ESIA Albania Section 8 – Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 439 Area Comp

ESIA Albania Section 8 – Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 14 8.1 Introduction 14 8.2 Offshore – Physical Environment 19 8.2.1 Introduction 19 8.2.1.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 21 8.2.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 21 8.2.1.3 Decommissioning Phase 22 8.2.2 Oceanography and Water Quality 22 8.2.2.1 Overview 22 8.2.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 23 8.2.2.3 Summary - Impacts on Water Quality 32 8.2.3 Climate and Air Quality 32 8.2.3.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 33 8.2.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 40 8.2.3.3 Summary - Impacts on Air Quality and Climate 41 8.2.4 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments 41 8.2.4.1 Overview 41 8.2.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 42 8.2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 45 8.2.4.4 Precommissioning Phase 46 8.2.4.5 Summary - Impacts on Seabed Morphology and Sediments 46 8.3 Offshore – Biological Environment 47 8.3.1 Introduction 47 8.3.2 Designated Sites and Sensitive Habitats 47 8.3.2.1 Overview 47 8.3.3 Marine Plankton 48 8.3.3.1 Overview 48 8.3.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 49 8.3.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 51 8.3.3.4 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 52 8.3.4 Marine Benthos 52 8.3.4.1 Overview 52 8.3.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 53 8.3.4.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 57 8.3.4.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 57 8.3.4.5 Decommissioning Phase 61 8.3.5 Fish and Other Nekton 61 8.3.5.1 Overview 61 8.3.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 62 8.3.5.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 67 8.3.5.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 67 8.3.6 Marine Mammals and Reptiles 68 8.3.6.1 Overview 68 8.3.6.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 69 8.3.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 73 8.3.6.4 Decommissioning Phase 74 8.3.7 Seabirds 74 8.3.7.1 Overview 74 8.3.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 75

Page 3 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

8.3.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 77 8.3.8 Summary – Impacts on Offshore Biological Environment 77 8.4 Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment and Cultural Heritage 80 8.4.1 Fishermen and Livelihood, Marine Traffic, Land and Livelihoods 80 8.4.1.1 Overview 80 8.4.1.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 81 8.4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 93 8.4.1.4 Decommissioning Phase 94 8.4.1.5 Summary - Impacts on Fisheries 94 8.4.1.6 Summary – Impacts on Navigation 95 8.4.1.7 Summary - Impacts on Tourism 95 8.4.2 Cultural Heritage and Archaeology 96 8.4.2.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 97 8.4.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 98 8.4.2.3 Decommissioning Phase 98 8.4.2.4 Summary - Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology 98 8.5 Onshore Impacts from Offshore Pipeline and Coastal Onshore Pipeline 99 8.5.1 Introduction 99 8.5.2 Climate and Ambient Air Quality 99 8.5.2.1 Overview 99 8.5.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 100 8.5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 102 8.5.2.4 Decommissioning Phase 103 8.5.3 Acoustic Environment 103 8.5.3.1 Overview 103 8.5.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 105 8.5.3.3 Decommissioning Phase 107 8.5.4 Freshwater Resources 107 8.5.5 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils 108 8.5.5.1 Overview 108 8.5.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 109 8.5.5.3 Residual Impacts and Risks 109 8.5.5.4 Operation and Maintenance and Decommissioning Phases 111 8.5.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity 111 8.5.6.1 Overview 111 8.5.6.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 113 8.5.6.3 Decommissioning Phase 113 8.5.7 Terrestrial Ecology 114 8.5.7.1 Overview 114 8.5.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 115 8.5.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 117 8.5.7.4 Decommissioning Phase 117 8.6 Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality 118 8.6.1 Overview 118 8.6.2 Construction Phase 119 8.6.2.1 Anticipated Impacts 119 8.6.2.2 Mitigation Measures 122 8.6.2.3 Residual Impacts 122 8.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 124 8.6.3.1 Overview 124 8.6.3.2 Compressor Stations (CS02 and CS03) Operational Impacts 124 8.6.3.3 Mitigation Measures 127

Page 4 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

8.6.3.4 Residual Impacts 127 8.6.4 Decommissioning Phase 129 8.6.4.1 Climate Impacts - Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 129 8.6.5 Summary - Impacts on Climate and Ambient Air Quality 131 8.7 Onshore - Acoustic Environment 132 8.7.1 Overview 132 8.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 134 8.7.2.1 Potential Impacts 134 8.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures 136 8.7.2.3 Residual Impacts 137 8.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 138 8.7.3.1 Potential Impacts 138 8.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures 143 8.7.3.3 Residual Impacts 143 8.7.4 Decommissioning Phase 143 8.7.5 Summary - Impacts on Acoustic Environment 144 8.8 Onshore - Water Resources 145 8.8.1 Overview 145 8.8.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 146 8.8.2.1 Potential Impacts 146 8.8.2.2 Mitigation Measures 155 8.8.2.3 Residual Impacts 161 8.8.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 166 8.8.3.1 Potential Impacts 166 8.8.3.2 Mitigation Measures 167 8.8.3.3 Residual Impacts 167 8.8.4 Decommissioning Phase 169 8.8.5 Summary - Impacts on Water Resources 169 8.9 Onshore - Ground Surface and Soils 171 8.9.1 Overview 171 8.9.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 172 8.9.2.1 Potential Impacts 172 8.9.2.2 Mitigation Measures 176 8.9.2.3 Residual Impacts 180 8.9.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 184 8.9.3.1 Potential Impacts 184 8.9.3.2 Mitigation Measures 184 8.9.3.3 Residual Impacts 185 8.9.4 Decommissioning Phase 186 8.9.5 Summary - Impacts on Ground Surface and Soils 187 8.10 Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity 188 8.10.1 Overview 188 8.10.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 189 8.10.2.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations 189 8.10.2.2 Ridge Modifications 193 8.10.2.3 Compressor Stations 194 8.10.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 196 8.10.3.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations 196 8.10.3.2 Ridge Modifications 200 8.10.3.3 Compressor Stations 201 8.10.3.4 Mitigation Measures 201

Page 5 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

8.10.3.5 Long Term Residual Impacts on Landscape, Landscape Character and Visual Amenity 201 8.10.4 Decommissioning Phase 204 8.10.5 Summary - Impacts on Landscape and Visual Amenity 205 8.11 Onshore – Terrestrial Ecology 207 8.11.1 Overview 207 8.11.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 209 8.11.2.1 Potential Impacts 209 8.11.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 213 8.11.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 228 8.11.3.1 Potential Impacts 228 8.11.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 229 8.11.4 Decommissioning Phase 232 8.11.4.1 Potential Impacts 232 8.11.4.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 232 8.11.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats 232 8.12 Onshore - Freshwater Ecology 233 8.12.1 Overview 233 8.12.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 236 8.12.2.1 Potential Impacts 236 8.12.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 243 8.12.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 252 8.12.3.1 Potential Impacts 252 8.12.4 Decommissioning Phase 253 8.12.4.1 Potential Impacts 253 8.12.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats 253 8.13 Onshore - Economy and Employment 256 8.13.1 Overview 256 8.13.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 258 8.13.2.1 Anticipated Impacts 258 8.13.2.2 Mitigation Measures / Enhancement of Benefits 262 8.13.2.3 Residual Impacts 264 8.13.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 267 8.13.3.1 Employment Impacts during Operation 267 8.13.3.2 Economic Impacts during the Operation Phase 267 8.13.3.3 Mitigation Measures 267 8.13.3.4 Residual Impacts 268 8.13.4 Decommissioning Phase 269 8.13.4.1 Temporary Employment Impacts during Decommissioning 269 8.13.5 Summary – Impacts on Economy and Employment 270 8.14 Onshore - Land and Livelihoods 272 8.14.1 Overview 272 8.14.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 275 8.14.2.1 Potential Impacts 275 8.14.2.2 Mitigation Measures 282 8.14.2.3 Residual Impacts 286 8.14.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 287 8.14.3.1 Permanent Loss of Livelihoods and Household Income due to Changes to Land Uses in Areas of Permanent Crop Production 287 8.14.3.2 Mitigation Measures 290 8.14.3.3 Residual Impacts 291 8.14.4 Decommissioning Phase 292

Page 6 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

8.14.5 Summary – Impacts on Land and Livelihoods 293 8.15 Onshore –Infrastructure and Utilities 295 8.15.1 Overview 295 8.15.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 297 8.15.2.1 Potential Impacts 297 8.15.2.2 Mitigation Measures 303 8.15.2.3 Residual Impacts 307 8.15.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 308 8.15.3.1 Potential Impacts 308 8.15.3.2 Residual Impacts 310 8.15.4 Decommissioning Phase 311 8.15.5 Summary –Impacts to Infrastructure and Utilities 311 8.16 Workforce Social Issues - Workers Management 314 8.16.1 Overview 314 8.16.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 316 8.16.2.1 Potential Impacts 316 8.16.2.2 Mitigation Measures 319 8.16.2.3 Residual Impacts 323 8.16.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 326 8.16.3.1 Potential Impacts 326 8.16.3.2 Mitigation Measures 326 8.16.3.3 Residual Impacts 327 8.16.4 Decommissioning Phase 330 8.16.5 Summary – Workforce Social Issues 331 8.17 Onshore – Community Health, Safety and Security 332 8.17.1 Overview 332 8.17.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 335 8.17.2.1 Potential Impacts 335 8.17.2.2 Mitigation Measures 337 8.17.2.3 Residual Impacts 341 8.17.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 344 8.17.3.1 Potential Impacts 344 8.17.3.2 Mitigation Measures 345 8.17.3.3 Residual Impacts 345 8.17.4 Decommissioning Phase 345 8.17.5 Summary – Impacts on Community Health, Safety and Security 346 8.18 Onshore – Community Cohesion 349 8.18.1 Overview 349 8.18.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 350 8.18.2.1 Potential Impacts during Construction 350 8.18.2.2 Mitigation Measures 352 8.18.2.3 Residual Impacts 355 8.18.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 357 8.18.3.1 Potential Impacts 357 8.18.3.2 Mitigation Measures 357 8.18.3.3 Residual Impacts 358 8.18.3.4 Impacts during the Decommissioning Phase 359 8.18.4 Summary – Impacts on Community Cohesion 360 8.19 Onshore – Traffic and Transport 362 8.19.1 Overview 362 8.19.2 Baseline Traffic Flows 364 8.19.3 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 365

Page 7 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

8.19.3.1 Potential Impacts 365 8.19.3.2 Mitigation Measures 370 8.19.3.3 Residual Impacts 374 8.19.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 377 8.19.4.1 Potential Impacts 377 8.19.4.2 Mitigation Measures 377 8.19.4.3 Residual Impacts 377 8.19.5 Decommissioning Phase 377 8.19.5.1 Potential Impacts 377 8.19.5.2 Mitigation Measures 377 8.19.5.3 Residual Impacts 378 8.19.6 Summary – Impacts on Traffic and Transport 378 8.20 Onshore – Cultural Heritage 379 8.20.1 Overview 379 8.20.2 Potential Impacts 380 8.20.2.1 Direct Physical Disturbance of or Damage to Cultural Heritage Sites 380 8.20.2.2 Degradation or Damage to Cultural Heritage Sites Due to Pollution or Vibration 381 8.20.2.3 Blockage of User Access to Cultural Heritage Sites 381 8.20.2.4 Negative Effects on the Setting or Ambience of Cultural Heritage Sites 382 8.20.3 Mitigation Measures 382 8.20.4 Residual Impacts 385 8.20.4.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 388 8.20.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase 399 8.20.4.3 Decommissioning Phase 400 8.20.5 Summary – Impacts on Cultural Heritage 401 8.21 Non-Routine Events 402 8.21.1 Offshore Non-Routine Events - Overview 402 8.21.1.1 Potential Impacts: Construction Phase 405 8.21.1.2 Potential Impacts: Operation and Maintenance Phase 406 8.21.1.3 Residual Impact 408 8.21.2 Onshore Non-Routine Events - Overview 409 8.21.2.1 Potential Impacts 413 8.21.2.2 Mitigation Measures 413 8.21.2.3 Residual Risk 415 8.22 Cumulative / Combined Impacts 416 8.22.1 Identification of Relevant Cumulative Impact Sources 416 8.22.2 Cumulative Impacts Offshore (and Coastal) 420 8.22.3 Cumulative Impacts Onshore 420 8.22.3.1 Overview 420 8.22.3.2 Mitigation Measures 423 8.22.3.3 Residual Impacts 424 8.23 Transboundary Impacts 425 8.23.1 Introduction 425 8.23.2 Identification and Assessment of Transboundary Impacts 425 8.23.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts 428 8.23.4 Residual Impacts 428 8.24 Project Response 429

Page 8 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

LIST OF TABLES Table 8.1-1 Areas of Study and Receptors ...... 15 Table 8.2-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality ...... 23 Table 8.2-2 Oceanography and Water Quality Impact Sources - Construction Phase ...... 23 Table 8.2-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality – Construction Phase ...... 29 Table 8.2-4 Oceanography and Water Quality Impact Sources –Operation Phase ...... 30 Table 8.2-5 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality – Operation Phase ...... 31 Table 8.2-6 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality...... 33 Table 8.2-7 Climate and Air Quality Impact Sources - Construction Phase ...... 33 Table 8.2-8 Vessels Involved in the Offshore and Nearshore Pipeline Construction ...... 34 Table 8.2-9 MEET Input Information ...... 36 Table 8.2-10 Average Fuel Consumption of Marine Vessels ...... 36 Table 8.2-11 Maximum Fuel Consumption of Vessels in Different Modes ...... 37 Table 8.2-12 Proposed Cruising Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel) ...... 37 Table 8.2-13 Proposed Manoeuvring Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel) ...... 38 Table 8.2-14 Proposed Hotelling Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel) ...... 38 Table 8.2-15 Estimate of Air Pollutant Emissions from Vessels ...... 38 Table 8.2-16 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality – Construction Phase ..... 39 Table 8.2-17 Climate and Air Quality Impact Sources – Operation Phase ...... 40 Table 8.2-18 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Climate and Air Quality – Operation Phase ...... 40 Table 8.2-19 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments ...... 42 Table 8.2-20 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments Impact Sources - Construction Phase ...... 43 Table 8.2-21 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments – Construction Phase ...... 44 Table 8.2-22 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments Impact Sources – Operation Phase ...... 45 Table 8.2-23 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments – Operation Phase ...... 45 Table 8.3-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Nutrients and Plankton ...... 48 Table 8.3-2 Nutrients and Plankton Impact Sources – Construction Phase ...... 49 Table 8.3-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Nutrients and Plankton – Construction Phase ..... 50 Table 8.3-4 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Marine Benthos ...... 53 Table 8.3-5 Marine Benthos Impact Sources - Construction Phase ...... 53 Table 8.3-6 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Benthos – Construction Phase ...... 56 Table 8.3-7 Marine Benthos Impact Sources – Operation Phase ...... 58 Table 8.3-8 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Benthos – Operation Phase ...... 60 Table 8.3-9 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Fish and Other Nekton ...... 62 Table 8.3-10 Fish and Other Nekton Impact Sources - Construction Phase ...... 62 Table 8.3-11 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Fish and Other Nekton – Construction Phase ..... 66 Table 8.3-12 Fish and Other Nekton Impact Sources – Operation Phase ...... 67 Table 8.3-13 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Fish and Other Nekton – Operation Phase ...... 68 Table 8.3-14 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Marine Mammals and Reptiles ...... 69 Table 8.3-15 Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impact Sources -Construction Phase ...... 70 Table 8.3-16 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Mammals and Reptiles – Construction Phase ...... 72 Table 8.3-17 Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impact Sources – Operation Phase ...... 73

Page 9 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

Table 8.3-18 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Mammals and Reptiles – Operation Phase ...... 74 Table 8.3-19 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Seabirds ...... 75 Table 8.3-20 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Seabirds – Construction Phase ...... 76 Table 8.3-21 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Seabirds – Operation Phase ...... 77 Table 8.4-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment ...... 81 Table 8.4-2 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment - Construction Phase ...... 92 Table 8.4-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment – Operation Phase . 93 Table 8.4-4 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Cultural Heritage ...... 96 Table 8.4-5 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase ...... 98 Table 8.5-1 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal – Climate and Ambient Air Quality ...... 100 Table 8.5-2 Residual Impacts – Coastal – Climate and Air Quality – Construction Phase .....102 Table 8.5-3 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Acoustic Environment ...... 104 Table 8.5-4 Noise Pressure Levels during Pipeline Construction Phase Activities ...... 105 Table 8.5-5 Noise Pressure Levels during Precommissioning Phase Activities ...... 105 Table 8.5-6 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Acoustic Environment – Construction Phase ...... 107 Table 8.5-7 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ...... 108 Table 8.5-8 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils – Construction Phase ...... 110 Table 8.5-9 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 112 Table 8.5-10 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase ...... 113 Table 8.5-11 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology ...... 114 Table 8.5-12 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology – Construction Phase ...... 116 Table 8.6-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality ...... 118 Table 8.6-2 Construction - Maximum Ground Concentrations of PM10 ...... 121 Table 8.6-3 Residual impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality – Construction Phase ...... 123 Table 8.6-4 Maximum Ground Concentrations compared against Applicable Standards ...... 125 Table 8.6-5 CS02 and CS03 emissions - Evaluation of Impacts Significance for Air Quality .126 Table 8.6-6 Residual impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality – Operation Phase ...... 128 Table 8.7-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Acoustic Environment ...... 133 Table 8.7-2 Noise Pressure Levels during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity Contribution ...... 135 Table 8.7-3 Noise Pressure Levels during CS Construction Phase - Activity Contribution ....135 Table 8.7-4 Noise Pressure Levels during Trenchless Crossings (HDD) ...... 135 Table 8.7-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Acoustic Environment – Construction Phase .....138 Table 8.7-6 Noise Pressure Levels during CS03 Operation Phase ...... 139 Table 8.7-7 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels during CS03 Operation Phase ...... 140 Table 8.7-8 Increase Above Background during CS03 Operation Phase ...... 140 Table 8.7-9 Noise Pressure Levels during CS02 Operation Phase ...... 141 Table 8.7-10 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels during CS02 Operation Phase ...... 142 Table 8.7-11 Increase Above Background during CS02 Operation Phase ...... 142 Table 8.7-12 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Acoustic Environment – Operation Phase ...... 143 Table 8.8-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources ...... 146 Table 8.8-2 Watercourse Crossing Methods and Environmental Considerations ...... 147 Table 8.8-3 List of Major Watercourse Crossing Techniques ...... 148 Table 8.8-4 Sensitive Groundwater Resources ...... 150 Table 8.8-5 Estimated Water Consumption for Onshore Construction Phase ...... 151 Table 8.8-6 Potential Sources of Hydrotest Water ...... 153

Page 10 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

Table 8.8-7 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources – Construction Phase.....165 Table 8.8-8 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources – Operation Phase ...... 168 Table 8.9-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ...... 172 Table 8.9-2 Sections with High Risk of Soil Erosion ...... 173 Table 8.9-3 Sections with Identified Risk of Soil Compaction ...... 174 Table 8.9-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soil – Construction Phase ...... 180 Table 8.9-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soil – Operation Phase ...... 185 Table 8.10-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 188 Table 8.10-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase ...... 191 Table 8.10-3 Residual Impacts of Ridge Modifications - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase ...... 194 Table 8.10-4 Residual Impacts of Compressor Stations - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase ...... 195 Table 8.10-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Operation Phase ...... 198 Table 8.10-6 Visual Impacts of Proposed Ridge Modifications at Fixed Viewpoint Locations ..201 Table 8.10-7 Visual Impacts of Proposed Compressor Station CS02 ...... 203 Table 8.10-8 Visual Impacts of Proposed Compressor Station CS03 ...... 204 Table 8.11-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology ...... 208 Table 8.11-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology – Construction Phase ...... 220 Table 8.11-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology – Operation Phase ...... 231 Table 8.12-1 Aquatic Ecology Impact Sources ...... 234 Table 8.12-2 Summary of Watercourse Crossings - TAP Route and Access Roads ...... 235 Table 8.12-3 Watercourse Sensitivity Criteria ...... 235 Table 8.12-4 Major River and Canal Crossing Points...... 240 Table 8.12-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Ecology- Construction Phase ...... 248 Table 8.12-6 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Ecology- Operation Phase ...... 253 Table 8.13-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Economy and Employment ...... 257 Table 8.13-2 Employment Figures and Duration of Work for Project Components ...... 258 Table 8.13-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Economy and Employment – Construction Phase ...... 265 Table 8.13-4 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Economy and Employment – Operation Phase ..268 Table 8.14-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Land Use and Value ...... 273 Table 8.14-2 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Lands and Livehoods – Construction Phase ...... 286 Table 8.14-3 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Lands and Livehoods – Operation Phase ...... 291 Table 8.15-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Infrastructure and Utilities ...... 297 Table 8.15-2 Distribution of Pipeline Road Crossings by Districts/Road Category ...... 299 Table 8.15-3 Road Access Program ...... 301 Table 8.15-4 Channel Crossings by District ...... 303 Table 8.15-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Infrastructure and Utilities – Construction Phase ...... 307 Table 8.15-6 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Infrastructure and Utilities – Operation Phase....311 Table 8.16-1 Key Potential Risks – Worker Rights and Working Conditions ...... 315 Table 8.16-2 Worker Management and Rights ...... 320 Table 8.16-3 Residual Impacts – Workforce Social Issues – Construction Phase ...... 323 Table 8.16-4 Residual Impacts –Workforce Social Issues – Operation Phase ...... 327 Table 8.17-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety ...... 333 Table 8.17-2 Construction Camps ...... 334

Page 11 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures

Table 8.17-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety – Precommissioning Phase ...... 342 Table 8.17-4 Visual Impacts of Proposed Ridge Modifications at Fixed Viewpoint Locations ..344 Table 8.17-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety – Maintenance Phase ...... 345 Table 8.18-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Community Cohesion ...... 350 Table 8.18-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Cohesion – Construction Phase .....355 Table 8.18-3 Residual Impacts - Onshore - Community Cohesion – Operation Phase ...... 358 Table 8.19-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Traffic and Transport ...... 363 Table 8.19-2 Location of Baseline Monitoring Sites and Fulfilment of Selection Criterion ...... 364 Table 8.19-3 Relationship of Construction Traffic Hot Spots and Baseline Monitoring Locations ...... 368 Table 8.19-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Traffic and Transport – Construction Phase ...... 375 Table 8.20-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage ...... 380 Table 8.20-2 Significance of Impacts on Cultural Heritage ...... 386 Table 8.20-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage - Construction Phase ...... 393 Table 8.20-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage – Operation Phase ...... 400 Table 8.21-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Non-Routine Events ...... 404 Table 8.21-2 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Non-Routine Events ...... 408 Table 8.22-1 Future Planned Projects considered for Cumulative Assessment ...... 417 Table 8.22-2 Potential Cumulative Impacts from the Interaction between TAP and Other Projects ...... 421 Table 8.24-1 Summary of Project Response to Stakeholder Concerns ...... 429

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 8.2-1 Pipeline Sections ...... 21 Figure 8.4-1 Offshore Socioeconomic Environment Impacted by Project Activities ...... 83 Figure 8.4-2 Flotation Channel and Offshore Cofferdam ...... 85 Figure 8.4-3 Temporary Construction Site* (in blue) and Onshore/Offshore Cofferdams (in yellow) ...... 88 Figure 8.8-1 Vulnerable Groundwater Resources requiring Mitigation ...... 161 Figure 8.9-1 Specific Locations of Soil Erosion Mitigation ...... 178 Figure 8.14-1 Geographic Overview of Impacts to Land and Livelihoods ...... 274 Figure 8.14-2 Examples of Agricultural Land to be Temporarily Affected by the Establishment of Pipe yards in Rrakull (Synej Commune) and Buzuk (Vendreshe Commune) ....275 Figure 8.14-3 Area Along Pipeline Route where Working Strip (in light blue) will Remove Plots of Land ...... 277 Figure 8.15-1 Potentially Impacted Key Infrastructure ...... 296 Figure 8.15-2 New and Upgraded Roads Along Pipeline Route ...... 298 Figure 8.15-3 Road Crossings along Pipeline Route (sensitive area outlined in red) ...... 299 Figure 8.15-4 Project Access Roads in Potom Area ...... 310 Figure 8.20-1 Locations and Significance of Residual Direct Physical Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase ...... 389 Figure 8.20-2 Locations and Significance of Residual Pollution and Vibration Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase ...... 390 Figure 8.20-3 Locations and Significance of Residual User Access Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase ...... 391 Figure 8.20-4 Locations and Significance of Residual Setting and Ambience Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase ...... 392 Figure 8.20-5 Locations and Significance of Residual Setting and Ambience Impacts on Cultural Heritage ...... 399

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Figure 8.21-1 Relation External Interference and Pipeline Diameter (d) ...... 410 Figure 8.21-2 Relation External Interference and Wall Thickness (wt) ...... 411 Figure 8.22-1 Location of Future Planned Projects considered for Cumulative Assessment ....419

LIST OF BOXES Box 8.2-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality ...... 23 Box 8.2-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality ...... 33 Box 8.2-3 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Seabed Morphology and Sediments ...... 42 Box 8.3-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Nutrients and Plankton ...... 48 Box 8.3-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Marine Benthos ...... 52 Box 8.3-3 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Fish and Other Nekton ...... 61 Box 8.3-4 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Marine Mammals and Reptiles 69 Box 8.3-5 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Seabirds ...... 75 Box 8.4-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore – Socioeconomic Environment . 80 Box 8.4-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore – Cultural Heritage ...... 96 Box 8.5-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Climate and Ambient Air Quality ...... 100 Box 8.5-2 Key Considerations for Assessment - Coastal - Acoustic Environment ...... 104 Box 8.5-3 Key Considerations for Assessment - Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ...... 108 Box 8.5-4 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 112 Box 8.5-5 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology ...... 114 Box 8.6-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Climate and Ambient Air Quality ...... 118 Box 8.7-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Acoustic Environment ...... 133 Box 8.8-1 Key Considerations for Assessment - Onshore - Water Resources ...... 145 Box 8.9-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ...... 171 Box 8.10-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 188 Box 8.11-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology ...... 207 Box 8.12-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Fresh Water Ecology ...... 233 Box 8.13-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Economy and Employment ....256 Box 8.14-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Land Use and Livelihoods .....272 Box 8.14-2 Information on Honeybees ...... 280 Box 8.14-3 LRF Overview ...... 283 Box 8.14-4 Moving Beehives ...... 285 Box 8.14-5 Apple Subsidy Scheme Details ...... 288 Box 8.15-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Infrastructure and Utilities ...... 295 Box 8.15-2 Impacts from Disruption to Flooding Channels (Fier) ...... 302 Box 8.15-3 Public Utilities Assessment Plan ...... 305 Box 8.16-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Worker Management ...... 314 Box 8.17-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Community Health and Safety ...... 332 Box 8.17-2 Guidelines for Medical Facilities ...... 339 Box 8.18-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Community Cohesion ...... 349 Box 8.18-2 TAP AG Commitments to Transparency, Accountability and Stakeholder Engagement ...... 353

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Box 8.19-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Traffic and Transport ...... 363 Box 8.20-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Cultural Heritage ...... 379 Box 8.21-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Non-Routine Events ...... 404 Box 8.21-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Non-Routine Events ...... 413

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8 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 8.1 Introduction

This section identifies and assesses the environmental and socioeconomic impacts and risks of the TAP Project in Albania including the offshore section, and details of any proposed mitigation measures.

The residual impacts and risks are assessed taking the implementation of mitigation measures into account. These are either built-into the Project design, i.e. basically by the routing and siting efforts to avoid or minimise conflicts with the natural and socioeconomic environments, and using best available techniques as a facility design reference, or are in addition identified as part of the assessment. The latter measures will need to be detailed and implemented in the final design of the Project.

Potentially relevant sources of impacts and risks were screened and identified through scoping of the ESIA. The impacts assessment approach is presented in Section 5, which sets out:

• The technical, spatial and temporal scope assessed in the ESIA;

• The relevant interactions between Project activities and the receiving environments;

• The structured analysis of anticipated regular, cumulative and unplanned impacts associated with the Project.

Based on this, the study programme for the likely baseline receptors and the impacts assessment studies such as air- and noise modelling were determined.

An overview on the technical scope in relation to the areas of study is summarised in Table 8.1-1.

In terms of general methodology, for all sections of pipeline and Project phases, the predicted impacts are identified and assessed as per each receptor in the physical, biological, socioeconomic, and cultural heritage environment. Impacts that are deemed to be of significance when they occur are assessed in full by means of the methodology and criteria presented in Section 5 and Annex 5, respectively. Impacts that are deemed to be not significant based upon previous knowledge and experience in similar projects are described but not assessed in detail.

The technical scope assessed in the ESIA is defined as including the resources / receptors as presented Table 8.1-1.

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Table 8.1-1 Areas of Study and Receptors

Area of Study Receptor Offshore - Physical Environment Oceanography and Water Quality Climate and Ambient Air Quality Seabed Geology, Morphology, and Chemistry Offshore - Biological Environment Designated Sites and Sensitive Habitats Marine Plankton Marine Benthos Fish and Other Nekton Marine Mammals and Reptiles Seabirds Offshore - Socioeconomic / Human Environment Fishermen and Livelihood, Marine Traffic, Land and Livelihoods Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Onshore - Physical Environment Climate and Ambient Air Quality Acoustic Environment Water Receptors (Groundwater and Surface Water) Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils Landscape and Visual Amenity Onshore - Biological Environment Terrestrial Ecology (inc. Habitat, Flora, Fauna) Freshwater Ecology (inc. Habitat, Flora, Fauna) Protected Areas and Sites of Conservation Interest Onshore - Socioeconomic / Human Environment Economy and Employment Land and Livelihoods Infrastructure and Utilities Worker Management and Rights Community Health and Safety Community Cohesion Traffic and Transport Onshore – Cultural Heritage Archaeological/Historic Site Site with Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Value Monuments ERM (2012) The assessment is informed by a number of studies and supporting information presented in Annex 8. This includes modelling studies for air emissions and noise calculations for pipeline and compressor station construction and operation, a Hydrotest Concept (APL00-ILF-100-F-TRS- 001-0E) prepared by ILF (02/2012), and a sediment dispersion modelling study for the nearshore marine section at the landfall (22700172, prepared by DHI Italia in March 2012) provided as Annex 9 - Sediment Dispersion Modelling. The impacts assessment and mitigation measures have also taken into account the information and concerns received from stakeholders during the stakeholder consultation process.

The assessment of impacts on designated protected areas (including proposed Emerald sites) and sites of conservation note was informed by an Appropriate Assessment as set out in the Habitats Directive requirements (AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 at07, ERM, 2012).

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The assessment of socioeconomic impacts and risks is further informed by a Human Rights Impact Assessment study prepared by ERGON (2012); a summary of this is found in Annex 10 (AAL00-EAL-694-Y-TAM-0003).

The spatial scope of the ESIA varies, depending on the respective receptor and is detailed in Section 5 - Impact Methodology. It covers onshore and offshore environments. The spatial scope of the ESIA includes the assessment transboundary impacts to neighbouring Italy and Greece (see Section 8.23).

The temporal scope of the ESIA covers the three main phases of the Project:

• Construction;

• Operation and Maintenance; and

• Decommissioning and Reinstatement.

The duration of activities within each of these main phases can vary considerably (see Section 4 - Project Description for details on the TAP Project activities) and each has its own environmental and socioeconomic impacts and risk potential.

Pipeline construction is a sequential process and will last only a few weeks in each location, whereas construction of the compressor stations will see continuous activity over a period of 26 months for CS03 and 20 months for the initial stage of CS02.

Operation in contrast covers a very long period. The design lifetime of the pipeline is 50 years; but it can well be anticipated, based on pipeline industry experience, that the pipeline could actually be used a much longer time. The compressor station equipment will be exchanged after 25 years (see Section 4 – Project Description).

Decommissioning of the TAP system would take place at a time far in the future therefore impacts of this project phase are assessed based on the following assumptions: It cannot be foreseen today which decommissioning approaches will be taken at the time of decommissioning. Impacts will obviously depend on the state-of-the-art decommissioning approach and available dismantling techniques at the time of decommissioning which cannot be foreseen today. Depending on the approach and technologies available at decommissioning stage, the pipeline may either stay in the ground or would be taken out partly or completely. Common international practice today, however with not many precedence examples being available, is to leave an abandoned pipeline in the ground (abandonment-in-place), In this case the pipeline would be pigged, purged and filled with suitable material and secured against structural collapse to avoid ground subsidence which would lead to subsequent impacts and risks to land use. If the pipeline is taken out, e.g. to recover the pipe steel, activities would be similar to construction stage but in reverse order. It is assumed that in such a case similar types of equipment, machinery and vehicles would be used for decommissioning and similar impacts would occur which would need to be addressed by potentially similar mitigation. Any decommissioning activities will be subject to permitting requirements applicable at that time and subject to consultation with owners and

Page 17 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures stakeholders of affected properties and structures. A Pipeline Abandonment Plan that covers all relevant items will be prepared by TAG AG before any decommissioning works. Based on above, for each environmental component the relevant more specific impacts are discussed under the “Decommissioning” headings further below.

Risks and impacts resulting from non-routine operation scenarios and their mitigation are assessed in Section 8.21. The assessment of construction impacts is also looking at environmental and socioeconomic risks during that phase such as accidental spills to soil and water; traffic accident risk from logistics, socioeconomic community risks, social issues of employment incl. worker rights, etc. (These topics are dealt with qualitatively, whereas operational risks are also discussed in quantitative terms).

Cumulative impacts arising from the combination of activities associated with the TAP Project together with other third party developments or projects in the same area of influence are assessed in Section 8.22.

As previously established, impacts are described and assessed according to the receptor they affect. (See Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline for details on the potential receptors, their importance and values and sensitivities towards Project activities).

Each impacts assessment discussion in the Sections 8.2 to 8.23 below is presented in a systematic manner detailing the following:

• Likely impacts - the magnitudes of the impacts are described;

• Foreseen mitigation - the key mitigation measures adopted as well as a discussion on the various mitigation alternatives considered; and

• Evaluation of the Significance of residual impacts – an indication as to the significance of the residual impacts whether it will be minor, moderate, major or critical.

The most important and effective mitigation measure for linear projects like the TAP is the appropriate routing of the pipeline and site selection of its associated facilities, especially the compressor stations. The TAP Project has undertaken a comprehensive and iterative route selection and refinement process (see Section 2 – Project Justification) through which key sensitive receptors have been avoided, or the pipeline route and facilities have been sited as far away from potential receptors as practicably possible.

Therefore, Project impacts described in this section are those which it has not been possible to avoid or mitigate further through the route selection and siting process, and which require additional mitigation. During the preconstruction phase, additional micro rerouting will be considered and implemented where possible to increase the distance between the pipe centreline and nearby, identified receptor. Section 9 - Environmental, Social and Cultural Heritage Management and Monitoring presents a summary of mitigation measures proposed for

Page 18 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures the different phases of the TAP Project in Albania (see Section 9.1), and of the monitoring measures to be undertaken (see Section 9.4).

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8.2 Offshore – Physical Environment 8.2.1 Introduction

As defined in Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline, the physical environment associated with Albanian offshore study area is characterised by: minimal tidal movement (range~0.4 m); a wave height maximum of ~3 m, with the dominant conditions being calm (<0.5 m); and the predominant sediment being comprised of sand and pelite. Predicted impacts on the Albanian offshore physical environment will occur as a result of the offshore (including nearshore) Project activities (e.g. direct laying on sea bed, intervention works, shore approach method, etc.). The offshore component of the TAP is an approximately 60 km long pipeline (36 inch) from the landfall to the mid line of the Adriatic Sea (see Figure 8.2-1) and has been divided from the coast towards offshore as follows:

• The coastal pipeline is a small section of the pipeline which is buried and extends approximately 150 m inland between the landfall and the tie-in with the onshore pipeline. This section is needed to allow for correct alignment between the offshore pipeline (buried at a depth of 4 m) and the onshore pipeline (typically buried at a depth of 1 m). Construction methods to be used will be different to those applied to the onshore pipeline.

• A cofferdam which will facilitate the construction of the landfall. A cofferdam is a type of temporary sheet piling construction designed to facilitate construction projects in areas which are normally submerged. The cofferdam is installed to prevent natural backfilling and retain the depth of the dredged channel until the pipeline can be laid during the pipe installation. The length of the cofferdam will be approximately 200 m from the shore line. • Dredging of a flotation channel, of approximately 2 km length, will be required in front of the landfall to allow the nearshore pipe lay barge to approach it straight on, as its draught would not allow it to approach the shore sufficiently. • A buried, approximately 4 km pre or post-dredged trench to accommodate the next section of pipeline from the end of the flotation channel towards the Adriatic Sea; and • The final section of the Albanian offshore pipeline, from the end of the trench to the mid ,line between the Albanian and Italian marine jurisdictions, section of approximately 50 km length, in which the pipeline will be laid on the sea bed. The main characteristics of these sections, in terms of impact sources are:

• The temporarily dredged flotation channel will be approximately 2 km long from the end of the cofferdam and will have an approximate width of 160 m and 7 m water depth. This width is required to allow the vessels to manoeuvre safely. At the end of the channel, 2 km west of the landfall, water depth is over 7 m, allowing the pipelay barge to operate without restrictions.

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• A total of approximately 1,600,000 m3 of marine sediments will be moved in the dredging operation, all of which will be reused during the reinstatement operation. This material will be temporarily deposited outside the channel, down current from the channel to protect it from backfilling due to water currents. After pipe installation this material will be reused to backfill the channel with the same methodology (a pipe by floating hose controlled by a support vessel) but in a reversed sequence. • A smaller trench will be dug to accommodate the pipeline from the end of the 2 km flotation channel dredged area to the nearshore limit (25 m water depth, Kp 7 from the coast). The trench will have an average trench bottom width of 1 m and an average trench depth of 0.5 m). If post-trenched a submarine plough or a similar post-trenching pipeline burial method will be used, resulting in a trench that will be 2 m in width and in depth.

• Hydrotesting of the pipeline will require the pipeline to be flooded by injecting seawater drawn from the Italian nearshore. This water will not need to be chemically treated at all and will be filtered to 50 micron before being injected into the pipeline. The water needed to fill the pipeline one time is approximately 75,000 m3 seawater. • Vessel movements to facilitate the dredging and pipelaying activities.

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Figure 8.2-1 Pipeline Sections

ERM (2012)

8.2.1.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Following is a list of the key offshore impacting activities performed in this phase:

• Anchor handling;

• Seabed intervention works including dredging, reinstatement of sediments, and the construction of a cofferdam;

• Pipe-laying;

• Vessel movement; and

• Pipelines flooding, testing, dewatering, drying.

8.2.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

Following is a list of the key offshore impacting activities performed in this phase:

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• Pipeline presence on / in the seabed;

• Routine inspections and maintenance work; and

• Change in temperature.

8.2.1.3 Decommissioning Phase

The offshore pipeline will be left as it was installed in the sea. As no impacting activities are envisaged, no impacts are expected and this Phase of the Project will not be analysed further.

8.2.2 Oceanography and Water Quality

8.2.2.1 Overview

As defined in Section 6 – Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline the surface seawater temperature in the region has an annual average of 18.3°C, a minimum and maximum of 15°C and 25°C respectively. The salinity in the Albanian Offshore study area ranges between 39.25 psu at 1.5 m water depth and 40.21 psu at 11 m water depth. The Albanian offshore region has dissolved oxygen which varies little (ranging between 6.05 mg/l at 9 m water depth, and 7.93 mg/l at a depth of 12.5 m water depth) and is not oxygen deficient.

Chlorophyll-a showed very low concentrations which correlates with other regional data that shows levels of less than 0.04mg/m3 are to be expected. The metal concentrations recorded indicate that the water is free from heavy metal contamination, with hydrocarbon levels also low in concentration within the waters of the Albanian offshore study area.

The oceanographic parameters such as salinity, temperature and wave regime are known to support a number of species as such as fish, birds and marine mammals, and the impacts on these species are assessed below in Section 8.2.2.2. However, since there are no known significant features of the water column and physical processes such as very high tidal currents as seen in other regions, these are not considered to be particularly sensitive to change. The main TAP related activities in the Albanian Offshore Environment which are expected to have an impact on the oceanography of the study area will occur during the construction phase and, to a lesser extent, the precommissioning and operational phase. The oceanography in the Albanian Offshore Environment is considered to have a low sensitivity throughout.

Box 8.2-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, and baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated with the impacts of the TAP Project on oceanography and water quality.

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Box 8.2-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality

Sources of Impacts • Construction Phase: seabed intervention works, dredging, and pipe-laying activities resulting in re-suspension and dispersion of sediments (and contaminants associated, if any). Vessel operation and maintenance resulting in contamination from wastewater and waste disposal systems. • Operation and maintenance phase: external inspections and routine maintenance works resulting in sediment suspension in the vicinity of the pipeline, an increase in temperature as a result of the compression of gas. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Sea water. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • The oceanographic parameters such as salinity, temperature and wave regime are known to support a number of species. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

Table 8.2-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on oceanography and water quality during the key Project phases. Table 8.2-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality

Construction Phase Operation and maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Temporary re-suspension of sediments • None. • None with associated effects on water column. • Increase in temperature • Potential temporary decreasing of seawater quality by liquid effluents. ERM (2012)

Each potential impact has been expanded in the following paragraphs, providing information on the magnitude and the mitigation measures built into the Project.

8.2.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

The following Sources of impacts have been identified for the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project. The Sources listed below could potentially cause impacts on water quality.

Table 8.2-2 Oceanography and Water Quality Impact Sources - Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Construction works including dredging on the Temporary disturbance and subsequent re-suspension of sediments seabed together with the associated compounds such as nutrients and pollutants (water column). Routine and non-routine discharges from Potential temporary decreasing of seawater quality by liquid support and installation vessels/barges to the effluents. marine environment ERM (2012)

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Using the above sources of potential impacts the assessment was completed for oceanography and water quality. All sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of the section.

8.2.2.2.1 Potential Impacts

Impacts upon the water column during the construction phase are limited to the re-suspension and dispersion of sediments resulting in an increase in turbidity, as well as the potential release of associated contaminants (heavy metals and/or organic pollutants, if any) and nutrients as a result of pipe-laying, anchor handling and seabed intervention works.

Increase in Turbidity

Construction works on the seabed will result in the disturbance and subsequent re-suspension of sediments together with the associated compounds such as nutrients and contaminants, which may be present. This would increase the turbidity levels as well as compound concentration in the water column. Activities that are expected to disturb the seabed include dredging of the flotation channel, construction of the cofferdam, pipe-laying, anchor handling and seabed intervention works.

The amount of sediment disrupted is highly dependent on the methods and equipment used during the installation phase of the pipeline as well as the extent of the construction works. The degree to which sediments are generally prone to suspension is linked to the fines content and how consolidated the sediment is. Sediments are re-suspended for a period of time before being deposited (sedimentation) elsewhere. This depends on both the grain size of the sediment and the prevailing current flow. All these circumstances have been taken in account in the model described in Annex 9 Sediment Dispersion Modelling. Based on the known hydrodynamics of the region, including currents, wind, wave regime and seasonal variations three representative scenarios were selected to represent the potential distribution of sediments under different seasonal variations. The three scenarios are:

• Scenario 1: Representative meteomarine conditions during Autumn/Winter season;

• Scenario 2: Representative meteomarine conditions during Spring/Summer season; and

• Scenario 3: Representative meteomarine conditions for a Spring/Summer storm event.

Further to these scenarios 5 sediment release points were chosen to represent different points on the pipeline route and the distribution of sediments from these points. One point is located at the offshore end of the cofferdam (point 1), one at the offshore end of the access channel (point 4), and the two remaining points (point 2 and point 3) are located in the middle of the access channel (the locations of the sediment release points are provided in Annex 9). The spacing between the four release points is equidistant.

For the most part, the pipeline route through the Albanian offshore environment is at a depth range between 15 (after exit from the floating channel) and 300 m water depth. Currents

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(depending on strength) along the seabed will increase the distance to which suspended sediments would be transported laterally and vertically as well as the time period for which sediments remain in suspension. Areas with coarser sandy bottoms are expected to experience less re-suspension and dispersion of sediments.

