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ESIA Albania Section 8 – Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 439 Area Comp ESIA Albania Section 8 – Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 14 8.1 Introduction 14 8.2 Offshore – Physical Environment 19 8.2.1 Introduction 19 8.2.1.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 21 8.2.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 21 8.2.1.3 Decommissioning Phase 22 8.2.2 Oceanography and Water Quality 22 8.2.2.1 Overview 22 8.2.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 23 8.2.2.3 Summary - Impacts on Water Quality 32 8.2.3 Climate and Air Quality 32 8.2.3.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 33 8.2.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 40 8.2.3.3 Summary - Impacts on Air Quality and Climate 41 8.2.4 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments 41 8.2.4.1 Overview 41 8.2.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 42 8.2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 45 8.2.4.4 Precommissioning Phase 46 8.2.4.5 Summary - Impacts on Seabed Morphology and Sediments 46 8.3 Offshore – Biological Environment 47 8.3.1 Introduction 47 8.3.2 Designated Sites and Sensitive Habitats 47 8.3.2.1 Overview 47 8.3.3 Marine Plankton 48 8.3.3.1 Overview 48 8.3.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 49 8.3.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 51 8.3.3.4 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 52 8.3.4 Marine Benthos 52 8.3.4.1 Overview 52 8.3.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 53 8.3.4.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 57 8.3.4.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 57 8.3.4.5 Decommissioning Phase 61 8.3.5 Fish and Other Nekton 61 8.3.5.1 Overview 61 8.3.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 62 8.3.5.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 67 8.3.5.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 67 8.3.6 Marine Mammals and Reptiles 68 8.3.6.1 Overview 68 8.3.6.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 69 8.3.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 73 8.3.6.4 Decommissioning Phase 74 8.3.7 Seabirds 74 8.3.7.1 Overview 74 8.3.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 75 Page 3 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures 8.3.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 77 8.3.8 Summary – Impacts on Offshore Biological Environment 77 8.4 Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment and Cultural Heritage 80 8.4.1 Fishermen and Livelihood, Marine Traffic, Land and Livelihoods 80 8.4.1.1 Overview 80 8.4.1.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 81 8.4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 93 8.4.1.4 Decommissioning Phase 94 8.4.1.5 Summary - Impacts on Fisheries 94 8.4.1.6 Summary – Impacts on Navigation 95 8.4.1.7 Summary - Impacts on Tourism 95 8.4.2 Cultural Heritage and Archaeology 96 8.4.2.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 97 8.4.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 98 8.4.2.3 Decommissioning Phase 98 8.4.2.4 Summary - Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology 98 8.5 Onshore Impacts from Offshore Pipeline and Coastal Onshore Pipeline 99 8.5.1 Introduction 99 8.5.2 Climate and Ambient Air Quality 99 8.5.2.1 Overview 99 8.5.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 100 8.5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 102 8.5.2.4 Decommissioning Phase 103 8.5.3 Acoustic Environment 103 8.5.3.1 Overview 103 8.5.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 105 8.5.3.3 Decommissioning Phase 107 8.5.4 Freshwater Resources 107 8.5.5 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils 108 8.5.5.1 Overview 108 8.5.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 109 8.5.5.3 Residual Impacts and Risks 109 8.5.5.4 Operation and Maintenance and Decommissioning Phases 111 8.5.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity 111 8.5.6.1 Overview 111 8.5.6.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 113 8.5.6.3 Decommissioning Phase 113 8.5.7 Terrestrial Ecology 114 8.5.7.1 Overview 114 8.5.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 115 8.5.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 117 8.5.7.4 Decommissioning Phase 117 8.6 Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality 118 8.6.1 Overview 118 8.6.2 Construction Phase 119 8.6.2.1 Anticipated Impacts 119 8.6.2.2 Mitigation Measures 122 8.6.2.3 Residual Impacts 122 8.