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MINISTRIA E BUJQËSISË, USHQIMIT DHE MBROJTJES SË KONSUMATORIT Qendra e Transferimit te Teknologjive Bujqesore Fushe -Kruje _________________________________________________________________ STRATEGJIA DHE PLANI KOMBËTAR I VEPRIMIT PËR RUAJTJEN DHE PËRDORIMIN E QËNDRUESHËM TË BURIMEVE GJENETIKE TË KAFSHVE TË FERMËS ALBANIAN STRATEGY AND NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION AND A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES Tirane, 2007 Permbajtja Shqiperia dhe bujqesia e saj 2 1.1 Pozicioni gjeografik i Shqiperise dhe relievi i saj 2 1.2 Veshtrim ekonomik i pergjithshem 3 1.3 Pershkrim i ekonomise bujqesore 4 Kapitulli 1 Gjendja e burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 1.1 Sistemet e prodhimit dhe lidhja e tyre me diversitetin biologjik 7 1.2 Gjendja e diversitetit biologjik ne kafshet e fermes 10 1.3 Informacioni dhe njohja e burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 14 1.4 Programet per ruajtjen e fondit gjenetik 15 1.4.1 Programet per ruajtjen e biodiversitetit ne kafshet e fermes 15 1.5 Vleresimi i situates ne perdorimin e burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 16 1.5.1 Kuadri ligjor 16 1.5.2 Perdorimi i fondit gjenetik 19 1.5.3 Alternativa qe duhet te konsiderohen ne programet per ruajtjen e burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 21 1.5.4 Veshtiresi ne perdorimin efektiv te burimve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 23 1.5.5 Rruge te mundeshme per rritjen e efektivitetit ne perdorimin dhe ruajtjen e diversitetit gjenetik ne kafshet e fermes 27 1.5.6 Vleresim i gjendjes se kapaciteteve kombetare per ruajtjen dhe perdorimin ekonomik te qendrueshem te burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 28 Kapitulli II Objektiva dhe Prioritete Kombetare per Konservimin dhe Perdorimin e BGJSHF 31 2.1 Parandalimi i mosperdorimit te tokes bujqesore 31 2.2 Perpunim i programeve per rritjen e prodhimeve dhe plotesimin e vazhdueshem te nevojave per ushqime 32 2.3 Zhvillimi i teknologjive mbi bazen e parimit te bashkejeteses “mjedis-kafshe” 32 2.4 Krijimi dhe rritja e kapaciteteve per ruajtjen e biodiversitetit ne ferme 32 2.5 Mbeshtetje per zbatimin e njohurive, teknikave dhe teknologjive te kohes 32 2.6 Mbeshtetje per realizimin e vleres se shtuar ne prodhimet blegtorale 33 2.7 Mbeshtetje per zhvillimin e infrastruktures 33 2.8 Mbeshtetje per zhvillimin e kapaciteve te kerkimit shkencor 33 2.9 Mbeshteje per zhvillimin e kapaciteteve humane per administrimin e BGJSHF 33 2.10 Zhvillim i legjislacionit 34 2.11 Institucionalizimin i bashkepunimit 34 2.12 Zhvillim institucional 34 2.13 Mbeshtetje per zhvillim te bashkepunimit dhe kooperimit nderkombetar 34 Kapitulli III Plani kombetar i Veprimit per ruajtjen dhe perdorimin e qendrueshem te burimeve gjenetike shtazore te fermes 36 Prioritete strategjike 36 Matrica e PKV per zbatimin e Strategjise 39 Matrica e PKV per ruajtjen In-situ 42 Referenca 44 2 SHQIPERIA DHE BUJQESIA E SAJ 1. Shqiperia dhe sektori i tij bujqesor ne ekonomine e pergjithshme Shqiperia ndodhet ne Europen Juglindore ne Gadishullin e Ballkanit Siperfaqja 28748 km 2 Popullsia 3 455 000 banore Densiteti 120 banore / km 2 1.1 Pozicioni gjeografik i Shqiperise dhe relieve i tij Gjatesia dhe gjersia Grade Fshati Rrethi gjeografike Veri 42 39’ Vermosh Malsia Madhe Jug 39 38’ Konispol Sarande