Pipe-laying can result in the re-suspension and dispersion of sediments due to the current generated by pipeline displacement. However, the worst case scenario is represented by dredging activities being conducted during the autumn/winter months. During that period the maximum suspended sediment concentration (SSC) can be found in the cofferdam area (sediment release point 1), with concentrations that locally, can reach 2.5 g/l, due to the limited water depth. Outside of the cofferdam area, the SSC rapidly decreases although measurable concentrations (higher than 0.1 g/l) can still be found approximately 3 km north of the landfall of the proposed TAP Project. The associated plume has a modelled distribution of around 7,300 m along the coast, and 1,300 m perpendicular to the coast.

For sediment release point 2 on the pipeline route the maximum SSC is located between the sediment release point and the coastline, with concentrations in the order of 0.30 g/l. The extension of the plume is approximately 5,500 m along the coast and only few hundreds of metres offshore.

For sediment release point 3 and the broadly similar sediment release point 4, the maximum SSC is located in correspondence of the release sources, with values up to 0.65 g/l. In this case, the maximum concentrations of the plume develop mainly southward and towards the coastline with an average SSC of 0.20 g/l. The modelled extension of the plume parallel to the shore is approximately 7300 m. In point 5 the sediment is released only for one day (as it is the narrow trench from 10 m to 30 m water depth which is expected to require one day to construct) and as such the maximum values of SSC are significantly lower than in the others points. In particular the maximum SSC, averaged in the first 20 m of the water column, is located in correspondence of the release sources, with local values around 0.32 g/l. Considering a minimum SSC of 0.02 g/l, the plume has an extension of approximately 5,500 m, along the direction parallel to the coast, and around 1,500 m perpendicular to the coast, mainly between the sediment release point and the coastline.

Anchor handling involves the placement and retrieval of 12 anchors on the seabed for every 200-600 metres of pipeline laid. Both activities will result in the re-suspension of sediments. Calculations into the amount of sediment that is placed in suspension are considered similar variables to those used for pipe-laying.

During both anchor placement and retrieval, and assuming a sediment concentration of 1500 g/l, approximately 0.1 m3 of sediment will be placed in suspension during each activity per anchor on average.

Pipe-laying activities will extend along the entire length of the pipeline, but anchor handling will only be used up to the 300 m water depth contour. At depths greater than the 300 m contour

Page 26 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures dynamic vessel positioning will be used. It is expected that the effects of these activities would compare well to the effects of bottom trawling activities (dragging of trawls along the seabed) as well as normal anchor placement in the Adriatic Sea. As such it is expected that such activities would contribute very little to the overall amount of sediment placed into suspension during the construction phase.

Release of Associated Substances to Sediments

Concentrations for the substances associated to the sediments have been determined during the environmental survey as reported in Annex 9. The results show concentrations above background in the sediments, of chromium in only a few locations, away from the trenching locations, and nickel basically in the whole surveyed area. These contaminants of concern identified (only nickel, as the locations where chromium above background has been found will not be affected from project activities) are typically bonded to the sediment particles in the accumulation (sedimentation) areas.

As is discussed further in impacts to seabed section, a very important circumstance to note is that only the first 10 cm depth of sediments have been sampled and analyzed (potential presence in deeper material of these or other elements has not been investigated and, consequentially, .the relations between these potential levels and their sources, if human originated, natural or a combination of both). It is interesting to note that the average background concentration of Ni in marine waters as suspended oceanic particulates is 95 mg/kg, (Nriagu 1980b) a level which is reached within hundreds of metres of the trenching area. The expected impacts are considered non significant based on the current level of information available. In order to apply the precautionary principle, protective mitigation measures have been adopted in relation to the potential levels of metals existing in deeper layers of sediment.

The dissolved phase of the metals in the water column is what is usually considered as relevant in terms of specific environmental impacts, as it is the maximum bio-available phase which can have an effect on living organisms. Not all the dissolved metals are either bio-available either, as it also depends on other chemical factors. The impacts on living organisms will be discussed in the relevant sections.

Any calculated concentration of metals in sea water however would not have a significant impact on the characteristics or use of the seawater itself, other than a support for living organisms which will be discussed at each section related to those living organisms. The potential effect on quality of bathing water will not be a major, issue as dredging works will take place avoiding the peak holiday season (July and August).

Release of Nutrients

A release of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, during the re-suspension and dispersion of sediment could stimulate phytoplankton production, should they reach the photic zone, and thereby increase the biomass. An increase in primary production due to the release of

Page 27 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures nutrients could also potentially contribute to oxygen consumption by degradation of organic matter. A release of oxygen-consuming compounds during trenching may aggravate potential situations with local oxygen deficiency at the sea bottom, these may act in accumulation with natural phenomena such as storms and levels are not expected to increase significantly beyond background levels. As was found in the environmental survey the region is not considered to be oxygen deficient, and a small change in oxygen levels is likely to be tolerated by the local ecosystem..

Contamination from Wastewater and Waste Disposal Systems from Vessel Operations

Black and gray water produced on the vessels will be collected and transported to the support port and then sent to disposal. No water is expected to be discharged during the offshore operation.

However, during construction, occasional and limited discharges (related to disposal of effluent) from support and installation vessels/barges to the marine environment may locally affect water quality:

• Treated sewage, grey water and kitchen waste; and

• Open drainage systems and bilge water potentially containing traces of hydrocarbons.

In this case, water discharge will be conducted according to MARPOL requirements, as detailed below.

Sewage, Grey Water and Kitchen Waste

Treated sewage will be discharged into the water or taken onshore for treatment depending on the distance to the coast and according to MARPOL regulations. Macerated food wastes will also be disposed overboard beyond 19.5 km from the coast or taken onshore for treatment. These streams will introduce small quantities of nutrients and organic material to well-mixed, well- oxygenated surface open waters. Grey water (water from showers, baths, washbasins and the galley) is disinfected prior to disposal overboard.

All discharges will be carried out in accordance with relevant legislation (relevant MARPOL requirements and provisions specified in its Annex IV – Sewage – and Annex V – Garbage).

Drainage and Bilge Water

The drainage systems will collect water generated from washing and the storage areas. These with bilge water will enter a drainage system where the effluent will be treated to be discharged with less than 15 ppm oil in water, (in accordance with MARPOL Annex I).

8.2.2.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Due to the extent and duration of seabed interventions and the fact that such intervention works will only occur at a specific section of the pipeline route, identified possible impacts are

Page 28 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures considered moderate. However, the use of silt screens during the most relevant project action in terms of sediment re-suspension, the dredging and backfilling of the flotation channel will be a project mitigation measure. This will limit the geographical extent of the re-distribution of these sediments. Anchor handling and pipe-laying are expected to have a comparatively insignificant impact on spreading. However in terms of anchor handling, this will also be managed, in order to minimize physical disturbance to the seabed. Anchors will not be dragged through the seabed but rather raised during relocation

Precommissioning

Potential Impacts

Impacts upon the water column during the precommissioning and commissioning phase are limited to a change in water quality due to the discharge of pressure-test water near the landfall.

Change in Water Quality

Impacts on the water column from the discharge of pressure-test water always depend on which substances are added to the seawater following intake (and residue from the interior of the pipe). Seawater intake will take place at the Italian landfall and thereafter the seawater will be filtered, no treatment chemicals of any nature will be added. Impacts could only arise from the discharge of residues from the interior of the pipe as the first batch of pigs push pressure test water along the pipe. These materials are chemically inert and will be filtered at the pig receiver before getting into the temporary discharge pipe, so that there will be no other release to the Adriatic Sea than Adriatic Sea water from the Italian coast. This situation determines the insignificance of possible impacts on sea water quality from the discharge of test water, and thus this will not be discussed further.

Residual Impacts

Table 8.2-3 presents a summary of residual impacts associated to their evaluation of significance.

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Table 8.2-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Neasures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Oceanography and Water Quality Impact – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Increase in turbidity • Silt screens will to be used to minimise the Minor spread of suspended sediments • Limited extent and duration. • Selection of Equipment and Methods to be • Appropriate mitigation used used to minimise the spread of suspended sediments Release of sediments and • Silt screens will to be used to minimise the Minor associated substances spread of suspended sediments • Limited extent and duration. • Selection of Equipment and Methods to be • Appropriate mitigation to be used to minimise the spread of suspended used sediments Release of nutrients • None Not Significant • Amount released during construction similar to that produced by natural phenomena in coastal waters such as storms. Contamination from wastewater • None Not Significant and waste disposal systems • Limited extent and duration. from vessel operations • Low intensity. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of seawater as a receptor to the impacts listed above is considered to be low, due to the intrinsic nature of seawater and its use, and since features of the water column and physical processes, are not considered to be particularly sensitive to change.,Impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs. The criteria are reported in Annex 5 - Baseline and Impact Assessment Criteria.

Increase in Turbidity

Due to the extent and duration of increased turbidity levels, and the fact that seabed intervention works will occur along a specific section of the pipeline route within the nearshore environment, it is expected that the impacts (negative and direct due to a change in the resource) on the water column in the Albanian Offshore environment will be regional, of temporary duration and of medium magnitude. Impacts will be reversible within a few days. Applying mitigation measures, impacts magnitude is expected to be medium. Impacts will be reversible within a few days as sediment settles to the seabed. Thus impacts significance, considering sensitivity of the environment in this receptor is low, is considered to be minor

Release of Associated Substances to the Sediments

Due to the limited extent, and short duration of potential increased sediments concentration levels in the offshore environment after the application of mitigation measures, it is expected that the impacts (negative and direct) of the release of associated substances to sediments to be local, of temporary duration and of low intensity. Impacts magnitude is small. Impacts significance

Page 30 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures is expected to be low. Thus impacts significance, considering the low sensitivity of this receptor, is minor.

Release of Nutrients

The total input of both nitrogen and phosphorus into the Adriatic Sea annually, the amount expected to be released during construction and the amount released as a result of the actions of commercial trawling fishing (resuspension of sediments) is expected to be broadly similar. Impact magnitude is small. Based upon such comparisons and the ensuing arguments, the impact of nutrient release on the water column during construction is expected to be not significant.

Wastewater and Waste Disposal Systems from Vessel Operations

Due the limited magnitude and duration of potential increased contaminant concentration levels in the offshore, deepwater environment due to the treated discharges, it is expected that the impacts (negative and direct) of the release of wastewater is expected to be regional, of temporary duration and of low intensity. Impact magnitude is small. Impact significance is expected to be not significant.

Operation and Maintenance Phase

Impacts upon the water column during the operation phase are limited to the transfer of heat that is generated by the movement of natural gas within the pipeline as well as the release of ions from anti-corrosion anodes in place on the pipeline. The Sources listed below could potentially cause impacts on water quality. Table 8.2-4 Oceanography and Water Quality Impact Sources –Operation Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Movement of natural gas within the pipeline Transfer of heat to the water column Presence of anti-corrosion anodes on the Potential release of Ions pipeline ERM (2012)

The following potential impacts led assessment has been completed from the above Sources for water resources where all Sources of impacts are grouped, so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of the section.

Potential Impacts

Impacts upon the water column during the operation phase are limited to the transfer of heat that is generated by the movement of natural gas within the pipeline as well as the potential release of ions from anti-corrosion anodes in place on the pipeline.

Transfer of Heat

An increase of gas temperature is expected at the compressor terminal in Albania as a result of the natural gas heating during compression. Comparable pipelines in operation show that the

Page 31 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures temperature increase is a maximum of 0.5°C in the water near the seabed and in the water on the downstream side of the pipeline, in respect to the tidal current direction, up to a distance of 0.5 to 1 m from the pipeline. It is expected that the gas will expand as it moves further away from the Albanian landfall and thus decrease in temperature.

Mixing will ensure that water temperatures will reach equilibrium with surrounding water temperatures at a distance of between 0.5 and 1 m from the pipeline. There will be a temperature increase in the sediment surrounding the trenched part of the pipeline in a 10-20 cm wide zone. For the buried part of the pipeline the transfer of heat from the pipeline to the sediment and the surrounding seawater is insignificant.

Release of Ions

The potential impacts on water quality from pipeline anodes are related to the release of metal ions from the anode material during the lifetime of the pipeline. Comparable data from pipelines in operation show that the expected release of ions and their effect on the water column are insignificant compared with other sources of metals to the sea.

Mitigation Measures

None necessary

Residual Impacts

The following table presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified after the application of mitigation measures.

Table 8.2-5 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Oceanography and Water Quality – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Oceanography and Water Quality – Operation and Maintenance Phase Transfer of heat • None Not significant • Expected temperature increase undetectable beyond cm from pipeline Release of Ions • None. Not significant • Expected release of ions and their effect on the water column are not significant compared with other sources of metals. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the receptor seawater is considered to be low, as explained previously, while impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Release of Ions

Comparable data from pipelines in operation show that the expected release of ions and their effect on the water column are not significant compared with other sources of metals to the sea.

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Impacts magnitude is thus small. As such, the impacts on the water column are deemed to be not significant.

Transfer of heat

The impacts on the water column in the Albanian Offshore environment are expected to be not significant due to the small impacts magnitude.

8.2.2.3 Summary - Impacts on Water Quality

Pipe-laying can result in the re-suspension and dispersion of sediments due to the current generated in front of the pipeline as they near the seabed as well as from the pressure transfer when the pipeline hits the seabed. The worst case scenario is represented by dredging activities being conducted during the autumn/winter months. During the construction period the maximum suspended sediment concentration is likely to be found in the cofferdam area. Anchor handling involves the placement and retrieval of 12 anchors on the seabed for every 200-600 m of pipeline laid. Both activities will result in the re-suspension of sediments.

The use of silt screens during the most relevant project action in terms of sediment re- suspension, the dredging, and backfilling of the flotation channel will be a project mitigation measure. This will limit the spatial distribution of the sediments. Anchor handling and pipe-laying are expected to have an insignificant impact on dispersion but will also be managed in order to minimize physical disturbance to the seabed. Anchors will not be dragged through the seabed but rather raised during relocation and dynamic positioning will be used in deeper waters to remove any requirement for anchor handling.

8.2.3 Climate and Air Quality

The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on climate and air quality. In particular this section addresses the principal issues (potential impacts), proposed mitigation and management measures and then discusses the residual environmental impacts of project construction and operation and maintenance activities relating to climate and air quality.

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Box 8.2-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality

Sources of Impacts • Construction phase: vessel operation and maintenance resulting in air emissions. • Operation and maintenance phase: external inspections and routine maintenance works resulting in vessel operations resulting in emissions of pollutant gases. Potentially Impacted Resources • Climate and Air Quality. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Adriatic seasonal pattern of precipitation and air flow, with stronger north-easterly winds throughout the year and less intense western and north-westerly winds. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on the climate and air quality during the key Project phases. Table 8.2-6 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Air Emissions potentially affecting • Emissions of pollutant • None expected climate and air quality gases potentially affecting climate and air quality ERM (2012)

8.2.3.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified. Without mitigation, the sources listed below have the potential to cause impacts on climate and air quality. Table 8.2-7 Climate and Air Quality Impact Sources - Construction Phase

Source of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Vessel operations Air Emissions potentially affecting climate and air quality

ERM (2012)

From the above source, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for climate and air quality where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.2.3.1.1 Potential Impacts

Impacts on Local Air Quality due to Marine Vessels Emissions:

The main source of emissions to the atmosphere during the construction phase of the Project will be the diesel and heavy fuel oil used by the construction fleet.

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Quantification of Vessels Emissions

The Project construction phase anticipates the activity of vessels for the construction of the offshore and nearshore pipeline. The following table shows the number and type of vessels envisaged by the Project along with information on their installed power and number of working days. The latter comes from project information provided by the client (See Section 4 Project Description).

Table 8.2-8 Vessels Involved in the Offshore and Nearshore Pipeline Construction

Offshore Pipeline Construction Type of Vessel Number Working hours per Timing (days) Power [MW] day Pipelay barge 1 24 20 20,5 Anchor Handling Tug 3 24 20 12 Pipe carrier Barge 3 8 20 7 Supply vessel 3 8 20 12 Survey vessel 1 8 20 8 Crew boat 1 8 4 2 Nearshore Pipeline Construction Nearshore Pipelay Berge 1 24 5 5 Anchor Handling Tug 1 24 5 12 Pipe carrier Barge 1 8 5 7 Supply vessel 1 8 5 12 Survey vessel 1 8 5 8 Crew boat 1 8 1 2 Cutter Suction Dredger 1 10 80 6

Source: ERM (2012) (Derived from data provided by SAIPEM/STATOIL)

The calculation of ship transport emissions was based on the Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport (MEET here after). The latter has been developed by the UK Transport Research Laboratory, under the Transport RTD programme of the 4th Framework programme, funded by the European Commission. The MEET provides two methods, a simplified method and one that is more detailed. The choice of method for a particular application depends mainly on the amount of information that is available to describe the shipping activity.

The detailed methodology has been applied in the present study. According to the MEET detailed vessels’ emissions estimation method, the ship transport emissions for each pollutant of interest, have been calculated as a function of fuel consumption, number of working days, operating modes and pollutant-specific emission factor, and have been obtained as:

E = E i ∑ ,,, mlkj ,,,, mlkji = × × ,,,, kjlkji ,m )( FtGTSE ,,,,,, mljimlkj

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Where: • i is the pollutant • j is the fuel • k is the ship class • l is the engine type class • m is the operating mode or phase of the journey (cruising between ports, manoeuvring in the harbour area, and hotelling1 at the dockside) • Ei is the total emissions of pollutant i • Eijklm is the total emission of pollutant i from use of fuel j on ship class k with engine type l in operating mode m • Sjkm (GT) is the daily consumption of fuel j in ship class k in operating mode m as a function of gross tonnage. • tjklm is the number of days in navigation of ships of class k with engine type l using fuel j in operating mode m • Fijlm is the average emission factor of pollutant i from fuel j in engines type l in operating mode m

Detailed tables provided by the MEET, (presented in the following part of this paragraph), have been used in order to identify the daily fuel consumption for a specific fuel, ship class and operating mode as a function of gross tonnage [Sjkm (GT)], and to identify a pollutant specific emission factor for a specific fuel, engine type and operating mode [Fijl]. Therefore in order to apply the MEET methodology, the following input information has been indentified for the Project vessels and is presented in Table 8.2-9: • Ship class (GT); • Operating mode; • Engine type class; • Type of fuel;

1 Hotelling: is an offcial operating mode for vessels, immobile (at berth or acnhored) but with engines on.

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Table 8.2-9 MEET Input Information

Type of Vessel GT Operating mode Engine / Fuel Offshore Pipeline Construction Pipelay barge 40000 Hotelling Low speed diesel engine Anchor Handling Tug 2922 Tug ship assistance/Hotelling Low speed diesel engine Pipe carrier Barge 3702 Crusing Low speed diesel engine Supply vessel 2922 Crusing Low speed diesel engine Survey vessel 4200 Manoeuvring Low speed diesel engine Crew boat 500 Crusing High speed diesel engine Nearshore Pipeline Construction Nearshore Pipelay Berge 18100 Hotelling Low speed diesel engine Anchor Handling Tug 2922 Hotelling Low speed diesel engine Pipe carrier Barge 3702 Tug ship assistance/Hotelling Low speed diesel engine Supply vessel 2922 Crusing Low speed diesel engine Survey vessel 4200 Crusing Low speed diesel engine Crew boat 500 Manoeuvring High speed diesel engine Cutter Suction Dredger 3000 Crusing Low speed diesel engine Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

On the base of the information provided in Table 8.2-9, for each vessel involved in the offshore pipeline construction, the daily consumption at full power of fuel j in ship class k (Cjk), has been calculated as a function of gross tonnage as indicated in Table 8.2-10; subsequently the daily consumption of fuel j in ship class k in operating mode m (Sjkm) has been obtained by multiplying the consumption at full load (Cjk) by the fraction of maximum fuel consumption in different modes indicated in Table 8.2-11. Table 8.2-10 Average Fuel Consumption of Marine Vessels

Consumption at full power (t/day) Ship type Average Consumption (t/day) as function of gross tonnage (GT) General cargo 33.80 Cjk = 20.186 + .00049 * GT Liquid bulk 41.15 Cjk = 14.685 + .00079 * GT Solid bulk 21.27 Cjk = 9.8197 + .00143 * GT Container 65.88 Cjk = 8.0552 + .00235 * GT Passenger/Ro-Ro/Cargo 32.28 Cjk = 12.834 + .00156 * GT Passenger 70.23 Cjk = 16.904 + .00198 * GT High speed ferry 80.42 Cjk = 39.483 + .00972 * GT Inland cargo 21.27 Cjk = 9.8197 + .00143 * GT Sail ships 3.38 Cjk = .42682 + .00100 * GT Tugs 14.35 Cjk = 5.6511 + .01048 * GT Fishing 5.51 Cjk = 1.9387 + .00448 * GT Other ships 26.40 Cjk = 9.7126 + .00091 * GT All ships 32.78 Cjk = 16.263 + 0.001 * GT Note: Average fuel consumptions at full power and linear regression equations of consumption at full power as a function of gross tonnage Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

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Table 8.2-11 Maximum Fuel Consumption of Vessels in Different Modes

Mode Fraction Cruising 0.80 Manoeuvring 0.40 Hotelling 0.20 Passenger 0.32 Tanker 0.20 Other 0.12 Tug Ship assistance 0.20 Moderate activity 0.50 Under tow 0.80 Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

The average emission factor of NOX, CO, CO2, VOC, PM, SOX, expressed in kg of pollutant emitted for ton of fuel burned, has been determined for a specific fuel, engine type and operating mode, Fijlm, according to Table 8.2-12, Table 8.2-13 and Table 8.2-14. The latter refer to the cruising, manoeuvring and hotelling phase respectively and express sulphur oxides as a function of the sulphur content of the fuel, and particulate emissions as the total particulate mass.

All tables presented in this section are provided by MEET and are derived from information supplied by EPA, IMO, CONCAWE, Lloyd's Register and organisations which work on maritime activities such as Marintek and Mariterm. Table 8.2-12 Proposed Cruising Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel)

Engine type NOX CO CO2 VOC PM SOX Steam turbines - BFO engines 6.98 0.431 3200 0.085 2.5 20S Steam turbines - MDO engines 6.25 0.6 3200 0.5 2.08 20S High speed diesel engines 70 9 3200 3 1.5 20S Medium speed diesel engines 57 7.4 3200 2.4 1.2 20S Slow speed diesel engines 87 7.4 3200 2.4 1.2 20S Gas turbines 16 0.5 3200 0.2 1.1 20S Inboard engine – pleasure craft - diesel 48 20 3200 26 Neg. 20S Inboard engine –pleasure craft -gasoline 21.2 201 3200 13.9 Neg 20S Outboard engines – gasoline 1.07 540 3000 176 Neg 20S Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

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Table 8.2-13 Proposed Manoeuvring Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel)

Engine type NOX CO CO2 VOC PM SOX Steam turbines - BFO engines 6.11 0.19 3200 0.85 2.5 20S Steam turbines - MDO engines 5.47 0.27 3200 5.0 2.08 20S High speed diesel engines 63 34 3200 4.5 1.5 20S Medium speed diesel engines 51 28 3200 3.6 1.2 20S Slow speed diesel engines 78 28 3200 3.6 1.2 20S Gas turbines 14 1.9 3200 0.3 1.1 20S Inboard engine – pleasure craft - diesel 48 20 3200 26 Neg. 20S Inboard engine –pleasure craft -gasoline 21.2 201 3200 13.9 Neg 20S Outboard engines – gasoline 1.07 540 3000 176 Neg 20S Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

Table 8.2-14 Proposed Hotelling Emission Factors (kg/ton of fuel)

Engine type NOX CO CO2 VOC PM SOX Steam turbines - BFO engines 4.55 0 3200 0.4 1.25 20S Steam turbines - MDO engines 3.11 0.6 3200 0.5 2.11 20S High speed diesel engines 28 120 3200 28.9 1.5 20S Medium speed diesel engines 23 99 3200 23.1 1.2 20S Slow speed diesel engines 35 99 3200 23.1 1.2 20S Gas turbines 6 7 3200 1.9 1.1 20S Inboard engine – pleasure craft - diesel Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Inboard engine –pleasure craft -gasoline Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg Neg. Outboard engines – gasoline Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg Neg. Source: Methodology for Estimate Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport. UK Transport Research Laboratory

The detailed MEET method for the calculation of ship transport emissions has been applied based on the Project data on vessels activity for the construction of the offshore pipeline (Table 8.2-8 and Table 8.2-9). The total emissions from vessels for each macro pollutant have been calculated. Results are presented in Table 8.2-15.

Table 8.2-15 Estimate of Air Pollutant Emissions from Vessels

Pollutant Offshore construction Nearshore construction Total emissions [Tons] [Tons] [Tons] NOx 83.47 37.04 120.51 CO 69.50 11.08 80.57 CO2 4311.33 1743.67 6054.99 VOC 16.23 2.88 19.11 PM 1.62 0.77 2.40 SOX 1.08 0.44 1.51 ERM (2012)

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In terms of air quality, the dispersion of these emissions is rapid in an offshore environment, and background levels are reached close to the sources. Additionally, emissions from vessels will be mobile and this will increase the dispersion of pollutants. No local effects on air quality are expected.

Emissions associated with the TAP Project (based on offshore marine activities only) are predicted to be most intense during the construction phase. Since marine vessel operations will be localized and temporary only (four months) emission from construction can be considered minor. In terms of local air quality, considering the absence of local receptor, impacts are considered to be not significant.

8.2.3.1.2 Mitigation Measures

Given that identified impacts are considered not significant, no other specific mitigation measures have been defined in addition to general mitigation measures listed in the previous Section 8.1.

8.2.3.1.3 Residual Impacts

Due to the not significance of the above listed impact, no mitigation measures have been planned and, consequently, potential impacts are considered to be also residual impacts. The following table presents a summary of residual impacts associated to their evaluation of significance. Table 8.2-16 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Climate and Air Quality – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risks Significance of Residual Impacts Climate and Air Quality Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Emissions of pollutant gases • CO2 and Pollutant gas emissions will be Not significant potential effects atmospheric reduced where possible, by using state-of-the- Residual impacts on atmospheric CO2 levels art equipment. CO2 and Pollutants gas levels. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the climate and air quality as a receptor to the above listed impacts is considered to be high (although the likelihood of affecting human receptors is very limited, best practices indicate to assess the offshore impacts on the air quality on human beings. Sensitivity is therefore high). Impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs. The criteria are reported in Annex 5 - Baseline and Impact Assessment Criteria.

After implementing general mitigation measures (specific measures are not planned) to minimise atmospheric emissions, there will still be a residual impact on atmospheric CO2 levels, which will operate on a regional and global scale and over a long duration. This impact will be cumulative.

However, since the annual release of CO2 from the TAP Project activities during construction will be low relative to that of the calculated annual quantities released in the whole Adriatic Sea, and those from activities in the Albanian Offshore environment will be small. On this basis, impact magnitude is considered to be very small and possible impacts on the atmosphere from construction activities in the Albanian Offshore environment are expected to be not significant.

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8.2.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

During the operational phase in the Albanian Offshore environment, external inspections, routine maintenance works will have associated pollutant emissions. Sources listed below could cause potential impacts on Climate and Air Quality. Table 8.2-17 Climate and Air Quality Impact Sources – Operation Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts

External inspections with associated pollutants Air Emissions of (NOx, CO2 and SO2) potentially affecting climate and emission. air quality Routine maintenance works with associated Air Emissions of (NOx, CO2 and SO2) potentially affecting climate and pollutants emission. air quality ERM (2012)

From the above sources, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the climate and air quality where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.2.3.2.1 Potential Impacts

During the operational phase in the Albanian Offshore environment, external inspections and routine maintenance works will have associated pollutant emissions, similar to those during construction (emissions from vessels associated with routine inspections and maintenance).

8.2.3.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Given that identified impacts are considered not significant, no other specific mitigation measures have been defined in addition to general mitigation measures listed in the previous Section 8.2.4.1.3.

8.2.3.2.3 Residual Impacts

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impacts /Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Climate and Air Quality Impacts – Operation and Maintenance Phase

Air Emissions of (NOx, CO2 and • CO2 and Pollutant gas emissions will be Not significant SO2) potentially affecting climate reduced where possible, by using state-of-the- • Residual impacts on and air quality art equipment. atmospheric CO2 and Pollutants gas levels. ERM (2012)

As outlined above the sensitivity of the receptor climate and air quality is considered to be low.

Emissions associated with routine inspections and maintenance operations will be occasional, and much lower than for the construction phase although the duration of these activities will be

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8.2.3.3 Summary - Impacts on Air Quality and Climate

Offshore construction will only lead to a highly localised increase in airborne pollutants as a result of the presence of vessels. Additional mitigation is not required as the increase above baseline conditions is considered to be similar to that produced by other vessels in the region. In terms of local air quality the highly dispersive nature of the marine environment and the absence of local receptors results in the impacts being insignificant. During operation, occasional maintenance work will require the presence of vessels which will have a comparable impact to the presence of other vessels in the region.

8.2.4 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments

8.2.4.1 Overview

In terms of seabed morphology, from West to East, and after the Bathyal plain located approximately in the median line between Italian and Albanian waters, the Albanian continental slope is deeply incised by canyons and channels. This sector of the Albanian margin appears relatively active, likely because it lies very close to an active subduction zone yielding intense seismicity that may trigger both submarine landslides and turbidity currents. From this view, the entire slope sector should be considered active in terms of sedimentation processes. The Adriatic coastline with its sandy shores covers the area between Vlore and Shengjin with 10 m isobaths extending, in most areas, more than 3 miles from the shore.

The seabed in the study area is considered to have a low morphological sensitivity throughout and, since there are no known significant features of the seabed itself in the region, the seabed itself is not considered to be particularly sensitive to change.

The main activities during the Project which are expected to impact on the morphological and geological elements of the seabed will occur during the construction phase and, to a lesser extent, the operational phase. No impacts are predicted for the precommissioning phase.

The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated with the impacts of the TAP Project on seabed geology and morphology. In particular this section addresses the principal issues (potential impacts), proposed mitigation and management measures and then discusses the residual environmental impacts of Project construction and operation / maintenance activities. It should be noted that the magnitude of the impacts will vary according to the phase of work and location. In the offshore environment, trenching is not considered to be necessary and as such the impacts will be substantially lower than that of the trenching activities within the nearshore section.

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Box 8.2-3 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Seabed Morphology and Sediments

Sources of Impacts • Construction phase: seabed intervention works, dredging of the flotation channel, construction of the cofferdam and pipe-laying activities resulting in re-suspension and dispersion of sediments and physical alteration of the seabed. Backfilling and reinstatement; • Operation and maintenance phase: presence of pipeline resulting in sediment accumulation along the pipeline and seabed erosion. • Decommissioning Phase: pipes remain underground and are filled with a suitable material. Potentially Impacted Resources • Seabed. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Seabed morphology generally flat or gently sloping below the 50 m isobath, until the continental shelf around the 150 m isobath. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for, trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on the seabed during the key Project phases.

Table 8.2-19 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Re-suspension and dispersion of • Sediment accumulation • None sediments. and/or scouring/ erosion. • Physico/chemical alteration of the seabed, directly and by the dispersion of re-suspended sediments. • Physical alteration of the seabed due to the creation of depressions and mounds of sediment (trenching) and seabed depressions (anchor handling). Backfilling and reinstatement; ERM (2012)

8.2.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified.

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Table 8.2-20 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments Impact Sources - Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Seabed intervention works, pipe-laying. Re-suspension and dispersion of sediments. Physical alteration of the seabed, directly and by the dispersion of re- suspended sediments. Dredging, trenching and anchor handling Physical alteration of the seabed due to the creation of depressions activities. and mounds of sediment (trenching) and seabed depressions Backfilling and reinstatement; (anchor handling).

ERM (2012)

8.2.4.2.1 Potential Impacts

Seabed intervention works, pipe-laying, backfilling and reinstatement and anchor handling activities in the Albanian Offshore study area, during the construction phase, is likely to result in the re-suspension and dispersion of sediments; and physico / chemical alteration of the seabed.

Direct physical alteration of the seabed in the Albanian Offshore section of the study area is likely to result from dredging and trenching for the flotation channel and anchor handling activities due to the creation of depressions and mounds of sediment (trenching) and seabed depressions (anchor handling). The formation of trenches and dredging activities will be carried out in the nearshore environment from Kp 0 – Kp 7, to a maximum depth of 25 m and as such will not in itself represent a very significant impact on the seabed. The impact is of a moderate magnitude, any effects will be temporary and localised, due to the backfilling of the flotation channel and to the gradual effects of underwater currents and gravity over time, to restore a more even seabed surface.

No contaminants are expected to be added to the seabed as a result of the Project, except in the unlikely case where the levels of metals deeper than the sampled 10 cm would be higher than the superficial seabed levels. If that was the case, and in terms of re-distribution, sediments are expected to spread around 7 km from the pipeline in the fine portion only, and towards areas also with relatively high levels of nickel. As mentioned, if the levels of nickel and/or other metals in depth were high, that would most likely imply existing high background levels.

8.2.4.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Mitigation for the process of trenching/ backfilling will ensure that the material used will be placed on the seabed avoiding the use of open barge method (rather using the same dredging suction head in reverse mode to backfill or place material) to minimise spread and to discharge close to the seabed.

Anchor handling and pipe-laying are expected to have a comparatively insignificant impact on spreading. However in terms of anchor handling, this will also be managed, also in order to minimize physical disturbance to the seabed. Anchors will not be dragged through the seabed but rather raised during relocation.

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Regarding sediment dispersion, mitigation will largely take the form of silt screens during the most relevant project activities in terms of sediment re-suspension, the dredging and backfilling of the flotation channel. Those measures will reduce as much as possible the lateral spread of suspended sediment.

8.2.4.2.3 Residual Impacts

The following table presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified after the application of mitigation measures.

Table 8.2-21 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments – Construction Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Seabed Geology and Morphology Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Direct physical impacts from • Avoid the use of open barge method (rather Minor trenching and anchor handling using the same dredging suction head in • Seabed will quickly reach a activities reverse mode to backfill or place material)for state of equilibrium. trenching material placement • Redistribution of sediments by • Anchor handling management actions currents and gravity.

Sediments dispersion • Intervention works are to be mitigated Minor through the use of appropriate silt screening • No major changes expected. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the seabed geology and morphology as a receptor to the above impacts is considered to be low, due to the absence of significant features and taking in account that the seabed in this area is not particularly sensitive to change, while impacts significance summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Anchor handling during pipe-laying in the Albanian Offshore environment is likely to cause physical alteration of the seabed, creating depressions on the seabed, sediment compression and the shifting of sediments. It is expected that the seabed will quickly reach a state of equilibrium where the depressions are refilled due to the redistribution of sediments by currents and gravity. Impact magnitude is considered to be moderate. Impacts on the seabed from both trenching and anchor handling are therefore deemed to be of minor significance.

The impacts on seabed from sediment dispersion (moderate magnitude) in the Albanian Offshore Study area are expected to be of minor significance as any change in terms of structure and function is expected to be short term in an area of low sensitivity.

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8.2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

Impacts on the seabed from the operational phase in the Albanian Offshore study area are limited to sediment accumulation and/or scouring/ erosion resulting from the presence of the pipeline.

The sources listed below could cause potential impacts on seabed.

Table 8.2-22 Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments Impact Sources – Operation Phase

Source of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Presence of the pipeline. Sediment accumulation and/or scouring/ erosion. ERM (2012)

From the above source, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the seabed where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.2.4.3.1 Potential Impacts

Impacts on the seabed from the operational phase in the Albanian Offshore study area are limited to sediment accumulation and/or scouring/ erosion resulting from the presence of the pipeline. It should be noted that in areas where the pipeline is buried these impacts are not considered to occur.

These effects are possible following the introduction of the pipeline on the seabed, since its presence will change the flow conditions of sea currents in the vicinity of the pipeline, and will potentially alter the erosion/accumulation zones of fine seabed material around the pipeline.

8.2.4.3.2 Mitigation Measures

Pipeline route will avoid major rocky outcrops where these effects could be more noticeable.

8.2.4.3.3 Residual Impacts

The following table presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified after the application of mitigation measures.

Table 8.2-23 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Seabed Geology, Morphology and Sediments – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Seabed Geology and Morphology – Operation and Maintenance Phase Sediment accumulation and/or • Avoid major rocky outcrops where effects Not significant scouring/ erosion. could be more noticeable. • Comparison with data from • Should scour become significant there will similar projects. be intervention to avoid buoyancy and accentuated scour surrounding the pipeline ERM (2012)

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The sensitivity of the receptor seabed geology and morphology is considered to be low as mentioned before, while impacts significance, summarised in the table above, is reported in the following paragraphs.

Given that the pipeline route will avoid major rocky outcrops, where these effects could be more noticeable, and from data of similar projects, these effects are unlikely to happen in a significant way along the pipeline through the study area. For this reason, the magnitude is considered to be small and impacts, due to sediment accumulation and erosion, are predicted to be not significant.

8.2.4.4 Precommissioning Phase

8.2.4.4.1 Seabed Disturbance and Release of Associated Substances to the Sediments

The release of pressure-test water during precommissioning in is likely to cause some seabed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments. The re-suspension of the sediments will result in the associated substances being available in the water column which may result in the impacts discussed previously. Sediment disturbance from the pressure-test water discharge is expected to have a smaller effect on sediment disturbance than activities during the construction phase, which as explained previously is expected to have an insignificant effect. Therefore, the release of associated substances as a result of disturbance to the seabed during pressure-test water discharge is expected to have also insignificant impacts on the seabed.

8.2.4.5 Summary - Impacts on Seabed Morphology and Sediments

The offshore pipeline route in Albanian waters is approximately 60 km in length, however the corridor of potential impacts along the route fluctuates as in terms of the Project construction and operation scope changes/progresses (e.g. direct laying on sea bed, intervention works, shore approach method, etc.) and the nature of the physical environmental conditions (e.g. sediment types, bathymetry, etc). The main impact sources are: The temporarily dredged flotation channel which will be approximately 2 km long from the end of the cofferdam and will have an approximate width of 160 m and 7 m of depth. Anchor handling; Seabed intervention works including dredging (floatation channel) and the construction of a cofferdam at the landfall; Pipe- laying; Vessel movement; and the flooding, hydrostatic testing, dewatering, and drying of the Pipeline.

The offshore section will be laid on the seabed with the exception of the shallow water section (between 0 and 30 m water depth) which will be buried at depths between 0.5 and exceeding 2 m water depth. At the landfall burial depth is expected to be up to 5 m. The dredging of a Flotation Channel, of approximately 2 km length, will be required in front of the landfall to allow the nearshore pipe lay barge to approach. A total of approximately 1,600,000 m³ of marine sediments will be moved in the dredging operation, most of which will be reused during the channel backfill and seafloor reinstatement. Therefore, only on the landfall approach intrusive seafloor

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8.3 Offshore – Biological Environment

8.3.1 Introduction

The offshore pipeline route in Albanian waters is approximately 60 km in length. However, the corridor of potential impacts along the route fluctuates in terms of the Project construction and operation scope (direct laying on sea bed, intervention works, shore approach method, etc.) and the biological environmental conditions (e.g. presence and abundance of different species and habitats, migration routes, spawning areas, etc.).

The predicted impacts are identified and assessed as per each receptor in the physical and biological environment. Impacts that are deemed to be of significance when they occur are assessed in full by means of the methodology presented in Annex 5. Impacts that are deemed to be insignificant based upon previous knowledge and experience in similar projects are described but not assessed in detail.

8.3.2 Designated Sites and Sensitive Habitats

8.3.2.1 Overview

The Albanian Offshore Environment does not host any International or national marine protected sites. However due the high ecological importance of the coast between the Karaburuni peninsula (Kepi i Gjuhezes or Punta Linguetta) to Kepi i Stillos (border with Greece), six areas have been proposed as potential Marine Protected Areas in the Albanian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (1999). There is a recently established marine park in Karaburuni- Sazani area (2010) which is 20 km south of the TAP Project, all qualifying features of interest are therefore outside of the zone of influence.

In order to assess the species and communities in the offshore deepwater seabed, a specific survey will be designed and conducted. The survey will target the pipeline route in order to assess the community and any sensitive species such as the deepwater corals reported in other areas of the Adriatic. If during the planned detailed survey of the offshore route, any of these habitats is found, it will be circumvented by appropriate re-routing, therefore, impacts on designated sites and sensitive habitats are considered not significant.

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8.3.3 Marine Plankton

8.3.3.1 Overview

The plankton dynamics in the Adriatic Sea vary widely with time and geographical scale. Given the mobile nature of plankton, there is very limited potential for the TAP Project to change the abundance or distribution of plankton in general in the Albanian Offshore Environment.

Sources of Impacts • Construction phase: seabed intervention works could generate re-suspension and dispersion of sediments (and contaminants associated, if any) and discharge of ballast waters resulting in changes to plankton dynamics; introduction of non-indigenous species and seawater intake. • Operation and maintenance phase: change in temperature. Potentially Impacted Resources • Planktonic community. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Mobile nature of plankton. • Potential presence of nutrients and contaminants in the sediments that can be re-suspended during project activities. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. • Backfilling and reinstatement.

ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on nutrients and plankton during the key Project phases.

Table 8.3-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Nutrients and Plankton

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Resuspension of sediments with • Increase in temperature • None associated nutrients that may affect phytoplankton production. • Increase in suspended sediments with associated contaminants • Introduction of alien and invasive marine organisms. ERM (2012)

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8.3.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified. Without mitigation, the sources listed below have the potential to cause impacts on nutrients and plankton. Table 8.3-2 Nutrients and Plankton Impact Sources – Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Laying of the pipeline and seabed intervention. Increased suspended sediments associated with nutrients, and contaminants that may affect phytoplankton production. Discharge of ballast water by vessels Introduction of alien and invasive marine organisms. associated with the construction stage of the Project. ERM (2012)

8.3.3.2.1 Potential Impacts

Seabed intervention works, including dredging, as well as anchor movements and pipe-laying, have the potential to cause an increase in turbidity and subsequently result in the re-suspension of contaminants from sediments into the water column. The re-suspension of contaminants in the water column released from sediments as a result of seabed intervention works has the potential to affect plankton. The only contaminant of concern for the Project is nickel.

The re-suspension of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, during the dispersion of sediments from construction activities could stimulate phytoplankton production, should they reach the photic zone, and thereby increase the biomass. An increase in primary production could also potentially contribute to oxygen consumption by the degradation of organic matter.

However any changes to the density of plankton communities due to seabed intervention works will be undetectable against natural variability due to seasonal and geographical variability and the fact that the level of natural mortality in plankton is already high. Taking this into consideration any fluctuations in the planktonic community as a result of the Project will not be detectable over the background "normal" fluctuations that occur seasonally and geographically.

In terms of introduction of alien species, there is the potential for the plankton community to be impacted if construction vessels cause invasive species to be introduced to the Adriatic Sea. Discharge of ballast water by vessels associated with the construction stage of the Project has the potential to contain alien and invasive marine organisms.

During the precommissioning phase potential impacts upon plankton are expected not to have a detectable effect on plankton communities

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8.3.3.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Primary mitigation measures to minimise impacts from the re-suspension of sediments and contaminants are the planned use of silt screens of sediments during major dredging activities.

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was held in 2004. The objective of this Convention is to prevent, minimise, and ultimately eliminate the transfer of aquatic organisms and pathogens through the control and management of ships’ ballast water and sediments. To prevent the transport of non- indigenous species via ballast waters TAP have planned to adhere to the following mitigation measures:

• adhere to the Mediterranean region voluntary ballast water management regulations 2012;

• avoid the discharge of any water into the Mediterranean Sea picked up outside of the Mediterranean Sea; and

• discharge ballast waters of Mediterranean seawater only in to the Mediterranean Sea.

8.3.3.2.3 Residual Impacts

The following table presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified, after the application of mitigation measures. Table 8.3-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Nutrients and Plankton – Construction Phase

Impacts /Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Nutrients and Plankton Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Release of nutrients, • Use of silt screening to be used during major Not significant contaminants and increased dredging activities • Elevated amounts of released suspended sediments affecting • Anchor handling will be controlled to avoid nutrients are will be short in phytoplankton production. excessive dragging and subsequent re- duration, suspension of sediments • Levels of contaminants and • Compliance with MARPOL protocols suspended sediment will be mitigated • Fluctuations in planktonic community comparable with seasonal fluctuations. Potential introduction of alien • Adhere to the Mediterranean region Not significant and invasive species. voluntary ballast water management regulations • Avoided through the application 2012. of the mitigation techniques. • Avoid the discharge of any water into the Mediterranean Sea picked up outside of the Mediterranean Sea. • Discharge ballast waters of Mediterranean seawater only in to the Mediterranean Sea. • Compliance with MARPOL protocols ERM (2012)

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The sensitivity of the receptor plankton is considered to be low given the high variability of plankton populations, while impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

The magnitude of the expected amount of nitrogen and phosphorus to be released during the construction phase is considered to be small in comparison to the total input of such nutrients into the Adriatic Sea as well as the expected removal of nutrients by commercial fishing. Given that, impacts on nutrients are considered to be not significant.