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 124 8.6.3.1 Overview 124 8.6.3.2 Compressor Stations (CS02 and CS03) Operational Impacts 124 8.6.3.3 Mitigation Measures 127 Page 4 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures 8.6.3.4 Residual Impacts 127 8.6.4 Decommissioning Phase 129 8.6.4.1 Climate Impacts - Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 129 8.6.5 Summary - Impacts on Climate and Ambient Air Quality 131 8.7 Onshore - Acoustic Environment 132 8.7.1 Overview 132 8.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 134 8.7.2.1 Potential Impacts 134 8.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures 136 8.7.2.3 Residual Impacts 137 8.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 138 8.7.3.1 Potential Impacts 138 8.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures 143 8.7.3.3 Residual Impacts 143 8.7.4 Decommissioning Phase 143 8.7.5 Summary - Impacts on Acoustic Environment 144 8.8 Onshore - Water Resources 145 8.8.1 Overview 145 8.8.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 146 8.8.2.1 Potential Impacts 146 8.8.2.2 Mitigation Measures 155 8.8.2.3 Residual Impacts 161 8.8.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 166 8.8.3.1 Potential Impacts 166 8.8.3.2 Mitigation Measures 167 8.8.3.3 Residual Impacts 167 8.8.4 Decommissioning Phase 169 8.8.5 Summary - Impacts on Water Resources 169 8.9 Onshore - Ground Surface and Soils 171 8.9.1 Overview 171 8.9.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 172 8.9.2.1 Potential Impacts 172 8.9.2.2 Mitigation Measures 176 8.9.2.3 Residual Impacts 180 8.9.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 184 8.9.3.1 Potential Impacts 184 8.9.3.2 Mitigation Measures 184 8.9.3.3 Residual Impacts 185 8.9.4 Decommissioning Phase 186 8.9.5 Summary - Impacts on Ground Surface and Soils 187 8.10 Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity 188 8.10.1 Overview 188 8.10.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 189 8.10.2.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations 189 8.10.2.2 Ridge Modifications 193 8.10.2.3 Compressor Stations 194 8.10.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 196 8.10.3.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations 196 8.10.3.2 Ridge Modifications 200 8.10.3.3 Compressor Stations 201 8.10.3.4 Mitigation Measures 201 Page 5 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures 8.10.3.5 Long Term Residual Impacts on Landscape, Landscape Character and Visual Amenity 201 8.10.4 Decommissioning Phase 204 8.10.5 Summary - Impacts on Landscape and Visual Amenity 205 8.11 Onshore – Terrestrial Ecology 207 8.11.1 Overview 207 8.11.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 209 8.11.2.1 Potential Impacts 209 8.11.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 213 8.11.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 228 8.11.3.1 Potential Impacts 228 8.11.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 229 8.11.4 Decommissioning Phase 232 8.11.4.1 Potential Impacts 232 8.11.4.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 232 8.11.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats 232 8.12 Onshore - Freshwater Ecology 233 8.12.1 Overview 233 8.12.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 236 8.12.2.1 Potential Impacts 236 8.12.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 243 8.12.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 252 8.12.3.1 Potential Impacts 252 8.12.4 Decommissioning Phase 253 8.12.4.1 Potential Impacts 253 8.12.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats 253 8.13 Onshore - Economy and Employment 256 8.13.1 Overview 256 8.13.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 258 8.13.2.1 Anticipated Impacts 258 8.13.2.2 Mitigation Measures / Enhancement of Benefits 262 8.13.2.3 Residual Impacts 264 8.13.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 267 8.13.3.1 Employment Impacts during Operation 267 8.13.3.2 Economic Impacts during the Operation Phase 267 8.13.3.3 Mitigation Measures 267 8.13.3.4 Residual Impacts 268 8.13.4 Decommissioning Phase 269 8.13.4.1 Temporary Employment Impacts during Decommissioning 269 8.13.5 Summary – Impacts on Economy and Employment 270 8.14 Onshore - Land and Livelihoods 272 8.14.1 Overview 272 8.14.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 275 8.14.2.1 Potential Impacts 275 8.14.2.2 Mitigation Measures 282 8.14.2.3 Residual Impacts 286 8.14.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 287 8.14.3.1 Permanent Loss of Livelihoods and Household Income due to Changes to Land Uses in Areas of Permanent Crop Production 287 8.14.3.2 Mitigation Measures 290 8.14.3.3 Residual Impacts 291 8.14.4 Decommissioning Phase 292 Page 6 of 439 Area Comp.
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