with Tecumseh the President’s important papers and fled the more respect; New Englanders were critical White House. The British set fire to several of the war and the government and wanted 1768–1813 government buildings, including the White House. to secede; Washington, D.C., was burned; Americans were shocked to learn that their army “The Star-Spangled Banner” was written.) could not defend Washington. The British now moved on to Baltimore. Their Independent Practice first objective was Fort McHenry, which defended Have students complete the study guide The Shawnee war chief Tecumseh the city’s harbor. British warships bombarded the for this section. challenged the tide of white settlement. fort throughout the night of September 13, 1814. Tecumseh visited Native Americans from Francis Scott Key, a young American, watched the the Great Lakes to Florida, urging them to Monitor Progress attack. At dawn, Key saw the American flag still unite. He was away recruiting when flying over the fort. The Americans had beaten off General Harrison defeated the Shawnee at the attack. I Check Notetaking Study Guide entries Tippecanoe. After the battle, Tecumseh On the back of an old envelope, Key wrote a for student understanding of the final allied his forces with the British, hoping battles and the effects of the war. that a British victory would mean the return poem that he called “The Star-Spangled Banner.” It of Native American lands. His death at the told the story of his night’s watch. The poem I Tell students to fill in the last column of Battle of the Thames dealt a blow to Native became popular and was set to music. In 1931, the Reading Readiness Guide. American resistance. Congress made it the national anthem of the I Have students go back to their Word Biography Quest United States. Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their Why did Tecumseh issue an angry The War Ends By 1814, Britain had tired of word knowledge and complete the last challenge to his allies, the British? war. Peace talks began in Ghent (gehnt), Belgium. On column with a definition or example. For: The answer to the question about Christmas Eve 1814, the two sides signed the Treaty Tecumseh of Ghent, which ended the war. The treaty returned Teaching Resources, Unit 3, Visit: PHSchool.com things to the way they had been before the war. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 50; Word Web Code: myd-3054 Knowledge Rating Form, p. 46 330 Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson Answers Reading Skill The Battle of the Differentiated Instruction Thames took place after the Battle of Lake L3 L3 Erie. Advanced Readers Gifted and Talented Research and Reenact Americans won control of Assign students to reenacting the events of the battle. Encour-

Lake Erie and followed the British into small groups. Have each group choose one age students to create props appropriate to Canada, defeating them in the Battle of the of the battles of the War of 1812 to further the time period. Have each group act out Thames. research. Then have them create a play their play in front of the class.

Answer: The British were breaking their promise to help fight U.S. troops.

330 Chapter 9 News of the treaty took several weeks to reach the United States. In that time, the two sides fought one more battle. In January 1815, Amer- Assess and Reteach ican forces under General Andrew Jackson won a stunning victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Assess Progress L2 Protests and Peace From the start, there had been opposition Have students complete Check Your to the War of 1812 within the United States. As the war dragged on, Vocabulary Builder Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Federalist critics of President Madison spoke out more strongly, critic (KRIHT ihk) n. someone who criticizing what they called “Mr. Madison’s War.” New Englanders makes judgments on the value of Teaching Resources, Section actions in particular disliked the war, mainly because the blockade had Quiz, Chapter 9, p. 63 badly damaged New England trade. To further assess student understanding, In December 1814, a group of Federalists met in Hartford, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. Connecticut. Some delegates to the Hartford Convention suggested that the New England states secede, or withdraw, from the United Progress Monitoring Transparencies, States. While the delegates debated, news of the peace treaty arrived. Chapter 9, Section 4 With the war over, the Hartford Convention quickly ended. To some Americans, the War of 1812 was the “Second War of Reteach L1 Independence.” Once and for all, the United States secured its inde- If students need more instruction, have pendence from Britain. European nations would now have to treat them read this section in the Interactive the young republic with respect. Pride at this achievement brought Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and the confidence of Americans to a new height. complete the accompanying question. What was the purpose of the Hartford Convention? Interactive Reading and

Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 9, Looking Back and Ahead After the War of 1812, Ameri- cans entered a new era of confidence. Tensions between regions, Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.) which had been high during the war, cooled with the coming of peace. Extend L3 In the postwar period, Americans enjoyed a period of calm and unity. As you will read in the next chapter, this era paved the way for a Have students use the History Interactive major expansion of American democracy. to explore the role of the USS Constitution in the War of 1812 online. Have students prepare a short news report of the event, For: Self-test with instant help giving the importance of the battle and the Section 4 Check Your Progress Visit: PHSchool.com reaction of the people to the news. Have Web Code: mya-3054 them present their work to the class. Pro- vide students with the Web Code below. Comprehension Reading Skill for the New England states to and Critical Thinking 3. Explain How Events Are secede. _____. 1. (a) Identify Who were the war Related in Time What battle hawks? Why did they push for was taking place at about the Writing For: Help in starting the Extend war with Britain? same time that William Hull was 6. Read the following notes about (b) Draw Conclusions Were invading Canada? First Lady Dolley Madison and activity the war hawks overconfident? rearrange them in the best order Visit: PHSchool.com What did they overlook in their Key Terms for a biographical essay. Notes: Web Code: mye-3054 evaluation of British power? Add a second sentence to each of Died in 1849; stylish woman; the following sentences that clearly married James Madison in 1794; 2. (a) Recall How did the War of shows your understanding of the served as President Jefferson’s 1812 end? key term. official hostess; saved many valu- (b) Analyze Cause and Effect 4. The War of 1812 increased U.S. ables from White House when What were some results of the war Progress Monitoring Online nationalism. _____. British invaded in 1814; turned that were not expressly written in 5. At the Hartford Convention, dis- Washington from a “dull swamp” the treaty? Students may check their comprehen- satisfied Federalists made plans into lively social city. sion of this section by completing the Progress Monitoring Online graphic organizer and self-quiz. Section 4 The War of 1812 331

5. Possible answer: They so opposed the Section 4 Check Your Progress 2. (a) It ended with the Treaty of Ghent. It returned things to the way they had war that they considered separating

1. (a) Led by Clay and Calhoun, the war been before the war. from the United States. hawks were eager for war with Britain. (b) Many Americans felt great pride at 6. Notes should show how events are Westerners wanted to end Native Amer- having stood up to Britain; New related. ican resistance and seize Canada. South- Englanders were upset about the war erners wanted to seize Florida. and thought about seceding; Europe (b) The war hawks were probably over- began to respect the United States more. confident. They overlooked the weak- 3. The Battle of Lake Erie Answer ness of the American military and mis- to decide if New England 4. Possible answer: Americans felt an judged the power of the British military. increased sense of pride in their nation. should secede from the United States

Chapter 9 Section 4 331