Given the short-term duration and regional scale of the elevated metal concentrations the toxicity effects of contaminants on plankton will be negligible. Any changes to the density of plankton communities due to dredging and seabed intervention works will be undetectable against natural variability as plankton vary considerably in their distribution across Albanian offshore environment and therefore the impacts are assessed to be not significant.

Adoption of the above mentioned mitigation measures will ensure that impacts as a result of increased sediment and contaminant release, and alien and invasive species are not introduced into the Mediterranean or Adriatic Sea, as a result of the construction of the pipeline. Magnitude is considered to be Moderate and, consequently, the impacts of the construction phase on phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the TAP study area will be of minor significance.

For the same reason, the impacts of the precommissioning phase on phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the TAP study area will be not significant.

8.3.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.3.3.3.1 Change in Temperature

A gas temperature increase is expected at the Albanian landfall as a result of the natural gas heating during compression. The gas temperature will slowly decrease as the gas expands (Joule-Thomson effect) and due to the exchange of heat with the surrounding environment. The difference in temperature between the gas and the surrounding water column or sediment, may result in a temperature change in the water column and an associated indirect effect in plankton.

Taking into consideration that no significant change in temperature is detectable in the water column 1 m from the pipeline based upon the simulations and the fact the pipeline is to be buried within the seabed for the first 1.8 km and thus little interaction will take place with the overlying water column, the impacts are deemed to be insignificant.

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8.3.3.4 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase

Changes to plankton dynamics

The release of pressure-test water during precommissioning in is likely to cause some seabed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments with metals. Sediment disturbance from the pressure-test water discharge is expected to have a smaller effect on sediment disturbance than activities during the construction phase, which as explained previously is expected to have an insignificant effect. Therefore, the release of metals from pressure-test water discharge is expected to have also insignificant impacts on plankton dynamics.

8.3.4 Marine Benthos

8.3.4.1 Overview

This section identifies and assesses the potential impacts on marine benthos during the construction; precommissioning and operational phases of the Project. Impacts during the operational and precommissioning phases are expected to be minimal in comparison to construction.

The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on marine benthos. Box 8.3-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Marine Benthos Sources of Impacts • Construction and precommissioning phase: physical alteration of the seabed and direct impacts on the benthic substrate, re-suspension and dispersion of sediments with effects on habitats or benthic species, generating an increase in turbidity and smothering from sedimentation; noise from seabed intervention and vessel movement; backfilling and reinstatement; • Operation and maintenance phase: inspection and maintenance works, the presence of a pipeline resulting in physical disturbance to benthic habitats. An increase in temperature of the pipeline. Potentially Impacted Resources • Marine benthos. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Composition and structure of marine benthos communities. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for, trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on marine benthos during the Project phases.

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Table 8.3-4 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Marine Benthos

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Phase Decommissioning Phase • Physical loss of seabed habitats. • Alteration of the composition and • None • Increase in turbidity causing smothering abundance of the benthic community. of benthic fauna. • Change in temperature • Change in sediment characteristics resulting in alterations in benthic community structure • Re-suspension and dispersion of sediments (and contaminants associated, if any) ERM (2012)

8.3.4.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified. Without mitigation, the Sources listed below have the potential to cause impacts on the marine benthos. Table 8.3-5 Marine Benthos Impact Sources - Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Dredging. Physical loss of seabed habitats. Sea bed intervention in general (dredging, Increase in turbidity causing smothering of benthic fauna. Direct trenching, pipe-laying and anchor operations). smothering as a result of dredged material deposition. Re-suspension of sediments (and contaminants Uptake of detrimental contaminants by benthic organisms associated, if any) Sea bed intervention in general (including Change in sediment characteristics resulting in alterations in benthic construction and precommissioning activities. community structure ERM (2012)

From the above sources, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the marine benthos where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.3.4.2.1 Potential Impacts

Physical Loss of Seabed Habitats

In the Albanian waters of the TAP Project there will be dredging of a flotation channel and trenching activities. For more details refer to Section 4, Project Description. The area of seabed that will be lost as a result of construction activities is a relatively small area restricted to the flotation channel, pipeline trench, and in the case of anchors, to the anchor corridor, resulting in a temporary habitat loss. In the deeper areas of the Albanian offshore environment, the impacts from pipe-laying activities are also predicted to have a short-term effect on the benthos. Short term effects will be avoided by re-routing in case of finding sensitive habitats (deep water corals). We cannot preclude soft corals within the nearshore. There are Albanian coral reefs reported in Albanian waters further south of the study area. Regarding deepwater we cannot preclude the absence of corals until a deepwater survey is completed. Long term effects include the

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Increase in Turbidity

Sea bed intervention in general (dredging, trenching, pipe-laying and anchor operations) will cause increased suspended sediments resulting in increased turbidity of the water causing light attenuation and subsequent smothering of benthic fauna as discussed below.

Re-suspension of Sediments and Smothering

Re-suspension of sediment from construction activities will create plumes in the water column that will settle on the seabed and may cause smothering of the benthos. Depending on the thickness of the deposited material, smothering of benthic flora and fauna can be partial causing increased survival effort, or complete smothering that can lead to death. Heavy sediment loads in the water column can also clog the feeding organs of filter feeding species preventing feeding and can decrease light penetration preventing or reducing photosynthesis by benthic flora.

Sediment dispersion as a result of construction activities has been modelled and described in detail in Annex 9 Dredging at the Albanian landfall is expected to cause a sediment plume extending up to a few kilometres’ width from the pipeline over a length of approximately 7.5 km.

The impacts from dredging are therefore predicted to affect a regional area. However, a dredge induced deposit in excess of 10 mm deep is only expected to occur within 1 km distance of the pipeline and of 5 km of the pipeline route. Other construction activities within the Albanian offshore environment such as anchor handling are only expected to cause sediment dispersion within a few 100 m from the pipeline and will be highly localised.

Most benthic faunal communities would be expected to be able to survive deposition from dredging and other construction activities. Most benthic species are predicted to be able to survive even high levels of deposition from dredging and other construction activities. Many benthic species may survive a thin layer of sediments (< 10 mm). Following any short term decrease in population size, the area is expected to recover due to recolonisation by individuals migrating from other areas (SF Thrush, et al 2004; LA Levin, DF Boesch, et al 2001 M Schratzberger & Rees, HL 2000)

Contaminated Sediment Re-Suspension

Seabed intervention works, pipelaying and anchor handling will release metals, and nickel in particular into the water column. These contaminants have the potential to cause toxic effects to fauna on the seabed upon direct contact and may have an indirect effect on the benthos from contamination of the water column, particularly on suspension feeders. The first effect would be noticeable only if the levels of metals re-distributed and spread in other areas that would be higher than the pre-existing levels, which depend mainly on the levels deeper than the sampled layers of seabed, values of which are currently unknown. As mentioned before, only the very fine

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For the second effect, through ingestion of sediments re-suspended in the water column, upon ingestion, benthic fauna may bio accumulate some of these contaminants resulting in increased concentrations within the organisms, potentially leading to harmful effects, and magnification along the food chain. However, on the one hand, nickel is not known to bio-accumulate significantly in animal tissues (Grimwood & Dickson, 1997, UK MAFF, 2001) and is less likely to become bio-magnified along the food chain (WHO; 1991). In addition there is some degree of natural re-suspension of sediments by natural events (storms, etc) which in time could well compare if not exceed the total quantities of re-suspended metals in the water column. Research on bio-accumulation of metals in tissues of filter feeders (mussels and others) in areas of high and multi-contaminant levels in sediments (such as harbours) are contradictory and do not show clear trends. (Luoma and Philips 1988, Morrisey et al. 2003, Johnston and Roberts 2009).

8.3.4.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures are planned to address or reduce the significance of the identified potential impacts on benthic fauna:

Increase in Turbidity • Sediment screens will be employed to minimise the spread of sediments as a result of dredging activities. • Anchor handling will be kept to a minimum as far as practical. Anchors will not to be dragged through the seabed, to minimise the spatial extent of any associated damage, but rather raised during relocation by tug boats. • Re-routing in case of presence of sensitive habitats in the deeper parts of the route.

8.3.4.2.3 Residual Impacts

The following table presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified, after the application of mitigation measures.

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Table 8.3-6 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Benthos – Construction Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Marine Benthos Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Temporary physical seabed • Substitution of anchors by tugboats, or Minor habitats loss specific and careful anchor handling (avoidance • Impacts negative but local. of dragging by raising during anchors • Short-term and reversible. relocation). • Change to benthos likely to be highly localised. • Re-routing of the pipeline in case of presence of sensitive habitats Increase in re-suspended • Silt screening to be used to minimise spread Minor sediment and smothering of sediment • Impacts negative but local • Substitution of anchors by tugboats, or • Sediment plume will not travel specific and careful anchor handling (avoidance far. of dragging by raising during anchors • Sediment disturbance areas relocation). will be relatively small. • Impacts are reversible • Change to benthos is localised Contaminated sediments • Silt screening to be used to minimise spread Minor of sediment; • Impacts negative but local • Substitution of anchors by tugboats, or • Impacts are reversible specific and careful anchor handling (avoidance • Contaminants in superficial of dragging by raising during anchors sediments to be re-suspended relocation). limited to one metal. • Sediment disturbance areas will be relatively small. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the receptor marine benthos is considered to be medium/low (depending on the type of impacts), since most of benthic faunal communities identified would be expected to be able to survive from impacts from dredging and other construction activities, while impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Physical Loss of Seabed Habitats

The loss of habitat and physical disturbance of the seabed after mitigation is expected to be negative and direct but limited to a local area. The impacts are short-term and reversible as recolonisation of the area is expected once construction is complete. The impacts will have a moderate intensity as the impacts will cause a noticeable change to benthos affected. However, the impacts will have a small magnitude to a limited number of benthic species. Application of mitigation will derive in an overall impact as minor.

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Increase in Turbidity and Smothering

As described in Section 8.2.3.2, the sediment plume will not travel far and the areas affected by sediments deposition will be localised. The thickness of the deposition layer is not considered to be outside of the limits to which benthic infauna are naturally subject to and as such many species will be able to move to their preferred depth within the sediment before any negative impacts are experienced. The duration will be short-term, reversible with time (approximately 2 to 3 years) with low intensity as the function of the benthos will not be affected. Therefore, magnitude is considered to be small. Consequently, the potential impacts of increased re- suspension and sedimentation on benthos are considered to be minor.

Contaminated Sediments

The residual impacts from contaminants released from disturbed sediments to the benthos once mitigation measures have been implemented are expected to be negative, direct to the seabed and indirect through the water column. The impacts will be local, short-term as the concentration of contaminants in the water column will decrease with time reducing the potential for harmful levels of contaminants to accumulate within the organisms, and reversible. The new particle- bound contaminants will be present in the surface layers of the sediment for a long period but the population will eventually recover once the contaminants become increasingly immobilised and toxicity of the sediment is reduced. The impacts of these contaminants on low value/sensitivity benthic flora and fauna will have a low intensity, as changes are expected to be at the limit of detection and will affect a group of localised individuals. The impacts will be of small magnitude. The impacts significance is expected to be minor. 8.3.4.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase

The release of pressure-test water during precommissioning is likely to cause some seabed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments with metals. Sediment disturbance from the pressure-test water discharge is expected to have a smaller effect on sediment disturbance than activities during the construction phase, which as explained previously is expected to have an minor effect on benthos. Therefore, the release of metals from pressure-test water discharge is expected to have not significant impacts on benthos. 8.3.4.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase

The physical presence of the pipeline and various support structures may alter the composition and abundance of the benthic community. In particular, the sources listed below could cause potential impacts on benthic community.

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Table 8.3-7 Marine Benthos Impact Sources – Operation Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Physical presence of the pipeline and various Alteration of the composition and abundance of the benthic support structures. community. Gas pipeline increase in temperature Increase in temperature of sediment surrounding pipeline Routine inspections. Local disturbance of the seabed resulting in direct loss of benthic fauna. Potential repair and improvement works. Local disturbance of the seabed resulting in direct loss of benthic fauna and smothering due to sediment re-suspension. ERM (2012)

8.3.4.4.1 Potential Impacts

Physical Presence of the Pipeline

The physical presence of the pipeline and various support structures may alter the composition and abundance of the benthic community. Solid surfaces that are placed in marine environments often become colonised by marine organisms. Initially, a surface film forms that is subsequently colonised by a variety of micro-organisms. Secondary colonists such as algal spores and the planktonic larvae of barnacles are the next group to become established and form a habitat for tertiary colonists including a wide variety of invertebrate species. The pipeline will form a hard surface in what is a mixed sand and soft bottom area which will support a different community of benthos to that of the surrounding seabed. In addition the hard substrates that are introduced by installation of support structures such as berms will further increase habitat diversity in the areas of such interventions. Shortly after an offshore structure is installed, sessile invertebrates such as barnacles, oysters, mussels, and sponges attach to the underwater frame, attracting mobile invertebrates and fish species, which in turn attract larger fish that feed upon them, and so on, forming a highly complex and interrelated food web (Kaiser, 2006). With this in mind, whilst the pipeline is unlikely to extend a significant height above the seabed, an overall increase in localised biodiversity and abundance may result. However, since the pipeline is altering the local ecosystem and so unless the new habitats support some very rare species, the impacts are negative of minor significance.

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Change in Temperature

A gas temperature increase is expected at the Albanian landfall as a result of the natural gas heating during compression. The difference in temperature between the gas and the surrounding water column or sediment, may result in a temperature change in the water column. There will be a temperature increase in the sediment surrounding the trenched and unburied part of the pipeline in a 10-20 cm wide zone. For the buried part of the pipeline the transfer of heat from the pipeline to the sediment and the surrounding seawater is insignificant. However, in the few centimetres surrounding the pipeline, temperatures in the sediments are expected to increase by a maximum of approximately 1-2ºC.

Taking into consideration that no significant change in temperature is detectable in the sediments based upon previous studies, the impacts are deemed to be not significant.

Routine Inspections and Maintenance

The pipeline will require routine inspections that will be infrequent and restricted to the pipeline corridor itself, causing only low levels of disturbance to the seabed. Moreover, repair and improvement works may also be required which will result in local disturbance of the seabed resulting in direct loss of benthic fauna and smothering due to sediment re-suspension.

8.3.4.4.2 Mitigation Measures

Due to the limited extent and duration of seabed interventions and the fact that such intervention works will only occur at specific sections of the pipeline route, identified impacts are considered not significant or minor and no mitigation measures will be undertaken

8.3.4.4.3 Residual Impacts

Due to the low significance of the above listed impacts, no mitigation measures have been planned and, consequently, potential impacts are considered to be also residual impacts. The following table presents a summary of residual impacts associated to their evaluation of significance.

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Table 8.3-8 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Benthos – Operation Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Marine Benthos Impacts – Operation and Maintenance Phase Alteration of the composition and • None Minor abundance of the benthic • Direct and negative impacts community. which will be local and long-term. • Benthos is expected to use the pipeline as a habitat. Increase in temperature • None Not significant • The nearshore section of the pipeline will be buried beneath the sediment • The offshore sections will be laid in the seabed and the increase in temperature of the surrounding seawater is not significant Local disturbance of the seabed • None Not significant resulting in direct loss of benthic • Inspections will be infrequent fauna from routine inspections. and restricted to the pipeline itself. Local disturbance of the seabed • None Not significant resulting in direct loss of benthic • Short-term. fauna and smothering due to • Only affect a small area. sediment re-suspension from • Only a limited number of repair and improvement works. individuals are impacted. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the receptor marine benthos is considered to be medium to low as explained previously.

Direct and positive impacts are expected which will be local to the structure of the pipeline and long-term as the benthos are expected to use the pipeline as a habitat for as long as the pipeline is in place. The impact intensity is expected to be moderate as the impacts will be greater than the limit of detection but will not affect the function of the benthos entirely, with a small magnitude as only a localised group of individuals within a medium sensitivity population will be affected resulting in a minor significance impacts to the benthos.

As inspections will be infrequent and restricted to the pipeline itself there will only be low levels of disturbance to the seabed (small magnitude), the impacts on benthos are considered to be not significant. On the other hand, impacts from repair and improvement works would be short-term as maintenance activities will only affect a small area for a limited period of time. It is anticipated to be small magnitude as only a limited number of individuals are expected to be impacted. The impacts significance is expected to be not significant. Impacts are reversible as impacted areas will recolonise within a few years as shown in similar circumstances ((Newell R.C et al; 2004 &1998; Guerra-García J. et al, 2003; Dernie, K. M et al, 2003; Dalfsen, J. A. van et al, 2000; Kenny, A. J et al, 1996; Daan, R. and M. Mulder. 1996).

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8.3.4.5 Decommissioning Phase

As the pipeline will remain in place with no further intervention, maintenance or associated vessel movement there will be no source of impacts and consequently the impacts associated with the decommissioning phase are considered to be not significant. 8.3.5 Fish and Other Nekton1 8.3.5.1 Overview

This Project has the potential to impact fish and other nektonic organisms in the Albanian Offshore environment during construction through impacts to water quality, changes to the seabed habitats, underwater noise, disturbance caused from the presence of vessels involved in construction and through pipeline maintenance and release of pressure-test water during precommissioning. The environmental baseline survey indicated that the area has a moderately rich benthic community in comparison to other parts of the Adriatic Sea and is therefore an important habitat for demersal and pelagic fish species.

The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated with the impacts of the TAP Project on fish and other nekton. In particular this section addresses the principal issues (potential impacts), proposed mitigation and management measures and then discusses the residual environmental impacts of project construction and operation / maintenance activities relating to offshore environment. Box 8.3-3 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Fish and Other Nekton

Sources of Impacts • Construction and precommissioning phase: sea bed intervention and the re-suspension and dispersion of sediments (and contaminants potentially associated) and discharges from vessels, noise and vibration; Temperature. • Operation and maintenance phase: inspection and routine maintenance works and the presence of the pipeline resulting in noise and vibration and physical disturbance of the seabed. Potentially Impacted Resources • Fish and other Nekton. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Important habitat for demersal and pelagic fish species spawning. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for, trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on fish and other nekton during the key Project phases.

1 Nekton is the aggregate of actively swimming aquatic organisms, different from plankton which refers to the aggregate of passively floating or drifting organisms.

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Table 8.3-9 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Fish and Other Nekton

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Physical, noise and visual disturbance • Noise and vibration • None from vessels • Physical disturbance of the • Increase in turbidity & smothering seabed • Re-suspension of sediments (and • Increase in temperature contaminants potentially associated) • Noise and vibration ERM (2012)

8.3.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified. Table 8.3-10 Fish and Other Nekton Impact Sources - Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Passage of construction and support vessel Physical and noise disturbance from vessels Dredging of flotation channel Increase in suspended sediment, release of associated substances Pipe-laying, anchor handling Increase in turbidity and release of sediment’s associated substances ERM (2012)

From the above Sources, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the fish and other nekton where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

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8.3.5.2.1 Potential Impacts

Physical, and Noise Disturbance

Vessels associated with commercial shipping and fishing regularly pass through the TAP Study area and the presence and passage of additional construction and support vessels, as described within the Project description, over the construction period will not represent a significant increase in disturbance to pelagic fish species. Increased levels of underwater noise and vibration have the potential to impact fish and other nektonic species. The maximum level of noise output anticipated from construction vessels is 162 dB similar to the range from vessels already operating in the Adriatic Sea, and thus expected to be indiscernible from generic traffic noise. Noise generated from trenching is not expected to exceed the vessel traffic noise significantly and these activities are being carried out locations in the nearshore.

Cofferdam construction will include some degree of piling, which, depending on the specific technique to be used, may produce intermittent relatively high levels of underwater noise. The location of these piling activities will be very near the coast, where the density of adult fishes, larvae and eggs is expected to be very low at any given time. The noise levels effects to adults, larvae or eggs are expected, within a range of hundreds of meters from the source, according to previous experiences.

Behavioural changes in fish have been observed at sound levels of approximately 180 dB, higher than some of the souces, with the potential exception of cofferdam piling. (Sarà, G. et al, 2007; Anon J., 2006; Engås, A et al; 1995&1998; Popper, A.N. and Carlson, T.J. 1998; Knudsen, F.R et al, 1993; Blaxter, J.H.S et al, 1981). Fish feeding in the vicinity of the construction of the pipeline activities will temporarily move away from any area of excessive noise and vibration created during the construction phase and return once it is completed.

Increase in Turbidity

Re-suspension of sediments and consequent increases in turbidity will result from seabed intervention works, pipe-laying and anchor handling. Dredging including backfilling and reinstatement in particular will result in a significant re-suspension of sediment. High levels of increased turbidity potentially could cause physiological damage to fish however, they will move away from turbid waters if disturbed. Higher levels of turbidity resulting from the Project may impact fish eggs by starving them of oxygen and larvae by clogging their gills.

Suspended matter concentrations would exceed minimum background turbidity of 0.020 g/l within 5000 m of the disturbance area without silt screens. The area is an important spawning ground for some fish species which are commercially important. These include hake and sardine. The reproductive success of these species will be locally affected by increased turbidity as a result of construction works at the seabed and will impact spawning in the following ways:

• Re-settling sediment may smother larvae and prey items.

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• High suspended sediment concentrations may displace adults away from their natural spawning areas.

Fish eggs and larvae are more sensitive to increased turbidity than juvenile and adult fish themselves. Sediment concentrations of just milligrams per litre can be lethal to fish eggs and larvae.

Re-suspension of sediments and consequent increases in turbidity will also result from pipe- laying and anchor handling in the study area. It is expected that anchor handling would contribute very little to the overall amount of sediment placed into suspension during the construction phase, and the primary impacts are from the dredging activities.

Release of Contaminated Sediments An increase in the concentration of dissolved contaminants in the water column due to the suspension of sediment could, theoretically, raise the concentration of contaminants in the food chain (See previous sections on plankton and benthos) affect fish spawning and the adult fish themselves. Given the short duration of exposure, acute toxicity due to temporary re-suspension of heavy metals, and nickel in this case, is the most likely mechanism by which adult fish, and their eggs and larvae would be affected. Adult fish and fry exposed to elevated concentrations of metals will absorb contaminants through their gills, accumulating it within their organs, which can lead to long-term, sub-lethal effects.

Adult fish are mobile and generally able to detect heavily contaminated areas or areas of low water quality, in particular fish are likely to avoid areas of elevated turbidity, where suspended contaminants may occur. In addition seabed intervention works will result in increased noise and vibration, and therefore fish will move away from the areas of increased turbidity due to increased noise levels. The period of exposure is therefore short, and the likelihood of acute effects to adult fish due to exposure to nickel is very low.

Laboratory studies have shown that nickel has little capacity for accumulation in all the fish studied (NIIMI. 1987). Also, in terms of effects on the food chain, from plankton, benthos and other fish to bigger fish, and from those to other birds, marine mammals and humans, accumulation factors in different trophic levels of aquatic food chains suggest that biomagnification of nickel along the food chain, at least in aquatic ecosystems, does not occur (WHO 1991).

A greater threat to fish populations is posed from exposure of eggs and larvae to increased contaminants as they can not actively move away from the contaminated areas. Even low concentrations of contaminants can have effects on the proportions of eggs which hatch, and on the growth rates and development of larvae.

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The available data on acute toxicity from nickel on fish eggs and larvae (Eisler 2004, Hunt et al 2002) are in the orders of magnitude of fractions of mg/l. Without more specific knowledge of sediment geo-chemistry is not possible to determine with precision the desorption rates and thus the potential acute toxicity of the re-suspended and desorbed nickel, however it could be reasonably expected that some level of toxicity could happen to fish eggs and larvae, its degree also dependant on the time of the year and the relative abundance of these in the working area.

Although the levels of spawning in the immediate area of works seem to be relatively high (recent data for hake, very old data for sardines) other factors must be taken into account. One is the natural mortality of fish eggs and fry, with very low natural survival rate.. Spawning season is an important factor as the species of concern are seen to have discrete spawning periods which covers most of the year as well as the factor is the geographical area of effect, even without mitigation. The spawning areas are extensive (see Section 6 – Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline) and the working area will take up a very small fraction of the spawning grounds available to these species, without considering the previously mentioned vertical distribution of eggs and fry in relation to sediment re-suspension.

8.3.5.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures are planned to be carried out where possible, to address or reduce the significance of the identified potential impacts associated with construction works on spawning fish: • Silt screening is to be used to minimise the spread of sediments and associated contaminants.

Anchor handling will be kept to a minimum to reduce sediment disturbance. Anchors will not be dragged through the seabed but rather raised during relocation.

The seasonal limitation of the works to avoid spawning period is in this case not possible in full, due to the overlapping of spawning seasons for the different species of concern.

8.3.5.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.3-11 presents a summary of residual impacts and evaluation of their significance.

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Table 8.3-11 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Fish and Other Nekton – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Fish and other Nekton Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Physical and noise disturbance • None Not Significant from piling and vessels • Short term and local impacts. Increase in turbidity and • Silt screens to be used Minor smothering • Anchor handling management • Impacts negative, direct and local. • Application of mitigation Release of sediments with • None Silt screens to be used Minor associated substances • Anchor handling management • Impacts negative, direct and local. • Application of mitigation ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of fish and other nekton as a receptor to the above impacts is considered to be low for adults due to their mobility and ability to detect and avoid areas of excesive noise and low water quality, as well as areas of elevated turbidity, where suspended contaminants may occur. In the case of eggs/larvae the sensitivity is considered to be high as they can not actively move away from the contaminated areas. Impact significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Physical and Noise Disturbance These activities are classed as a short term, local impact. The magnitude of the impact is expected to be small and therefore the impacts of increased vessel traffic and cofferdam piling on fish are anticipated to be not significant. Moreover, as mentioned the discharges from vessels/barges are expected to have a not significant effect on marine water quality, and thus also a not significant effect on the species that inhabit the marine nektonic environment.

Increase in Turbidity & Release of Associated Substances to Sediments As mentioned in preceding Sections, the amount of intervention works expected and the material to be re-suspended is of moderate magnitude. The residual impacts of seabed intervention works resulting in the release of sediments and contaminants on fish species during the construction phase are expected to be negative and direct, on a local scale and of short-term duration. Impacts are reversible. However as the re-suspension of sediments and release of associated substances are less likely to affect the upper layers of the water column, the short term activity and the ability of the fish to avoid the area temporarily, plus the implementation of the mitigation for fish fry and eggs, will imply a small magnitude. So given the medium sensitivity, the impacts are assessed to be minor.

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8.3.5.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase

8.3.5.3.1 Release of Metals

The release of pressure-test water during precommissioning is likely to cause some seabed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments with metals. Sediment disturbance from the pressure-test water discharge is expected to have a smaller effect on sediment disturbance than activities during the construction phase, which as explained previously is expected to have a minor effect on fish. Therefore, the release of metals from pressure-test water discharge is expected to have an insignificant impact on fish.

8.3.5.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase

For the operation and maintenance phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified. Table 8.3-12 Fish and Other Nekton Impact Sources – Operation Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Increase in temperature Increase in temperature in the immediate vicinity of the pipeline

Inspections and routine maintenance works. Physical and noise disturbance from vessels ERM (2012)

8.3.5.4.1 Potential Impacts

Increase in Temperature

Mixing will ensure that water temperatures will reach equilibrium with surrounding water temperatures at a distance of between 0.5 and 1 m from the pipeline. Increased water temperatures have the potential to have an impact on spawning behaviour and on egg development; however as water temperatures will reach equilibrium within 0.5 to 1.0 m of the vicinity of the TAP, no impacts on fish are anticipated. No specific mitigation measures are proposed.

Physical and Noise Disturbance from Vessels

Infrequent inspections and routine maintenance works on the pipeline may result in localised re- suspension of sediments and increased noise and vibrations along the immediate pipeline route. This increase in turbidity could potentially have an impact on fish, specifically benthic and demersal species.

8.3.5.4.2 Mitigation Measures

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8.3.5.4.3 Residual Impacts

Due to the low significance of above listed impacts, no mitigation measures have been planned and, consequently, potential impacts are considered to be also residual impacts. Table 8.3-13 presents a summary of residual impacts associated to their evaluation of significance. Table 8.3-13 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Fish and Other Nekton – Operation Phase Impact / Risk Measures to to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Fish and Other Nekton Impacts – Operation and Maintenance Phase Increase in temperature • None Not significant • The pipeline will be buried beneath the sediment and changes to the water temperature will be negligible Physical and noise disturbance • None Not significant from vessels (inspections and • Activities infrequent and routine maintenance works) restricted to the immediate pipeline route. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of fish and other nekton as a receptor to the impacts above is considered to be low (depending on the impact typology), while impact significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Change in Temperature

Taking into consideration that no significant change in temperature is detectable in the water column 1 m from the pipeline little interaction will take place with the overlying water column, the impacts are deemed to be non significant.

Physical Disturbance of the Seabed

The infrequent inspections and routine maintenance works on the pipeline are expected to produce a minimal increasing in turbidity and noise and vibration (small magnitude), result in a not significant impact.

8.3.6 Marine Mammals and Reptiles

8.3.6.1 Overview

Three turtle species have been recorded in the Adriatic Sea, namely the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The green turtles and loggerhead nest within the Mediterranean basin (with the latter also nesting on the Albanian south cost but not in the vicinity of the Project. The leatherback turtle is considered a rare visitor to the area.

With regard to cetaceans, approximately 21 cetacean species have been recorded in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. A number of species have also been cited in the literature as

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The main activities, which are expected to have impacts on marine mammals and reptiles, include those that take place during the construction phase. Impacts during the precommissioning and operational phases are expected to be minimal in comparison.

The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on marine mammals and reptiles. In particular this section addresses the principal issues (potential impacts), proposed mitigation and management measures and then discusses the residual environmental impacts of project construction and operation / maintenance activities.

During the development of the pipeline route, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts on marine environment in line with the Albanian Decree 152/06, and IFC guidance.

Box 8.3-4 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Marine Mammals and Reptiles

Sources of Impacts • Construction and precommissioning phase: pipe-laying, anchor handling, seabed intervention works and vessel movements; Cofferdam construction (piling); • Operation and maintenance phase: external inspections and routine maintenance works resulting in noise and vibration, increase in turbidity, potential collision with fleet. Potentially Impacted Resources • Marine mammals and reptiles. Project Influencing Factors • Specific techniques used for trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. ERM (2012)

Table 8.3-14 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on mammals during the key Project phases. Table 8.3-14 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Marine Mammals and Reptiles

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Phase Decommissioning Phase • Noise and vibration • Localised increase in turbidity from • None • Re-suspension of sediments (and re-suspension and dispersion of contaminants potentially associated) sediments • Collision with fleet • Collision with fleet ERM (2012)

8.3.6.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

For the construction and precommissioning phase of the Project the following impact sources have been identified.

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Table 8.3-15 Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impact Sources -Construction Phase

Sources of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts Construction activities comprising pipe-laying, piling, seabed Noise and vibration by vessels and piling intervention work, backfilling and reinstatement; and vessel Re-suspension of sediments and contaminants movement. potentially associated Collision with fleet ERM (2012)

8.3.6.2.1 Potential Impacts

Noise and Vibration, Collision with Vessels

Noise and vibration will be generated during construction as a result of pipe-laying, seabed intervention work and vessel movement. Noise and vibration are the most evident impacts on marine mammals. In general terms, dredging and trenching generate similar noise levels, with trenching having peak noise levels of 178 dB at 1 m from the sources at 160 Hz. Shipping activity noise depend both on power and speed. Albeit the power of some of the vessels is on the high end, especially the dynamically positioned J lay vessel, the speed of such vessel is very low. In any case the average noise output of the construction fleet is expected to be similar to small to medium size existing traffic (162 dB at 10-500 Hz ), and both sources would be indiscernible from general traffic existing in the area beyond the immediate vicinity of the sources. Cofferdam construction will include some degree of piling, which, depending on the specific technique to be used, may produce intermittent relatively high levels of underwater noise. The location of these piling activities will be very near the coast, where the density of marine mammals and reptiles, is expected to be very low at any given time. The noise levels effects are expected, within a range of hundreds of meters from the source, according to previous experiences.

An increase in background noise or the introduction of specific noise sources may affect marine mammals in various ways. They may be prevented from detecting important sounds (masking), their behaviour may be altered, temporary or permanent hearing loss may be experienced or damage to tissue may occur:

Masking occurs when undesirable noise interferes with a marine animal's ability to detect and process a sound of interest. This is of particular concern when the interfering noise is at frequencies similar to those of biologically important sounds, such as mating calls. The bottlenose dolphin and striped dolphin communicate by emitting high frequency sounds that do not coincide in frequency with the Sources in the TAP Project offshore construction. Only the very rare fin whale could experience any sort of masking effect from these activities, but given that the noise is not considered to be different from general traffic noise the interaction will be minimal.

Behavioural changes include a reduced amount of time spent at the surface as well as swimming away from the interfering sound and others, which are potentially significant only in cases of areas of migration, reproduction or preferential feeding. None of these circumstances are relevant to the concerned area of the Adriatic, and the evidence of behaviour of dolphins with relation to vessel traffic is inconclusive.

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Exposure to sound may cause elevated hearing thresholds or threshold shifts in marine mammals. If the hearing threshold returns to a baseline level, it is known as a temporary hearing loss. If a marine mammal is exposed to repeated shifts in the hearing threshold, permanent hearing loss may result. Hearing loss depends on a sound’s intensity, frequency and duration. Given the intensity of vessel traffic and intervention works noise, none of these effects have been reported in the literature from these kinds of source.

It has been hypothesised that damage to tissue and subsequent stranding occurs when resonance from loud sounds causes air- or fluid-filled organs to vibrate at very high amplitudes. As the organs vibrate, the tissues surrounding the organs might haemorrhage and become damaged. This effect on marine mammals have only been reportedly associated with high intensity pulsating sounds such as military sonars and undersea detonations, and never related to traffic or subsea construction not involving explosions.

Seabed intervention works, which include dredging of the flotation channel and trenching are restricted to a very small area along the pipeline route. These activities will generate noise and vibration at the level that exceeds that generated by other construction activities. Dredging will normally produce noise frequencies between 0.020 and 1 kHz, with a peak of approximately 2 kHz, and trenching is considered to produce peak levels of 178 dB at 1 m from the sources at 160 Hz. In a very conservative scenario, and according to similar projects, intervention work activities are expected to have a maximum behavioural zone of influence on dolphins of approximately 1km, in most cases cetaceans would vacate the construction area at the first instance of a foreign sound or change in background noise, and as for vessel noise, 1 km is minimal compared with the normal activity range.

Risk of collision with fleet occurs mainly at speeds above 20 knots. None of the fleet is expected to be at such speeds at any point, not even when transiting from/to port. Usual speeds will be very slow (1-5 knots).

Resuspension of Sediments, Increase in Turbidity, Release of Associated Substances

As mentioned for the impacts on the water column and fishes, the Albanian offshore environment has naturally occurring levels of turbidity in the coastal area and it is thus expected that turbidity levels will be not be increased above background levels and any sediments that are placed into suspension will contribute moderately to existing levels. Overall, any increase in turbidity levels is expected to be of short duration and localised to within 7 km of the construction area. Marine mammals are resistant to increased turbidity and usually avoid high turbidity areas, also marine mammals are expected to vacate the construction area due to noise.

An increase in the concentration of dissolved contaminants in the water column due to the suspension of sediment could, theoretically, raise the concentration of contaminants in the food chain (See previous sections on plankton, benthos and fish). However both the known data on low bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of nickel through the food chain, and the available foraging area for marine mammals compared with the area of effects, plus the fact that in

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8.3.6.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The same mitigation measures as for previous elements of the ecosystem will be implemented:

• Silt screening is to be used to minimise the spread of sediments and associated contaminants.

• Anchor handling will be kept to a minimum to reduce sediment disturbance. Anchors will not be dragged through the seabed but rather raised during relocation

• Also, as a protective measure, trained Marine Mammals Observers will be included during pipelaying and coastal works.

8.3.6.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.3-16 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Mammals and Reptiles – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Noise and vibration • Marine mammals observation Minor • Behavioural changes in marine mammals. • Cetaceans have already habituated to the noise and vibration by vessel movement. • Impacts on a regional scale but of short duration and reversible. Localised increase in turbidity • Use of sediment screens to minimise the Not Significant from re-suspension and spread of sediments • Marine mammals and reptiles, dispersion of sediments • Anchor handling management will vacate the construction area. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of marine mammals and reptiles as a receptor to the above impacts, particularly noise is considered to be medium, while impact significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Noise and Vibration

Sensitivity of mammals to the noise and vibration is considered to be medium. General shipping activity and pipe laying in high seas is likely to cause behavioural changes in marine mammals at a distance of 0.5 km. These distances are minimal considering the normal ranges of distance of activities. Also as the pipeline route is largely within or close to normal shipping lanes it is expected that the additional noise and vibrations generated by vessel movement and piling (small magnitude) will not affect cetaceans in the area and thus the potential impacts are considered minor.

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Impacts from seabed intervention works are expected to be on the individual rather than at the population level. Impacts are both negative and direct, will be on a regional scale around the sources of impacts but of short duration during construction and will be reversible. Impact magnitude is small. Impacts significance is expected not significant.

Increase in Turbidity

Impacts are both negative and direct, will be on a regional scale around the sources of impacts but of short duration during construction and will be reversible. Impacts magnitude is small. Impacts significance is expected not significant.

Other marine fauna, on which marine mammals and turtles would feed, may vacate the construction area due to noise and an increase in turbidity. This may temporality affect feeding areas but the associated impacts are expected to be not significant as marine mammals and reptiles are able to hunt over large distances and would typically avoid the construction areas.

8.3.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

During the operation and maintenance phase, the source listed below could cause potential impacts on marine mammals and reptiles. Table 8.3-17 Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impact Sources – Operation Phase

Source of Potential Impacts Potential Impacts External inspections and routine maintenance Localised increase in turbidity from re-suspension and dispersion of works. sediments ERM (2012)

From the above source, the following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the marine mammals and reptiles where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.3.6.3.1 Potential Impacts

Impacts upon marine mammals during the operational phase are limited to an increase in turbidity to coincide with external inspections and routine maintenance works should they interact with the seabed.

8.3.6.3.2 Mitigation Measures

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8.3.6.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.3-18 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Marine Mammals and Reptiles – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Marine Mammals and Reptiles Impacts – Operation and Maintenance Phase Localised increase in turbidity • None Not Significant from re-suspension and • Re-suspension and dispersion dispersion of sediments of sediments are not expected to occur on a regular basis and will be localised. ERM (2012)

External inspections and routine maintenance works are expected to generate similar noise to the vessel traffic during construction, and as such will be restricted to the pipeline route and infrequent (i.e. not constant). They inspection and maintenance works are therefore assumed to have a small magnitude and the impacts upon marine mammals and reptiles are considered not significant. Similarly re-suspension and dispersion of sediments and a subsequent increase in turbidity are not expected to occur on a regular basis and will be localised, the impacts on marine mammals and reptiles are expected to be not significant.

8.3.6.4 Decommissioning Phase

During the decommissioning phase, the potential impacts on marine mammals and reptiles are considered to be not significant as the pipeline will remain in place and there will be no additional activities such as vessel movements.

8.3.7 Seabirds

8.3.7.1 Overview

The TAP Project pipeline does not pass through any national or international sites designated for birds, and there will therefore be no direct loss of habitat or other effects on birds within designated sites in the Adriatic Sea.

Potential noise and physical disturbance to birds from vessels involved in the offshore TAP Project are most likely to impact on migrating birds aggregating on open water, post moult flocks rafting on open water and birds feeding in open water. Since a greater amount of vessel movement is associated with seabed intervention and pipe-laying activities than for operational routine inspection and maintenance activities, the greatest impacts on birds are expected during the construction phase. Impacts during the operational phases are expected to be minimal in comparison. The following box shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted,

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Sources of Impacts • Construction and precommissioning phase: seabed intervention works, backfilling and reinstatement, pipe-laying activities and vessel movements resulting in noise and vibration; and physical disturbance including visual. • Operations and maintenance phase: routine inspection and maintenance works resulting in noise and vibration, and physical disturbance, including visual. Potentially Impacted Resources • Sea birds. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • TAP Project pipeline does not pass through any national or international sites designated for birds. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for, trench excavations, direct seabed positioning and waste and construction management. Note: this section considers impacts on seabirds when they are offshore (flying or eating). Impacts on seabirds while breeding are considered in the coastal impacts (see Section 8.5-3). ERM (2012)

Table 8.3-19 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on the seabirds during the key Project phases. Table 8.3-19 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Seabirds

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Phase Decommissioning Phase • Noise and vibration. • Noise and vibration. • None • Physical disturbance. • Physical disturbance. ERM (2012)

8.3.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

The following potential impacts-led assessment has been completed for the seabirds where all sources of impacts are grouped so that an overall assessment can be made of the key impacts associated with the Project as outlined at the beginning of this section.

8.3.7.2.1 Potential Impacts

Noise and Vibration

Comparatively little is known about the impacts of noise and vibration on seabirds, current research has shown that some seabirds such as terns can be sensitive to particular sound producing activities such as piling. However, noise and vibration-generating activities for the TAP Project are expected to be consistent rather than intermittent, the noise generated at sea surface- level will be of comparable volume to that for other shipping activity in the Adriatic Sea and the areas of importance for birds are sufficient distance for these impacts to be minimal.

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Physical Disturbance The construction activities for the TAP Project are not located close to the shallow waters that are regularly inhabited by seabirds in the Adriatic Sea along most of their route. However, in some places physical disturbance of birds may result from vessels encountering flocks of birds at sea, during pipeline construction. The distance at which of birds are affected by this type of disturbance varies between species, and depends on the nature of a vessel’s movement. The pipe-laying vessels for the TAP Project will move slowly, since pipe-laying will progress at a rate of 2 to 3 km a day. Therefore, the risk of disturbing sitting birds is very low.

8.3.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Due to the limited extent and duration of interventions and the fact that such works will only occur at specific points on the pipeline route, identified impacts are considered not significant and no mitigation measures will be undertaken.

8.3.7.2.3 Residual Impacts

Due to the low significance of above listed impacts, no mitigation measures have been planned and, consequently, potential impacts are considered to be also residual impacts. Table 8.3-20 presents a summary of residual impacts associated to their evaluation of significance. Table 8.3-20 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Seabirds – Construction Phase Impact / Risk Mitigation Commitments to Address the Significance of Residual Impacts Impact / Risk Seabirds Impacts – Construction and Precommissioning Phase Noise and vibration. • None Not Significant Physical disturbance • Due to the Small magnitude of the impacts ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the receptor seabirds is considered to be low, considering that project activities will be comparable to that for other shipping activity in the Adriatic Sea and the areas of importance for birds are a considerable distance from the study area. Impact significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

Noise and Vibration Due to the small magnitude of the impacts and low sensitivity of the resource, it is concluded that noise impacts are expected to be not significant.

Physical Disturbance Sea birds are accustomed to vessel movements in the area and will experience little disturbance. While birds may be put off landing in the immediate area of construction works, the pipe-laying vessel is unlikely to disturb flocks and the impacts associated with vessel movement on seabirds during the construction phase are considered to be of small magnitude and not significant.

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8.3.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

For the operation and maintenance phase of the Project the same impacts as for the construction phase have been identified.

8.3.7.3.1 Potential Impacts

Routine inspections and occasional maintenance activities are assumed to have limited impacts upon sea birds, will be restricted to the pipeline route and will be occasional and infrequent.

8.3.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures

8.3.7.3.3 Residual Impacts

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Seabirds Impacts – Operation and Maintenance Phase Noise and vibration. • None Not significant Physical disturbance • Routine inspections and occasional maintenance activities are not expected to occur on a regular basis. • Low sensitivity of the resource. ERM (2012)

The sensitivity of the receptor seabirds is considered to be low, while impacts significance, summarised in the table above, are reported in the following paragraphs.

As routine inspections and occasional maintenance activities are not expected to occur on a regular basis, and would only result in a few extra vessel sailings, the impacts on birds in terms of noise and vibration, re-suspension and dispersion of sediments and physical disturbance are expected to be far lower in both magnitude (small) and duration than for the construction phase and for the operational phase are again considered to be not significant. 8.3.8 Summary – Impacts on Offshore Biological Environment

The area of seabed that will be lost to the construction activities is a relatively small area restricted to the flotation channel, the pipeline corridor, and in the case of anchors, to the anchor corridor, resulting in a temporary loss of habitat and destruction of the benthos themselves. In the deeper areas of the Albanian offshore environment, the impacts from pipe-laying activities are also predicted to have both short-term and long-term effect on the benthos. Short term effects will be avoided by re-routing to avoid sensitive habitats (deep water corals); Long term effects include the colonisation of the new hard substrate created by the pipeline by sessile organisms.