Lindje 21 40 Vernik Devoll Perendim 19 16’ Sazan Vlore Gjatesia kufirit ( / ne km ) Totali toke det lume Liqen Gjatesia 1094 657 316 48 73 Lumenjte kryesor Lumi Gjatesia ne territorin shqipetar Sip. Lartesia mesatare mbi nivelin e detit ( /ne km ) ( /ne km 2 ) ( /ne m ) Drini 285 14173 97.1 Semani 281 5649 863 Vjosa 272 6706 855 Shkumbini 181 2444 753 Mati 115 2441 746 Erzeni 109 760 435 3 Liqenjte kryesor Liqeni Sip. Lartesia mbi nivelin e detit Thellesia maksimale (/ne km 2 ) ( / ne m ) ( ne m ) Liqenjte natyror Shkodra 368 5 9 Ohri 362 695 287 Prespa 285 853 35 Butrinti 16 0 21 Liqeni Sip. Lartesia mbi nivelin e detit Thellesia maksimale (/ne km 2 ) ( / ne m ) ( ne m ) Liqejte artificial e Fierza 72 295 128 Vau i Dejes 25 74 52 Uleza 13 129 61 Komani 13 170 96 Numri i maleve kryesore Lartesia mbi 2000m 13 Ndarja administrative Qarqe 12 Prefektura 12 Rrethe 36 Qytete 74 Fshatra 2962 1.2 Veshtrim ekonomik i pergjithshem Ne fillim te viteve 90-te ndodhen transformime te medha ne ekonomine shqiptare si rezultat i kolapsit te sistemit ekonomik te centralizuar dhe zevendesimit te tij me ekonomine e tregut te lire bazuar ne pronesine private. Keto transformime, ne periudhen 1990-1992 u shoqeruan me nje renie te ndieshme te prodhimit te pergjithshem (GDP). Gjate viteve Nga viti 1993-95 ekonomia 4 shqiptare filloi te gjallerohej. Megjithe kete ritmet e zhvillimit te saj ishin ato te nje ekonomie qe karakterizohej nga nje process i madh ristrukturimi dhe reformash radikale. Pas vitit 1995, treguesit makro ekonomike u keqesuan. Kolapsi i skemave financiare piramidale ne fund te vitit 1996 dhe anarkia totale qe e shoqeroi ate gjate 1997, ishin nje goditje shume e fuqishme ne zhvillim ekonomik te Shqiperise. Efektet e kesaj goditje ishin totale dhe paten pasoja te medha edhe ne ekonomine bujqesore. Situata makro ekonomike e Shqiperise filloi te ndryshoje pas vitit 2000. Treguesit kryesor ekonomik u permiresuan. Procesi i reformave, megjithe problemet e medha qe e shoqeronin, karakterizohet nga trendi pozitiv me efekte te mateshme. Ne kete process, reformat dhe zhvillimet ne sektorin e bujqesise kane patur efekte direkte ne ritmet e zhvillimit ekonomik. Ekonomia shqiptare, ne nje pjese te konsiderueshme te saj vazhdon te mbetet nje ekonomi me karakteristikat e nje vendi bujqesor. Ndryshimet e ndodhura gjate viteve 1992 – 2006 e theksojne kete karakteristike te ekonomise shqiptare ( Tab. 1) Renija e peshes specifike te bujqesise ne strukturen e GDP ishte nje fenomen i pritshem. Megjithe kete duhet te theksohet se kjo renie ne termat global nuk ka eshte e karakteristike per ritmet e zhvillimit te vete prodhimin bujqesor. Keshtu, rritja mesatare reale e bujqesise gjate pese viteve te fundit eshte vleresuar te jete 3-3,5% ne vit. Megjithe kete, rritja e sektorit bujqesor eshte nen mesataren kombetare dhe, njeheresh, larg mundesive reale. Table 1 Kontributi i secilit sektor in GDP ( %) Sektoret Vitet 1992 1995 1998 2001 2006 Industria 32.1 12.5 13.8 11.7 11,8 Bujqesia 42.5 54.6 31.2 28.1 21 Ndertimi 6.6 9.6 4.3 6.1 7,8 Transporti 3.3 3.4 7.6 9.9 10,1 Tregetia(hot+rest.) 20.8 21.3 22,4 Sherbimet 15.6 19.8 25.9 26.7 26,9 * Burimi:INSTAT,2001 Faktore qe kane ndikuar ne ecurine e ekonomise bujqesore • Pasiguria ne lidhje me pronesine e tokes • Egzistenca e fermave shume te vogla dhe te fragmentuara ne copa te vogla • Nivel i ulet i kreditimit te aktiviteteve ne sektorin bujqesor • Shume