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Benthic fauna is expected to be able to survive deposition from dredging and other construction activities. Most benthic species are predicted to be able to survive even high levels of deposition from dredging and other construction activities and the area is expected to recover due to recolonisation by individuals migrating from other areas.

The physical presence of the pipeline and various support structures may locally alter the composition and abundance of the benthic community. Solid surfaces that are placed in marine environments often become colonised by marine organisms. Initially, a surface film forms that is subsequently colonised by a variety of micro-organisms. Secondary colonists such as algal spores and the planktonic larvae of barnacles are the next group to become established and form a habitat for tertiary colonists including a wide variety of invertebrate species. The pipeline will form a hard surface in what is a mixed sand and soft bottom area which will support a different community of benthos to that of the surrounding seabed.

Vessels associated with commercial shipping and fishing regularly pass through the TAP study area and the presence and passage of a few additional construction and support vessels over the construction period will not represent a significant increase in disturbance to pelagic fish species. The pelagic, demersal and benthic fish feeding in the vicinity of the construction of the pipeline activities will temporarily move away from any area of excessive noise and vibration created during the construction phase and return once it is completed.

Fish species that spawn in the Albanian Offshore environment predominantly spawn in the water column and therefore the physical presence of the pipeline on the seabed will not cause an obstruction to spawning. There will be no impacts to fish migration due to the presence of the pipeline in the study area and therefore no mitigation measures are proposed.

The release of pressure-test water during precommissioning is likely to cause some seabed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments with associated metals. Sediment disturbance from the pressure-test water discharge is expected to have a smaller effect on sediment disturbance than activities during the construction phase, which as explained previously is expected to have an insignificant effect. Therefore, the release of contaminants from pressure-test water discharge is expected to have an insignificant impact on plankton dynamics.

Potential disturbance to birds from vessels involved in the offshore TAP Project are most likely to impact on migrating birds aggregating on open water, post moult flocks rafting on open water and birds feeding in open water. Since a greater amount of vessel movement is associated with seabed intervention and pipe-laying activities than for operational routine inspection and maintenance activities, the greatest impacts on birds are expected during the construction phase.

The Albanian Offshore Environment does not host any International or national marine protected sites. However, due to the high ecological importance of the coast between the Karaburuni peninsula (Kepi i Gjuhezes or Punta Linguetta) to Kepi i Stillos (border with Greece), six areas have been proposed as potential Marine Protected Areas in the Albanian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (1999). There is a recently established marine park in Karaburuni-

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Sazani area (2010) which is 20 km South of the TAP Project and all qualifying features of interest are therefore outside of the area of influence.

In addition to the site listed above, there are potential deepwater coral reefs in the vicinity of the proposed pipeline route for the TAP Project. All current literature places these coral reefs in the western Adriatic and as such these are assessed within the Italian ESIA. If during the planned detailed survey of the offshore route, any of these habitats is found, it will be circumvented by appropriate re-routing. Impacts on designated sites and sensitive habitats are considered not significant.

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8.4 Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment and Cultural Heritage 8.4.1 Fishermen and Livelihood, Marine Traffic, Land and Livelihoods 8.4.1.1 Overview

This section presents the potential impacts on the offshore socioeconomic environment, particularly in terms of fishing, coastal land and livelihoods, tourism, and marine traffic activities as a result of Project related activities. In addition to the commitments made by TAP AG to adhere to EBRD Performance Standards, a series of mitigation measures have been designed to ensure that the level of impacts to socioeconomic receptors is avoided, minimised or reduced.

Box 8.4-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated with the impacts of the offshore component of the TAP Project.

Box 8.4-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore – Socioeconomic Environment

Sources of Impacts • Project use of Durres Port; • Marine vessel traffic; • Offshore pipeline construction activities; • Offshore trenching and related construction to landfall point (including cofferdam onshore and offshore to facilitate construction and backfilling and reinstatement); • Hydro testing and dewatering of offshore pipeline ; • Presence of workforce (landfall works including construction of onshore cofferdam); • Temporary land take for construction site in landfall area. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Fishermen in the Study Area; • Small business and local residents using landfall area for recreational purposes; • Marine traffic. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Trawling activity in the study area; • Low productivity and incomes of small-scale fishermen; • Low marine traffic along eastern Adriatic coast; • Use of landfall area for recreational purposes. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Pipeline route; • Pipeline construction activities (in particular landfall works and 7 km nearshore dredging activities); • Number of marine vessels, marine traffic routes and travel times; • Designated safety zone; • Duration of offshore construction activity. ERM (2012)

Table 8.4-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on offshore socioeconomic activities during the key Project phases.

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Table 8.4-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Temporary impacts on fishermen livelihoods • Fishing with demersal trawl • No potential impacts are • Restricted access to certain offshore areas equipment. foreseen. The Decommissioning during offshore construction activity. Phase will be limited to onshore • Increases in marine traffic and safety risks (i.e. structures (i.e. the Compressor vessel collisions). Stations and BVS). • Temporary impacts on land and livelihoods- tourism ERM (2012)

Impacts relating to construction, operation and decommissioning are described below prior to presenting the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the Project. A summary of impacts is presented at the end of each phase, along with an evaluation of the residual impacts taking into account the application of mitigation.

8.4.1.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.4.1.2.1 Potential Impacts

Temporary Impacts on Fishermen Livelihoods

The offshore construction and precommissioning phase is expected to last approximately 4 months. During certain times of this period, some interference with fishermen’ use of the sea in the study area is likely to occur, however this interference is likely to be limited in geographic area and confined to a limited number of Project vessels.

While the Ports of Durres and Vlora are mostly used by fishermen employed in the large-scale fishery, mainly trawling, small-scale fishing is performed from open beaches north and south of the landfall area. The absence of permanent landing sites or coastal communities in the vicinity of the landfall is an indication of how marginal this is activity compared to elsewhere in Albania. The study area is not considered a rich fishing ground compared to other areas along the Albanian coast but activity still exists. Fishing in the study area is composed by very small scale artisanal fisheries, trawling from the 30 m water depth (approximately 6.5 km from the coast) to the mid line with Italian waters and potentially purse seiners.

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Artisanal fishermen living close to the pipeline landfall, fish throughout the year depending on the weather and sell the catch door-to-door. Within the onshore socioeconomic study area (see Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline), between 2% and 4% of household survey respondents reported fishing as a livelihood activity. Fishing is primarily conducted as an additional livelihood activity for households in the study area, rather than as the main economic activity. It was reported that there are 25 families who own small boats in the area and fish along the seashore close to the mouth of the Semani River (See Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline). Fishermen involved in bottom trawling are generally operating out of either Vlora or Durres ports, or from elsewhere in Albania, and potentially from other countries beyond the 19 km territorial waters. Trawlers fish between 6.5 and 65 km off the coast.

Figure 8.4-1 below presents the areas potentially to be impacted by the offshore project activities with regards to fisheries. The figure presents the fishing areas both for trawling and artisanal fisheries and the location of the nearest permanent landing site which is 40 km south of the landfall area.

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Figure 8.4-1 Offshore Socioeconomic Environment Impacted by Project Activities

Trawling Fisheries Small Scale Artisanal Fisheries

….. Study Area

ERM (2011)

Direct and indirect potential impacts on fishing activities arising from the Project were identified and evaluated. The Project will result in the temporary loss of a portion of fishing ground due to a safety zone of approximately 2-3 km radius (depending on the anchor spread) that would be adopted to prevent interference with marine users during pipeline laying (offshore and nearshore operations). However, no significant interference with fishing activities is anticipated, mostly due to:

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• The small size of the affected area, including nearshore area to be affected by dredging of flotation channel and offshore cofferdam construction works (see Figure 8.4-2 below);

• The mid-term duration of the offshore activities (about 6-8 months) in the areas used by small-scale fishermen (typically 2.5–5 km from the coast) and large-scale fishermen (typically 6.5 - 65 km from the coast); The duration of nearshore activities will be 4 months;

• The distance from the area where small-scale fishermen operate and the flotation channel;

• The availability of alternative fishing areas within the immediate vicinity of the study area; and

• The temporary and likely small loss of fisheries production1.

Project construction activities that have been taken into consideration due to their potential impacts on fishing activities are the following:

• Nearshore dredging of flotation channel and installation of offshore cofferdam: As shown in Figure 8.4-2, a temporarily dredged flotation channel, approximately 2 km in length, followed by a 150 m long cofferdam to the landfall beach will be constructed to facilitate the tie-in of the offshore section of the pipeline with the onshore one. These activities will result in temporary disruption to coastal fisheries due to restrictions to navigate across the nearshore area (up to 2 km) where dredging works will be undertaken. These activities will not affect trawler fisheries because these operate more than 2 km from the coast. Impacts on the fisheries resources from dredging activities have been described in detail in Sections 8.3.4 and 8.3.5.

1 The impacts from offshore Project activities on the fisheries resources are described in detail in Sections 8.3.4 and 8.3.5.

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Figure 8.4-2 Flotation Channel and Offshore Cofferdam

2 km Flotation Channel Offshore Cofferdam Coastal Fisheries ERM (2012) • Nearshore pipeline installation and landfall pull-in operation: The pipelaying methodology for the nearshore pipeline is the same as that used for the offshore pipeline, and the expected lay rate is of 1-2 km per 24 hours. Once the pipe pulling head reaches the end of the cofferdam, nearshore pipeline installation will continue until it reaches a water depth of approximately 25 m, at a distance of about 7 km from the beach (see above Figure 8.4-2). During the pull-in operation, an onshore hydraulic linear winch will pull the pipeline towards shore inside the cofferdam, as pipe sections are welded together onboard the vessel. The Pull-in winch will be located in the temporary construction site area of approximately 1,000 m2 in area near the cofferdam inlet at the land fall area. Once the pipeline has been pulled all the way to the foot of the winch base, reinstatement of the beach and coastal area will be initiated. For this purpose the cofferdam walls will be removed and the channel and the cofferdam will be backfilled with the stored material. All these activities will result in short temporary disruption to coastal fisheries due to restrictions to navigate across the nearshore area (up to 7 km) where dredging works will be undertaken. Additionally there will disruption to beach recreational activities due to installation of inland cofferdam and temporary construction site (see Figure 8.4-3 below).

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• Pipelaying offshore and nearshore: Offshore pipeline installation will be carried out after completion of the landfall in Italy. The offshore pipelay barge/vessel will continue the pipeline installation towards Albania as soon as the pipe pulling head reaches the launch shaft, and is completed with pipe laydown in the target box close to the Albanian coastline. The pipelaying vessel will move at a speed of 2-3 km per day (1-2 km per 24 hours for Kp 2 to 7) and will move through the area of interest use by small-scale fishermen in around 2-3 days, while the area where large-scale fishermen are operating will be passed in around 19 days. Alternative fishing areas both in front of and behind the laying vessel will be available at all times reducing the impacts from this activity. Fishing restrictions will only apply in the safety zone area to avoid risk of Project vessel collision and other marine vessel interactions. Additionally, from Kp 2 to Kp 0 pipelaying activities will last 2-3 months and the establishment of an exclusion zone will be required resulting in short term restriction on coastal fisheries. Overall these activities will result in temporary disruption to coastal fisheries for a period of up to four months, although incidence on the different fisheries will vary depending on the progress of offshore works as described above.

The head of the fishing organisation in Vlore port expressed concern regarding the potential interference of project activities with dragnets. The dragnets work for three hours going up the coast and if disrupted could have impacts on catches. Concerns from stakeholders related to interference of project activities with trawling activity have been taken into consideration by the Project, which will implement the construction activities during winter time and outside the main biological production period to minimise potential impacts on fishing stocks. Additionally, and in line with TAP Strategy for Stakeholder Engagement (TAP-HSE-ST-009), the Project will seek to realise an effective two way channel of communication between the Project and the local communities and other affected stakeholders like fishermen during the construction period.

Marine Traffic

Project vessel movements will add to existing navigation and shipping traffic in the study area, potentially increasing marine traffic safety risks. The offshore construction activities will require a number of vessels including two different pipelay vessels during the offshore pipeline construction activities, one for the nearshore section (7 km offshore to the coast), and one for deeper waters. In addition, other vessels will be needed for construction activities, such as supply vessels to provide needed materials, crew vessels to ensure the crew shift, pipe carrier barges, Cutter Suction Dredgers for trenching and dredging works, etc.

Marine traffic in the study area is minor compared to the main west longitudinal route along the Italian coastline or the transversal routes in the north (see Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline). However, potential marine traffic risks during the construction phase are still likely to include:

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• Risk of vessel collisions; • Restricted access to certain offshore areas; and

• Increased traffic along Project navigation routes. These potential impacts are likely to be short-term and limited by there being only 2-3 vessels active in the area and up 6-8 vessels between Kp 8 and Kp 2. As a matter of standard operating procedures, special attention will be given to areas where shipping lanes and other heavy traffic areas are crossed. To minimise the risk of incidents, all activities will be notified to mariners/users of the sea well in advance of the activity taking place, and watch duties will be performed to alert vessels on an intersecting course.

Temporary Impacts on Land and Livelihoods- Tourism

During construction, impacts on tourism activity will be temporary in nature and reversible. Noise and pollution emissions from nearshore construction works and general visual impacts of construction equipment and installation of onshore and offshore cofferdams will result in disruption to beach recreational activities. Additionally sea turbidity due to dredging of nearshore sediments for construction of the flotation channel could also impact tourism as water may not be suitable for swimming. However, it is anticipated that works will not take place the peak summer holiday season (July and August) to avoid interference with recreational activities. The undertaking of these activities will require the temporary occupation of non-productive state own land currently used by local residents for recreational purposes during summer months.

The landfall site is located approximately 100 m from an area used for tourism/recreational purposes by people living in the local area. Tourism in the area is currently very small scale and includes approximately eight caravans, five small holiday homes and a small café. Two of the small holiday homes are located within approximately 100-200 m of the landfall site. A key informant interview with the head of development for the commune of Topojë found that land use restrictions currently prohibit the building of permanent structures, so the buildings situated along the coast by the landfall site have been apparently built without building permits.

Figure 8.4-3 below presents the approximate location of the temporary construction site necessary to accommodate the landfall construction work equipment and to establish the onshore and offshore cofferdams in relation to tourism infrastructures and human receptors in the area.

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Figure 8.4-3 Temporary Construction Site* (in blue) and Onshore/Offshore Cofferdams (in yellow)

Holiday Home

Restaurant

Caravans

* The layout of the temporary construction site is approximate Sources: Google Earth; ERM Field Survey (June 2011)

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Other Project activities to be undertaken from the site include the pull-in operation and the offshore pipeline and precommissioning activities. Precommissioning activities will require the installation of a temporary discharge system for the hydrotesting and dewatering activities (see Section 3 Legal Framework, and the pull-in winch to pull in the pipeline from the nearshore area to the tie-in point with the onshore pipeline at the shore. The temporary construction site will occupy an area of approximately 6,000 m2 (5,000 m2 for the discharge system area and 1,000 m2 for the pull-in winch area). The site will be operational for a period of four months for offshore activities and four months for construction of the onshore cofferdam. TAP AG will coordinate activities to ensure minimal disruption but the final schedule is not confirmed yet. During this period local residents will not be allowed to enter the area that will be fenced for safety reasons. The Project construction phase at the coast will take place mostly, avoiding the peak holiday season (July and August) and minimising potential disturbance to nearby local businesses and residents using the beach for recreational purposes. During construction local residents will be allowed to transit through the landfall area by means of a 9-10 m wide shore corridor. After use for construction, the site will be restored to its original condition.

Potential impacts to local tourism businesses are likely to be in terms of decreased household wages, due to the possible smaller number of local residents using that beach because of nuisance for construction activities (i.e. noise, emissions, access restrictions, etc.). However, the severity of impacts on these tourism facilities are likely to be minimised because of restrictions applied during summer months and the fact that beach businesses are not open outside the summer months.

8.4.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The effective management of the offshore impacts of the Project are going to be grounded in the same principles as outlined for the onshore impacts. These are presented in other sections of this assessment and are underpinned by a set of comprehensive policies that have been adopted by TAP AG.

As described, potential impacts to fishing activities and marine traffic in the study area during construction and precommissioning are likely to be short-term. TAP AG will implement the following mitigation measures to minimise the potential impacts.

Temporary Impacts on Fishermen Livelihoods

The following measures will be implemented to minimise any potential adverse impacts on the fishing activities:

• As part of TAP’s Stakeholder Engagement Strategy, the Project will consult on an ongoing basis with fishermen and fishermen organisations of Durres and Vlora to disclose Project information, particularly regarding TAP offshore activities and any safety requirements with respect to exclusion zones;

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• A fishermen’ representative will be invited (in coordination with fishermen and fishermen organisations of Durres and Vlora) to stay on board of the pipelaying vessel at all times during pipelaying. The fishermen’ representative will act as a liaison between the Project and the fishermen entering the area in order to facilitate and improve the communication and cooperation between the parties;

• While it is not anticipated that the Project will cause any economic displacement impacts to fishermen from routine construction or operations, any negative impacts resulting for non- routine circumstances will be compensated in accordance with Albanian legal requirements and internationally recognised best practice (EBRD PR5);

• Well before start of the works, a public awareness campaign will be prepared and implemented in liaison with the various beach and nearshore water user groups, such as the local fishermen and tourist organisations. Liaison and continuous dissemination of public information will continue throughout the construction phase to ensure that all these groups are keep fully up to date on progress and any changes from the original plans. Any unforeseen impacts (through routine or non-routine circumstances) will be compensated in accordance with Albanian legal requirements and Internationally Recognised Practice. Compensation will be defined through the Livelihood Restoration Plan;

• As part of TAP’s Strategy for Grievance Redress, the Project will put in place a grievance process to capture and effectively respond to any stakeholder issues arising from the Project construction and precommissioning phase;

• All nearshore and offshore activities related to the construction and precommissioning of the TAP will be notified to the concerned ministry and Albanian navy institutions as well as to mariners in accordance with established Albanian and maritime practices. The pipeline route will be marked on nautical charts. Standard vessel navigation and communication equipment such as radar, ship-to-ship radio, etc. will be utilised; • The Project will establish a safety/fishing exclusion zone around the pipelaying vessel with a radius of 2-3 km (depending on type of pipelaying vessel) to minimise the risk of interaction with marine vessels, including fishing vessels. The boundaries of an exclusion zone around the shore approaches construction sites will be marked with buoys. Lights, radio communications systems and other safety devices will also be installed where necessary and as required by the relevant authorities; and • All vessels involved in the Project will have Health, Safety and Environmental management systems in place in accordance with international regulations (MARPOL).

Marine Traffic

The exclusion zones, notification procedures and liaison measures outlined above to manage the potential impacts on fishing will be equally applicable to avoid the risk of collision between Project and non-Project vessels.

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Land and Livelihoods- Tourism

Socioeconomic investments and the finalisation of livelihood restoration activities (with follow-up monitoring) will also assist in reducing the likelihood and severity of the potential negative impacts on tourism and recreation activities. Additionally, the following mitigation measures will be implemented as a precautionary measure to minimise any potential impacts on tourism in the landfall area:

• The Project construction phase at the coast will take place avoiding the peak holiday season (July and August) and minimising potential disturbance to nearby local businesses and residents using the beach for recreational purposes; • In line with the Strategy for Stakeholder Engagement (TAP-HSE-ST-009), TAP AG will seek to realise an effective two way channel of communication between the Project and the local communities during the construction period. Priority will be given to residents involved in tourism related business and communities using the area for recreational purposes; • As part of TAP AG’s Strategy for the Acquisition of Land and Easement and Livelihoods Restoration Framework and Plan, potential loss of income considerations will be incorporated into compensation frameworks for any impacted household or individual; and • TAP AG will continue responding to any stakeholder issues arising from the Project construction and precommissioning phase in the coastal area. 8.4.1.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.4-2 presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified.

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Table 8.4-2 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment - Construction Phase

Impacts/ Risks Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts • Obstructing access to fishing • Grievance Mechanism. Not Significant areas. • Consult on an ongoing basis with fishermen • Dredging and pipeline tie-in • Temporary impacts on and fishermen organisations (cooperatives) activities will be temporary and fishermen livelihoods. particularly regarding TAP offshore activities and short-term and restrictions will • Increase in marine traffic any safety requirements with respect to exclusion only affect a very limited coastal and safety risks (e.g. vessel zones. area. Fishermen will be able to collisions). • A fishermen representative will be invited on fish north and south to the board of the pipelaying vessel at all times during landfall area. pipelaying. The fishermen representative will act as a liaison between the Project and the • Small-scale fishing is fishermen venturing the area in order to facilitate performed away from the and improve the communication and cooperation flotation channel. between the parties. • • Pipeline route marked on nautical charts. Fishing restrictions will be • Notify mariners of the presence and character temporary and short-term and of marine operations. only apply in the safety zone • The Project will establish safety exclusion area to avoid risk of Project zone around the pipelaying vessel (2-3 km vessel and other marine vessel radius, depending on type of pipelaying vessel). interactions. • Standard vessel navigation and communication equipment such as radar, ship-to- ship radio, etc. will be utilised. • All Project vessels will have Health, Safety and Environmental management systems in place in accordance with international regulations (MARPOL). • Impacts to land and • Nearshore construction will take place Minor livelihoods- Tourism avoiding the peak holiday season (June, July and • August). Short term and localised • impacts near the landfall area Continuous communication with local residents • involved in tourism and local communities Construction restriction will minimise nuisance (noise, • As part of TAP’s Strategy for the Acquisition of emissions, etc.) during summer Land and Easement and Livelihoods Restoration months Framework and Plan, loss of income • considerations will be incorporated into Visual and landscape impacts compensation frameworks for any impacted from installation of cofferdams household or individual will be still present during tourism peak season. • Grievance mechanism. ERM (2012)

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8.4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.4.1.3.1 Potential Impacts

Marine Traffic and Fishery

After the pipeline is installed there will be no restrictions on marine vessel movements in the area. No restrictions on the operation of fishing equipment, including demersal trawling, will apply.

Even if the pipeline is dimensioned to take hits from demersal trawls, some fishermen may perceive the presence of the pipeline on the seabed as an obstruction to the operation of such equipment. However, over trawling tests conducted in the North Sea show that the trawl equipment crosses this type of pipeline without any significant problems. In conclusion, subsea pipelines during operation are unlikely to impede or obstruct fishing activities or cause damage to fishing equipment.

8.4.1.3.2 Mitigation Measures

TAP AG will implement the following mitigation measures to minimise the potential impacts.

• The location of the pipeline / the pipeline route will be marked on nautical charts; and

• Grievance mechanism, to resolve any residual concerns relating to operational phase impacts (foreseen or unforeseen). 8.4.1.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.4-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts.

Table 8.4-3 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Socioeconomic Environment – Operation Phase

Impact / Risks Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Impacts on the operation of • Grievance mechanism. Not Significant demersal trawl equipment. • Mark the pipeline route on nautical charts. • Over trawling tests conducted

in the North Sea show that the trawl equipment crosses this type of pipeline without any significant problems. ERM (2012)

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8.4.1.4 Decommissioning Phase

8.4.1.4.1 Potential Impacts

No potential impacts are expected to result from the Project because decommissioning activities will only take place onshore (limited to the PRT and the BVS).

8.4.1.4.2 Mitigation Measures

No mitigation measures are necessary, as no project activities will be performed offshore during the decommissioning phase.

8.4.1.4.3 Residual Impacts

No post-mitigation residual impacts are expected to result from the Project, as project activities will not be performed offshore during the decommissioning phase.

8.4.1.5 Summary - Impacts on Fisheries

The offshore construction and precommissioning phase is expected to last approximately four months. During certain parts of this period some interference with fishermen use of the sea in the study area is likely to occur, however this interference is likely to be limited in geographic area and confined to a limited number of Project vessels.

The Project will result in the temporary loss of a portion of fishing ground due to a safety zone of approximately 2-3 km radius (depending on the anchor spread) that would be adopted to prevent interferences with marine users during pipeline laying (offshore and nearshore operations). However, no significant interferences with fishing activities are foreseen.

The construction activities will result in temporary disruption to coastal fisheries due to restrictions to navigate across the nearshore area (up to 2 km) where dredging works will be undertaken. These activities will not affect trawler fisheries because these operate further than 2 km from the coast.

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8.4.1.6 Summary – Impacts on Navigation

Offshore project vessel movements will add to existing navigation and shipping traffic in the study area, potentially increasing marine traffic safety risks. However, marine traffic in the study area is minor compared to the main west longitudinal route along the Italian coast or the transversal routes in the north. The offshore construction activities will require a number of vessels including two different pipelay vessels during the offshore pipeline construction activities, one for the nearshore section (7 km offshore to the coast), and one for deeper waters. In addition, other vessels will be needed for construction activities, such as supply vessels to provide needed materials, crew vessels to ensure the crew shift, pipe carrier barges, Cutter Suction Dredgers for trenching and dredging works, etc.

8.4.1.7 Summary - Impacts on Tourism

The Project construction phase in the coast will take place mostly during winter months avoiding the peak holiday season (July and August) and minimising potential disturbance to nearby local businesses and residents using the beach for recreational purposes. During summer months local residents will be allowed to transit through the landfall area by means of a 9-10 m wide shore corridor. After use for construction, the site will be restored to its original condition.

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8.4.2 Cultural Heritage and Archaeology

Box 8.4-2 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated with the TAP offshore Project.

Box 8.4-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore – Cultural Heritage

Sources of Impacts • Construction Phase: Ground-disturbing activities, including landfall preparation and site preparation, excavation of the pipeline trench; backfilling and reinstatement, movement of equipment. • Operation Phase: No significant impacts identified; • Decommissioning Phase: No significant impacts identified. Potentially Impacted Resources • Underwater Archaeological sites. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Presence of limited known cultural heritage evidence and findings; potential for unknown subsurface archaeological evidences on the offshore route. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Route, construction; trenching, pipe laying. ERM (2012)

Table 8.4-4 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on underwater archaeological sites during the key Project phases.

Table 8.4-4 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Cultural Heritage

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Phase Decommissioning Phase • Loss of the scientific, cultural, or • No impacts identified • No impacts identified historical value of unknown underwater archaeological sites due to direct physical disturbance or damage to the sites ERM (2012)

The following sections expand on each potential impacts and provide information on how each source is likely to have an impact on receptors. The mitigation measures built into the Project will also be discussed.

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8.4.2.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.4.2.1.1 Potential Impacts

Potential Physical Disturbance, Damage and Loss of the Scientific, Cultural, or Historical Value of Cultural Heritage Sites

The key sources of impacts on cultural heritage will result from seabed-disturbing activities, i.e. those involving landfall preparation, sediment removal and trench excavation, and also pipelaying. These activities may physically damage or disturb sites. Physical damage to a site usually results in loss of scientific, cultural or historical value. As identified throughout the baseline section, the nearshore survey has yielded no evidence of objects or remains of archaeological interest.

Specific surveys, planned for late 2012 activities, for the remaining offshore area, will identify whether there are objects or remains of archaeological interest in that section,

8.4.2.1.2 Mitigation Measures

A Chance Finds Protocol will be implemented for construction. This includes monitoring of construction activities by a professional archaeologist and implementation of a stop work protocol if a site is discovered. Work would resume after the implementation of government-approved mitigation measures.

If a chance find of high importance is discovered during construction, rescue procedures should be conducted as outlined by international and Albanian national standards.

Continuation of construction at an important chance find should only resume once the rescue excavation is complete.

Re-routing if resources are found on the offshore survey.

8.4.2.1.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.4-5 presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified.

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Table 8.4-5 Residual Impacts – Offshore – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Significance of Residual Impacts Cultural Heritage Potential loss of • Implementation of archaeological Minor scientific, cultural, or monitoring and a “chance finds” procedure. • Mitigation measures are crucial to manage historical value of Re-routing if resources are found on the impacts on unknown archaeological resources potential sites of offshore survey. during construction. relevance ERM (2012)

8.4.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.4.2.2.1 Potential Impacts

No significant impacts have been identified on the potential unknown cultural heritage during the operational phase in the offshore environment.

8.4.2.3 Decommissioning Phase

During the decommissioning phase the offshore pipeline will not be removed, avoiding any impacts on potential unknown archaeological sites.

8.4.2.4 Summary - Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology

The key sources of impacts on offshore cultural heritage will result from seabed-disturbance as outlined above. Physical damage to a site usually results in loss of scientific, cultural or historical value. However, as identified throughout the baseline section, the nearshore survey has yielded no evidence of objects or remains archaeological interest. Specific surveys, planned for late 2012 activities, for the deep offshore area, will reveal the presence or not of unknown sites. The impact will be minor.

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8.5 Onshore Impacts from Offshore Pipeline and Coastal Onshore Pipeline

8.5.1 Introduction

The following sections assess the potential impacts on the coastal strip as a result of the Project activities in that area. These can be divided in a) activities located onshore but related to the offshore component (earthworks for cofferdam, offshore pipe pull in, offshore pipe pressure testing and drying) and b) activities which belong to the onshore section as such, the coastal pipeline is a short section of the pipeline which is buried and extends approximately 150 m inland between the Landfall and the tie-in with the onshore pipeline (see Section 8.2.1). This section is needed to allow for correct alignment between the offshore pipeline (buried at a depth of 4 m) and the onshore pipeline (typically buried at a depth of 1 m).

They will not happen simultaneously due to different schedules and conflict of space, but are treated together, as the impacts will affect the same receptors.

8.5.2 Climate and Ambient Air Quality

8.5.2.1 Overview

This section assesses the potential impacts on local air quality as a result of the described Project onshore activities in the coastal area. Impacts on local air quality are likely to occur during construction and precommissioning, and decommissioning phases.

Potential receptors in the Project area consist mainly of the residential population of nearby settlements and workers, fauna and flora species.

Box 8.5-1 presents the key sources of impact, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts on coastal air quality as a result of the TAP Project activities.

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Box 8.5-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Climate and Ambient Air Quality

Sources of Impact • Temporary dust emissions from earthworks for the coastal pipeline construction (cofferdam, pipe installation, etc) including vehicle movement, along the working strip of the coastal pipeline, access roads, and yards. • Temporary emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere from vehicles involved in construction (i.e. excavators, bulldozers, side booms, trucks, cars.

Potentially Impacted Receptors • Residential population living near the construction site, workers and local flora and fauna.

Particular Baseline Conditions that are Influencing Impacts - • Available data did not highlight any criticalities on macro pollutants concentration in the study area.

Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Amount of machinery in use during the construction phase; workers’ sites management, and traffic management. ERM (2012)

5Table- 8. 1 presents the key impacts of this part of the TAP Project on the ambient air quality during the key Project phases.

Table 8.5-1 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal – Climate and Ambient Air Quality

Construction Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Temporary impacts on local air quality due to • None • Temporary impacts on local atmospheric emissions during construction. air quality mainly related to Expected Main pollutant emitted is PM (particulate onshore pipeline matter, dust). decommissioning. Main pollutant emitted will be PM (particulate matter, dust). ERM (2012)

Background ambient air concentrations of pollutants of concern have been considered negligible due to absence of sources.

Potential impacts related to each of the three main project phases are described below prior to presenting the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the Project. Residual impacts are presented taking into account the application of mitigation measures.

8.5.2.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Construction activities have various potential sources for creation and mobilising of particulate matter, related to the following activities:

• Temporary dust emissions from earthworks, excavation, cofferdam construction, vehicle movement on the coastal work site and access roads.

• Temporary construction vehicles exhaust gases emissions (i.e. excavators, bulldozers, trucks, cars).

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8.5.2.2.1 Anticipated Impacts

In general, during the construction phase, dust emissions in the coastal area will result from activities such as pulverization and abrasion of surfaces, caused by trucks carrying soil and materials, mobilization of dust particles caused by wind erosion of unpaved surfaces, mechanical action on incoherent materials and works with excavators, bulldozers, etc.

Among the dust producing activities, the construction of cofferdams is potentially the most critical because of its duration (4-8 months depending on the potential overlap of activities). No specific modelled estimation of dust emissions and dispersion has been made for this construction activity as it has for the CSs construction. However, considering that the magnitude of the cofferdam construction would be smaller than CS03, and the meteorological characteristics of CS03 location are comparable, (located 6 km distance in flat terrain), the model results for dust emissions of the CS03 construction can be used as a worst case scenario for the cofferdam construction

Construction traffic for the Project in this area, will be limited to a period of 4-8 months depending on the potential overlap of activities, in the coastal area and will strongly vary with the activities that take place along the different spreads. Traffic focal points in this area will be associated to activities in the pipe yards (see traffic impact assessment Section 8.16).

8.5.2.2.2 Mitigation Measures

With regards to dust production, the following mitigation measures will be in place: The following good construction site management practices will be adopted: • Wet suppression (water spraying potential dust-generating areas); • Limiting vehicle speed (limitis will be established at the Traffic Management Plan); • Sheeting trucks (covering truck loads when these can result in dust).

Emissions other than dust will be mitigated by adopting the following measures: • Maintenance of equipment and vehicles; • Training of operators and drivers; • Development of a traffic management plan (routing of construction traffic away from sensitive areas; avoiding construction traffic to cross through densely populated areas or historic centres); and • Monitoring of main emission sources (generators, compressors).

8.5.2.2.3 Residual Impacts

The significance of impacts is defined exclusively on the basis of receptors sensitivity and magnitude of impacts.

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The magnitude of the impact is determined by the magnitude of short term (i.e. referenced to hourly or daily thresholds) and long term impacts (i.e. referenced against annual thresholds) on local air quality caused by dust emissions generated during construction.The magnitude of short- term impacts on CS03 local air quality from dust generated during construction is considered Small by European air quality standards, and Medium by IFC standards. The magnitude of long term impacts due to dust emissions from CS03 construction activities is considered Small.Given the lower magnitude of the coastal construction activities compared with CS03 ones, the magnitude of this impact is considered Small altogether.

In line with the best practices regarding impact assessment on local air quality, the assessment of the impacts on the air quality has to be performed on the most sensitive receptor (human beings). By definition, any human dwelling is considered of High sensitivity.

As a consequence, the significance of an impact of Small magnitude on a receptor of High Sensitivity is considered Minor.

Table 8.6-3 summarises the impacts on local air quality arising from the coastal works construction phase, their mitigation and residual impacts.

Table 8.5-2 Residual Impacts – Coastal – Climate and Air Quality – Construction Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact Risk Local Air quality – Construction phase Non dust sources • Maintenance of equipment and Not Significant vehicles. • Construction traffic and machinery emissions are • Development of a traffic management similar to existing traffic on countryside roads. Impact plan (see Section 9.2.6) should be negligible with the anticipated mitigation • Monitoring of main emission sources measures in place. (generators, compressors) - Environmental Monitoring Plan Dust sources • The following good construction site Minor management practices will be adopted: • Using CS03 data as worst case scenario, predicted o Wet suppression (as needed, ground level concentration values are about 24 % of depending on soil type) in dry seasons at Albanian Air quality standards, 36% of European Air working strip and at unpaved roads quality standards and 72 % of the IFC limit. located at <200 m from settlements • Maximum concentration maxima are within 0.7 km o Limiting vehicle speed from the location, away from inhabited areas o Sheeting trucks ERM (2012)

8.5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

Atmospheric emissions during the operation and maintenance phase are circumscribed to emissions due to the vehicle traffic associated with operational maintenance. As the length of the pipeline coastal segment concerned is very small, maintenance activities are Not Significant and therefore have not been subjected to detailed assessment.

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8.5.2.4 Decommissioning Phase

As outlined in Section 8.1, it cannot be foreseen today how exactly the pipeline system would be decommissioned in some 50 years’ time from now. With regard to air quality impacts, much will depend if the pipeline would be abandoned in situ or if the pipeline would be recovered from the ground. In case the pipeline is taken out, similar ambient air impacts from ground works along the pipeline and from construction traffic would occur as for construction. All sites will be reinstated.

Residual impacts will be similar in nature to those that arise during construction, but with lower magnitudes. Similar mitigation measures anticipated for the construction phase with regards to the dust generation (Table 8.6-3) would apply. No significant adverse air quality impacts to sensitive receivers in the vicinity are anticipated from the decommissioning activities. Impacts on air quality arising from the Project decommissioning phase can thus reasonably be assumed Not significant for the dismantling activities.

8.5.2.4.1 Potential Impacts

The decommissioning phase will include the following activities:

• Pigging, purging and filling of the pipeline.

A similar number and type of activities taking place during the Project construction phase will be required for the decommissioning operations. Similarly to what has been concluded for the construction phase, impacts on local air quality arising from vehicular traffic and from the decommissioning of the pipeline will be not significant.

8.5.2.4.2 Mitigation Measures

The same mitigation measures anticipated for the construction phase with regards to the dust production will take place.

8.5.2.4.3 Residual Impacts

The same residual impacts table as the one presented for the construction phase is applicable to the Decommissioning phase. Residual impacts will be similar in nature to those that arise during construction.

8.5.3 Acoustic Environment

8.5.3.1 Overview

This section assesses the potential impacts on local noise quality as a result of the Project onshore activities related to the offshore pipeline and the first 150 m of onshore pipeline from the last dry weld towards inland. Impacts on acoustic environment are likely to occur during construction and precommissioning, and decommissioning.

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The main potential impacts during the construction phase are related to machinery noise emissions that will prevalently affect the area adjacent to the construction/work site. Noise sources in this phase will be not continuous, and will depend on the number and types of machinery used for each activity. During precommissioning, the air blown out of the pipe at the drying stage will also be a source of noise.

The noise levels generated by the different Project phase have been compared with IFC and National Legislation to verify the compliance with the established limits. Albanian Directive n.8 dated 27/11/2007 “Noise limits in the design environments”, pursuant to Law n.9774 dated 12/07/2007 "On the evaluation and management of environmental noise", defines for residential areas (for areas “outside the house”) affected by operation activities the same limits as IFC for day time; for night time, instead, the IFC limit is more stringent. Hence, the noise levels generated by the different Project phases have been compared with IFC standards, according to the methodology reported in Annex 5.

Box 8.5-2 shows the key sources of impact, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and Project influencing factors associated to the impacts of this part of the TAP Project on the acoustic environment.

Box 8.5-2 Key Considerations for Assessment - Coastal - Acoustic Environment

Sources of Impact • Construction Phase: preparation of the working area; construction of cofferdams, backfilling and reinstatement, movements of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Pre-commissionong, drying of pipe.

Potentially Impacted Receptors • Settlements, touristic areas, fauna

Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Wetlands with potential breeding avifauna.

Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Amount of machinery in use during the construction phase; traffic management. ERM (2012)The following presents the key impacts of the analysed TAP Project beach activity on the acoustic environment during the key Project phases. Table 8.5-3 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Acoustic Environment

Construction and Precommissioning Phase Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning Phase Phase • Temporary annoyance at residential • None • None buildings or touristic areas closest to work site

• Potential temporary disturbance and/or displacement of fauna ERM (2012)

In the following sections, each potential impact has been expanded giving information on how each source is likely to have an impact on receptors and the mitigation measures inbuilt within the Project.

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8.5.3.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.5.3.2.1 Potential Impacts

Noise during the construction phase mainly comes from equipment involved in earth movement and site preparation, from heavy vehicles for material handling and from the vehicles used by personnel, from piling of cofferdam, and from the air blown to dry the pipe during precommissioning

Noise levels generated by construction activities have been estimated considering the physics of noise propagation. Annex 8.1, Section 8.2 shows a detailed description of the approach followed for estimating the noise levels generated from the different construction activities.

Table 8.7-2 and Table 8.5-5 below present a brief summary of the estimated noise level generated by the different construction phases at fixed distances.

Table 8.5-4 Noise Pressure Levels during Pipeline Construction Phase Activities

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m Preparation Working Strip 71.0 65.0 57.0 51.0 45.0 Top Soil Stripping and 76.8 70.8 62.8 56.8 50.8 Grading Pipe Stringing 61.6 55.6 47.6 41.6 35.6 Pipe Bending 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Pipe Welding 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Joint coating 76.8 70.7 62.8 56.8 50.7 Trench Digging 76.5 70.5 62.5 56.5 50.5 Pipe laying 74.8 68.8 60.8 54.8 48.8 Backfilling and 74.9 68.9 60.9 54.9 48.9 reinstatement Replacement of Topsoil 77.4 71.3 63.4 57.4 51.3 Cofferdam Sheet Piling 90 70 Collated by ERM (2012)

Table 8.5-5 Noise Pressure Levels during Precommissioning Phase Activities

Precommissioning Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 100 m 1000 m Pipe drying 50 30 Collated by ERM (2012)

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8.5.3.2.2 Mitigation Measures

In addition to the general mitigation measures applied for the TAP Project, the noise impact on receptors during the construction phase will be specifically reduced using the following measures:

On noise sources/equipment:

o Switch off equipments when not in use;

o Promote the use of low nuisance vehicles/equipments;

• On activities:

o Whenever feasible, schedule different noisy activities to occur concurrently, since the combined noise levels produced may not be significantly greater than the level produced if the operations were performed separately;

• On propagation path:

o The sheet piling during cofferdam construction is the most significant source of noise. In case the piling for the nearshore cofferdam takes place in the breeding season for the species potentially nesting in Gjemia Lagoon (April-end June) and in application of the precautionary principle, a lower noise producing piling technology, such as vibro- piling should be preferentially chosen, if technically feasible. If not, or if considered more appropriate, depending of the expected final noise output of the piling technique, consideration will be given to installation of appropriate noise screening between the cofferdam location and the Gjemia Lagoon.

8.5.3.2.3 Residual Impacts

As described above, best practices and appropriate techniques when working at sensitive locations in sensitive times of the year for the cofferdam sheet piling activities are the main mitigation measures to be taken in order to mitigate noise impacts. If necessary and/or appropriate, noise screening will be considered.

Therefore, considering the impact magnitude, (small after application of mitigation measures and the distances to sensitive receptors), the sensitivity of the noise receptors (residential areas and fauna at Gjiemia lagoon) and the temporary nature of the construction phase, the value of impact significance obtained is Minor.

Table 8.5-6 presents a summary of the residual impact associated to the impacts identified.

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Table 8.5-6 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Acoustic Environment – Construction Phase

Impacts/ Risks Measures to Address the Impact/ Residual Impact Risk Construction Phase and Precommissioning Phase

Short Term Impact due to noise emission • Switch off equipment when not in Minor - pipeline construction & use; • Temporary disturbance precommissioning • Whenever feasible, schedule • Human receptors sufficiently different noisy activities to occur distant from work areas concurrently; • Noise screen protects potential • Locate stationary equipment (e.g. breeding avifauna compressors) as far as practicable from nearby receptors • If technically feasible, use a lower noise producing technology (i.e.vibro-piling) if piling for the nearshore cofferdam during April- June. If not , consider installing noise Screen/Barrier between the and the Gjemia Lagoon.. ERM (2012)

8.5.3.3 Decommissioning Phase

At the end of its useful life, the pipeline will be decommissioned safely and with due regard for the environment, in order to create the conditions to allow the restoration of conditions prior to the installation work within a reasonable time.

The onshore pipeline will be pigged, purged and filled with suitable material (e.g. sand), to prevent subsidence when the pipeline collapses and will be left in situ.

No significant noise generation is expected to occur in this activity.

8.5.4 Freshwater Resources

There are no superficial freshwater resources in the area of influence of the coastal works, and the groundwater is the interphase between the inland shallow aquifer and the zone of marine intrusion. There is no use of this groundwater, current or expected, in this area, thus no impact is expected. This is therefore not analyzed further.

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8.5.5 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils 8.5.5.1 Overview

Box 8.5-3 shows the key sources of impact, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the this part of TAP Project on geology, geomorphology and soil quality.

Box 8.5-3 Key Considerations for Assessment - Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils

Sources of Impact • Construction phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes; Set-up (including site preparation) of temporary facilities ; Storage and handling of fuels and chemicals; Trenching, lowering and laying; Backfilling and reinstatement; • Operations and maintenance phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes • Decommissioning phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes; Demobilization and abandonment of facilities and infrastructure. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Effects on the geomorphology due to erosion; Effects on the soil quality. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Land use, • Soil quality characteristics, • Erosion events detected. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques, topsoil removal, construction site management and waste management. ERM (2012)

Table 8.5-7 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on geology, geomorphology and soil during the key Project phases. Table 8.5-7 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils

Construction and Precommissioning Phase Operation and Decommissioning Phase Maintenance Phase • Accidental pollution of soil • Accidental pollution of soil • Accidental pollution of soil • Disturbance and degradation of soil due to erosion, • Land take and soil loss • Land take compaction, storage and replacement, modification of (surface sealing) morphology. • Land take and surface sealing ERM (2012)

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8.5.5.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.5.5.2.1 Potential Impacts

Disturbance and Degradation of Soil due to Erosion, Compaction, Storage and Replacement, Modification of Morphology

The earth moving and excavation activities required for pipeline construction along the working strip, preparation of site access roads, temporary pipe yards and construction camps will lead to disturbance of the soil profile and may result in degradation of the soil value or function. If not managed properly, these activities may result in soil erosion as well as soil compaction depending on the soil type encountered and the other construction footprint areas.

The sources that may generate disturbance and degradation of soil are the following:

• Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel,

• Establishment (including site preparation) of temporary facilities ;

• Preparation of the working strip (topsoil storage);

• Construction of cofferdam,

• Trenching, lowering and laying ;

• Backfilling and reinstatement of pipeline trench..

Land Take and Surface Sealing

The main sources that may cause land take and surface sealing are:

• Establishment (including site preparation) of temporary facilities

• Preparation of the working strip (topsoil storage),

• Construction of cofferdam;

• Trenching, lowering and laying.

8.5.5.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The summary of the residual impacts includes mitigation measures to minimize all mentioned potential impacts.

8.5.5.3 Residual Impacts and Risks

Table 8.5-8 presents a summary of the residual impacts and risks after mitigation measures are implemented.

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Table 8.5-8 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Accidental pollution General mitigation measures: Not Significant of soil • Operate under international standards • Mitigation measures reduce the risk • A Waste Management Plan will be developed as of occurrence of accidental spills and part of the ESMP in order to minimize waste impact pollution and provide for cleanup. into the environment • A Chemical Management Plan will be developed as part of the ESMP in order to detail procedures for working with chemical products • A Spill Response Plan will detail actions to clean up any accidental spills or pollution Disturbance and General mitigation measures: Not Significant Degradation of Soil • Where excavation disturbs topsoil, the first layer of • Mitigation measures reduce the risk excavated material (topsoil) will be stored of occurrence of accidental spills and separately so that it can be put in place again when pollution and provide for cleanup. the excavated area is filled • Topsoil, which supports plant life and contains seed stock, will be removed from the Working Strip by suitable earth moving equipment and stockpiled in the form of a continuous ridge along the edge of the strip. The topsoil stockpile will be typically no higher than 2 m to prevent degradation of the soil and will be kept free from disturbance to reduce the possibility of physical damage and compaction • Topsoil will be deposited on one side of the working corridor where it will be stored in such a way that it is not mixed with other trenched materials or trafficked over by vehicles. If topsoil requires long- term storage, then aeration and raking up will be carried out regularly to avoid compaction • An Erosion and Sediments Control Plan (see Section 9.2.20) will be developed as part of the ESMP in order to detail procedures of restoration works • Restoration measures will be monitored • The type of equipment used will be appropriate for the soils and the timing of construction • Records will be made of the existing condition of the construction area. These records will be used as the standards against which the quality of the restoration work will be judged when construction work is completed • The removed top soil will be placed back on the working corridor. • No machinery will be permitted to leave the working strip or access roadways

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Land Take General mitigation measures: Not Significant • Area affected by the works will be levelled. Areas • Mitigation measures proposed make will be covered by humus topsoil 20 cm in depth the impact not significant and revegetated where applicable (temporary land take, workers camps). During ground levelling, particular care will be taken in order to not leaving holes or sagging that could create problems for subsequent farming activities • Excavated soil during topsoil removal and trenching will be replaced in its original location • No machinery will be permitted to leave the access roadways or the working strip • An Erosion and Sediments Control Plan (see Section 9.2.20) will be developed as part of the ESMP in order to detail procedures of restoration works • Restoration measures will be monitored ERM (2012)

The magnitude of the impacts and the value of impact significance for geology, geomorphology and soil summarised in the table above is reported below. According to Annex 5 Baseline and Impact Assessment Methodology, this impact is defined as negative and direct, of local scale, long term duration and medium intensity. The combination of these generates an impact of Medium magnitude. As all soils are of low sensitivity, all impacts are considered not significant.

8.5.5.4 Operation and Maintenance and Decommissioning Phases

The activities and potential impacts associated with these Phases are similar in terms of impacts to the construction Phase, but with lower magnitude, as all soils are of low sensitivity, all impacts are also considered not significant.

8.5.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity

8.5.6.1 Overview

The area itself is dominated by the beach; with presence of sand dunes in the background it has a medium sensitivity, reflecting the unique coastal character of this landscape and the visually open nature of same. The medium sensitivity also reflects that whilst this landscape is valued, the nature of the change is small in scale with temporary impacts only during construction.

The main sources of landscape and visual impact arising from this part of the TAP Project are presented in the Box 8.5-4 below.

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Box 8.5-4 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity

Sources of Impact • Construction Phase: land-clearing and site preparation (including vegetation clearance), Topsoil stripping, earthworks ad related dust emissions, presence and movement of plant and machinery together with the construction activities, construction lighting. • Operational Phase: None • Deccommissioning Phase: Restoration consistent with the character of the landscape Potentially Impacted Receptors • Landscape character and resources, and visual amenity.

Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts

• Degree of openness of land from which activities will be visible • Vegetation areas where physical losses could arise • Extent and distribution of visual receptors around the site.

Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts

• Scale or size of the elements of the Project. ERM (2012)

The following table presents the key impacts of this part of the TAP Project on landscape and visual amenity during the key Project phases. Table 8.5-9 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity

Construction Phase Operation and Decommissioning Phase Maintenance Phase • Temporary impacts to landscape and • None. • No impacts on landscape and visual amenity visual amenity arising from construction provided the landscape is restored to its original activities character or a character that reflects the landscape of the area at the end of the 50 year operational period.

ERM (2012)

8.5.6.1.1 Impacts from the Proposed Construction of Pipeline

This section of the assessment addresses the construction impacts of the proposed works.

During construction, direct impacts on the landscape include the following:

• Direct landscape losses or physical changes to landscape elements arising from the construction of the pipeline. These include loss of vegetation.

• Direct changes to the receiving landscape arising as a result of the introduction of temporary structures and facilities to enable the construction works.

• Presence of stationery or moving plant, machinery and vehicles associated with construction.

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8.5.6.1.2 Mitigation Measures

During construction the following mitigation measures are recommended in order to limit the extent and scale of construction impacts. Other additional site specific mitigation measures for construction are detailed in the tables below.

• To use night time lighting beyond normal hours of working the minimum necessary for safety & security purposes. Existing vegetation to be retained protected as far as possible. Fencing will be introduced to protect it if necessary.

• All sites will be maintained in tidy condition. Landscape will be reinstated following completion of construction works.

8.5.6.1.3 Residual Impacts

The residual construction impacts that will arise to landscape and visual amenity are presented in Table 8.5-10. This takes account of the above mitigation measures.

Table 8.5-10 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk – Pipeline Construction Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of works Residual Impact / Risk Coastal Area • To use night time lighting beyond normal Not Significant hours of working the minimum necessary for • Attributed to the The construction works will result in safety&security purposes Existing vegetation temporary change of coastal landscape which temporary disruption to to be retained/protected far as possible. is the dominant land cover. the coastal landscape. Fencing will be introduced to protect it if necessary. • All sites will be maintained in tidy condition. Landscape will be reinstated following completion of construction works.. ERM (2012)

8.5.6.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

As the proposed pipeline will be buried underground and as the landscape will be reinstated, no sources of landscape and visual impact in the coastal area are expected.

8.5.6.3 Decommissioning Phase

At the end of the 50 year operational lifetime of TAP, the permanent facilities will be dismantled and the landscape will be restored to its former condition or to that which is consistent with the character of the landscape in 50 years post operation.

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The pipeline will be decommissioned but will not be removed from its underground location. Woody vegetation will be allowed to re-establish and the permanent area of land use limitations of 8 m will no longer be apparent in the landscape as adjacent land uses establish themselves.

Overall, the decommissioning phase of TAP AG will result in Not Significant impacts in landscape and visual terms and this takes account of the temporary nature of the decommissioning works which are essentially a reversal of the construction procedure.

8.5.7 Terrestrial Ecology

8.5.7.1 Overview

Box 8.11-1 shows the key sources of impact, potentially impacted receptors, baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on terrestrial ecology.

Box 8.5-5 Key Considerations for Assessment – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology

Sources of Impact • Construction phase: Preparation of the working strip; Construction of temporary facilities (camps and yards); Construction of cofferdam, reinstatement, movements of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Use of water and raw materials; • Operation and maintenance phase: Movements of vehicle, equipment and personnel; Waste management; • Decommissioning phase: Construction of temporary facilities; Movements of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Waste management.

Potentially Impacted Receptors • Habitat, Flora and Fauna, Designated areas.

Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • As above.

Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Waste management, traffic management, timing of works, level of physical nuisance (ie. noise, light, etc.) ERM (2012)

Table 8.11-1 presents the key potential impacts of the TAP Project on the terrestrial ecology during the key phases. Table 8.5-11 Key Potential Impacts – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology

Activity Construction Operational & Decommissioning Phase Maintenance Phase Phase Habitat loss/ degradation X X Habitat fragmentation X Loss of species X X X Disturbance and/or displacement for species X X X Barrier effects on faunal species X X Edge effects on faunal species X X

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The habitats situated on the coastal belt, including sandy dunes, salt marshes, lagoons and Mediterranean pine forests, are part of a CORINE biotope. Although this is not protected, it reflects the interest in the area and its ecological potential. The coastal lagoons and Mediterranean pine forests are considered of special interest and correspond to priority habitats which are included in Annex I of the Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC).

8.5.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.5.7.2.1 Potential Impacts

Habitat Loss / Habitat Degradation

Habitat loss can comprise of the following, direct loss, through single or multiple sources, from clearance, conversion of the original habitat to a new habitat type, modification of an existing habitat (changing it’s ecological functions), or degradation of a habitat to a point where it is of low quality and can be thought of as lost. Loss of habitats can also result in habitat changing in such a way that it becomes incapable of supporting species requirements, it may also be a catalyst for other associated impacts namely habitat fragmentation, direct and indirect loss of species, and species disturbance and displacement.

Habitat Fragmentation

As the existing habitats found in the area consist of open coastal habitats, it is expected that potential habitat fragmentation will be minimal and temporary; therefore, any affected habitats will be able to readily recover through natural regeneration or through employed restoration measures. Furthermore many of the species of key importance in this area are birds which will be minimally affected by fragmentation impacts.

Direct Species Loss

Species loss constitutes the removal of fauna and flora elements from a particular area, either directly or indirectly, and can be temporary or permanent. Species loss may involve a single individual, single population, multiple populations of a single species, or a group of species.

Flora species will be directly affected from working strip preparation, and construction of facilities mainly through vegetation removal. Temporary floral species loss involves areas where habitat restoration is considered feasible viable. No direct loss of fauna species is expected from this part of project activities

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Disturbance and Displacement of Species

Construction activities can directly and indirectly cause disturbance to species, either on a temporary or permanent scale. Construction zones produce higher intensity of emissions, however impacts are usually localized. Impacts that may cause disturbance will vary but key sources from construction will include changing visual, noise or light conditions Cutts et al. 2008).

Species disturbed by such impacts may lead to behavioural changes such as reduced breeding/ foraging time and duration, selection of breeding/ foraging sites, etc. during periods where species are more sensitive to disturbances (e.g. breeding season). Disturbance is considered to be temporary and limited to the construction period.

8.5.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

The specific effect of noise on fauna has been assessed in the corresponding noise section, along with the proposed mitigation.

Table 8.5-12 Residual Impacts – Coastal - Terrestrial Ecology – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction Phase All Impacts • No construction materials will be taken Minor from the surrounding environment unless Habitats are considered to be: approved by the responsible authority; • Of relatively low quality; • Restoration of sites to their original • Natural regeneration is feasible near to its condition where possible upon completion original state. of construction; and • Retain original vegetation where Impacts are likely to be limited to localised areas possible for reinstatement. and temporary in nature. • Translocate important flora species to other suitable areas; • Ecological awareness training should be provided to all personnel. • An emergency spill plan to be formulated and resourced to mitigate effects from any contaminant spills within the area; • If technically feasible, use a lower noise producing technology (i.e.vibro-piling) if piling for the nearshore cofferdam during April-June. If not , consider installing noise Screen/Barrier between the and the Gjemia Lagoon... ERM (2012)

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8.5.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.5.7.3.1 Potential Impacts

Potential impacts arising from the operation and maintenance of the pipeline include species disturbance and displacements. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance phase, are limited to vehicle and personnel movements and minor maintenance. These impacts include noise and light impacts and are considered permanent, albeit discontinuous, throughout the duration of the Project’s operation. However, these impacts are likely to be of minimal extent, and thus considered not significant.

8.5.7.4 Decommissioning Phase

8.5.7.4.1 Potential Impacts

Potential impacts arising from the decommissioning phase include minor much localised species loss, disturbance and displacement from visual, light and noise impacts from vehicles, equipment and personnel during the decommissioning period.

These activities will cause temporary disturbance to species residing or utilising the area where the activities are taking place. However, the activities are expected to be localised and temporary in nature and thus considered not significant.

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8.6 Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality

8.6.1 Overview

This section assesses the potential impacts on local air quality as a result of the Project onshore activities. Impacts on local air quality are likely to occur during construction and precommissioning, operation and decommissioning phases.

Potential receptors in the study area consist mainly of the residential population living near the construction site of the pipeline and the compressor stations, workers, flora and fauna species.

Box 8.6-1 presents the key considerations for assessing the impacts of the TAP Project on ambient air quality.

Box 8.6-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Climate and Ambient Air Quality

Sources of Impacts • Temporary dust emissions from earthworks, excavation, vehicle movement, stockpiles, unpaved surfaces, etc. along the CSs, working strip, access roads, yards and camps during onshore Project construction. • Temporary emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere from vehicles involved in onshore Project construction (i.e. excavators, bulldozers, side booms, trucks, cars). • Atmospheric pollutants emissions including Greenhouse gases produced by the compressor stations during the Project operation phase. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Residential population living near the pipeline construction site and the compressor stations, workers, local vegetation and fauna. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • The air quality in the study area mainly represents rural background conditions without notable air pollution. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Location of equipment in the CS areas; amount of machinery in use during the construction phase; workers’ sites management, and traffic management, CS layout and characteristics. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.4.1, Impact Assessment Criteria is found in Annex 5.2.2.1. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012) Table 8.6-1 presents the key potential impacts of the TAP Project on the ambient air quality during the main project phases.

Table 8.6-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Temporary impacts on local air quality due to • Impacts related to the • Temporary impacts on local atmospheric emissions during the Project compressor stations activity. air quality mainly related to construction, in particular during the CSs Expected main pollutants the CS decommissioning. construction. Expected main pollutant emitted is emitted are NO2 and CO. Main pollutant emitted will PM (particulate matter, dust). be PM (particulate matter, dust). ERM (2012) Ambient air quality in the CS02 and CS03 airsheds were measured using passive diffusion tubes, during the June 2011 field survey. The results found no detectable levels of NOx or CO. No

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8.6.2 Construction Phase

The route has been defined such that the working strip will be located generally at more than 200 m from settlements, even though at some locations the strip activities will be closer to inhabited areas; construction activities for the Project components have various potential for creation and mobilising of particulate matter, related to the following activities:

• Dust emissions from working strip clearance, earthworks, excavation, vehicle movement on unpaved surfaces, etc. along the working strip, access roads and work sites;

• Construction vehicles exhaust gases emissions (i.e. excavators, bulldozers, side booms, trucks, cars).

Construction traffic for the Project will be limited to the construction period of about 3.5 years (area of Potom in central east section may take 20-24 months) and will strongly vary with the activities that take place along the different spreads, with focal points of traffic being the pipe yards and the compressor station locations (see traffic impacts assessment). As opposed to a road project, it is not meaningful to undertake emission modelling for such traffic, since no regular and long term average traffic flows will occur. Therefore, air quality impacts from construction traffic emissions are assessed qualitatively. Since traffic will be localised and temporary only, Exhaust emissions from construction related traffic can be considered minor provided that following mitigation measures are followed: regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles, avoidance of passing construction traffic through settlements, densely populated areas or historic centres, training of operators and drivers, use of low sulphur fuels if available, development and implementation of a Traffic Management Plan outlined in Section 9.2.6.

The next section describes the potential impacts arising from dust generating activities; while the respective methodology applied for quantifying the dust emission loads of the different activities, and the ground level pollutant concentrations is presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.1.

8.6.2.1 Anticipated Impacts

The Project construction phase involves dust-producing activities during the CSs (CS02-CS03) site preparation/construction and along the pipeline working strip. In general, during the construction phase, dust emissions result from the following activities:

• Pulverization and abrasion of surfaces, caused by trucks carrying soil and materials;

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• Mobilization of dust particles caused by wind erosion of unpaved surfaces;

• Mechanical action on incoherent materials and excavation with excavators, bulldozers, etc.; and

• Involuntary transport of mud thrust by trucks wheels that produces dust when dried out.

Among the dust producing activities, the CSs construction is potentially the most critical because of its duration (16 months) and its fixed geographical location. It should be noted that other dust producing activities during the Project construction phase (i.e. working strip along pipeline route and access roads) will not have a fixed geographical location as activities will be moving along the route. Therefore, the effects on air quality along the pipeline route will only last for a number of days at a given location, depending on the progress speed of pipeline construction. Dust- producing activities along the pipeline will mostly affect remote areas that in general terms present less sensitive receptors than the CSs surroundings. Finally, as presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.1, the CSs construction activities generate the highest expected dust emission loads. Therefore, only the construction activities associated to the CSs have been subjected to a detailed impacts assessment. Particular, the assessment focused on PM10 emission load and induced ground level concentrations, since limits on PM10 atmospheric concentrations are set both at national and international level.

An estimation of PM10 produced by the compressor stations construction activities was undertaken using the EPA AP-42 methodology on Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles. Following this methodology, PM10 emissions from the CSs construction phase, including PM10 emissions due to wind and vehicle transit re-suspension, were calculated. The result was subsequently used as input for a PM10 dispersion modelling study, carried out with the EPA modelling system CALMET-CALPUFF. Coarser particles settle within a few metres from the source but finer particulate matter has the ability to be transported by wind over a greater distance. Therefore the dispersion study predicted the PM10 ground level concentrations at receptors, enabling the assessment of the CSs construction phase impacts on local air quality due to PM10 emissions, on the basis of the methodology presented in Annex 5.1.5.

A detailed description of the modelling set up - dispersion modelling tool, model domain and meteorological data - is presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.1 along with the model results and a quantitative assessment of impacts. Table 8.6-2 presents the model results together with relevant Albanian, European Union and international air quality standards.

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Table 8.6-2 Construction - Maximum Ground Concentrations of PM10

Parameter CS02 CS03 Albanian 2008/50/EC IFC [µg/m³] [µg/m³] Decision No. Limit 803/2003 [µg/m³] [µg/m³] PM10 90.4° Percentile of the daily average 9.84 18.18 50(1) concentration (2) PM10 Maximum daily average concentration 23.36 36.11 150 50 PM10 Annual Average Concentration 3.59 9.03 60 40 Note: Due to parallel developments in the planning and study process, the dispersion model for the CS03 construction could not consider the latest planning status, i.e. the CS03 is planned to filled up by 1.5 m to provide for flood safety. However, based on the fact that closest settlements are at approx. 1 – 1.5 km distance – no significantly different particulate matter concentrations at these receptors are anticipated.

(1)Limit on the maximum daily average concentration not to be exceeded more than 35 times during the calendar year (2) It corresponds to the daily limit value for the protection of human health not to be exceeded mare than 35 times a calendar year ERM (2012)

Table 8.6-2 shows that predicted short (i.e. referenced to hourly or daily thresholds) and long term (i.e. referenced against annual thresholds) PM10 concentrations at both CS02 and CS03 locations are well within ambient air quality standards. In more detail, the dispersion modelling results (see Annex 8.1, Section 8.1, Table 8.6-2) show that for the CS02 site vicinity, construction related maximum PM10 concentrations will occur within 0.25 km to the south of the site, and no impacts are anticipated at the sensitive receivers nearest to the site, i.e. Trestenik village which is more than 1 km distance to the south-east from the site. For the CS03 site the highest construction related PM10 concentration is predicted about 0.7 km from the site, whilst no additional concentration is anticipated for the nearest sensitive receptors which are Semani (Kavakllia), Gjokalli and Sheq-marinas villages which are located at a distance of 1.5 – 2 km to the east and south of the site. In summary for both CS construction sites, no sensitive receivers (i.e. the villages in the vicinity) will be adversely affected by PM10 from compressor station construction activities.

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8.6.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Emissions other than dust will be mitigated by adopting the following measures:

• Maintenance of equipment and vehicles;

• Training of operators and drivers;

• Development of a Traffic Management Plan (Routing of construction traffic away from sensitive areas; avoiding construction traffic passing through densely populated areas or historic centres); and

• Monitoring of main emission sources (generators, compressors) - Environmental Monitoring Plan (see Section 9.4).

With regards to dust production, the following mitigation measures will be in place:

• The construction works will be carried out in strict compliance with construction procedures and schedule;

• Pre-notification to the local municipalities of critical dust producing activities; and

• The following good construction site management practices will be adopted:

o Wet dust suppression (water spraying potential dust-generating areas);

o Limiting vehicle speed (limits will be established at the Traffic Management Plan); and

o Sheeting trucks (covering truck loads when these can result in dust generation).

8.6.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.6-3 summarises the impacts on local air quality arising from the Project construction phase, their mitigation and residual impacts. It should be noted that the model used for predicting impacts from dust emissions during the construction phase has considered a conservative (worst case) scenario, without the application of dust suppression measures.

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Table 8.6-3 Residual impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality – Construction Phase

Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Significance of Residual Impacts Impacts/Risk Local Air quality – Construction phase Non dust sources • Maintenance of equipment and Not Significant vehicles. • Construction traffic and machinery emissions are • Development of a traffic similar to existing traffic on countryside roads. management plan Impacts should be negligible with the anticipated • Training of operators and drivers mitigation measures in place. • Monitoring of main emission sources (generators, compressors) - Environmental Monitoring Plan Dust sources • The construction works will be Not Significant other than CSs carried out in strict compliance with • Dust producing activities will last less than one constructions construction procedures and year; they will be moving along the route and they schedule. will mostly affect remote areas away from sensitive • Pre-notification to the local receptors. Thus their impacts are negligible with the municipalities of critical dust anticipated mitigation measures in place. producing activities • The following good construction site management practices will be adopted: o Wet suppression (as needed, depending on soil type) in dry seasons at working strip and at unpaved roads located at <200 m from settlements o Limiting vehicle speed o Sheeting trucks Dust sources Same mitigation anticipated for the Minor related to the impacts arising from Dust sources other • Predicted ground level concentration values are CS02 construction than CSs constructions about 15 % of Albanian Air quality standards, 20% Short term of European Air quality standards and 40 % of the Impacts IFC limit. • The maximum predicted concentrations are within 0.25 km from the CS02. Dust sources Same mitigation anticipated for the Minor related to the impacts arising from Dust sources other • Predicted ground level concentration values are CS02 construction than CSs constructions about 6% of Albanian Air quality standards and 9 % Long term of European Air quality standards. Impacts • The maximum predicted concentrations are within 0.25 km from the CS02 site and do not reach up to the nearest settlement. Dust sources Same mitigation anticipated for the Moderate related to the impacts arising from Dust sources other • Predicted ground level concentration values are CS03 construction than CSs constructions about 24 % of Albanian Air quality standards, 36% Short term of European Air quality standards and 72 % of the Impacts IFC limit. • The maximum predicted concentrations are within 0.7 km from the CS03 site and do not reach up to the nearest settlement.

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Impacts/Risk Measures to Address the Significance of Residual Impacts Impacts/Risk Dust sources Same mitigations anticipated for the Minor related to the impacts arising from Dust sources other • Predicted ground level concentration values are CS03 construction than CSs constructions about 15% of Albanian Air quality standards and 22 Long term % of European Air quality standards. Impacts • The maximum predicted concentrations are within 0.7 km from the CS03. ERM (2012)

8.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.6.3.1 Overview

Atmospheric emissions during the operation and maintenance phase are primarily those related to the operation of the compressor stations where the gas turbines constitute stationary and permanent combustion emission sources. In addition, once a year natural gas will be vented to the atmosphere for depressurisation of the station. Further, but in comparison negligible in relevance, are fugitive emissions that may escape from the block valve stations and emissions due to the vehicle traffic associated with the general pipeline maintenance. Fugitive and exhaust emissions from operation and maintenance traffic are negligible and therefore have not been subjected to a detailed assessment. The ground concentrations of pollutants generated by the CS02 and CS03 activity during the operation phase have been predicted by modelling the dispersion of these pollutants in the atmosphere.

8.6.3.2 Compressor Stations (CS02 and CS03) Operational Impacts

The air dispersion modelling has enabled a qualitative and quantitative assessment of impacts on local air quality, following the methodology presented in Annex 5.1.5.

Atmospheric emissions will be produced by the gas turbines installed at CS02 (for 20 bcm/yr case) and CS03. Each unit will have a thermal input of 45.45 MW and will be fuelled with EASEE 1 standard gas . The emission of particulates or SO2 is therefore negligible. As such and following the recommendations of the European IPPC Bureau Best available Technologies Reference 2 Document (BREF) on large combustion plant, CO and NOx are the only pollutants of concern .

Venting of the station is not anticipated to create significant odour nuisance to the local population, as settlements are more than 1 km away from the compressor station sites and the venting conditions will provide for rapid dispersion of the released gas (i.e. high exit velocity from the vent during depressurization and gas density which is much lower than the atmosphere will create strong buoyancy); Further the natural gas has no significant content of odorous substances like H2S; the major component is methane which is odourless.

1 Exhaust gas from each turbine will be discharged to the atmosphere via one dedicated stack per unit. 2 , CS02 (for the 20 bcm/yr case) and CS03 will fall under the EU IPPC Directive and LCP Directive because the installations will have total thermal inputs exceeding the 50 MW threshold. Refer to Section 4.10.8.5 for further detail.

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Both compressor stations have been sited in rural areas where ambient air pollutant background levels are low (see Section 6.4.1).

An air dispersion study was performed with the CALMET–CALPUFF modelling system. Annex 8.1, Section 8.1 provides a detailed description of the air dispersion model and its results, as well as all the relevant details of the quantitative impacts assessment.

The modelling results for CS02 and CS03 are summarised in Table 8.6-4. This presents predicted pollution ground concentration contributions from the compressor stations compared against Albanian, European and International air quality standards.

Table 8.6-4 Maximum Ground Concentrations compared against Applicable Standards

Albanian 2008/50/EC CS02 CS03 Decision No. Parameter Limit IFC [µg/m³] [µg/m³] 803/2003 [µg/m³] [µg/m³] (1) (1) (1) (1a) NOx Annual Average Concentration 0.49 0.25 60 40 (1-2) NOx Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration 48.16 21.03 95 (1-3) (1) (2) NOx 99,8° Percentile of Hourly Average Concentration 36.00 10.60 200 (1) (1) NOx Maximum hourly concentration 122.8 48.90 250 200 CO Maximum hourly concentration 243.9 97.53 40000 CO Maximum Daily 8 Hours Mean Concentration(4) 64.13 21.64 10000 10000 CO Maximum Daily 24 Hours 21.76 7.22 2000 (1) Limits Foreseen for NO2; (1a) the limit for sensitive vegetation in remote areas is 30 µg/m³. (2) The maximum daily four hour mean concentration will be selected by examining four hours running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each four hours average so calculated will be assigned to the day on which it ends i.e. the first calculation period for any one day will be the period from 21:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any one day will be the period from 20:00 to 24:00 on that day. (3) It corresponds to the hourly limit value for the protection of human health not to be exceeded mare than 18 times a calendar year (4) The maximum daily eight hours mean concentration will be selected by examining eight hours running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each eight hours average so calculated will be assigned to the day on which it ends i.e. the first calculation period for any one day will be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any one day will be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day. ERM (2012) As shown in the Table 8.6-4, predicted pollutant concentrations resulting from the station emissions are well within with Albanian, European and International air quality standards.

The results of the dispersion model show that CO ground level concentrations generated by compressor station operation can reliably be considered negligible. Concentrations are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than ambient air limit values.

NOx emissions also do not create conflicts when compared with the relevant standards and considering the low background concentrations present.

The significance of short term (i.e. hourly or daily maximum concentrations) impacts on local air quality due to NOx emissions from the CS02 are classified depending on the different normative statistical indexes and on the regulatory threshold limit values considered.

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Short term impacts on local air quality due to CO emissions from the CS02, are classified as not significant.

Short term impacts magnitude on local air quality due to atmospheric pollutants emissions (both

NOx and CO) from the CS03 are classified as not significant.

The long-term (i.e. annual average) impacts magnitude on local air quality arising from the CS02 activity is classified as not significant, by National air quality standards, and minor by European standards. This impact is considered minor for conservative reasons.

The magnitude of the long term impacts due to CS03 atmospheric emissions are classified as not significant. Long term impacts have not been assessed for CO as no regulatory threshold concentration values are set for CO long term concentrations.

The significance of impacts is defined exclusively on the basis of receptors sensitivity and magnitude of impacts, as shown in Table 8.6-5, where the significance of impacts on air quality during the operation phase is presented.

The sensitivity of receptors has been considered High. Given the impacts magnitudes presented above, the short term impact of CS02 NOx emissions during operation is considered moderate, and the short term impact of CS02 CO emissions not significant. Long term impacts from CS02 emissions during operations are considered minor.

Short term and long term impacts on local air quality caused by the CS03 during operation are considered not significant, since their magnitude was not significant.

Table 8.6-5 CS02 and CS03 emissions - Evaluation of Impacts Significance for Air Quality

Source of Magnitude impacts Not Significant Small Medium Large CS02 ty (Short-term) Not Significant High Minor Moderate (NO ) Major (CO) x Sensitivi CS02 ty (Long-term) Not Significant High Minor (NO ) Moderate Major x Sensitivi CS03 ty (Short-term) Not Significant High Minor Moderate Major (CO – NOx) Sensitivi CS03 (Long-term) ty Not Significant High (NOx) Minor Moderate Major

Sensitivi ERM (2012)

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8.6.3.3 Mitigation Measures

The dispersion model has demonstrated that the operation of the compressor stations is not leading to significant long term (i.e annual average) increases on top of existing low ground level concentrations in the airshed and does not result in short term peaks (i.e. hourly/ daily) that would conflict relevant limit values for the protection of human health at settlements. With regards to vegetation, no adverse effects are anticipated since project related ground concentration accounts only for about 1-2% of the relevant NOx ground level limit value for sensitive vegetation in airsheds in remote areas which is 30 µg/m³ annual average (Directive EC 2008/50). Further, there are no particular NOx sensitive critical or protected habitats within the airshed of the compressor stations that could be affected.

Therefore, no further mitigation measures (such as NOx reduction by Denox facilities or the like) will be required. Regular maintenance of equipment should ensure stable and controlled emissions at predicted non-critical levels.

Air quality monitoring in the airshed of the compressor stations CS02 and CS03 will be undertaken during a period of 1-2 years after commissioning in order to verify modelled results.

8.6.3.4 Residual Impacts

The residual impacts are considered equal to the above described potential impacts. Table 8.6-6 summarises the type of impacts on local air quality arising from the Project operation phase, their mitigation and residual impacts.

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Table 8.6-6 Residual impacts – Onshore – Climate and Ambient Air Quality – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Significance of Residual Impacts Impacts/ Operation Phase

CS 02 • Location of compressor Moderate (NOx) Short term station is located away from • Sensitivity of receptors is considered High at CS02. sensitive receptors. • Predicted NOx ground level concentration values are about • BREF technology has been 50-60 % of the Albanian and IFC short term air quality applied to the CS design standards. • Maintenance of equipment • Maximum predicted concentrations within 4-9 km from the and monitoring CS02. • Periodical air quality Not Significant (CO) monitoring in the area of the • CS during a period of 1-2 Sensitivity of Receptors is considered High at CS02. years after start of operations • Predicted CO ground level concentration values are < 1% of to verify no affection; the National, European and international short term air quality standards.

CS 02 Same as for CS02 Short Term Minor (NOx) Long term • Sensitivity of Receptors is considered High at CS02.

• Predicted NOx ground level concentration values are < 1% of the Albanian air quality standard and >1% but <2 % of the European long term air (i.e. annual average) quality standards. • Maximum predicted concentrations within 10 km from the CS02.

CS 03 Same as for CS02 Short Term Not Significant (NOx - CO)

Short Term • Sensitivity of Receptors is considered High at CS03. • Predicted ground level concentration values are < 25 % of the National, European and international short term air quality standards. • Highest predicted concentrations within 2-3 km from the CS03, and maximum predicted concentrations 9 km SE of the CS03, due to local orography.

CS 03 Same as for CS02 Short Term Not Significant (NOx) Long Term • Sensitivity of Receptors is considered High at CS03. • Predicted CO ground level concentration values are < 1% of the National, European and international short term air quality standards. • Highest predicted concentrations within 5 km from CS03 ERM (2012)

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8.6.4 Decommissioning Phase

As set out in Section 8.1, it cannot be foreseen today how exactly the pipeline system would be decommissioned. With regard to air quality impacts, much will depend if the pipeline will be abandoned in situ or if the pipeline will be recovered from the ground. In case the pipeline is taken out, similar ambient air impacts from ground works along the pipeline and from construction traffic would occur as for construction. The compressor stations equipment will be disassembled and all buildings will be demolished and the sites reinstated. Dust emissions from the CSs sites decommissioning will likely be less when compared to construction since the decommissioning activities will be carried out on paved surfaces, mostly internal to the CSs site and particulate matter generation from demolition of buildings and surfaces can be reduced by suitable measures (e.g. screens and water spraying).

Residual impacts will be similar in nature to those that arise during construction, but with lower magnitudes. Similar mitigation measures anticipated for the construction phase with regards to the dust generation (paragraph Table 8.6-3) would apply. With taking the Compressor stations out of operation, they will cease to be permanent sources of emissions. No significant adverse air quality impacts to sensitive receivers in the vicinity are anticipated from the decommissioning activities.

Impacts on air quality arising from the Project decommissioning phase can thus reasonably be assumed not significant for the dismantling activities and minor for the airshed after decommissioning.

8.6.4.1 Climate Impacts - Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

8.6.4.1.1 Local Micro- and Regional Meso Climate

Since the pipeline will be placed underground, with the pipeline strip reinstated without surface sealing, and the compressor stations will be situated on open fields, there is no potential that the Project has any significant impacts on local or regional climatic conditions, such as windfields, cold air generation and flow. The hot exhausts from the gas turbines will disperse with the uplift and have no effect on local or regional climate. Also, since there is no cooling towers at the compressor stations, aspects such as cloud or fog generation will not be created. Surface sealing at each compressor stations will be about 20 hectares (ha), but in the local rural context of the locations, this has no potential to significantly alter regional microclimate.

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8.6.4.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The direct GHG emissions of the TAP Project for Albania result from the Compressor Stations CS02 and CS03.

The Natural Gas consumption of each compressor station will be 19,000 Nm³/h (ENT, 03/2012).

This translates into an output of 2 x 39.7 tons CO2/h. Since the compressor stations will be running all year, only for a short venting interruption, the full annual hours can be assumed.

Considering the oxidation and conversion factor for CH4 combustion, the operation of CS02 will 1 result in 2 x 346,033 or 692,066 tons CO2/year.

Added to this combustion must be the one time per year direct release (no combustion) of natural gas to the atmosphere by venting for depressurisation of the station. This amounts to approximately 260 tons natural gas (CH4)/year for CS03 and 235 tons natural gas (CH4)/year for

CS02. The GHG Global Warming Potential of CH4 is 21 times that of CO2. Therefore a venting event in both stations will result in emission of 10,395 tons CO2 equivalent/year.

Thus in total, CS02 and CS03 operation together will emit approximately 706,000 tons CO2 equivalent/year.

According to Albania’s Second National Communication to the Conference of Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Tirana, November 2009), the total GHG emission in Albania in 2010 were estimated around 11 million tons. 2

The predicted GHG emissions from the TAP Project (with both CS stations in the 20 BCM case) will thus account for about 7% of the annual total GHG emissions of the country (compared against 2010 estimates). The impacts of the TAP Project on the GHG balance of Albania will thus be significant.

1 Calculation: Using Natural Gas of the H-family the minimum air supply (which is required for a stochiometric combustion) is 9.7 Nm³ air per Nm³ fuel. The resulting flue gas amount is 10.75 Nm³ flue gas per Nm³ fuel (considering wet conditions). Typical flue gas composition is 9.9 Vol% CO2, 18.4 Vol% H2O and 71.7 Vol% N2. Combining these figures the CO2 content in the flue gas is 1,065 Nm³ per Nm³ fuel gas (considering wet conditions). Using 19,000 Nm³/h fuel gas the hourly rate for CO2 is 20,221 Nm³/h or approx. 39,700 kg/h. Therefore the total hourly rate of CO2 is 39.7 t/h or 347772 t/year. The oxidation and conversion factor for CH4 combustion is 0.995 (as per Emission factors: 2007/589/EC). 2 http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/albnc2.pdf

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Whilst the absolute GHG emissions from compressor station operation itself cannot be minimised, the Project has investigated the possibilities to increase energy efficiency by making use of the excess heat that is wasted in the gas turbines by adding a steam cycle. This is not yet common for gas pipeline compressor stations; presently only about two such stations are under construction in Central Europe; and these are larger dimensioned than TAP CS02 and CS03. Also around the sites of CS02 and CS03 there are no potential off-takers for process steam which would be another option for efficient energy use. Independent generation of power for the electricity grid is not within TAP AG’s operation philosophy. A potential technological option would be the installation of a combination of gas turbine and steam turbine driven turbo compressors. In this case the excess heat from gas turbine driven compressors would be used to produce steam to operate one or more steam turbines connected to a turbo compressor for gas compression. However, TAP AG for the time being is not following such a concept as it adds technological and operational complexities at disproportionate costs and was not found implementable for the initial 10 BCM case. TAP AG will however undertake further investigations about the feasibility for the 20 BCM stage.

In order to track GHG emissions, TAP AG will have to submit to the Ministry of Environment an annual Carbon Emission Report for CS02 and CS03 and make this report available to project lenders as required. 8.6.5 Summary - Impacts on Climate and Ambient Air Quality

Project construction may locally lead to nuisance from dust generated from construction traffic. Standard mitigation measures such as dust suppression by water spraying will be applied where dust generating activities like earthworks or transport on unpaved roads take place in the immediate vicinity of settlements. Modelling has shown that settlements in the vicinity of the compressor station construction sites are unlikely to be affected by dust since they are at more than 1 km distance from the sites.

Project operation also is not anticipated to result in significant ambient air impacts on the presently relatively unpolluted airshed which are characterised by rural background level. The compressor stations will be fuelled with low sulphur natural gas. The results of the dispersion model show that the operation of both compressor stations does not lead to any critical increase in NOx short or long term concentrations at sensitive receptors in the relevant airsheds when compared to relevant Albanian, EU limit values.

Specific greenhouse Gas emissions from the compressor station operation are relatively low when compared to other conventional thermal power generation, due to the use of natural gas. However, since Albania is not very industrialised and most of its power is produced by hydro power plants, the TAP Project will for the near to mid-term future significantly add to Albania’s GHG emissions, as the compressor stations operation will account for approximately 7% of the country’s GHG emissions.

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8.7 Onshore - Acoustic Environment 8.7.1 Overview

This section assesses the impacts on the ambient acoustic environment of the onshore Study area that may arise as a result of the Project activities. Impacts on the acoustic environment are likely to occur during each Project phase, i.e. during construction and precommissioning, operation and decommissioning.

Pipeline routing and siting of the compressor stations has avoided the direct vicinity of settlements to the extent possible, which in terms of noise reduces the impacts potential during construction and operation.

During the construction phase sources of impacts are related to machinery noise emissions that will affect the area adjacent to the construction/work sites. Noise sources in this phase will be non-continuous, and will depend on the number and types of machinery used for each activity. Concentration of noisy activities during construction will be at the pipeyards, pipeline sections that require hammering or blasting for trench preparation, sheet piling at the landfall, and the construction sites of compressor stations CS02 and CS03.

During the operation phase, the vicinity of the compressor stations will experience a permanently increased noise levels from station operation, whereas the pipeline operation itself is not a significant noise source along the alignment of the pipeline.

For the assessment, the predicted noise levels generated by the different Project activities were compared against the noise limit values established by Albanian Legislation and international standards (IFC HSE Guidelines). Albanian Directive n.8 dated 27/11/2007 “Noise limits in the design environments”, pursuant to Law n.9774 dated 12/07/2007 "On the evaluation and management of environmental noise", defines for residential areas (for areas “outside the house”) affected by operation activities the same limits as IFC for day time; for night time however the IFC limit is more stringent. Hence, the noise levels generated by the different Project phases have been compared with IFC standards, according to the methodology reported in Annex 5.1.5.

Box 8.7-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on the acoustic environment.

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Box 8.7-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Acoustic Environment

Sources of Impacts • Construction Phase: preparation of the working strip; road construction and upgrading; construction of temporary facilities (work sites); compressor station construction; movements of vehicles, equipment and personnel; use of water and raw materials; waste management; operation of work sites; hydrotesting. • Operation Phase: CS activity; movement of personnel’s vehicles; maintenance activities. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Settlements and habitat areas along the pipeline route and in proximity to the compressor stations and work sites Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • The ambient noise baseline monitoring did not highlight specific criticalities in the study area because the pipeline route crosses mostly agricultural and undeveloped areas. Only at settlements located near the Project’s areas there is a noise contribution caused by village’s life. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Location of equipment in the compressor stations area; amount and type of machinery in use during the construction phase and the camp sites; specific techniques used for hydrotesting and trenchless crossing; water management; workers’ sites management, waste management and traffic management. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.4.2. Impact Assessment Criteria is found in Annex 5.2.2. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4.

ERM (2012)

Table 8.7-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on the acoustic environment during the key Project phases. Table 8.7-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Acoustic Environment

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Temporary annoyance at residential • Potential permanent • Temporary annoyance at buildings closest to work sites and disturbance and/or closest residential buildings compressor stations displacement of fauna(e.g. • Sleep disturbance; potential • Sleep disturbance; potential stress reduction of usable habitat) stress • Potential temporary disturbance and/or • Potential temporary displacement of fauna (e.g. reduction of disturbance and/or usable habitat) displacement of fauna species (e.g. reduction of usable habitat)

ERM (2012)

The following sections describe in detail the potential noise impacts generated by each source on receptors and also define the mitigation measures inbuilt within the Project.

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8.7.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase 8.7.2.1 Potential Impacts

This Section assesses the potential impacts on local ambient noise levels in the onshore Study area that may arise as a result of the Project construction activities. Noise during the construction phase mainly comes from equipment involved in earth movement and site preparation, from heavy vehicles for material handling and from the vehicles used for transportation of personnel to the work sites (the latter occurs primarily at the beginning and end of the work day). Impacts on acoustic environment are likely to occur during the following construction activities:

• Onshore pipeline construction;

• Compressor station construction; and

• Trenchless crossings1.

Noise levels generated by construction activities have been estimated considering the physics of noise propagation; in order to apply a conservative noise assessment, the noise attenuation due to air, ground and natural barriers absorption have not been considered. Annex 8.1, Section 8.2 shows a detailed description of the approach followed for estimating the noise levels generated from the different construction activities.

Table 8.7-2 to Table 8.7-4 below present a brief summary of the estimated noise level generated by the different construction phases at several distances from the border of the working strip or the CS construction site, where the activities will be taking place. The total noise pressure levels reported in the Tables below describe the peak noise level generated by all the equipment involved in each construction phase and considered working at the same time and in the same area.

1 For noise impact assessment purposes HDD technology has been assumed since this is more noise intensive than establishing a microtunnel.