prodhues te vegjel jo te mbeshtetur dhe jo te afte per te konkuruar ne tregjet locale dhe rajonale • Nivel i ulet i teknologjive te perdorura • Infrastruktura e transportit e dobet • Pamjaftueshmeri e sistemit te ujitjes dhe kullimit • Mungesa e makinerive bujqesore dhe kosto e larte e punes se tyre • Energji elektrike dhe burime te tjera energjie te pasigurta • Pasiguri per tregtimin e produkteve dhe mungese informacioni mbi tregun • Industria perpunuese e pazhvilluar 5 1.3. Pershkrimi i ekonomise bujqesore Sektori me i rendesishem i bujqesise eshte blegtoria. Ajo realizon rreth 60 % te te ardhurave vjetore te prodhimit te pergjithshem bujqesor. Gjedhi, te imtat, derri dhe shpendet jane sektoret me te rendesishem te blegtorise. Siperfaqja totale e tokes ne Shqiperi llogaritet ne 2. 875.000 ha. Fondi i tokes bujqesore eshte 699 000 ha ose 24 % e siperfaqes totale, 36 % pyje, 15 % kullota dhe 24 % te tjera . Rreth 43,3 % e tokes bujqesore ndodhet ne zonen fushore, 34 % ne zonen kodrinore dhe rreth 22,7 % ne zonen malore te vendit. Vetem 50 % e kesaj siperfaqe perdoret si toke are dhe perfaqeson nje fond real dhe stable per zhvillimin e bujqesise. Pjesa tjeter, qe ndodhet mbi 300 m mbi nivelin e detit, eshte shume e fragmentuar, me mundesi e te pakta per vaditje, e kripur, dhe nen kanosjen e perhershme te erozionit. Me shume se 47 % e tokes ndodhet ne lartesi mbi 600 m mbi nivelin e detit. Ne pergjithesi , keto jane toka te varfera dhe jo pjellore. Shqiperia renditet si vendi i fundit ne rajon ne lidhje me treguesin e siperfaqes se tokes bujqesore / banor (rreth 2200 m 2/ banor ). Ne anen tjeter, duke qene se vetem vetem 450 000 ha toke bujqesore kultivohen ne fakt, raporti i mesperm 2 zbret ne rreth 1400 m / banor. Aktualisht, tokat pjellore qe shtihen ne zonen e ultesires perendimore te Shqiperise, ne nje perqindje te konsiderueshme nuk kultivohet per shkak te(i) nivelit te larte te emigracionit te popullates nga keto zona, (ii) mungeses se politikave mbeshtetese finaciare(iii) mungeses se infrastrukturave te nevojshme per perpunimin dhe marketimin e prodhimeve etj. (iii) mungeses se infrastrukturave te nevojshme per perpunimin dhe marketimin e prodhimeve etj. Siperfaqja totale e kullotave ne Shqiperi vleresohet ne rreth 415 000 ha me nje kapacitet kullosor prej 1.522 milion krere. Vetem rreth 5.5 % e siperfaqes totale te kullotave i eshte kthyer pronareve. Rreth 60% e kullotave jane prone shtetrore qe administrohet nga organet e pushtetit vendor dhe pjesa tjeter, kryesisht kullotat verore, administrohet nga Drejtoria e Pergjitheshme e Pyjeve e Kullotave (DPPK). Kapaciteti kullosor nuk eshte i mjaftueshem per te plotesuar kerkesat ushqimore te blegtorise e cila, gjate viteve te tranzicionit ekonomik, ka pesuar nje rritje te konsiderueshme ne numer. Nje pjese e nevojave ushqimore te bagetive, sigurohen nga pyjet nepermjet korrjes se mases se gjelber nga lloje te caktuar druresh. Tab. 2 Siperfaqja, struktura dhe kapaciteti i kullotave (2001) Name Siperfaqja (ha) Kapaciteti i kullotave .000 ( konvertuar ne 000 bageti te imta) Totali Vere Dimer Totali Vere Dimer Kullote shteterore 152,1 116,2 35,8 646,8 498,6 148,2 Kullote komunale 244,2 165,1 79,1 821,0 526.0 276,9 Kullote private 23,3 13,2 10,1 86,4 54.0 38,4 Totali 419,6 294,5 125,1 153,5 107.8 463,5 6 Administrimi i kullotave eshte ne procesin e decentralizimit.
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