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Table 8.7-2 Noise Pressure Levels during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity Contribution

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at a distance to the working site of 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m Preparation Working Strip 71.0 65.0 57.0 51.0 45.0 Top Soil Stripping and 76.8 70.8 62.8 56.8 50.8 Grading Pipe Stringing 61.6 55.6 47.6 41.6 35.6 Pipe Bending 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Pipe Welding 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Joint coating 76.8 70.7 62.8 56.8 50.7 Trench Digging 76.5 70.5 62.5 56.5 50.5 Pipe laying 74.8 68.8 60.8 54.8 48.8 Hydrotesting 65.6 59.6 51.6 45.6 39.6 Dewatering and drying 58.4 52.4 44.5 38.4 32.4 Backfilling and 74.9 68.9 60.9 54.9 48.9 reinstatement Replacement of Topsoil 77.4 71.3 63.4 57.4 51.3 ERM (2012)

Table 8.7-3 Noise Pressure Levels during CS Construction Phase - Activity Contribution

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at a distance to the working site of 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m CS site preparation 74.5 68.5 60.5 54.5 48.5 CS construction 74.8 68.7 60.8 54.8 48.7 ERM (2012)

Table 8.7-4 Noise Pressure Levels during Trenchless Crossings (HDD)

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at a distance to the working site of

50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m HDD 68.3 62.3 54.4 48.3 42.3 ERM (2012) Considering that boring will be conducted in remote areas, no significant impacts are expected and related noise levels have therefore not been estimated.

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Blasting is expected to occur mainly in areas between Kamenice and Berat, and in particular in the existing quarries area from Kp 157.4 to 165.6. Blasting activities during the construction phase will be brief in nature, they will take place only during the working time (daytime), not at night, and the potentially exposed population will be aware of the activities based on prior communication in the villages. No significant impacts are expected from blasting and related noise levels have therefore not been estimated.

Noise impacts on fauna potentially inhabiting the area near the work sites have been described in Section 8.11.2.

Noise emissions related to different activities have been analysed in detail in Annex 8.1, Section 8.2, including the definition of each source of noise, in order to evaluate the maximum anticipated impacts during the construction phase at sensitive receptors.

8.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures

In addition to the general mitigation measures applied for the TAP Project, the noise impacts on receptors during the construction phase will be further reduced using the following measures:

• On noise sources/equipment:

o Switch off equipment when not in use; o If sheet piling activities are needed during the construction of the compressor stations, the technology used will be vibro-piling to minimise the nuisance and disturbance potential (if technically feasible); and

o Promote the use of low nuisance vehicles/equipment.

• On construction operations:

o Schedule noisy construction activities to the least noise-sensitive times of day.

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8.7.2.3 Residual Impacts

As described above, best practices and good management practices of the working site are the main mitigation measures to be taken in order to mitigate noise impacts. In any case, conservatively, residual impacts are considered equal to the above described potential impacts.

Therefore, considering the impacts magnitude (small and medium), the sensitivity of the noise receptors (residential areas, as detailed in Annex 5.1.5, and the temporary nature of the construction phase, the value of impacts significance obtained is the following:

• For onshore pipeline construction, moderate impacts for receptors within 150 metres from the work areas (Potom, Uznove and Hoxhaj villages) and minor (above IFC limit) for the other receptors.

• For compressor stations construction, minor impacts could occur within 100 m from CS site, but there are no receptors at this distance (the nearest receptors are located 1.5 km from CS02 and 900 m from CS03); therefore only minor impacts are anticipated.

• Blasting activities, minor impacts for all potential receptors.

• For HDD operation, minor impacts for all potential receptors, since no receptors are expected at less than 50 m from the work areas.

Table 8.7-5 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

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Table 8.7-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Acoustic Environment – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Residual Impacts/Risk Impacts/Risks Construction Phase and Precommissioning Phase Short Term Impacts Receptors located • Switch off equipment when not in Moderate due to noise within 150 m from use; • Foreseen noise level >70 emission - Onshore work areas • Whenever feasible, schedule dB(A) Pipeline different noisy activities to occur • Temporary disturbance Construction concurrently; • Equipment in activity only • Locate stationary equipment (e.g. during the day time compressors) as far as Receptors located practicable from nearby receptors Minor 150 m far from • • Temporary disturbance work areas If piling activities are needed during the construction of the • Receptors sufficiently distant compressor stations, the from work areas technology used will be vibro- • Equipment in activity only piling (if technically feasible) during the day time Short Term Impacts Receptors located Minor due to noise 100 m far from • Temporary disturbance emission – work areas (all • Receptors sufficiently distant compressor stations receptors) from work areas Construction • Equipment in activity only during the day time Short Term Impacts All Receptors Minor due to noise • Temporary and sporadic emission –Blasting blasting events Short Term Impacts Receptors located Minor due to noise over 50 m from • Temporary disturbance emission - HDD work areas (all • Foreseen noise level <70 receptors) dB(A) • Equipment in activity only during the day time ERM (2012)

8.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.7.3.1 Potential Impacts

This Section assesses the potential impacts on local ambient noise levels in the onshore Study area that may arise as a result of the Project operation activities.

Noise levels generated by operation activities have been estimated using the prediction software SoundPLAN in conjunction with topographic information supplied in digital form. The significant noise sources were built in the model at the locations obtained from the provided plot plans. In order to apply a conservative noise assessment, a worst-case scenario was assumed with all equipment in operation simultaneously at full load.

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Annex 8.1, Section 8.2 shows a detailed description of the approach followed for estimating the noise levels generated from operation activities and includes the complete noise modelling study undertaken by Genest und Partner Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH.

8.7.3.1.1 Compressor Station CS03

The CS03 is located in a primarily rural area in Fier district; the closest residences to the site are the settlements of Semani (Kavakllia), Gjokalli and Sheq-Marinas, as reported in Table 8.7-6. In the same Table the assessment receptors and the estimated noise levels generated by CS03 operation activities are included.

Table 8.7-6 Noise Pressure Levels during CS03 Operation Phase

Assessment Receptors Approx. Distance from Noise Pressure Level IFC Recommended CS02 site [m] [dB(A)] Noise Limit for Night Time [dB(A)] Semani (Kavakllia), 1,580 29.7 45 nearest outskirt of village Gjokalli 2,070 28.1 45 nearest outskirt of village Sheq-Marinas 2,030 29.2 45 nearest outskirt of village Cemetery 750 37.5 45

Single dwelling between cemetery and 1,150 33.1 45 receptor point Gjokalli At the station fence 270 49.9 65 (1)

At the station fence 380 49.4 65 (1)

Notes: (1) According to Project specification, the noise limits will be set to LAeq ≤ 65 dB(A) at the compressor station fence measured as hourly averaged noise level.

ERM (2012)

From the table above, it can be seen that noise levels will be below the 45 dB(A) criterion suggested by the IFC and the Albanian legislation for outdoor noise levels in residential areas during night time. Further, the predicted noise levels at the station fence comply with the Project specification (LAeq ≤ 65 dB(A)) outlined in Annex 8.1, Section 8.2.

In order to estimate the increase above the background noise level in the CS03 surrounding areas generated by operations, Table 8.7-7 shows the cumulative noise level at those receptors monitored during the field survey held in February 2012, located within the simulation domain. The cumulative noise levels take into account the contribution of the operation phase and the background noise level monitored during the abovementioned noise survey. Considering that operation activities will be carried out continuously 24 hours/day, cumulative noise levels are compared against the IFC standards for day and night time. In Table 8.7-8 the increase above background level is calculated.

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Table 8.7-7 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels during CS03 Operation Phase

Monitored Nearest Operation Background Noise Cumulative Noise IFC Recommended Receptor Assessment Phase Level [dB(A)] (2) Pressure Level Noise Level [dB(A)] (1) Receptors Contributio [dB(A)] n [dB(A)] (1) Day Night Day Night Day Night CS03-3 Semani 29.7 42.0 - 42.2 - 55 45 (Kavakllia), nearest outskirt of village CS03-5 Sheq-Marinas 29.2 53.0 47.4 53.0 47.5 nearest outskirt of village CS03-8 New Single dwelling 33.1 37.5 31.2 38.8 35.3 between cemetery and receptor point Gjokalli Notes: (1) From noise modelling study undertaken by GENEST and reported in Annex 8.2 (2) Monitored during the Field Survey of February 2012 ERM (2012)

Table 8.7-8 Increase Above Background during CS03 Operation Phase

Monitored Background Noise Level Cumulative Noise Increase Above IFC Receptor [dB(A)] (1) Pressure Level [dB(A)] Background [dB(A)] Recommended Limit [dB(A)] Day Night Day Night Day Night CS03-3 42.0 - 42.2 - 0.2 - 3 CS03-5 53.0 47.4 53.0 47.5 0.0 0.1 CS03-8 New 37.5 31.2 38.8 35.3 1.3 4.1 Notes: (1) Monitored during the Field Survey of February 2012 ERM (2012) Based on the results reported in Table 8.7-8:

• The estimated noise level exceeds the IFC standard for night time at receptor CS03-5. This condition is only due to the high background noise level monitored during the noise survey, already higher than night time IFC limit. The Project operation phase contribution (29.2 dB(A)) is in compliance with the noise limit of 45 dB(A) and also the increase above background is well below the required value of 3 dB(A);

• At receptor CS03-8 New the increase above background during night time is higher than 3 dB(A), but as shown in Table 8.7-7 the cumulative noise contribution is fully in compliance with IFC standards.

Based on the above results, the magnitude of noise impacts are classified as small and no significant impacts are predicted on sensitive receptors near CS03 site.

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8.7.3.1.2 Compressor Station CS02

The CS02 is located in a primarily rural area in the district Devoll, near the Albanian border to Greece. The closest residences to the site are the settlements of Vishocice and Trestenik, as reported in Table 8.7-9. In the same table the assessment receptors and the estimated noise levels generated by CS02 operation activities are included. Table 8.7-9 Noise Pressure Levels during CS02 Operation Phase

Assessment Receptors Approx. Distance from Noise Pressure Level IFC Recommended CS02 site [m] [dB(A)] Noise Limit for Night Time [dB(A)] Vishocice 1250 35.3 45 nearest outskirt of village Kuc 2200 29.5 45 nearest outskirt of village Poloske 2700 26.9 45 nearest outskirt of village Kurile 1690 31.0 45 nearest outskirt of village Trestenik 1300 33.6 45 nearest outskirt of village At the station fence 200 52.2 65 near the scraper receiving station / input filter At the station fence 190 53.8 65 opposite of the start-up gas cooler / fuel gas skid At the station fence 100 51.0 65 opposite of the heliport / control room building

ERM (2012)

Considering the predicted noise levels reported above, no significant impacts are expected at the sensitive receptors near CS02 site.

In order to estimate the increase above the background noise level in the CS02 surrounding areas generated by operations, Table 8.7-10 below shows the cumulative noise level at those receptors monitored during the field survey held in May 2012, located within the simulation domain. The cumulative noise levels take into account the contribution of the operation phase and the background noise level monitored during the abovementioned noise survey. Considering that operation activities will be carried out continuously 24 hours/day, cumulative noise levels are compared against the IFC standards for day and night time. In Table 8.7-11 the increase above background level is calculated.

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Table 8.7-10 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels during CS02 Operation Phase

Monitored Nearest Operation Background Noise Cumulative Noise IFC Recommended Receptor Assessment Phase Level [dB(A)] (2) Pressure Level Noise Level [dB(A)] (1) Receptors Contributio [dB(A)] n [dB(A)] (1) Day Night Day Night Day Night CS02-1 Vishocice 35.3 57.5 49.8 57.5 50.0 55 45 nearest outskirt of village CS02-2 - ≤40 (3) 36.8 - 41.7 - CS02-4 Trestenik 33.6 40.9 - 41.6 - nearest outskirt of village Notes: (1) From noise modelling study undertaken by GENEST and reported in Annex 8.2 (2) Monitored during the Field Survey of May 2012 (3) For this monitored receptor, the exact operation phase contribution is not available. A conservative value has been considered according to the isophones shown in the noise map reported in Annex 8.2. ERM (2012)

Table 8.7-11 Increase Above Background during CS02 Operation Phase

Monitored Background Noise Level Cumulative Noise Increase Above IFC Receptor [dB(A)] (1) Pressure Level [dB(A)] Background [dB(A)] Recommended Limit [dB(A)] Day Night Day Night Day Night CS02-1 57.5 49.8 57.5 50.0 0.0 0.2 3 CS02-2 36.8 - 41.7 - 4.9 - CS02-4 40.9 - 41.6 - 0.7 - Notes: (1) Monitored during the Field Survey of May 2012 ERM (2012)

Based on the results reported in Table 8.7-8:

• The estimated noise level exceeds the IFC standard for day and night time at receptor CS02-1. This condition is only due to the high background noise levels monitored during the noise survey that already exceed the IFC limits, as specified in Section 6.4.2.3. The Project operation phase contribution (35.3 dB(A)) is in fact in compliance with the noise limit of 55 dB(A) for day time and 45 dB(A) for night time. Also the increase above background is well below the maximum value of 3 dB(A);

• At receptor CS02-2 the increase above background during day time is higher than 3 dB(A), but as shown in Table 8.7-10, the cumulative noise contribution is fully in compliance with IFC standards.

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Based on the above results, the magnitude of noise impacts is classified as small and no significant impacts are predicted to experience at the sensitive receptors near CS02 site.

8.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The noise contribution of the operation phase estimated through noise modelling, both for CS02 and CS03, does not have significant impacts on the acoustic environment that characterises the receptors.

Consequently no mitigation measures are necessary in addition to the general measures adopted for a good operation management.

8.7.3.3 Residual Impacts

As above described, best practices and good operation management are the main mitigation measures to be taken in order to mitigate noise impacts. In any case, conservatively, residual impacts are considered equal to the above described potential impacts.

Impacts magnitude and significance for the acoustic environment are summarised below. The criteria are reported in Annex 5.1.5.

Therefore, considering the impacts magnitude (small) and the sensitivity of the noise receptors (residential areas), the value of impacts significance for CS operation obtained is considered to be minor in correspondence of all receptors.

Also, the maintenance activities anticipated for the CS equipment will not increase the background noise level in the surrounding areas significantly.

Table 8.7-12 presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the impacts identified. Table 8.7-12 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Acoustic Environment – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Residual Impacts Risk Acoustic Environment Quality – Operation Phase Long term All receptors • General Mitigation Measures Minor Impacts due to • General mitigation measures noise emission - applied to reduce the noise Operation Phase impacts • Receptors sufficiently distant from CS • Project operation contribution always in compliance with IFC standards ERM (2012)

8.7.4 Decommissioning Phase

At the end of its useful life, the pipeline and associated facilities will be decommissioned. In case the pipeline is recovered from the ground, noise from ground works and logistics would be similar

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8.7.5 Summary - Impacts on Acoustic Environment

Construction of the pipeline and the compressor stations will result in temporary noise nuisance for the population in the vicinity of construction sites. Whilst pipeline construction and logistics will take place during daytime, construction of the compressor station may require some limited night- time work. However the designated compressor station sites are located more than 1 km from the nearest settlements.

During operation, the vicinity of the compressor stations will experience permanently increased noise levels from station operation, whereas the pipeline operation itself is not a significant noise source along the alignment of the pipeline.

Noise dispersion modelling has shown that relevant limit values are predicted to be in compliance with relevant standards throughout construction and operation.

The planned one-time per year depressurisation of the stations will create a few days of elevated noise levels. This may be perceived as a nuisance by the population in the nearest settlements, but regular once a year venting is unavoidable. The local population will be pre-informed about relevant construction activities and the station venting events.

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8.8 Onshore - Water Resources

8.8.1 Overview

During the development of the pipeline route, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts on water resources through the alternative appraisal, route-refinement and final assessment. This Section focuses on groundwater and surface water resources potentially affected by the Project. The ecological conditions of the watercourses are assessed separately within Section 8.12.

Box 8.8-1 presents the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and Project influencing factors associated with impacts of the Project on the identified water resources. Box 8.8-1 Key Considerations for Assessment - Onshore - Water Resources

Sources of Impact • Construction phase: Preparation, construction and operation of temporary facitilies (construction camps, pipe yards, water network etc); Watercourse crossings; Hydrotesting (water abstraction and discharge); Hydrotesting of the entire offshore section of the pipeline; Site preparation and installation of CS02 and CS03; Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Construction of access roads (including upgrade of existing roads); Working strip preparation, trenching, lowering and laying of pipeline; Construction waste management and storage and handling of fuels and chemicals. • Operation and maintenance phase: Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes (i.e. at compressor stations); Use of water and raw materials; Maintenance of the pipeline. • Decommissioning phase: Demobilization and abandonment of facilities and infrastructures. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Freshwater resources: surface water and groundwater; Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Crossing points between pipeline and surface water bodies; • Quality and quantity of water resources; • Use of groundwater and surface water as a source of potable water. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for river crossings, hydrotesting water management and waste management. References • Project Description – specifically Sections 4.4 and 4.10.4. Baseline - Section 6.4.3 and 6.4.4. Impact Assessment Criteria - Annex 5.2.2.3. ERM (2012) Table 8.8-1 presents the key impacts of the Project on water resources during the Project phases.

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Table 8.8-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Modification of watercourse morphology • Restriction of future irrigation • Accidental pollution of freshwater increasing flooding and disturbing networks resources by solid and liquid drainage networks • Consumption of freshwater wastes • Effects on surface water from sediment resources plumes caused by watercourse • Accidental pollution of freshwater crossings, trenching, etc. resources by solid and liquid • Consumption of freshwater resources wastes • Accidental pollution of freshwater resources by solid and liquid wastes ERM (2012) Each key potential impact is discussed in the following sections, providing information on how each source is likely to have impacts on receptors and the mitigation measures incorporated within the Project.

8.8.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.8.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.8.2.1.1 Impacts from Watercourse Crossings

A total of 372 watercourse crossings will be required along the TAP route in Albania, consisting of 15 major rivers or canals (classified as RV11), 9 sizeable tributaries (RV2), 45 smaller streams (RV3) and 303 canals (RV4).

The crossing method chosen will depend upon the characteristics of the watercourses concerned with a view to minimizing any impacts, the open-cut method being the preferred option, especially for small streams, creeks and channels2. Use of trenchless techniques will only be applied when the local geology and geomorphology of the crossing site allows.

• Open-cut methods require an open trench through the watercourse.The surface (river or stream bed) is then reinstated to its original condition after the trench is backfilled. A principal drawback of the open-cut technique is that in aquatic systems, open-cut trenching can generate a pulse of suspended sediment which can reach values that are higher than background concentrations. The flumed and the dam and pump methods are usually less intrusive regarding high sediment concentrations.

1 The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre CCM River and Catchment Database (v2.1) was used to classify the watercourses into four groups based on hydrological characteristics and ecological potential: - RV1 = main watercourses with riverine habitat of ecological importance or ecological potential - RV2 = sizeable tributaries of main watercourses with riverine habitat of ecological importance or ecological potential - RV3 = smaller streams (tributaries of RV2) with permanent flow and riverine habitats of ecological importance or ecological potential - RV4 = seasonal brooks / canals with low ecological importance 2 A specially developed protocol using a ‘River Sensitivity Classification Matrix‘ and ‘River Crossing Decision Tree Matrix‘ will guide the crossing technique decision process for RV3 and RV4 classified watercourses – refer to Annex 8.1, Section 8.6.

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• Trenchless crossing, mainly Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is an alternative technology used for inserting pipelines under sensitive areas and/or infrastructure without directly effecting the watercourse. Typically HDD provides a stable and virtually maintenance-free crossing method with minimal to no disturbance of the stream or river bed. However, as drilling fluids are used during HDD, there is a risk of spillage and therefore subsequent impacts to surface and groundwater. A summary of technical detail and key environmental considerations are given in Table 8.8-2 for each crossing methods.

Table 8.8-2 Watercourse Crossing Methods and Environmental Considerations Method Technical description Environmental considerations

Open-cut • Trench excavated and back-filled without diversion of • High sediment entrainment and flow. deposition • Equipment typically operates from each bank with • Minimal period of in-stream activity spoil stored at upland locations. • Large watercourses may require in-stream equipment and spoil storage. Flumed • Dams isolate the in-stream flumed area and flow is • Low sediment entrainment diverted through a pipe (flume) restricted to the installation and • Turbid ditch water pumped to upland sumps removal of dams and flumes • Best suited for watercourses with flows <1 m³/sec, for • Effectiveness dependent on proper larger watercourses (< 6 m³/sec) super flume1 is materials and application suitable • Longer period of in-stream activity Dam and • Dams isolate the in stream work area and bypass than open – cut crossings pump pumps maintain downstream stream flow • Turbid ditch water pumped to upland sumps • Best suited for watercourses with flows < 1 m³/sec, non-permeable substrates and well-defined banks Horizontal • A trenchless crossing method. The HDD process • Usually a drilling mud, such as fluid Directional begins with boring a small diameter, horizontal hole bentonite clay, is forced down the Drilling (HDD) (pilot hole) under the crossing obstacle (e.g. a river) hole to stabilize the hole and with a continuous string of steel drill rod. When the remove soil cuttings. Occasionally bore head and rod emerge on the opposite side of the leaks of drilling mud may occur. crossing, a special cutter, called a back reamer, is • Work areas required either side of attached and pulled back through the pilot hole. The crossing reamer bores out the pilot hole so that the pipe can be pulled through. The pipe is usually pulled through from the side of the crossing opposite the drill rig. ERM (2012) A list of the proposed crossing techniques at the major river and canal crossings2 along the TAP route is presented in Table 8.12-4. Further information on the key environmental constraints at each crossing is given in Table 4.4.3 (Section 4.4.5.3) and Section 8.12.

1 2 m x 3 m x 32 m 2 RV1 and RV2 classified watercourses with ecological importance.

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Table 8.8-3 List of Major Watercourse Crossing Techniques

Major Location of Construction technique [indicative construction duration] Watercourse crossing point (Kp)

Devolli 8.3 ‘Dry’ open-cut crossing during low flow period [max. 2-4weeks]*

Stropani 12.9 ‘Dry’ open-cut crossing during low flow period [max. 2 weeks]*

Canal 16.6 ‘Dry’ open-cut crossing during low flow period [max. 2 weeks]*

Dunaveci - 50.4 – 50.8 ‘Dry’ open-cut crossing during low flow period [max. 2 weeks]* 3 crossings (1 canalised section and 2 creeks) Osumi 57.3 ‘Dry’ open-cut crossing during low flow period [max. 2 weeks]*

Osumi 103.4 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. If technically not feasible, dry open-cut will be used [4 – 6 weeks]**

Osumi 107.1 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Osumi 110.2 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical and space restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Vokopola 123.1 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut during low flow period [4 – 6 weeks]*

Osumi 130.6 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. If technically not feasible, ‘dry’ open-cut will be used [4 – 6 weeks]**

Vertopi 132.4 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut during low flow period [4 – 6 weeks]*

Osumi 134.4 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Osumi 135.6 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Osumi 141.9 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Osumi 156.3 Trenchless crossing recommended for environmental reasons [max. 4 months]. ‘Dry’ open-cut likely due to geotechnical restrictions [4 – 6 weeks]**

Semani 180.1 Wet open-cut*

Semani 192.4 Wet open-cut*

Canal 206.5 ‘Wet’ open-cut* - maintain passage of fish, careful planning for handling of contaminants in river sediments, avoid autumn and spring for migrating eels * Construction technique confirmed by TAP design team. ** The technically preferred crossing method for the Osumi River is the open-cut technique. However, in response to ecological sensitivities identified for the Osumi River and other watercourses, trenchless crossing methods are to be considered depending on local topographical and geotechnical constraints. Source: Water Crossing Memo prepared by ERM 25.01.12 – comments from TSPE technical teams 30.01.12.

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In general, the open-cut method, when combined with the appropriate scheduling of the works (during low water volume periods) and diversion of water flow during the works (upstream and downstream damming and the over-pumping of waters, or the installation of flume pipes if the channels are sufficiently narrow), can minimise any environmental impacts related to water turbidity and chemical characteristics or changes to river bed morphology.

For those crossings that will utilise the HDD technique, measures will be adopted to maintain plant and appropriately handle and dispose of spent drilling fluids and cuttings. No significant impacts to surface or groundwater quality are anticipated to result. Providing trenchless methods extend for a suitable length and the pipeline passes at a depth appropriate to maintain the integrity of the stream or river bed, no significant impacts to the character or quality of the watercourse are anticipated.

8.8.2.1.2 Impacts from Trenching and Access Road Construction

Potential impacts to water resources, both aquifers and watercourses, may result from trenching activities (outside of watercourses) and access road construction (especially in steep terrain)1, due to the following.

• Topsoil and other surface materials will be stripped from construction working areas and stock piled. These may become entrained by rainwater during heavy rainfall and the subsequent runoff flow increase turbidity in neighbouring streams and eventually the major watercourses along the pipeline route. Without the implementation of good practice mitigation measures, during times of heavy rainfall, depending on the vicinity to a watercourse (with flow) potential impacts of moderate significance could occur to surface water quality. This is judged based on the relatively localised nature of the impacts, but considering the significant degree of change that a sudden influx of sediment will make to a surface water body and the potential secondary impacts that this will have to aquatic life.

• In some wet areas or areas of high water table, it will be necessary to dewater the trench. De-watering allows safe construction by preventing trench collapse and allowing trench bottom (bedding) inspection prior to lowering in. It also prevents the trench from containing fine sediments which may alter the subsequent permeability and natural drainage of the soil. During dewatering, the ground water table is lowered. The process of dewatering is continued until construction is completed and the pipeline trench has been backfilled. The groundwater removed will then be discharged into available ditches, irrigation channels, watercourses, rivers (sloping away from dewatering area) or to pre-agreed areas of land.

1 Local access is mostly given by existing roads, which need to be upgraded in advance, mainly in the mountainous regions (approximately 86 km). Additional new construction roads are planned in remote areas (approximately 69 km).

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Table 8.8-4 presents the sensitive groundwater resources along the pipeline route based on current baseline data. The vulnerability of these resources depends on depth and local hydraulic properties, however data indicates high groundwater levels can be expected along sections Kp 0- 50, Kp 169.5-188.4 and Kp 192.4-208.4. Table 8.8-4 Sensitive Groundwater Resources1

East Section Location Sensitivity Criteria Kp 2.7 (specific) High Defined as a key resource. Groundwater plays an important role for providing services to local communities. Kp 8.5 (specific) Medium Role for providing services to local communities. Kp 22 – 52 High Porous aquifer. Highly productive aquifer. Coarse Quaternary Alluvium. Plain of Korca. Kp 22.3, 37.5, and 51.1 are defined as key resources, based on their role for providing services to local communities. Central East Section Location Sensitivity Criteria Kp 58 – 70 Medium Karstified highly productive aquifer. Limestones, dolomites. Role for providing services to local communities Central West Section Location Sensitivity Criteria Kp 140.9 – 163.4 Medium Low productivity aquifer. Fine Quaternary Alluvium. Section between Uznove and Ura Vajgurore villages. Kp 134.8 and 157 are defined as resource, based on their potential role for providing services to local communities. West Section Location Sensitivity Criteria Kp 163.4 – 206.7 High Low productivity aquifer. Fine Quaternary Alluvium. Rrogozhina unit. Groundwater plays an important role for providing services to local communities. ERM (2012)

Drawdown of groundwater is expected to be localised and levels will normalise rapidly on cessation of pumping. The consequences of the dewatering to groundwater availability are dependent on the type of the aquifer and each hydraulic property. However, due to the limited time of dewatering, these are considered minimal. Dewatering will have minimal consequences to groundwater quality. The degree of disturbance is considered low therefore the significance of the impacts groundwater are considered low-moderate. The dewatering effect will be the same for all the areas where dewatering will be required.

Secondary impacts to surface water quality associated with the discharge of waters (from dewatering or run-off) could occur due to sediment content or historic contamination (i.e. Marinez oil fields around Kp 184.4-186.4). If contaminated areas are avoided or suitably contained the likelihood of discharge is low.

1 The list only includes groundwater resources identified as providing services to local or wider communities. A full list of all aquifers identified along the route is presented in Section 6.4.3.

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8.8.2.1.3 Consumption of Water Resources

Project construction activities will require water for:

• Domestic use, dust suppression (mitigation measure), bentonite mixing for HDD, and wash water etc. The sources of water to be used for these purposes has not yet been identified; and

• Hydrotesting for pipelines and equipment. The hydrostatic testing of pipelines involves pressure testing with water to detect leaks and verify equipment and pipeline integrity. Water will be extracted from the largest rivers along the route.

The civil water will be supplied from a tanker and the industrial freshwater will be supplied from rivers.

A summary of the estimated water volumes required during the onshore construction phase is provided in Table 8.8-5 (as per Table 4.9.4 in Section 4.9.4). Table 8.8-5 Estimated Water Consumption for Onshore Construction Phase

Type of water Water use Volume

Civil Domestic - 60 l/person per day Max 12 m3/day Industrial Working strip dampening 5 - 10 m3 day Industrial Hydrotesting 245,000 m³ Industrial Slurry mixing when boring microtunnel 3,000 m3 at crossings Note: offshore hydrotesting will require 130,000 m³ of of seawater and 2,000 m³ of freshwater which will be injected from the Italian nearshore (see Section 4 Project Description – Section 4.6.5)

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8.8.2.1.4 Impacts from Hydrotesting

A hydrostatic pressure test will be performed on the pipeline after installation. This procedure involves filling the pipeline with water, pressure testing the pipeline to ensure integrity and subsequently discharging the water. Hydrotesting will require water abstraction from local water sources. The water used will generally be collected and reused in subsequent pipeline sections. After its use the water will be discharged to local watercourses. An aspect of hydrotesting is that the volume of water discharged from each section may have physical impacts on the receiving waters. Abstraction, reuse, monitoring of water quality and eventual discharge of hydrotesting water will be the responsibility of the contractor, who will also undertake to get the required permits from the Decentralised Administration Authorities (as applicable).

Pipelines are sometimes protected from chemical and microbiological damage by the use of oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors or biocides during hydrostatic testing. These may have toxicological impacts on the area receiving the discharge.

The hydrotest water abstraction and discharge locations will be limited and only surface water sources with larger flows have been considered. Table 8.8-6 gives the potential water sources identified along the TAP route and the volumes required for hydro-testing the pipeline along each of the 6 spreads1. The timing for the hydrostatic testing activities will consider the seasonal changes of river flows and the reduced flows during the summer months.

1 Figure 4.4-10 in Annex 3.6 – Technical Drawings – Working Strip, Construction Methods and Crossings show the proposed water abstraction and discharge locations for hydrostatic testing.

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Table 8.8-6 Potential Sources of Hydrotest Water

Spread Identified Water Source Volume Required Average flow rate Discharge Point 3 3 [KP at watercourse (m ) at crossing (m /s) crossing] AL01 Duvaneci [Kp 51] 59,000 3.21 / 1.56 Devolli or Osumi [Kp 57] [Kp 8) AL 02a Duvaneci [Kp 51] 10,000 3.21 Osumi [Kp 57) AL 02b Osumi [Kp 57] 25,000 1.56 Osumi [Kp 57] AL 03 Osumi [Kp 103] 16,000 14.3 Osumi [Kp 57] AL 04a Osumi [Kp 103] 16,000 14.3 Osumi [Kp 103] AL 04b Vokopola [Kp 123] 24,000 2.49 Osumi [Kp 103] AL 05a Osumi [Kp 156] 30,000 30.2 Osumi [Kp 131] AL 05b Osumi [Kp 156] 14,000 30.2 Osumi [Kp 156] Al 06 Semani [Kp 192] 51,000 90 Mediterranean Sea [Kp 209.1] Note: ‘Water Source’ and ‘Discharge Point’ identified in Hydrostatic Testing Concept – Albania. APL00-ILF-100-F-TRS- 0001. Rev.: 0E (15th February 2012). ‘Volumes Required’ provided by engineers 27th September 2012.

Both water abstraction and discharge can be associated with significant impacts, i.e. depletion of water resources, water pollution, soil erosion, etc., if not carried out in an environmentally conscious way. Prior to the application of mitigation these impacts are anticipated to be of moderate significance to the associated watercourse given the possible changes that could occur to channel morphology following hydrotest water discharge and the potential for accidental water pollution. The degree of significance is dependent on the water abstraction and water discharge rates that will take place.

8.8.2.1.5 Impacts from Offshore Hydrotesting

Once the offshore pipeline has been laid between Italy and Albania, hydrostatic testing will be performed in order to confirm the integrity of the offshore pipeline. In Albania, approximately 130,000 m3 of seawater and 2,000 m3 of freshwater will be discharged during precommissioning (cleaning and hydrotesting: two filling rounds, one for cleaning and one for hydrotesting).

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The water will be filtered to 50 micron prior to injection in Italy and will not be chemically treated. There is a very remote possibility that should the pipeline be exposed to raw seawater for more than 60 days then inhibitors will be added (see Section 8.21.1.1.1 Addition of Chemicals to test water).

8.8.2.1.6 Impacts from Construction Camps

Construction camps are typically areas where materials and machinery are stored and where oil residues, sanitary effluents and solid or hazardous waste may be generated. Improper management of such waste streams may be associated with impacts of major significance if they find their way into surface waters or groundwater. Receptors of high sensitivity comprise any high water table areas (i.e. along sections Kp 0-50, Kp 169.5-188.4 and Kp 192.4-208.4). Also deep groundwater within karstified rocks is considered as a potential receptor. This is because groundwater in karst is very vulnerable especially if thick soil horizons or other superficial deposits are absent – groundwater areas with karst terrain are identified in Table 8.8-4.

8.8.2.1.7 Accidental Pollution of Water Resources

Solid and liquid wastes generated by the Project if improperly handled and accidently released could pollute freshwater resources. Relevant activities include:

• Generation and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Wastes generated during construction are classified into the following four categories: inert (without risk of pollution), domestic (to be transported to a controlled municipal waste disposal site), oily and hazardous (to be segregated for collection and disposal by specialist contractors), and liquids (“black” and “grey” water from construction and operation facilities, rainwater from sealed surfaces and roofs, and boring machines cooling water).

• Storage and handling of fuels, lubricants and chemicals used in construction and accidental spills from vehicles, storage tanks and chemical stores, metalworking and welding.

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8.8.2.2 Mitigation Measures

8.8.2.2.1 Watercourse crossings - Sediment Runoff and Channel Protection

As detailed in Section 8.8.2.1.1 and Table 8.12-4, the crossing techniques used will depend upon the characteristics of the watercourse concerned, with a view to minimize impacts.

The open-cut technique is the preferred option, for small streams, creeks and canals. This is also the technically preferred crossing method for the majority of larger watercourses. However, in response to ecological sensitivities identified for some of these watercourses, trenchless crossing methods (such as HDD) are to be considered depending on local topographical and geotechnical constraints. This includes the crossing of the Osumi River at Kps 103.4, 107.1, 110.2, 130.6, 134.4, 135.6, 141.9 and 156.3; the Vokopola River at Kp 123.1; and the Vertopi River at Kp 132.4.

Although at most of these locations the topographical and geological conditions (partly narrow valley with gravel filled bottom and limited space on the banks) are unlikely to allow the application of trenchless methods, further technical and environmental investigations will be undertaken during the crossing agreement process for each watercourse to determine which crossing method will be used (in consultation with the relevant authorities). General mitigation measures at watercourse crossings will include:

• Operating under a Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5).

• Operating under an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (see Section 9.2.20).

• If the HDD crossing technique is found to be technically feasible at any of the Kp previously indicated, the following measures will be required:

o Drilling mud, such as bentonite clay, will be an inert and non-toxic substance.

o Muds will be properly managed to avoid discharges to the watercourse.

o HDD cooling water will be discharged free of any chemicals and with a similar temperature to the water in the watercourse.

• Crossing of the majority of watercourses will be undertaken by open-cut techniques, for which the following measures will be undertaken:

o Flume pipes (as appropriate) to allow continual flow.

o Using closed buckets for backhoe dredgers and silt screens.

o Materials will be carefully removed so that they may be reinstated at the same location. If additional reinstatement materials are required, this will be locally sourced.

o Silt screens must be constructed such that any run off water is retained, settled and filtered. Silt fencing shall be installed on both banks of the watercourse. Silt fencing on

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the banks around the crossing areas shall be left in place until bank vegetation is established, and effectiveness will be monitored periodically or after heavy rain periods.

o All erosion and sediment control structures are to be regularly inspected and maintained.

• Vehicles will be prohibited from driving through watercourses and movement of vehicles within the pipeline lane will be limited to 20 km/h.

Specific mitigation measures to be applied at highly sensitive, major watercourse crossings are given below:

Osumi River (Kp 107.1)

• Undertake erosion control measures to minimise increase of erosion during the performance of protection construction works (see Section 9.2.20 Erosion and Sediments Control Plan). ;

Osumi River (Kp 156.3)

• Undertake erosion control measures to minimise increase of erosion during the performance of protection construction works (see Section 9.2.20 Erosion and Sediments Control Plan).

• The river is a dynamic braiding fluvial system at Kp 156.3, therefore the following will be implemented +/- 500 m along the pipeline route from the crossing point:

o Deepening of the trench; and

o Use of buoyancy control on both sides of the channel.

Measures will be taken to minimise the impacts of construction activities on the existing fluvial dynamics and morphology of the major watercourses affected by the Project. These will include:

• Due to the lack of official data records over the past 20 years, flow and water level measurements being taken at each major river crossing, approximately 2 years prior to construction, to gain a better understanding of the fluvial dynamics at crossing locations. This will help enable determination of the most favourable time windows for open-cut river crossings, minimising potential disturbance and impacts.

• Watercourse bed and bank restoration works will be carried out to minimise disturbance to water flow and to reduce potential risks from erosion and instability.

• Restoration of river banks (natural measures will be given preference) with stabilisation of the river bank slopes, according to the expected flood runoff. Installation of vegetation, geotextiles and stones. Stones will be subsequently covered with humus to facilitate a natural vegetation cover.

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• Long-term site stability at watercourse crossings will be confirmed by regular inspections for erosion (see Section 9.2.20 Erosion and Sediments Control Plan) to be done once a year during the operation time of the pipeline. Any erosion will be assessed, and corrective action will be undertaken as required.

The Project does not interfere with the course of the Semani River after Kp 192.4 - the channel is secured by a system of dykes and embankments from this point to the river mouth. However, CS03 is located in the coastal low lands. It is therefore planned that the site will be raised by 1.5 m above the existing ground level to protect it from flood events. [The Albanian government's flooding and drainage board will be consulted as part of the ESIA disclosure process.]

Impacts to irrigation channels will be addressed by the appropriate scheduling of the construction works - specifically, works will take place when the irrigation channels are not in operation and the impacts are minor. Open-cut trenching will be then applied with only minor impacts. In addition, when irrigation is provided by wells and the water is supplied via a pipe network, care will be taken to replace the piping removed from the construction zone by plastic or elastic hoses, prior to final restoration. Further detail on the temporary disruption to irrigation channels during construction is presented in Section 8.15 – Impacts to Infrastructure and Utilities, specifically Section 8.15.2.1.1.

8.8.2.2.2 Pipeline Trenching and Access Road Construction - Control of Sediment Runoff

General mitigation measures will include:

• Operating under a Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5).

• Operating under an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (see Section 9.2.20).

• The length of working area open at any one time will be a maximum of 30 km.

• Stripped soil will be stored away from watercourses in designated topsoil and subsoil stockpile areas (minimum distance of 10 m from surface watercourse). In hot conditions this will be dampened periodically.

• Measures will be employed to intercept run-off from the working corridor, by using sandbags and settlement tanks or lagoons, to reduce the suspended sediment load of the water prior to its discharge into watercourses. Alternatively, the water may be filtered through a suitable membrane such as a geotextile material to clean the water prior to discharge. In order to trap any sediment that is released into the watercourse, filters such as straw bales or ‘sedimats’ will be positioned downstream to act as a filter.

• Interception of run-off from the working corridor. No surface water is to run-off into the water resources.

• Cut off ditches will be employed to prevent water from entering excavations.

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• Careful management and control of the groundwater table via monitoring holes will be implemented in cases where dewatering is necessary to ensure the required water reduction level is achieved. The discharge of the water will be undertaken in full cognisance of permits and notifications by water authorities/land owners.

• Discharged waters from dewatering activities, if returned to streams or rivers, will be discharged in a way that will minimise physical impacts to channel morphology, i.e. without causing turbulence.

• Discharges will not be made without prior agreement and appropriate consents and approvals from the authorities.

• A condition survey will be carried out to assess field drains within the 38 m working strip. This will enable an assessment to be made of any damage created during construction and for reinstatement (such as additional or replacement field drains) to be targeted appropriately.

• Where appropriate, prior to construction, header drains will be installed to connect in all existing viable field drains on the high side of the working width. This will ensure continuity in the functioning of the existing field drainage.

• Full reinstatement of land drainage features will take place if disturbed during construction.

• Wherever possible vehicles and machinery will avoid contact with surface waters. Portable bridges may be used in order to achieve this. Speeds of vehicles in the pipeline lane will be limited to 20 km/hour. For other access roads, limits will be established at the Traffic Management Plan in agreement with local authorities.

• Access roads located in the proximity of surface water will be paved, or in absence of pavement they will be dampened periodically; and

• Trucks transporting construction materials, such as sand, will have covered load containers.

Specific mitigation measures:

• Avoid works at least 200 m from the water reservoir at Kp 84.1

8.8.2.2.3 Consumption of Water Resources

General mitigation measures will include:

• Minimize water consumption as much as possible, by training the workers in personal minimization and recycling practices (such as not allowing water to flow whilst not in use, not throwing water away but where possible storing it for re-use, etc.);

• Minimize water consumption related to construction activities;

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• A Water Management Plan (see Section 9.2.4) will be developed in order to detail measures to be applied that minimize the consumption of water along the construction and precommissioning phase;

• Water spillages through valves, joints or pipes will be prevented as much as possible; and

• Periodic checks will be undertaken and an immediate response provided if spills or leaks are detected.

8.8.2.2.4 Hydrotesting – Water Management

• Permanent surface water sources with the highest flows (ideally, more than 3 m3/s) have been considered for water abstraction. Abstraction rates will be kept to a minimum at low flow.

• If feasible, hydrotest water will be reused in subsequent sections of the pipeline, in order to minimise fresh water abstraction needs, although efforts will be made to keep water within the same catchment.

• Prior to discharge, water will be tested to ensure that its quality complies with local and international requirements for wastewater discharge. Local treatment (i.e. filtration) will be provided if necessary.

• After treatment, discharge of any waters will be carried out so as to minimise physical impacts on receptor morphology using suitably sized pumps.

• Discharges will only be made with prior agreement and appropriate consents / approvals from the authorities.

8.8.2.2.5 Accidental Pollution of Water Resources – Storage and Handling of Water Endangering Substances and Waste / Wastewater Management

General mitigation measures will include:

• Implementation of the ESMP and topical sub-plans according to international best practice;

• Development of a Waste Management Plan (see Section 9.2.2) to avoid solid or liquid waste discharges to water bodies; and

• Development of a Hazardous Materials Management Procedure (see Section 9.2.9) in order to detail procedures for working with chemical products.

• Develop a Spill Prevention and Response Plan (see Section 9.2.22) to avoid and react on any pollution of water bodies that may accidently occur.

Specific mitigation measures at construction camps will include:

• All areas for which there is a risk of leaks or spills during plant and vehicle storage, maintenance or refuelling, and areas where materials with polluting potential will be stored

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will be placed on an impermeable surface and bunded. Bunded areas will have a minimum capacity of 110% of the storage tank.

• At fixed construction installations, surfaces at storage or handling sites for water endangering substances will be temporary sealed to protect groundwater from pollution by accidental spills.

• In any areas with vulnerable groundwater resources hard core will be upgraded to hardstanding for use at temporary facilities to prevent contamination of groundwater.

Mitigation measures to be applied in specific areas of vulnerable groundwater resources (shown in Figure 8.8-1) include:

• Avoidance of direct contact / damage to springs at Kp 2.7 and 22.3;

• Detailed hydrogeological studies will be required at Kps 37.5, 51.1, 52-55, 134.8 and 157 before commencing excavation works, in order to:

o Better understand the permeability of layers above Korca aquifer (Kps 37.5, 51.1 and 52-55);

o To verify if the segment of the riverbed from Fushe-Peshtan to Uznove is a recharge area of the Osumi River gravel Quaternary aquifer (Kp 134.8);

o To verify if the segment of the riverbed from Otllak to Ura Vajgurore is a recharge area of the Osumi River Quaternary gravel aquifer (Kp 157) and

o Gjanci reservoir: Confirm the potential increase of sedimentation between springs located in Kp 55.

• Dewatering of the trench in those areas in which groundwater level is very high and excavation works could produce groundwater flow within the trench (Kps 0-50, 169.5-188.4 and 192.4-208.4); and

• Clay barriers will be used to seal the pipeline trench at the river bank crossings (Kps 8.5 and 134.8).

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Figure 8.8-1 Vulnerable Groundwater Resources requiring Mitigation

ERM (2012)

8.8.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.8-7 presents the significance of residual impacts after the implementation of the measures identified to address Project construction phase impacts on water resources.

8.8.2.3.1 Watercourse Crossings

The main direct impacts on surface waters result from watercourses crossings. Of the major watercourse crossings along the pipeline route, 13 are confirmed to be using the ‘dry’ open-cut technique and 10 are recommended for trenchless techniques (eight along the Osumi River (Kps 103.4, 107.1, 110.2, 130.6, 134.4 - 135.6, 141.9 and 156.3), one along the Vokopola River (Kp 123.1) and one along the Vertopi River (Kp 132.4)) The actual feasibility of this technique being subject to further technical studies. The ecological conditions of the watercourses are assessed separately within Section 8.12- Freshwater Ecology.

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Open-cut techniques create high sediment entrainment and deposition within the watercourse channel, causing impacts of medium to large magnitudes depending on the sensitivity of the watercourse. However, the duration of such impacts will be short and the water quality will rapidly recover as the natural turbidity disperses such sediment plumes. This technique has a minimal period of in-stream activity and the watercourse channel should be reinstated to avoid long term impacts to the channel morphology or fluvial dynamics.

Trenchless crossing techniques, such as HDD, will not alter the physical characteristics of the watercourse channel, but do use drilling muds that can occasionally leak and contaminate the water quality. However, if the drilling muds are effectively managed, the likelihood of a sizeable leak occurring that will have significant impacts on the watercourse is low.

8.8.2.3.2 Pipeline Trenching and Access Road Construction

With the length of the working corridor to be open at any time to be minimised, and sections taking approximately 3 months to complete (including reinstatement), this will minimise soil storage time and potential impacts to surface watercourses from run-off from the construction working corridor.

The application of measures to intercept and treat run-off from the working strip and access road construction areas, for example by using sandbags will also minimise the probability and magnitude of any impacts. As a result no significant residual impacts are anticipated to occur to surface water quality from run-off.

With the monitoring of groundwater level during dewatering activities the residual impacts will be reduced to be of minor significance to the areas with shallow groundwater. Impacts to surface water quality as a result of the discharge of water from dewatering activities will be reduced to be not significant given that all discharges will be intercepted and treated prior to entering a watercourse.

8.8.2.3.3 Consumption of Water Resources

The sources of water for use during the construction and precommissioning phase (including hydrotesting) have been selected based on sustainable flow rates, keeping the abstraction rate to the minimum at low flow. Intensity of impacts is therefore considered to be low and temporary (only lasting for the period the pipeline spread is in vicinity of the abstraction point). As long as water is not abstracted during seasonal low flows the magnitude of the impacts is considered to be small and therefore not significant.

The proposed mitigation measures also advocate the recycling of water where possible, minimisation of spills and required volumes kept low as practicable.

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8.8.2.3.4 Hydrotesting

The discharge of hydrotest waters will be designed (in consultation with local authorities) to ensure that water catchment balances are maintained (i.e. water is discharged into the same system it is abstracted from) and mechanical damage to the receiving water body does not occur.

As described in Section 4.4.4, the contractor will not use any additives which will reduce the likelihood of pollution to surface water quality, and will obtain written approvals from the local authorities and the landowner(s) where the hydro test water will be discharged.

A separate Hydrotest Water Sourcing and Disposal Plan will be produced to ensure appropriate measures are taken at all times.

Given the application of these measures, residual impacts are anticipated to be of minor significance (sensitive watercourses) to not significant (less sensitive watercourses).

8.8.2.3.5 Offshore Hydrotesting

In the precommissioning phase, seawater consumption is foreseen for hydrotesting activities related to the offshore pipeline.

Impacts on the water column are limited to a change in water quality and depend on which substances are added to the seawater following intake (and run off from the pipe interior). Seawater intake will take place at the Italian landfall, and thereafter the seawater will be filtered; no treatment chemicals of any nature will be added. Impacts could only arise from the discharge of materials cleaned from the interior of the pipe with the first batch of pigs pushing pressure test water along the pipe. These materials are chemically inert and will be filtered at the pig receiver before getting into the temporary discharge pipe to remove remaining solids drawn from the pipe interior, so that the only release to the Adriatic Sea will be Adriatic Sea water from the Italian coast. The discharged water, even if filtered, may still have a grey and/or rust colour. This coloured water will only be for the slugs of water between the two first pigs of the cleaning operation but this will not have environmental effects.

Based upon the above considerations, considering that:

• environmental effects on water turbidity, contaminant and nutrients concentration levels are not expected, and

• no chemical treatments of the seawater used for hydrotesting are expected

• inhibitors will be added only in the remote possibility the pipeline should be exposed to raw seawater for more than 60 days (see Section 8.21.1.1.1 Contingency Addition of Chemicals to test water);

The impact of the discharge of test water on seawater quality is expected to be not significant.

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8.8.2.3.6 Accidental Pollution of Water Resources

The implementation of the mitigation measures in Section 8.8.2.2.5 as well as of good engineering practices at the construction sites will reduce the significance of potential impacts to be of minor significance in areas with vulnerable / high groundwater and not significant for surface waters. The likelihood of an accidental spillage will always remain however, the probability of this finding a suitable pathway and causing a significant pollution incident remain low.

The following table presents a summary of the key mitigation measures and significance of residual impacts associated with the impacts identified.

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Table 8.8-7 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk

Construction and Precommissioning Phase Watercourse • Open-cut techniques confirmed at 13 Not Significant Crossings of the major watercourse crossings • Open-cut crossings - water quality will slightly and will be used for all minor crossings decrease due to sediment plumes in medium • Trenchless technique to be considered sensitivity surface waters but quickly recover: at 10 crossings pending further Osumi River (Kps: 103.4, 107.1, 110.2, geotechnical investigations 130.6, 134.4 – 135.6, 141.9 and 156.3), • Prohibition of vehicles to drive through Vokopola Torrent (Kp 123.1) and Vertopi watercourses Torrent (Kp 132.4) • • Minimisation of physical impacts to No significant residual water quality impacts channel morphology are anticipated if trenchless crossings are to be used. Minor Open-cut crossings - water in high sensitivity watercourses will be more susceptible to a decrease in quality. Such watercourses include: River Dunavecj (Kp 8.3), Stropani Stream (Kp 12.9), Dunaveci Stream (Kp 50.4), Osumi River (Kps 57.3 and 103.4) Trenching and • Careful management and control of the Not Significant to Minor Access Road groundwater table via monitoring holes • Residual impacts to the areas with shallow Construction • Interception of run-off from the working groundwater are considered to be of minor corridor. No surface water is to run-off significance into the water resources • No significant residual impacts are anticipated • Full reinstatement of land drainage to occur to surface water quality features • Specific length of working strip open at any one time • Suitable management of contaminated soils • Vehicles will be prohibited from driving through watercourses. • Header drains • Cut off ditches • Condition survey Specific mitigation measures: • Avoid works at least 200 m from the water reservoir at Kp 84.1 Consumption of • Where possible water abstraction from Not Significant freshwater resources water sources with flow greater than • Abstraction rate kept to the minimum at 3 3 m /s have been considered low flow in surface water courses. • Avoidance of any spill of water through valves, joints or pipes • Monitoring of spills or leaks • Minimization of water consumption by the workers • Water Management Plan

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk

Hydrotesting • Water will be reused in subsequent Not Significant to Minor section • Minor significance (sensitive watercourses) to • Water will be tested prior to discharge not significant (less sensitive watercourses) and local treatment will be provided if necessary • Minimisation of physical impacts on receptor morphology • Discharges will not be made without prior agreement and appropriate consents and approvals from the authorities • No additives will be used • Hydrotest Water Sourcing and Disposal Plan Construction camps • All areas for which there is a risk of Not Significant to Minor leaks or spills will be bunded • Residual impacts to the areas with shallow • Where necessary hard core will be groundwater are considered to be of minor upgraded to hardstanding for use at significance temporary facilities to prevent • No significant residual impacts are anticipated contamination of groundwater to occur to surface water quality Accidental Pollution • Operation under international Not Significant to Minor of water resources standards ESMP • Residual impacts to the areas with shallow • Waste Management Plan groundwater are considered to be of minor • Hazardous Materials Management significance Procedure • No significant residual impacts are anticipated to occur to surface water quality ERM (2012)

8.8.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.8.3.1 Potential Impacts

8.8.3.1.1 Future Irrigation and Drainage Networks

These potential impacts are associated with the existence of the pipeline as it may eventually affect the construction of new irrigation networks. The pipeline will be buried at approximately 1 m depth and any subsequent excavation works above it will be prohibited are very limited in extent. Nevertheless, the issue is clearly of a technical nature and it is considered that alternatives to crossing the pipeline route will be developed. In case that no other alternative exists, a special study for the crossing will be required.

Given that most drainage networks are constructed at 0.7 to 0.9 m depth, it is expected that the pipeline crossing such areas will be installed with higher coverage than the standard coverage of 1 m.

The minimum allowable distance between existing or new build facilities and the TAP is 0.4 m. This means that all installations planned after pipeline construction must fullfil this requirement within the Pipeline Protection Strip (PPS). Furthermore, all later planed installations need to be agreed with the pipeline operator.

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8.8.3.1.2 Consumption of Freshwater Resources

Low volumes of freshwater will be required during the operational phase of the Project for domestic use (predominantly at compressor station facilities), maintenance and irrigation.

8.8.3.1.3 Contamination of Water Resources

Solid and liquid wastes generated by the Project during operation have the potential to contaminate water resources. Operational and maintenance activities at the compressor stations and BVS facilities can produce wastes such as sewage, rain water and contaminated runoff from fuel or chemical storage and handling facilities. However, it is envisaged that these will generally be limited.

8.8.3.2 Mitigation Measures

8.8.3.2.1 Future Drainage and Irrigation Networks

General mitigation measures will include:

• If no alternative exists, a special study for new irrigation networks crossing the pipeline route will be required; and.

• Trenching of new drainage networks in the crossing area should not be carried out by mechanical means.

8.8.3.2.2 Consumption of Freshwater Resources

The same measures will be implemented that were used during the construction phase – refer to Section 8.8.2.2.3.

8.8.3.2.3 Contamination of Water Resources

The same measures will be implemented that were used during the construction phase – refer to Section 8.8.2.2.5.

8.8.3.3 Residual Impacts

Normal Project operation is associated with not significant residual impacts to surface waters or groundwaters not described as high sensitive water resources, as all necessary measures will have been taken during the design and construction of the Project, for instance:

• The avoidance of any subterranean leakage from pipeline joins (hydraulic testing, non- destructive inspection of all joints, etc) that could result in maintenance measures to excavate and repair the pipeline;

• The full protection of the pipeline from corrosion;

• The application of control measures for the operational characteristics of the pipeline after installation; and

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• The treatment of all planned operational discharges to local and international standards.

In the case of high sensitive surface watercourses or groundwater, the impact is described as minor.

The following table presents a summary of the key mitigation measures and significance of residual impacts associated with the impacts identified:

Table 8.8-8 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Resources – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk

Operation and Maintenance Phase Future irrigation • If no alternative exists, a special study Not Significant networks for new irrigation networks crossing the The proposed measures make the risk of the pipeline route will be required. operating pipeline impacting any water resources • Trenching of new drainage networks in not significant. the crossing area should not be carried out by mechanical means. Consumption of • Avoidance of any spill of water through Not Significant freshwater resources valves, joints or pipes. Consumption of freshwater sources (surface • Monitoring of spills or leaks. watercourses and groundwater) is considered not • Minimization of waste by significant due to: operation/maintenance staff. • Low volume of freshwater resources consumption. • Abstraction rate kept to the minimum at low flow in surface watercourses. • Only low sensitivity groundwater will be considered as a potential source of water Contamination of • Operation under international Not Significant water resources standards Mitigation measures proposed make the impacts • A Waste Management Plan and not significant in low and medium sensitivity Hazardous Materials Management surface watercourses and groundwaters. Procedure will be developed in order to detail minimize waste impacts into the environment Minor Mitigation measures proposed make the impacts minor in high sensitivity surface watercourses and groundwaters. Despite minor impacts are described, it is assumed that Waste Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Management Procedure will generate a low probability of contamination. ERM (2012)

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8.8.4 Decommissioning Phase

As set out in Section 8.1, decommissioning activities and their likely impacts will depend on the approach taken at the end of lifetime of the pipeline system. In case the pipeline would be abandoned in place, no significant impacts on ground or surface water are anticipated considering that the pipes will remain underground and they will be only filled with a suitable substance to prevent collapse and resulting sinkholes. In case the pipeline would be recovered from the ground, impacts and mitigation would be similar to those in Construction associated to site run-off, use of water for camps and potential spills. Regarding impacts at water crossings however, it is likely the pipeline would not be removed at crossings incl. water course crossings and thus the related impacts potential would not be given. Potentially water would also be needed for cleaning purposes. Any activities at the time of commissioning would require the relevant permits incl. for using and protecting water resources. Similar to construction state-of- the-art mitigation will be applied by TAP AG at the decommissioning stage.

8.8.5 Summary - Impacts on Water Resources

Construction and Precommissioning:

The main direct impacts on surface waters result from watercourses crossings. In total 372 watercourses of various dimensions will be crossed1. The largest are the Osumi and the Semani rivers. In response to ecological sensitivities identified for the Osumi River, trenchless methods are recommended for eight crossing locations. However, due to topographical and geotechnical constraints in Osumi River valley, the use of trenchless crossing techniques may not be feasible; this is subject to further technical investigation. Alternatively, ‘dry’ open-cut techniques will be used at these locations and at other crossing locations during periods of low flow and implementing measures to minimise sediment dispersion. A Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5) will be established for each crossing which will include specifications for minimising sediment dispersion and impacts on river ecology.

The pipeline route crosses several sections where high groundwater tables are likely be encountered. A Water Management Plan (see Section 9.2.4) will be established to identify and manage groundwater pumping needs and to manage surface runoff. Intensive dewatering of the pipeline trench during construction will be avoided by state-of-the-art technical measures (subject to further detailing of construction concept). This will minimise discharge to surface waters and keep the local groundwater level stable (fluctuations in shallow groundwater can dry topsoils, thus affecting vegetation and building foundations in the proximity).

1 Total watercourse crossings calculated from APL00-ENT-100-F-TLX-0001_00--Albania_List of crossings.xls

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Large pipeline construction sites have a potential for uncontrolled site run-off and accidental spills of fuels, lubricants and other substances. These potential sources of water contamination can be largely avoided by site runoff management, wastewater treatment, waste management and the proper storage and handling of such substances (i.e. good housekeeping practice and construction site management by the EPC contractor. A Spill Contingency Plan to respond to any spill or unintentional discharge of untreated wastewater or waste will also be put in place. Caution will be required to prevent silting or spills near locations where the shallow aquifer or surface water is used for local water supplies.

Special measures will also be required where the pipeline crosses potentially contaminated lands (hydrocarbon contamination from previous crude oil production Marinez oil fields around Kp 184.4-186.4). Any contaminated soil will need to be properly disposed as hazardous waste and pumped groundwater; if contaminated, will need to be treated by mobile treatment units before discharge. For this section a Contaminated Lands Crossing Plan will be set-up by TAP AG during the pre-construction planning phase.

During construction, the largest quantities of fresh water (an approximate total of 245,000 m3) will be needed for hydrotesting. Further, during construction, water will be required for domestic uses at camps and localised dust suppression.

Based on the Hydrotesting Concept a detailed Hydrotesting Plan will be developed by TAP AG which will include mitigations measures identified in Section 8.8.2.2.4.

During operation and maintenance phase, storm water runoff from the compressor station sites will be collected and sent via sediment traps and oil separators before discharge. The potential for accidental spills is unlikely as no regular handling of any large quantities of water endangering substances is foreseen and proper storage and housekeeping of lubricants, cleaning agents etc. will reduce the risks. Sanitary waste water from the stations will be treated by compact treatment plants.

Further, during operation and maintenance phase, water consumption at compressor stations from wells will be minimal, since no cooling water is needed and there are no other large consumers on site. Therefore no conflict with water use for irrigation, public water supply or similar is anticipated.

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8.9 Onshore - Ground Surface and Soils

8.9.1 Overview

Box 8.9-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on geology, geomorphology and soil quality.

Box 8.9-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils

Sources of Impact • Construction Phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes; Establishment (including site preparation) of temporary facilities (construction camps, pipe yards, water network, and associated infrastructure); Construction of access roads (including upgrade of existing roads); Storage and handling of fuels and chemicals; Temporary construction camp operations; Preparation of the working strip (topsoil removal); Trenching, lowering and laying; Backfilling and reinstatement of pipeline trench and temporarily disturbed land from construction; Pipeline cleaning and gauging; Special crossings (river crossings, road crossings, railway crossings); Set up (including site preparation) and installation of compressor stations (CS02 and CS03); Commissioning (hydrotesting, fuels from generators, emissions); Set up of the pipeline facilities (including scrapers launchers / receivers and block valve stations). • Operation and maintenance phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes; Maintenance at the pipeline; Equipment operation (generators, turbines, motors, associated equipment). • Decommissioning phase: Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes; Demobilization and abandonment of facilities and infrastructure. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Effects on the geomorphology due to erosion and landslides; • Effects on the soil quality due to contamination, compaction, erosion and removal. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Land use; • Soil quality characteristics; • Erosion and landslides events detected. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Specific techniques used for microtunneling, topsoil removal, open cut, river crossing, construction site management and waste management. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.4.5 and 6.4.6. Impact Assessment Criteria is found in Annex 5.2.2.4.Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Table 8.9-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on geology, geomorphology and soil during the Project phases.

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Table 8.9-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soils

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Contamination of soil by solid and liquid wastes; • Contamination of soil by • Contamination of soil by • Accidental contamination; solid and liquid wastes; solid and liquid wastes; • Disturbance and degradation of soil due to • Accidental contamination; • Accidental contamination; erosion, compaction, removal, modification of • Land take and soil loss • Land take. morphology, collapse and sinkhole formation (surface sealing), processes; • Land take and surface sealing; • Mobilisation of contaminants within the soil profile ERM (2012)

8.9.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.9.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.9.2.1.1 Disturbance of Soil

The permanent installation of the compressor stations and the block valve stations result in loss of soil functions by the permanent sealing of surfaces.

Regarding the risk of erosion, over most of the route soils have fairly good cohesion reducing the likelihood of erosion. However, there are a few vulnerable sections, accounting for a total of 14.3 km, where the risk of suffering erosion is particularly high due to the combined effect of soil properties and topography. Assuming a regular working strip with a width of 38 m the surface at risk totals up to 54 ha. Table 8.9-2 presents these sections.

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Table 8.9-2 Sections with High Risk of Soil Erosion

Chainage Risk of soil Criteria erosion East Section Kp 1-2 High Erosion vulnerability of marly and clay deposits of the Burdigalian age and terrain’s excessive steepness; Kp 8-9 High Massive erosion is evidenced on both sides of Devolli River especially wherever there is lack of tall trees or where there has been human intrusion Kp 22-23 High The pipeline path crosses through Burdigalian deposits which are vulnerable to erosion. Central East Section Kp 63 – 67 High Presence of latent and active slope erosion areas Kp 72 – 76.3 High Presence of latent and active slope erosion areas Kp 77.4 – 77.7 High Presence of landslide Kp 82.5 – 83.5 High Presence of steep slopes Kp 86 High Steep slope with exposed rock and potential for landsliding Central West Section Kp 105.9-106.9 High Active erosion by Osumi river. The hilly flanks are highly sensitive to erosion if vegetation is cleared. ERM (2012)

Although these pipeline sections are relatively short, the removal of vegetation and the trenching activities on the mountain slopes may result in significant permanent soil erosion impacts unless properly manages and mitigated.

Erosion processes may also be important in ridge modification areas.

Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing the soil porosity, and thus soil quality. The majority of construction activities requiring the use of heavy machinery may lead to soil compaction, especially if performed when soils are wet. In addition certain types of soil are more susceptible to compaction, such as those dominated by clays.

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Table 8.9-3 Sections with Identified Risk of Soil Compaction

Pipeline Section Risk of soil compaction Textural Class Kp 0 - 20.2 Medium Loam and clayey loam Kp 26.5 – 41.5 Medium Clay and loam. Rock fragment in surface is less than 6 % in certain areas. Kp 41.5 – 51.2 High Clay and clayey loam Kp 51.2 – 79.7 Medium Clay and loam. Rock fragmented in the surface 10-20% Kp 105 – 110.5 High Loamy clay Kp 117.9 – 123.4 Medium Loam, rock fragmented in the surface Kp 126.9 – 134.7 High Loamy-clay, rock fragments in surface <10% Kp 134.7 – 172.2 Medium Clay and loam Kp 172.2 – 188.9 High Very clayey or clayey Kp 188.9 – 190.6 Medium Clayey loam Kp 190.6 – 205.4 High Clayey or very clayey, with less than 10% of rock fragments in surface in some areas Kp 206.6 – 209.1 High Clay, with less than 10% rock fragments in surface ERM (2012)

During construction, trucks and he.avy machinery will operate along the construction corridor. The magnitude of the impacts for soil compaction are considered medium to high for those areas of high sensitivity as shown in Table 8.9-3. The route crosses a total of 57 km of soils considered of high sensitivity to compaction. Assuming the regular working strip of 38 m the area at risk is 216 ha.

Soil compaction may also happen on those areas occupied by temporary installations such as pipe yards and camp sites, especially due to the long duration of the occupation (1-3 years depending on the progress of the Project).

8.9.2.1.2 Land Take and Surface Sealing

Soil is a non-renewable resource that performs many vital functions: food and other biomass production, storage, filtration and transformation of many substances including water, carbon, and nitrogen. Soil has a role as a habitat and serves as a platform for human activities, landscape and heritage and acts as a provider of raw materials. For this reason the temporary occupation of soil during the construction period is considered as potential impacts.

The main sources that may cause occupation of soil are the temporary facilities, the new and upgraded access roads, the working strip, block valve stations and the compressor stations. Most of these facilities will be located on agricultural land, leading to temporal or permanent loss of productive soil availability.

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8.9.2.1.3 Disturbance of Water Regimes

Existing water regimes (existing runoff patterns, areas of aquifer recharge or discharge and water courses) can be potentially disturbed during the construction phase, and this in turn can have a localised effect on erosion levels, and on soil drying out in certain locations. The main sources that may cause disturbance to existing water regimes are river crossings. It should be noted however that there will be no permanent changes in drainage patterns at river crossings; any potential changes will always be temporary. Another source of disturbance could be potential dewatering of trenches dug in areas of high groundwater levels (according to the Project description, trench dewatering activities can potentially take place at Kp: 0-50, 169.5-188.4, and 192.4 - 208.4).

8.9.2.1.4 Re-mobilization of Contaminants within the Soil Profile

During the construction phase there is a potential risk of re-mobilization of pre-existing contaminants within the soil profile. This risk is associated with the areas adjacent to the Marinez oil field (Kp 184.4 - 186.4), where soil samples collected evidenced hydrocarbon concentrations exceeding the Dutch Standards. Main sources causing re-mobilization of contaminants within the soil profile are the topsoil removal, trenching and construction and upgrading of access roads.

8.9.2.1.5 Accidental Pollution of Soils

Accidental soil contamination during construction of the pipeline (along the construction corridor) and the above ground facilities could occur through the direct spillage of materials such as, fuels, oils or hydraulic fluids from vehicles and machinery, and sanitary waste from campsites. Additionally, coating chemicals, adhesives, glycols, solvents, and fire fighting foams used for the pipeline could be spilled leading to soil contamination.

However, any potential spillage will be of small quantity and localized in nature.

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8.9.2.2 Mitigation Measures

8.9.2.2.1 Disturbance of Soils

General mitigation measures to always be applied are included in the summary of the residual impacts.

Specific mitigation measures to minimise erosion impacts on sensitive areas include:

• Works to be implemented under the Erosion and Sediments Control Plan (see Section 9.2.20);

• Undertake a geotechnical study to clarify the necessity of a retaining wall at the foot of the hill side to avoid /minimize erosion at Kps 1.3 and 22.3;

• Soil restoration process will start soon after the trench is backfilled and will continue until the area is revegetated, especially on mountainous and steep areas;

• Seeding, hydroseeding and other revegetation techniques will be applied, with preference use of endemic species and varieties already existing in the area;

• Shrubs planting is deemed necessary on sections with high precipitation and moderate slopes;

• Construction will be avoided during the highest precipitation period (November - December) at Kps 22.3, 63-67, 74-75, 77.4-77.7, 82.5-83.5 and 86;

• Appropriate hydro-technical works will be undertaken perpendicularly to the stream bed to avoid the erosion of the bottom and the flanks of the stream bed;

• Reduce the working corridor as much as possible at Kp 77.4-77.7;

• Works at Kp 77.4-77.7 should look to retain as much forest as possible as this is largely supporting the slope stability;

• Heavy stabilisation works (soil nailing, use of fesh matting or other across surfaces) will be needed at Kp 77.4-77.7;

• The pipe corridor should be micro-sited at Kp 77.4-77.7 to reduce potential landsliding as far as possible;

• A management plan should be developed and implemented at Kp 77.4 - 77.7 to maintain slope stability;

• Reduce working footprint as far as possible (including working width) at Kps 82.5-83.5 and 86;

• Undertake stabilisation works and implement water management measures at Kps 82.5- 83.5 and 86 to avoid erosion and maintain slope stability;

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Additional mitigation measures to be applied specifically at Kp 106.1, identified as an environmentally sensitive area (see Section 6.4 Onshore Physical Environment) are included below:

• As a preventive measure to minimise increased erosion, ensure that all rivers crossings are designed as perpendicular to the river as possible, which means that pipeline protection works parallel to the riverbed are avoided to the extent possible;

• Undertake a geotechnical study to clarify the necessity of a retaining wall at the foot of the hill side to avoid possible landslides;

• Perform minimal cutting of vegetation along the hillsides; and

• Combine protection works to avoid landslides and erosion by the river water;

Other specific mitigation measures are included below:

• Due to the unknown presence along the pipeline route of doline shapes, excavation close to limestones should be preceded by a geophysical study in order to avoid potential collapses (Kp 72-76.3);

• Construction techniques with erosion control measures, enhanced vegetation reinstatement (Kps 63-67, 74-75 and 77.4-77.7, 82.5-83.5 and 86); and

• During the stakeholder consultation in Vertop commune it was reported that collapses happened in an area where a water pipeline was constructed. As a result of this, excavation works should be preceded by a geophysical study (Kp 132.9, refer to Figure 8.9-1).

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Figure 8.9-1 Specific Locations of Soil Erosion Mitigation

Source: ERM (2012)

For the areas with moderate and high risk of soil compaction the following measures will be adopted:

• Soil stockpiles from topsoil stripping will be restricted to a maximum of 2-3 m in height to prevent compaction of the stored aside soils under its own weight.

• Soil stockpiles will be protected from runoff, e.g. by heavy rainfall, by covering with sheets.

• Topsoil storage periods will be kept to a minimum. When there is a need to maintain topsoil stockpiles for larger periods of time, topsoil will be vegetated with fast growing seeds (e.g. mustard) to prevent entrainment by the wind or rain

• Access areas to project vehicles and heavy machinery will be restricted to the construction corridor and access roads.

• For soils of high sensitivity to compaction (clayey soils, Luvisols, Vertisols) effort will be made to plan project activities during the dry period.

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• To reduce the compaction impacts by the movements of heavy construction machinery (such as side booms with pipeline load, line pipe delivery trucks), temporary surface stabilisation materials will be installed on the section identified with highly compaction sensitive soils. State-of-the-art international best practice includes driving mats or geotextile with gravel layer on top that distribute the pressure on the ground. These temporary driveways will be removed before working strip restoration.

• Deep ploughing (subsoil de-compaction) will be applied to the construction zone as well as temporary construction facilities (such as pipe yards and construction camps) following project construction and will be performed during restoration. The deep ploughing will be performed on the entire working strip where topography allows to a depth of approx 60 cm below surface.

8.9.2.2.2 Land Take

The summary of the residual impacts (Table 8.9-4) includes mitigation measures for land take impacts, which should always be applied.

8.9.2.2.3 Disturbance of Water Regimes

The summary of the residual impacts (Table 8.9-4) includes mitigation measures to avoid disturbance from modified water regimes, which should always be applied.

8.9.2.2.4 Re-mobilization of Contaminants within the Soil Profile

Specific mitigation measures to be applied in areas in which contaminated soils have been detected (Kp 184.4-186.4) are included below:

• Further research to determine best options, including stakeholders engagement with authorities, O&G companies in the area, etc, may be considered.

8.9.2.2.5 Accidental Contamination of Soil by improper handling of Solid and Liquid Wastes

The summary of the residual impacts includes mitigation measures to avoid contamination of soil, which should always be applied.

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8.9.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.9-4 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.9-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soil – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Disturbance and degradation of soil due to erosion, compaction, storage and replacement, modification of morphology, collapse and sinkhole formation processes General mitigation measures: Not Significant • Always apply Erosion and Sediments Control Plan (Section 9.2.20). Mitigation measures proposed make the A detailed Erosion and Sediments Control Plan will be developed as impacts not significant in low sensitivity part of the ESMP in order to detail procedures of restoration works. soils • Topsoil will be removed from the Working Strip by suitable earth Minor moving equipment and stockpiled in the form of a continuous ridge along the edge of the strip. The topsoil stockpile will be typically no Mitigation measures proposed make the higher than 2-3 m to prevent degradation of the soil and will be kept impacts minor in medium sensitivity free from disturbance to reduce the possibility of physical damage soils, and in those high sensitive soils, and compaction not related to erosion processes

• Topsoil will be deposited on one side of the working corridor where it will be stored in such a way that it is not mixed with other trenched materials or trafficked over by vehicles. If topsoil requires long-term Moderate storage, then aeration and raking up will be carried out regularly to Moderate impacts are described for high avoid compaction sensitivity soils related to erosion • Area affected by the works will be levelled. Reconfiguration of pre- processes: existing slopes. Areas will be covered by humus topsoil 20 cm in • Kps 1.3, 8.5, 22.3, 63-67, 74-75, depth and re-vegetated where applicable (temporary land take, 77.4-77.7, 82.5-83.5, 86 and 101.2. construction camps). During ground levelling, particular care will be taken in order to not leaving holes or sagging that could create problems for subsequent farming activities • Deep ploughing up to a depth of 60 cm is to be used against soil compaction, as needed.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk • Restoration and erosion control measures will be monitored • The type of equipment used will be appropriate for the soils and the timing of construction • Records will be made of the existing condition of the pipeline route and access roads. These records will be used as the standards against which the quality of the restoration work will be judged when construction work is completed • The original contours of the land will be restored as closely as possible • No machinery will be permitted to leave the working strip or access roadways • Attention will be paid to the latter operation on route sections running through arable land and permanently cultivated fields, which are essentially flat with a good pedogenic substrate. Stone removal activities will also need to be carried out, where necessary Specific mitigation measures: • Undertake a geotechnical study to clarify the necessity of a retaining wall at the foot of the hill side to avoid /minimize erosion at Kps 1.3 and 22.3; • Appropriate hydro-technical works will be undertaken perpendicularly to the stream bed to avoid erosion of the bottom and the flanks of the stream bed (Kp 1.3) • Native vegetation will be planted to avoid/stop erosion (Kp 1.3) • Plant indigenous trees to rehabilitate terrain and to avoid erosion (Kp 22.3) • Construction will be avoided during highest precipitation months (November - December) (Kps 22.3, 63-67, 74-75, 77.4-77.7, 82.5- 83.5 and 86) • Any disposal will be carried out on stable ground, compacted and re- naturalized (covered with local topsoil and start-up aid for suitable growth of vegetation) in order to avoid any later landslides or excessive erosion on the deposit • Due to the unknown presence along the pipeline route of doline shapes, excavation close to limestones will be preceded by a geophysical study in order to avoid this kind of potentially collapses (Kp 72-76.3)

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk • Use construction techniques with erosion control measures, enhanced vegetation re-instatement (Kps 63-67, 74-75, 77.4-77.7, 82.5-83.5 and 86) • Reduce the working corridor as much as possible at Kp 77.4-77.7; • Works at Kp 77.4-77.7 should look to retain as much forest as possible as this is largely supporting the slope stability; • Heavy stabilisation works (soil nailing, use of fesh matting or other across surfaces) will be needed at Kp 77.4-77.7; • The pipe corridor should be micro-sited in Kp 77.4-77.7 to reduce potential landsliding as far as possible; • A management plan should be developed and implemented in Kp 77.4-77.7 to maintain slope stability; • Reduce working footprint as far as possible (including working width) at Kps 82.5-83.5 and 86; • Undertake stabilisation works and implement water management measures at Kps 82.5-83.5 and 86 to avoid erosion and maintain slope stability; • Undertake erosion control measures to minimise increase of erosion during the performance of protection construction works (Kp 106.1) • Undertake a geotechnical study to clarify the necessity of a retaining wall at the foot of the hill side to avoid possible landslides • Perform minimal cutting of vegetation along the hillsides (Kp 106.1) • Combine protection works, in order to avoid both landslides and erosion by the river water (Kp 106.1) • During the stakeholder consultation in Vertop commune it was reported that collapses happened in an area where a water pipeline was constructed. As a result of this, excavation works should be preceded by a geophysical study (Kp 132.9). Land take General mitigation measures: Not Significant • Excavated soil during topsoil modification and Mitigation measures proposed make the trenching will be replaced in its original location impacts not significant when feasible/applicable. • No machinery will be permitted to leave the access and public roadways or the working strip Disturbance from General mitigation measures: Not Significant modified water • Redirection of surface watercourses will be Mitigation measures proposed make the regimes avoided or will be limited to the proximity of the impacts not significant in low sensitivity surface watercourse soils located in the proximities of crossing points between pipeline and surface watercourses Minor Mitigation measures proposed make the impacts minor in medium sensitivity soils located in the proximities of crossing points between pipeline and surface watercourses Moderate Mitigation measures proposed make the impacts moderate in high sensitivity soils located in the proximities of crossing points between pipeline and surface watercourses

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Re-mobilization of Specific mitigation measures: Minor contaminants within • Further research to determine best options, Mitigation measures proposed make the the soil profile including stakeholders engagement with impacts minor in soils in which authorities, O&G companies in the area, etc., hydrocarbon contamination was may be considered. detected

Accidental General mitigation measures: Not Significant contamination of • Operate under international standards Mitigation measures proposed make the soil by solid and • impacts not significant in low sensitivity liquid wastes A Waste Management Plan will be developed as part of the ESMP in order to minimize waste soils impacts into the environment Minor • A Hazardous Materials Management Procedure Minor impacts are described for soils of will be developed as part of the ESMP in order medium sensitivity. to detail procedures for working with chemical Despite minor impacts as described, it is products assumed that Waste Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Management Procedure will generate a low probability of contamination. Moderate Moderate impacts is described for soils of high quality/value (Kp 20-41, 57-79.7, 134.9-138.9, 172.4-188.9, 192.9-195.4). Despite moderate impacts is described it is assumed that Waste Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Management Procedure will generate a low probability of contamination. ERM (2012)

The magnitude and significance of the impacts for geology, geomorphology and soil (as summarised in Table 8.9-4) are reported below. The criteria are reported in Annex 5.1.5. Different soil sensitivities along the study area are described in detail in Annex 8.1, Section 8.4. Those areas in which it has been reported soils with erosion events, high soil quality characteristics resulting in high levels of agricultural productivity, potential doline formations or unstable soils potentially affected by collapse events, have been defined as high sensitivity soils.

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8.9.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.9.3.1 Potential Impacts

8.9.3.1.1 Permanent Land Take and Occupation of Land

The permanent above ground facilities / components will occupy land for the lifetime of the Project, including the following:

• Establishment (including site preparation) and installation of the compressor stations CS02 and CS03, altering a total of about 69 ha. Whereby the site of CS02 will be levelled and the site of CS03 will be elevated by 1.5 m above the terrain by fill material. Thus original soil and functions will be lost. CS02 is located on a soil of Type III quality (average) and is considered of medium sensitivity. CS03 is located on a soil of Type VI quality (low) and is considered of low sensitivity.

• Establishment of the pipeline facilities (including scrapers launchers / receivers and block valve stations), and covering a surface of about 7,000 m2 or 0.7 ha (BVS); and

• Construction of new access roads and widening of existing roads, covering a surface of about 1,390,000 m2 or 139 ha. The new access roads may create a vehicle access to undisturbed and sensitive areas, creating a potential for compaction and erosion or degradation of soils, in areas to which easy access was not possible before.

8.9.3.1.2 Soil Pollution by Accidental Spills

Solid and liquid wastes generated by the Project can contaminate soil, affecting its quality. The main sources that may cause contamination of soils are the following:

• Production and disposal of solid and liquid wastes,

• Storage and handling of fuels and chemicals.

8.9.3.2 Mitigation Measures

8.9.3.2.1 Land Take

The summary of the residual impacts (Table 8.9-5) includes mitigation measures to avoid consequences from land take, focused on improved vehicle access to undisturbed and sensitive areas.

8.9.3.2.2 Pollution of Soil by inappropriate Handling of Solid and Liquid Wastes

The summary of the residual impacts (Table 8.9-5) includes mitigation measures to avoid contamination of soil, which should always be applied.

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8.9.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.9-5 presents summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.9-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Geology, Geomorphology and Soil – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Operation and Maintenance Phase Contamination of soil by • Operate under international standards Not Significant solid and liquid wastes • A Waste Management Plan will be Mitigation measures proposed make developed in order to minimize waste the impacts not significant in low impacts into the environment sensitivity soils: • A Hazardous Materials Management • Less number of sources of Procedure will be developed in order to contamination detail procedures for working with Minor chemical procedures Medium and high sensitivity soils can

decrease their quality due to contamination by solid and liquid wastes. Despite minor impacts are described, it is assumed that Waste Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Management Procedure will generate a low probability of contamination Land take • Restrict access to access roads and Not Significant pipeline protection strip only to authorized Permanent occupation of CS03 area personnel. is considered a not significant impact • Monitor logging activities due to the low sensitivity of soil • Prevention over soil degradation by vehicles training should be provided to all Minor stakeholders Permanent occupation of CS02 area is considered a minor impact due to the medium sensitivity of soil. Mitigation measures considered for improvement vehicle access to undisturbed and sensitive areas will generate also a minor impact. ERM (2012)

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The magnitude of the impacts and the value of impacts significance for geology, geomorphology and soil summarised in the table above is reported below. The criteria are reported in the Annex 5.1.5. Different soil sensitivities are described in detail in Annex 8.1, Section 8.4. Those areas in which it has been reported soils with erosion events, high soil quality characteristics resulting in high levels of agricultural productivity, potential doline formations or unstable soils potentially affected by collapse events, have been defined as high sensitivity soils. The sensitivity of the soils that will be lost as a result of the installation of the CS02 and CS03 has been assessed as medium and low, respectively.

8.9.3.3.1 Contamination of Soil by Solid and Liquid Wastes

According to Annex 5.1.5, this impact is defined as negative, direct, temporary and reversible. Impacts magnitude is described in the same terms as for construction phase with the exception of intensity of the impact that are described as low, since in operation phase there are less potential sources of soil contamination. As a result of this, impacts magnitude is defined as medium. Impacts significances are included below:

• Impacts on soils described with a high and medium level of sensitivity are minor;

• Impacts on soils described with a low level of sensitivity are not significant.

8.9.3.3.2 Land Take

According to Annex 5.1.5, this impact is defined as negative, direct, permanent and reversible. Impacts magnitude is described as medium, as for the construction phase. Impacts significance are included below:

• Impacts on soils described with a high and medium level of sensitivity are minor;

• Impacts on soils described with a low level of sensitivity are not significant.

8.9.4 Decommissioning Phase

As set out in Section 8.1, no significant impacts are anticipated for the decommissioning in the scenario that the pipeline is abandoned in place. If the pipeline is to be recovered however, similar activities would take place in the working site footprints as during construction. With regards to soil this means again disturbance of profile, by stripping of the topsoils, excavation of the pipeline, temporary storage and backfilling of soils and reapplication of topsoil. Similar mitigation measures would likely be required to avoid or reduce effects of soil compaction and erosion and to reinstate the ground surface.

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8.9.5 Summary - Impacts on Ground Surface and Soils

Permanent changes of ground surface and loss of soil will take place at the compressor stations. Establishment (including site preparation) and installation of the compressor stations CS02 and CS03 will result in altering of surface of total about 69 ha; whereby the site of CS02 will be levelled, while the site of CS03 will be elevated by 1.5 m above the terrain of the coastal plain by fill materials. Thus original soil and its functions will be lost; both sites are presently agricultural fields. At each of the compressor stations about 20 ha will be subject to permanent surface sealing where buildings and installations will be located. Surface loss for the block valve stations totals 0.7 ha. The establishment of new (69 km) or widening of existing roads will have a footprint of total approximately 62 ha; top soils removed will be used for landscaping.

Soils will be modified by roughly 795 ha of pipeline working strip. Of these about 217 ha were identified as sensitive to compaction and 43 ha as sensitive to erosion. The construction of new roads for pipeline route access, plus widening of existing roads will also affect soils that are sensitive to erosion or compaction. To avoid or reduce erosion and compaction, established mitigation methods will be applied during construction and reinstatement (see Section 9.2.20, Erosion and Sediments Control Plan). Soils in the construction strip are anticipated to return to previous agricultural productivity.

Detailed Waste Management Plan (see Section 9.2.2) and Hazardous Materials Management Procedure (see Section 9.2.9) will be developed to respond to any spill or unintentional pollution from construction activities. Accidently polluted soil will be exchanged and disposed of as waste according to the type of pollution. In case contaminated soil is excavated along the route, this will need to be properly disposed as hazardous waste.

There is a potential that the working strip encounters hydrocarbon contamination from abandoned crude oil production fields south-east of Verri village (Kp 184.4-186.4). For this section a Contaminated Lands Crossing Plan will be set-up by TAP AG in the next planning phase.

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8.10 Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity

8.10.1 Overview

The main sources of landscape and visual impact arising from the proposed TAP are presented in the Box 8.10-1.

Box 8.10-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity

Sources of Impacts • Construction Phase: Site preparation (including vegetation clearance); Topsoil storage and replacement, Earthworks and related dust emissions; Presence and movement of plant and machinery together with the construction activities; Construction lighting. • Operational Phase: Pipeline protection strip (8m width) cleared of woody vegetation; Presence and visibility of compressor stations (including tall structures such as stacks); Presence and visibility of block valve stations; and Permanent changes to topography arising from ridge modifications, Potentially Impacted Receptors • Landscape character and resources, and visual amenity. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Degree of openness of farmland from which activities will be visible; • Extensive vegetation areas where physical losses could arise; • Extent and distribution of visual receptors around the site. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Scale or size of the permanent aboveground elements of the Project. • Length of pipeline. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.4.7. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.2.5. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Table 8.10-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on landscape and visual amenity during the Project phases. Table 8.10-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Impacts to landscape and visual amenity from • Presence of PPS (8 m wide) in No impacts on landscape buried pipeline construction activities. the landscape especially and visual amenity, • Impacts to landscape and visual amenity from landscapes cleared of woody provided the landscape is ridge modification construction works, vegetation for this purpose. restored to its original especially earthworks. • Presence of block valve stations character or a character • Impacts to landscape and visual amenity from and compressor stations in the that reflects the construction of compressor stations, new and receiving landscape landscape of the area at upgraded roads and block valve stations. • Alteration to mountain skylines the end of operation. • Temporary impacts to landscape and visual required at the four proposed amenity arising from the presence of ridge modifications. construction camps and pipe stock yards which will be temporarily present only for the duration of construction. ERM (2012)

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In the following sections, each potential impacts has been expanded giving information on how each source is likely to have an impact on receptors and the mitigation measures inbuilt within the Project.

8.10.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.10.2.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations

This section of the assessment addresses the construction impacts of the proposed pipeline works, block valve stations and related elements on landscape and visual amenity along the length of the pipeline route.

During construction, direct impacts will arise in each of the landscape character areas and these include the following:

• Direct losses of scenic quality or physical changes to landscape elements arising from the construction of the pipeline. These include loss of farmland and associated farmed pattern, loss of vegetation and severance of rivers and other watercourses. These direct changes will apply to a corridor measuring 38 m in width, centred on the centreline of the pipeline, known as the construction corridor or working strip;

• Direct losses of scenic quality or physical changes to landscape elements arising from the construction of the new roads at specific locations along the route corridor;

• Direct changes to the receiving landscape arising as a result of the introduction of temporary structures and facilities to enable the construction works to take place. These include construction camps and pipe yards; and

• Presence of stationery or moving plant, machinery and vehicles associated with construction.

8.10.2.1.1 Mitigation Measures

• The pipeline construction works will take place in phases;

• Night-time lighting will be of a directional type thereby minimising light spill to the surrounding area. Lighting will be restricted to that required only for security outside normal hours of working for construction works. After dark, any necessary lighting will be directed to minimise light spill to the surrounding area;

• Existing vegetation to be retained will be protected where feasible.

• All sites will be maintained in tidy condition. Construction areas will be watered to damp down dust and minimise visibility of same.

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• The temporary working strip will be restricted to 28 m in areas where designated sensitive woodland is present;

• Where possible, measures will be undertaken to adjust the siting of the construction corridor in order to avoid physical damage to designated Nature Monuments; and

• Landscapes will be reinstated following completion of construction works. At the end of the construction phase (beginning of pre commissioning phase), the pipeline will be buried, the topsoil will be reinstated and reseeding of crop or pasture will have taken place.

8.10.2.1.2 Residual Impacts

The residual construction impacts that will arise to landscape and visual amenity are presented in Table 8.10-2. This takes account of the above mitigation measures. In addition, site specific measures applicable at specific point locations (see Section 6.4.7 Landscape and Visual Amenity for their location and Figures 6.4-37 to 6.4-40) are detailed in the Table 8.10-2. It should be noted that a reduced working strip is recommended to be used near sensitive ecological sites, which are detailed in Section 8.10 Terrestrial Ecology.

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Table 8.10-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk – Pipeline Construction works Measure to Address Significance of the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk East Section LCA 1 Undulating and hilly farmland of Trestenik. Kp 0-4 • The landscape will be A not significant LCA 4 - Flat farmed landscape of the Pojan Region. Kp 23.5-34 reinstated following impact will arise and completion of the this is attributed to the LCA 5. Farmed Hinterland of Korca. Kp 34 - 40 pipeline construction temporary nature of the LCA 6. Riverine farmland of the Dunavec River Valley Kp 40- works. construction works. 52 The landscape of the above four landscape character areas will be temporarily disrupted during construction works. LCA 2 - Flat farmed landscape of the Devoll River Valley. Kp 4- • The landscape will be Minor 17 reinstated following An impact of minor LCA 3 – Narrow mountain pass of the Proger Region. Kp 17- completion of the significance is predicted 23.5 pipeline construction to arise and this reflects works. In the case of the above two landscape character areas, the the temporary construction works will directly affect the edge of the Morava construction impacts on Mountain protected landscape. designated landscapes such as the Morava Mountains. Central East Section LCA 1 Waterscape and Hill farmland of Gjanci Reservoir. Kp • Measures will be Not Significant 52-60 undertaken to A not significant impact LCA 4 - Afforested hills of the Potom Region. Kp 90-102 safeguard the will arise and this is designated nature Both landscape character areas are of some scenic quality and the attributed to the monument called construction works will temporarily affect these landscapes in an temporary nature of the Forest of Markeza, adverse way. construction works. which lies on the Designated or special landscape features will not be affected by pipeline corridor. the construction works. A small section of highly sensitive forest • The landscape will be will be affected between Kp 98 and 99. reinstated following completion of the pipeline construction works. LCA 2 - Mountain and upland farmland of the Vithkuq Region. • The landscape will be Moderate Kp 60-82 reinstated following An impact of moderate LCA 3 – Potom Valley. Kp 82-90. completion of the significance is predicted pipeline construction to arise and this is Construction impacts will result in vegetation losses in an works. attributed to the loss of extensive area of designated sensitive forest (refer to Section areas of designated 8.11.2.2 for specific information on areas lost due to Project sensitive forest. construction). These losses will in part be permanent. The scenic landscape of part of the Ostrovice Ridge (Kp 69 – 70 and Kp 76.6 – 82.3) will be affected by the construction works,

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Impact / Risk – Pipeline Construction works Measure to Address Significance of the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Central West Section LCA 1 – Riverine and mountain landscape in the vicinity of • Working practices will Minor Corovode. Kp 102-113 be restricted in order An impact of minor LCA 3 - Osumi River Valley. Kp 123-125 to minimise significance is predicted temporary effects on LCA 5 Osumi River Valley. Kp 131-142 to arise and this is designated sensitive attributed to the The riverine landscape at LCA 1 is a designated sensitive wetland. wetland temporary disruption to The landscapes associated with the River Osumi are unique • The landscape will be these riverine wetland landscapes which will be affected temporarily by the reinstated following landscapes. construction works. completion of the pipeline construction works. LCA 2 – Mountain hinterland of Vendreshe region. Kp 113-123 • The landscape will be Not Significant LCA 4 - Farmed and afforested ridgeline of the Polican region. reinstated following A not significant impact Kp 125 – 131 completion of the will arise and this is pipeline construction LCA 6 Hilly Farmland in the vicinity of Berat. Kp 142 – 154 attributed to the works. temporary nature of the LCA 7 Wide flat farmed valley of the River Semani. Kp 154-166 construction works. LCA 8 Flat Farmed Plains of the Kutalli and Strum Regions Kp 166-171. Temporary impacts will arise in these landscapes as a result of the pipeline construction works

West Section LCA 1 - Flat farmed plains of the Fier region. Kp 171-180 • The landscape will be Not Significant LCA 2 – River Semani. Kp 180-181 reinstated following A not significant impact completion of the LCA 3 – Flat farmed plains of the Mbrostar Region. Kp 181-189 will arise and this is pipeline construction attributed to the LCA 4 – Hilly farmland of the Vajkan Area. Kp 189-192 works. temporary nature of the LCA 5 River Semani. Kp 192-193 construction works. LCA 6 – Flat farmed plains of the Semani region. Kp 193- 204 Temporary impacts will arise as a result of the pipeline construction works. Vegetation losses will be minimal as there are no extensive areas of woodland. The construction works will not affect any designated landscapes. LCA 7 – Coastal farmland of Topoje. Kp 204-209 • The landscape will be Minor The construction works will result in temporary loss of coastal reinstated following An impact of minor marshland which is the dominant land cover. completion of the significance is predicted pipeline construction to arise and this is works. attributed to the temporary disruption to the coastal marshland landscape. ERM (2012)

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8.10.2.2 Ridge Modifications

The installation of the pipeline in mountainous areas will require some modifications to the topography. During construction, the peaks or crests of affected sections will be partly removed in order to allow pipe laying works to take place on a limited but flat working strip measuring between 16 m (plus 1 m on either side totalling 18 m width) and 28 m.

Impacts on landscape and visual amenity will arise during construction. The duration of the construction impacts for the buried 209 km cross-country pipeline is estimated at approximately 3.5 years in total and at some stage during this period, construction activities relating to the proposed ridge modifications will be taking place affecting almost 29 km of the pipeline route in total. Impacts during construction will be temporary and will be derived from the following:

• Presence and movement of construction site, equipment and traffic; and

• Activities associated with vegetation clearance and soil stripping;

8.10.2.2.1 Mitigation Measures

Measures will be taken to protect and retain existing vegetation as outlined for the pipeline generally.

Ridge modification areas: spare material will be disposed permanently away from the pipeline. The material will preferably be transported to a dedicated area(s) as close as possible, where visual impacts can be minimised. Any disposal will be carried out on stable ground, compacted and re-naturalized (covered with local topsoil and start-up aid for habitat-suitable growth of vegetation) in order to avoid any later landslides or excessive erosion on the deposit. The shape of the spoil deposit will be profiled and landscaped in order to minimise any impact on visual amenity, in a way which is sympathetic with local topography. For the ridge modification areas (currently estimated at Kp 69 to Kp 70, Kp 76.6 to Kp 82.3; Kp 89.5 to Kp 101,5; Kp 114.8 to Kp 120.1; and Kp 123.9 to Kp 128.5), the use of a reduced working strip of 16 m plus 1 m on either side (totalling 18 m width) will be investigated.

8.10.2.2.2 Residual Impacts

The residual construction impacts that will arise to landscape and visual amenity are presented in Table 8.10-3. The presence of the infrastructure and the activities associated with construction will bring about direct impacts (direct physical changes) to the receiving landscape character areas and are outlined in Table 8.10-3. It should be noted that a reduced working strip is recommended to be used near sensitive ecological sites, which are detailed in Section 8.11 - Terrestrial Ecology.

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Table 8.10-3 Residual Impacts of Ridge Modifications - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk – Ridge Modification Measures to address Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction Works the Impact / Risk Ridge modifications proposed at Kp 69 – 70 Not Significant - Minor Afforested Hills of the Vithkuq Region Kp 60 The construction activities are temporary and – 82 in the Central East Section. Direct will be temporary sources of landscape and construction impacts measuring 1 km in visual effect. Vegetation losses and changes to length will arise. topography will begin occur during construction which will contribute to the effects. Ridge modifications proposed at Kp 76.6 – Not Significant - Minor 82.3 The construction activities are temporary and Afforested Hills of the Vithkuq Region Kp 60 will be temporary sources of landscape and – 82 in the Central East Section. Direct visual effect. Vegetation losses and changes to construction impacts measuring 5.7 km in topography will begin occur during construction length will arise. which will contribute to the effects. Ridge modifications proposed at Kp 89.5 – • Protect (with Not Significant - Minor 101.5 temporary fencing) The construction activities are temporary and Afforested Hills of the Potom Region Kp 91 an area of ancient will be temporary sources of landscape and – 102 in the Central East Section. Direct non coppiced visual effect. Vegetation losses and changes to construction impacts measuring 12 km in woodland near to topography will begin occur during construction length will arise. Kp 98 - 99. which will contribute to the effects. Ridge modifications proposed at Kp 114.8 – Not Significant - Minor 120.1 The construction activities are temporary and Mountain Hinterland of Vendreshe region will be temporary sources of landscape and Kp 113 – 123 in the Central West Section. visual effect. Vegetation losses and changes to Direct construction impacts measuring 5.3 topography will begin occur during construction km in length will arise. which will contribute to the effects. Ridge modifications proposed at Kp 123.9- Not Significant - Minor 128.5 The construction activities are temporary and Farmed and Afforested Ridgelines of the will be temporary sources of landscape and Polican region Kp 125 – 130 in the Central visual effect. Vegetation losses and changes to West Section. Direct construction impacts topography will begin occur during construction measuring 4.6 in length will arise. which will contribute to the effects. ERM (2012)

8.10.2.3 Compressor Stations During construction, there will be short term landscape and visual impacts from activities on the site of each of the proposed compressor stations including the following:

• Clearance of vegetation and topsoil removal to accommodate the compressor stations CS02 and CS03;

• Construction of the buildings, structures, internal roads and boundary fence associated with the compressor stations;

• A temporary construction camp including offices and canteen facilities;

• Machinery and material storage and plant and vehicle movements and tall cranes;

• In-situ concrete works including false work, shuttering and reinforcement; and

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• Construction site lighting, in particular during the winter months.

8.10.2.3.1 Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures will be similar to that outlined for the pipeline.

• Hoardings will be introduced to visually screen construction activities around the compressor stations;

• Night time lighting will be restricted to normal hours of working for construction works;

• Existing vegetation to be retained will be protected. Fencing will be introduced to safeguard same; and

• All sites will be maintained in tidy condition. Construction areas will be watered to damp down dust and minimise visibility of same.

8.10.2.3.2 Residual Impacts

The residual construction impacts that will arise to landscape and visual amenity are presented in Table 8.10-4.

Table 8.10-4 Residual Impacts of Compressor Stations - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk – Compressor Station Significance of Measures to addess the Impact / Risk Construction Works Residual Impacts/Risk CS2 near settlement of Trestenik – eastern Minor end of alignment. Use of temporary visual screens to minimise Direct physical change to LCA 1 Flat the visibility of construction activities and The minor impact Riverine Farmland of the Devoll Region. lighting will be desirable in both site locations significance reflects the where the receiving landscape is a visually temporary nature of the CS3 near settlement of Fier – western end exposed lowland. construction activities. of alignment. Direct physical change to LCA 1 Flat Settled Farmland of Fier. Note: proposed measures to be detailed and implemented in the final design of the Project are presented in ITALICS ERM (2012)

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8.10.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.10.3.1 Buried Pipeline, Roads and Block Valve Stations

Once constructed, the proposed TAP will be buried underground and will, with time as the farmland recovers, no longer be a source of landscape and visual impact throughout most of the pipeline corridor. The working corridor measuring up to 38 m width will present visually as a bare top soiled surface immediately following completion of construction. Farming activities will resume on this reinstated topsoil surface. The working corridor will be a source of landscape and visual impact, until farming activities become fully established and the land recovers to become indistinguishable from the adjacent undisturbed farmed land cover. This will arise throughout most of the pipeline corridor except in some areas where permanent removal of deep rooting plants, including trees, will be evident as a result of the 8 m wide PPS.

The block valve stations will be present at specific locations along the route adjacent to the pipeline and will represent new and permanent elements introduced into the receiving landscape. These will be visually exposed in the bare top soiled working corridor.

Sections of new road routes will be present as permanent new features in specific areas of the receiving landscape.

8.10.3.1.1 Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures that will apply throughout the length of the route will include the reinstatement of land cover to that originally removed where feasible. Proposed woodland and hedgerow planting will be reinstated to replace that lost during construction. These reinstatement works will apply to most of the 38 m wide temporary working strip. An 8 m corridor centred on the centreline of the pipeline has been identified, the PPS, in which no woody vegetation or woody crops can be reinstated. Thus, in the case of the pipeline, the farmed landscape will be restored to its former condition, in most cases, with little long term or residual impacts. Residual impacts (impacts following mitigation) will only be apparent in an 8 m strip, and only in locations where woodland, scrub, or woody crop types (vines, orchards and olives) are currently present.

New mitigation planting will be introduced into the landscape for the purpose of integrating proposed block valve stations and proposed roads into the receiving landscape and visually screening them from the surrounding viewers.

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8.10.3.1.2 Residual Impacts

The long term residual impacts of the pipeline block valve stations and roads on landscape and visual amenity will be not significant for the majority of the landscape character areas. This is because the majority of the farmed landscapes (which present non-wooded crops) will be restored to their former condition and mitigation planting will be introduced to visually screen the proposed block valve stations and small sections of proposed roads.

Table 8.10-5 presents a summary of the residual impacts associated with the pipeline, block valve stations and roads on landscape and visual amenity. Site specific mitigation measures are presented and these will apply in addition to the mitigation measures detailed above. The table below focuses on selected landscape character areas where the residual impacts are of a minor significance or greater.

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Table 8.10-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Landscape and Visual Amenity – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk – Pipeline Operation and Maintenance Measures to Significance of address the Impact Residual Impacts/Risk / Risk East Section LCA 3 – Narrow mountain pass of the Proger Region. Kp 17-23.5 Kp 20 – Mitigation Minor Permanent loss of Sclerophyllus vegetation to accommodate the PPS. planting to visually The scale of the screen proposed Introduction of Block valve station into the receiving landscape. permanent change is so block valve station small relative to the Visibility of these changes from the upland landscape of the Morava scale of this landscape. mountains. LCA 6. Riverine farmland of the Dunavec River Valley Kp 40-52 Mitigation planting to Minor New sections of proposed road will result in visual impacts for visually screen The magnitude of residents of the settlement of Bovostice proposed road change to the viewer is small. Central East Section LCA 1 Waterscape and Hill farmland of Gjanci Reservoir. Kp 52- Replacement woody Minor 60 planting will take The scale of the Permanent woody vegetation losses will arise within the PPS during place except within permanent change is the operational period. These changes will hardly affect the scenic the 8m corridor small relative to the lakeland landscape of this area. defined by the PPS. scale of the landscape character area. LCA 2 - Mountain and upland farmland of the Vithkuq Region. Mitigation planting Minor Kp 60-77 will visually screen The scale of the change Extensive permanent woody vegetation losses will arise in this the PPS in a is small and will be landscape from Kp 60-77. landscape which is scarcely noticeable in characterised by A block valve station will be present at Kp 68. this landscape when woodland. This will mitigation planting is Sections of proposed road will follow the pipeline alignment visually screen the established. block valve station and the proposed road combined with pipeline alignment. LCA 3 – Ostrovice Mountain Ridge. Kp 77-84 Mitigation planting Moderate Extensive permanent woody vegetation losses will arise in this will be beneficial to The scale of the change landscape from Kp 77 – 82.5. visually screen the with mitigation planting proposed structures in place will be medium. in this landscape This landscape is an from viewers passing elevated and visually through the area or prominent mountain roads and tracks. ridgeline and is therefore highly sensitive to change. LCA 4 - Afforested hills of the Potom Region. Kp 84-97. Mitigation planting Minor Extensive permanent woody vegetation losses will arise in this will visually screen The scale of the change landscape from Kp 84-97. the PPS in a is small and will be landscape which is A block valve station will be present at Kp 91. scarcely noticeable in characterised by this landscape when Sections of proposed road will be constructed. woodland. This will mitigation planting is visually screen the established. block valve station and the proposed road.

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Impact / Risk – Pipeline Operation and Maintenance Measures to Significance of address the Impact Residual Impacts/Risk / Risk Central West Section LCA 1 – Riverine and mountain landscape in the vicinity of Mitigation planting Minor Corovode. Kp 97-108 will visually screen The changes to this Permanent broad-leaved woodland losses will arise to facilitate the the PPS. This will landscape are small in PPS which must be clear of wooded vegetation. visually screen the scale and the sensitive block valve station landscape associated Riparian vegetation losses will arise at three locations where the River and the proposed Osumi is crossed. with the River Osumi road. will be restored to its Permanent road will be introduced in the landscape. Riparian planting will former condition over be introduced to time. reinstate the River Osumi landscape. LCA 2 – Mountain hinterland of Vendreshe region. Kp 108-118 Mitigation planting Minor Permanent vegetation losses required to facilitate the PPS will apply will visually screen The scale of the change throughout most of the alignment as it passes through this landscape the PPS. This will to the landscape is character area. visually screen the small and is derived block valve station A short section of road will follow in part the pipeline alignment. from the permanent and the proposed vegetation losses in a At Kp 112.5 a Block Valve Station will be constructed. road. landscape which features woodland and scrub. LCA 5 Osumi River Valley. Kp 126-137 Mitigation planting Minor Permanent vegetation losses will be required to facilitate the PPS. will visually screen The scale of the change the PPS. This will to the landscape is The river landscape will have recovered from the crossings activities visually screen the performed during the construction of the pipeline. small and is derived block valve station. from the permanent At Kp 134, a block valve station will be present permanently. Riparian planting will vegetation losses in a be introduced to landscape which reinstate the Osumi features woodland and River landscape scrub. The Osumi River will be restored to its former condition. West Section All landscape character areas in this section will not be significantly affected during the operation and maintenance phase. ERM 2012)

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8.10.3.2 Ridge Modifications

Operational impacts will arise as a result of permanent vegetation losses as already outlined in Table 8.10-5 above for the pipeline generally. Impacts will arise also from permanent modifications to existing topography arising from the proposed ridge modifications.

8.10.3.2.1 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

During the operational lifetime of the TAP, restoration earthworks performed at the temporary working strip (16 + 2 m) area will reinstate topsoil and, where possible, vegetation cover to the permanently modified ridgelines. Reinstatement will take place in a way that vegetation (e.g. grass) can grow at the PPS (8 m) and around the permanent driving lane of 5 m that will remain for maintainace. Whilst mitigation planting is proposed to be reinstated in this area, this may establish and grow very slowly during the operational phase, and in some areas it may not establish at all. This is as a result of the high elevations, thin soil cover and the steep sided slopes associated with these mountainous landscapes. Mitigation planting is likely to grow and provide visual screening at lower elevations and on gentler slopes. For Residual Impacts refer to Table 8.10-3.

8.10.3.2.2 Long Term Residual Impacts on Landscape, Landscape Character and Visual Amenity

Indirect impacts on the character of the surrounding landscape will arise as a result of the visibility of the Project activities, namely the changes to topography and permanent vegetation losses. In all locations, the scale of the change will be small relative to the large scale mountainous landscape in which these changes will occur.

The zones of theoretical visibility (ZTV) illustrated in Figures 8.7-1 to 8.7-5 (presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7) indicate that the ridge modifications will be theoretically visible from certain locations up to a distance of 27 km away.

The visual impact of these will be experienced by viewers such as residents of dwellings, road users and visitors living or visiting the area. The visual impact of the proposal has been assessed at ten fixed viewpoint locations and these are summarised in Table 8.10-6. Photomontages of the proposal have been prepared for viewpoints L-60, L-70 and L-71 and these are illustrated in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7, Figure 8.7-6.

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Table 8.10-6 Visual Impacts of Proposed Ridge Modifications at Fixed Viewpoint Locations

Location and viewer type Sensitivity of Magnitude of change Visual impact viewpoint in view significance L-71 - Helmesi (see photomontage Figure 8.7-6 in High Small Moderate Annex 8.1, Section 8.7) L-72 – Backe High Small Minor L-73 – Potom High Small Minor L-43 – Veseshte High Small Minor L-45 – Zogas High Medium Moderate L-57 – Therpel High Medium Moderate L-60 – Remote valley location (see photomontage High Medium Moderate Figure 8.7-6 in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7) L-64 – Ibrollare High Medium Moderate L-68 – Zgerbonje High Small Minor L-70 – Polican (see photomontage Figures 8.7-6 in High Imperceptible Not Significant Annex 8.1, Section 8.7) ERM (2012)

8.10.3.3 Compressor Stations

Impacts will be derived from the introduction of the proposed compressor stations, namely CS02 into a remote rural farmed location east of the settlement of Trestenik and CS03 into a flat farmed site near the city of Fier. Large scale industrial structures will be present in these rural landscapes. Farmland and vegetation losses will arise. An area measuring 675 m x 600 m will be modified in order to accommodate CS02 and an area measuring 575 x 600 m will be lost in order to accommodate CS03.

8.10.3.4 Mitigation Measures

The proposed structures will be finished in a colour selected to mitigate or minimise visual impacts. Mitigation planting comprising woodland and shrub understorey species mix will be introduced. This will provide partial visual screening of the proposal in the early years of operation. As the woodland reaches maturity approaching 15–20 m height, most of the proposal will be visually screened apart from the taller elements such as the stacks. A landscape restoration plan will be developed drawing from existing landscape character and vegetation patterns, and native species will be selected to match those locally found in the area. Any required lighting will be of a downward directional type in order to minimise light spill to the surrounding area.

8.10.3.5 Long Term Residual Impacts on Landscape, Landscape Character and Visual Amenity

The introduction of the proposed structures, namely very large buildings and large hard surfaced areas associated with the compressor stations will add man-made elements, some of which are

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Residual impacts on landscape character will arise as a result of the visibility of the structures from the surrounding landscape. The zones of theoretical visibility (ZTVs) presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7 Figure 8.7-7 for CS02 and Figure 8.7-8 for CS03, illustrate the areas from which the proposals will be visible. This is discussed below with respect to the landscape character areas identified in the 15 km radius study area defined for each compressor station.

8.10.3.5.1 Compressor Station CS02

The proposed compressor station CS02 will be located within the Flat Riverine Farmland of the Devoll Region local landscape character area and as a result, direct impacts will arise. The character of this landscape will be indirectly affected by the visibility of the facility, specifically the larger scale elements such as the turbine compressor buildings. These will be visible from the relatively flat open farmland that surrounds the site as there is little woodland vegetation to provide visual screening of same. Taking all of the above into account, a medium magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of medium sensitivity resulting in a moderate impact on landscape character.

The proposed compressor station lies outside the Mountains and Foothills of the Morava Mountain Range local landscape character area and therefore no direct impacts will arise in this landscape. The proposed compressor station will be visible from many elevated locations in the east facing slopes of these mountains and foothills where vegetation screens are absent. The compressor station will be located at least 10 km from this landscape at the nearest point and will therefore be seen as a small element in this vast landscape. A small magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of high sensitivity resulting in a minor impact on landscape character.

The proposed compressor station lies outside the Mountain Hinterland to Lake Prespa local landscape character area and therefore no direct impacts will arise in this landscape. The proposed compressor station will be visible only from small elevated areas in the north western part of this landscape. A small magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of high sensitivity resulting in a minor impact on landscape character.

The visual impacts of the proposed compressor station CS02 will affect viewers such as residents of dwellings, road users and visitors living or visiting the area. The visual impacts of the proposal have been measured at five fixed viewpoint locations and these are summarised in Table 8.10-7. Photomontages of the CS02 site have been prepared and are presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7, Figure 8.7-9.

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Table 8.10-7 Visual Impacts of Proposed Compressor Station CS02

Location and viewer type Sensitivity of Magnitude of change in Visual impacts viewpoint view significance L-1 – Farmland north east of Trestenik High Large Major L-2 – Settlement of Trestenik High Medium Moderate to Major. L-3 – Road between Trestenik and Kurile Low Small - Medium Minor - Moderate L-4 – Settlement of Bracanj High Small Minor L-7 – Grapsh High Imperceptible Small Not Significant - Minor ERM (2012)

8.10.3.5.2 Compressor Station CS03

The proposed compressor station CS03 will be located within the Flat Settled Farmland of Fier local landscape character area and as a result, direct impacts will arise. The character of this landscape will be indirectly affected by the 1.5 m elevation of the site and the construction of the proposed structures, which will lead to the visibility of the larger scale elements such as the turbine compressor buildings. These will be visible from the relatively flat open farmland for a 5 km radius around the site. The landscape here is flat and there is little vegetation cover. Long range views will be available throughout; especially the taller structures will visually stand out in stark contrast to the surroundings. The proposed compressor station will also be visible from isolated patches of flat farmland to the south and east. Taking all of the above into account, a medium magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of medium sensitivity resulting in a moderate impact on landscape character.

The proposed compressor station lies outside the Urban Area of Fier local landscape character area and therefore no direct impacts will arise in this landscape. The proposed compressor station will not be visible from within the City of Fier due to the built up nature of this urban area. Only the north western edge of the city will be affected and at distances of approximately 9 km, the proposal will, if visible, be very small. A small magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of low sensitivity resulting in a not significant impact on landscape character.

The proposed compressor station lies outside the Semani River Valley Farmland local landscape character area and therefore no direct impacts will arise in this landscape. The proposed compressor station will be visible throughout this river landscape according to the Zone of Theoretical Visibility. In reality, the wooded vegetation on the banks of the river will visually screen the structure from this landscape. An imperceptible magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of low sensitivity resulting in a not significant impact on landscape character.

In the case of the Coastal and Estuarine Farmland at the River Semani, there will be many opportunities to view the proposal according to the Zone of Theoretical Visibility, however in reality; the marsh vegetation is likely to screen in part the proposal from view. A small magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of medium sensitivity resulting in a minor impact on landscape character.

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The proposed compressor station lies outside the Mountain Hinterland of Fier local landscape character area and therefore no direct impacts will arise in this landscape. Isolated small patches of the northern edge of this landscape will be affected by the visibility of the proposed structures. A small magnitude of change is predicted to arise in the landscape of medium sensitivity resulting in a minor impact on landscape character.

The visual impacts of the proposed compressor station CS03 will affect viewers such as residents of dwellings, road users and visitors living or visiting the area. The visual impacts of the proposal have been measured at five fixed viewpoint locations and these are summarised in Table 8.10-8. Photomontages of the CS03 site have been prepared and are presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.7, Figure 8.7-10.

Table 8.10-8 Visual Impacts of Proposed Compressor Station CS03

Location and viewer type Sensitivity of Magnitude of Visual impacts viewpoint change in view significance L-95 – Edge of Seman Kavaklli High Large Major L-96 –Settlement of Gjokalli High Large Major L97 – Sheq – Marinas (refer to photomontage in High Medium Moderate Annex 8.1, Section 8.7, Figure 8.7-10) L-99 – Road between Topoje and Sea Low Small - Medium Minor - Moderate L-88 – Settlement of Petove High Small Minor ERM (2012)

8.10.4 Decommissioning Phase

At the end of the operational lifetime of the TAP, the compressor stations and the block valve stations will be dismantled and the landscape will be restored to its former condition or to that which is consistent with the character of the landscape at the time of decommissioning. The dismantling of the stations will remove technical elements from the landscape.

As set out in Section 8.1, the pipeline will be decommissioned, but it cannot be said today if this will be either by abandonment in place or by removal from the ground. In the first case this would not cause further temporary landscape and visual impacts, in the latter case temporary impacts similar to construction would occur. In either case, woody vegetation including woodland and woody crop types will be allowed to re-establish and the then former PPS and the 8 m wide protection strip would no longer be apparent in the landscape as adjacent land uses establish themselves.

The changes to the topography of the mountains associated with the ridge modifications are likely to remain indefinitely. The artificial or man made efforts to restore this landscape to exactly its former landform may not be feasible owing to the risk of soil erosion. Vegetation will re- establish itself very slowly over time owing to the thin soils and steep sided slopes in this area.

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Overall, the decommissioning phase of the TAP will not be significant in landscape and visual terms and this takes account of the temporary nature of the decommissioning works which are partly a reversal of the construction procedure. 8.10.5 Summary - Impacts on Landscape and Visual Amenity

The 209 km long pipeline section in Albania will be buried in the ground and will therefore; as a feature itself, not be visible. Construction activities, especially the working strip and activities will be visible during several months of construction. Typically, years after site restoration and planting works the pipeline route will be integrated into the landscape. Still the pipeline route will remain visible in the landscape as a narrow corridor where it crosses woody vegetation and permanent cultures such as orchards and vineyards, as the pipeline protection strip of 8 m width must be keep free from woody vegetation. This corridor would mainly be visible from a distance in particular where the pipeline route is running perpendicular on wooded slopes. In addition, new roads of total 38 km which have to be built for construction access may locally affect views.

Only above ground installations, most prominently the compressor stations CS02 and CS03 with a building of about 20 m height, and each station with five stacks (one dedicated stack per turbine unit) of about 30 m, plus a single 70 m high vent, will be visible. The site for CS02 is located in undulating terrain near the hill lands towards the Greek border and will be levelled; CS03 is located in the coastal floodplain and will be elevated by 1.5 m above the flat terrain. CS02 will be seen from more places at a distance due to the surrounding topography. Distance to the closest settlements for both stations is 1–2 km, but photomontages from representative viewpoints and the villages indicate that the present rural area character will be noticeably changed. To mitigate the technical impression of the installations, it is foreseen to use a colour scheme for the buildings that make them less prominent against the rural background, and to plant vegetation screens composed of trees around and in the vicinity of the stations. These will become effective once the vegetation has matured after about 10 years, and for near distance views would conceal most of the buildings, leaving only stacks and vent to be visible. Further detailed planning will specify these measures in a Landscape Design Plan for each station. The 10 block valve stations along the route are relatively small sized features with no significant impacts on the landscape.

The Project sections across the remote Ostrovice Mountain ridge will result in changes to the ridge topography. Five sections of ridge line, totalling up to approximately 28.5 km (subject to further engineering planning), will be modified to the south and west of Ostrovice Mountain. Where the route runs on the ridgeline, modification will provide a construction platform a minimum of 16 m (plus 1 m on either side totalling 18 m width). Cut material will be deposited at suitable slopes and landscaped. View shed analysis and photomontages confirm that visual impacts from these ridge modifications will be not significant for views from settlements in the vicinity, since the viewpoints are all below the modified areas. Further, a reduction of ridgeline height by a few metres is visually irrelevant when compared to the height of the ridges as topographic features, thus will not be visible from surrounding settlements. From higher

Page 206 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures elevations such as from the roads and tracks the Ostrovice Mountain area, occasional local users will however see the ridge modifications. The modified ridge lines will likely remain bare rock, as due to the topographic and climatic conditions, there are very limited possibilities for landscape mitigation. However, the area is not currently a tourist area and is only sparsely populated, thus the number of affected viewers is likely to be limited.

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8.11 Onshore – Terrestrial Ecology 8.11.1 Overview

During the development of the pipeline route, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts on biodiversity in line with EBRD PR6 and IFC PS6 (refer to Annex 8.1, Section 8.5 for assessment criteria) through the appraisal, route-refinement and final assessment which has included the avoidance of key ecologically sensitive areas (including a major re-routing of the pipe around Bredhi Hotova National Park and the Morova candidate Emerald Site [ASCI]).

Box 8.11-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on terrestrial ecology. Terrestrial ecology, in the context of this report, pertains to flora and fauna, their habitats and the relationship between them, inclusive of all living and non-living matters contained within a particular environment. Box 8.11-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology

Sources of Impacts • Construction phase: Preparation of the working strip; River crossings; Construction of roads, CS and BVS; Grid Connections; Construction of temporary facilities (camps and yards); Movements of vehicle, equipment and personnel; Use of water and raw materials; Waste management; Operation of construction camps. • Operation and maintenance phase: Noise and light generated from operations of Compressor and Block Valve Stations; Movements of vehicle, equipment and personnel; Waste management; Maintenance of 8 m Protection Strip and access roads (some are optional). • Decommissioning phase: Construction of temporary facilities; Movements of vehicles, equipment and personnel; Operation of construction camps; Decommissioning of CS and BVS; Waste management. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Habitat, Flora and Fauna, Soils, Designated areas (i.e National Parks, Nature Monuments, ACI, ASCI). Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Remote areas with no current access where protected species dwell. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Construction camp management, waste management, traffic management, timing of works, river crossing techniques, level of physical disturbance (ie. noise, light, visual, vibration, water quality). References • Baseline is found in Section 6.5.1. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.3. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Table 8.11-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on the terrestrial ecology. It should be noted that some Project elements including the access road between Vithkuq-Ostrovice are still currently optional. However, following the precautionary principle and for the purposes of this assessment it has been assumed that they will be included in the final Project design.

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Table 8.11-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology

Activity Construction Operational & Decommissioning Phase Maintenance Phase Phase Habitat loss/ degradation X X Habitat fragmentation X X Species loss X X X Disturbance and/or displacement for species X X X Barrier effects on faunal species X X Edge effects on faunal species X X ERM (2012)

In the following sections for each phase of the Project each of the above impacts as outlined has been expanded giving information on how each source is likely to have impacts on receptors and the mitigation measures inbuilt within the Project.

Of the likely impacts and the receptors that may be affected a scoping exercise was undertaken to establish the sensitivity of areas and species that may be affected by the various elements of the Project. This scoping exercise utilised the seven criteria set out by the EBRD PR6 (see Annex 8.1, Section 8.5) to establish sensitivity. The eventual rating of Low, Medium or High was then used in conjunction with the magnitude of impacts to work out the overall assessment. The scoping table for this exercise can be seen in Annex 8.1, Section 8.5.

From this exercise it was possible to identify that a large proportion of the habitat across the study area, is not of high ecological value on its own being highly modified, fragmented and regularly disturbed (482 ha being agricultural land of the total of 795 ha within the working strip). These areas do still support important habitat for faunal and floral species although overall impacts from Project activities are considered to be minor for these areas (following mitigation) as habitats already exist within a mosaic, are regularly disturbed and modified and should be easy to restore from the temporary works activities.

From the scoping exercise it was also possible to identify key areas along the route in which areas of high ecological value are present and are (1) located within proposed or existing Protected Areas, (2) listed as European Habitats, (3) of high botanical value or (4) of importance in supporting faunal assemblages, or any combination of the above. Such habitat areas are the key sites where this study has focused, and are where mitigation and compensation measures will be most important. Impacts on other areas, while locally important, are likely to be of minor or of negligible significance once all mitigation, inbuilt or additional, has been implemented (refer Annex 8.1, Section 8.5 for further details).

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It should be noted that some areas do fall outside these key areas although they are still of local importance for species or species which move through the wider landscape. Examples of these areas include the Gjanci Reservoir (Kp 55 – 56) offering important habitat for Otter (L. lutra), Brown bear (U. arctos) (both recorded), waterbirds, amphibians, aquatic reptiles and fish, forests near Bogova Managed Nature Reserve (Kp 119 - 121), riparian habitat dominated by Oriental plane (P. orientalis), White willow (S. alba), Wig (C. coggygria), Mastic (P. lenticus), Prickly Juniper (J. oxycerdus) and Pennyroyal (M. pulagium), riparian habitats found in Fushe Peshtan (with possible otter holts) and Petrova Reservoir (Kp 190). In addition some faunal species of high importance will reside at least in part outside of any key habitat areas identified and as such careful mitigation development will have to be created to reduce impacts for such species which include many birds as well as Otter (L. lutra) and, Brown bear (U. arctos).

8.11.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.11.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.11.2.1.1 Habitat Loss / Habitat Degradation

Habitat loss can comprise of the following, direct loss, through single or multiple sources, from clearance, conversion of the original habitat to a new habitat type, modification of an existing habitat (changing it’s ecological functions), or degradation of a habitat to a point where it is of low quality and can be thought of as lost. Loss of habitats can also result in habitat changing in such a way that it becomes incapable of supporting species requirements, it may also be a catalyst for other associated impacts namely habitat fragmentation, direct and indirect species loss, and species disturbance and displacement.

Summary of Impact Sources

The loss of natural or European habitats from Project activities amounts to 376.42 ha from the preparation of working strip of which 103.7 ha (or 27.5%) are made up of forest habitats. Additionally, habitat loss will occur for the creation of the grid connections and where roads are constructed / upgraded, and in areas required for the permanent and temporary facilities such as block valve stations, storage yards, and construction camps.

In many places along the pipeline route, vegetation will be allowed to re-establish after construction works within the 38 m working strip are completed. However, there remains the 8 m PPS where only annual crops or low vegetation are allowed to ensure access is available for pipeline maintenance activities (total of 167 ha). In areas where the pipeline passes through natural or semi-natural environments, this will hence convert the habitat type and has been considered in the assessment of the construction phase rather than operation when the change may occur. Where vegetation in the working strip consists of mature trees and other mature vegetation, loss of such habitat will be permanent whether outside the PPS or not.

All impacts outlined above are from direct sources. However, secondary or induced impacts which may be of significance are associated with improved access following road construction

Page 210 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures and habitat degradation. Improved access resulting from new and upgraded roads allowing access to previously inaccessible land which may in turn lead to further habitat loss following or during construction from activities such as illegal logging. Degradation of habitats refers to reduction in habitat quality and function which will mainly be caused through reduction of biodiversity and ecosystem services which may lead to further habitat loss in those areas concerned. Changes in species abundance and diversity as a result of habitat loss and other activities such as hunting may alter the ecosystem functions and processes which will alter habitat viability. As part of this assessment it will be impossible to quantify the extent of such impacts and as such a precautionary approach has been taken when assessing these indirect impacts.

8.11.2.1.2 Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation is mainly a product of habitat loss and involves isolation of one fragment of habitat to another, separation of a larger habitat into smaller fragments, increase in the edge to interior habitat size ratio, and decrease in the average size of remaining fragments (Bissonette & Storc, 2002; Ewers & Didham, 2006). The effect of such fragmentation directly impacts the distribution of floral and faunal species. Fauna in particular, while mobile, may be affected through limitations imposed on their movement range which can lead to crowding effects (reduced territory size), increased competition, reduced gene flow and eventual reduced breeding success and possibly survivorship. Displacement and disturbance of species may occur more commonly due to reduced presence of refuge areas in remaining fragments where species are protected from noise and visual stimuli.

Summary of Impact Sources

Impact sources are derived from those previously described that result in habitat loss. Associated secondary impacts include edge effects where species originally located in the interior of a habitat parcel are consequently exposed to the edge of the remaining parcel. These species are adapted to low disturbance conditions and may be ill equipped to survive the more dynamic edge environment where conditions such as high light intensity and harsher weather conditions may all cause impacts to the species and the habitat it is within or is part of (Goosem et al. 2010).

Impacts from habitat fragmentation are likely to affect only certain parts of the study area. The permanent or temporary nature of those impacts, the habitats likely to be affected, their location and proportion of area within the wider environment are evaluated to assess the magnitude and significance of the impacts it will have to the ecology of the area (refer to Annex 8.1, Section 8.5). As with habitat loss, where fragmentation occurs in mature forest which cannot be replaced impacts are likely to be more significant than in areas where habitat can easily re-develop or where species present are unlikely to be affected.

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8.11.2.1.3 Direct Species Loss

Species loss constitutes the removal of species from a particular area, either directly or indirectly, and can be temporary or permanent. Species loss may involve a single individual, single population, multiple populations of a single species, or a group of species. Direct loss occurs where a species is removed from its habitat as a consequence of a particular activity such as hunting, harvesting and translocation. Indirect loss occurs when a species is lost as a consequence of prey depletion, reduction in habitat viability for feeding or breeding, increased competition, and introduction of invasive species (Nelson, et al. 2006).

Summary of Impact Sources

Flora species will be directly affected from working strip preparation, road construction, and construction of facilities mainly through vegetation removal. Direct loss of fauna species will generally be associated with macrofauna and will result mostly from equipment movements, earth moving and removal of vegetation. Further limited species loss (which may include mammals and birds) may also result from accidental strikes with vehicle on access roads to and from construction sites, camps and yards.

Species may also be indirectly affected through increased hunting or harvesting during or after the construction phase due to improved access to previously inaccessible areas.Indirect loss of internationally and locally protected fauna species such as Roe deer (C. capreolus) and Wild boar (S. scrofa) may occur through hunting. In addition it may be the case that hunting activities are not limited to the wild boar and roe deer and that other ‘secondary’ species are targeted as well. Among these species brown bear (U. arctos), wolf (C. lupus), prey birds and carnivores such as the beech marten (M. martes) could be affected.

Impact on species may also result from indirect habitat loss and fragmentation from increased indirect forest logging (particularly in the Corovoda and Vithkuq - Ostrovice forest areas). It is expected that species such as Wolf (C. lupus), Brown bear (U. arctos), and bird species including Eagle (Aquila sp.), and Woodpecker species (Picidae sp.) may be directly affected.

Indirect habitat loss and fragmentation will have associated impacts such as reduction in habitat viability and quality, prey availability, and increased competition for food and space. Species loss may also be attributed to barrier effects, where indirect impacts from logging, hunting, recreation or road use result in a long-term physical or behavioural barrier being created which may cause permanent displacement of species in an area, contributing to further reduction in habitat quality and viability.

Permanent species loss generally relates to floral species currently located within areas to be cleared for establishment of the working strip and permanent facilities while temporary loss of floral species involves areas where habitat restoration is viable and vegetation is not mature. For fauna species, direct impacts are likely to be mainly temporary where species loss is restricted to activities mostly undertaken during construction. Removal of temporary facilities will reduce the long term impacts on species assuming restoration is carried out adequately. Indirect species loss may be considered permanent where habitat alteration or loss generally occurs for the long-

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8.11.2.1.4 Disturbance and Displacement of Species

Construction activities can directly and indirectly cause disturbance to species, either on a temporary or permanent scale. Project activities involve impacts where the type of equipment used, number of personnel involved, and timing and location where activities are conducted are major factors influencing the level of disturbance and displacement. Where construction zones, camps, yards and the roads between these Project facilities are present, impacts from disturbance will occur. Roads in particular will have a large footprint and will be regularly used. Construction zones, camps and yards may produce higher intensity of emissions; however impacts will generally be more discreet.

Disturbance may be defined as discrete events that disrupt ecosystem, community or population structures or in some way alter resource levels, i.e. food and space, but it may also influence the survival of individual species and reduce the function of an area for breeding, commuting or feeding (Cutts et al. 2008). Impacts that may cause disturbance will vary but key sources from construction will include changing visual, noise or light conditions as well as those from vibration (Cutts et al. 2008).

Displacement is often the result of sustained disturbance and occurs when a species, or group of species, is exposed to factors which cause it (or them) to avoid, or move away from the area where the factors are present. Species displacement may cause disruption in the species natural range and lifecycle which may result from habitat loss and degradation and it may lead to population fragmentation, limitation of gene flow and behavioural changes such as changes in grazing patterns and pollination (Rico et al. 2007).

Certain factors may also cause a barrier effect where exposure to these factors may prevent affected species to access areas within their natural range or lifecycles. The barrier effect applies to both physical (i.e. fencing, gates, etc.) and non-physical barriers (e.g. light, noise, etc.). The presence of these barriers may result in changes in the biology of the species concerned especially when the species possess a wide natural range such as Brown bear and Wolf.

Summary of Impact Sources

Disturbance mainly relates to fauna species and will result from visual, light, noise and vibration produced from project activities and facilities. Species disturbed by such impacts may lead to behavioural changes such as reduced breeding/ foraging time and duration, selection of breeding/ foraging sites, etc. Visual and noise factors may cause avoidance behaviour where fauna species steer clear of areas with vehicle, infrastructure and personnel presence and levels of noise are generated. Increased lighting in areas where construction is conducted at night and due to increased vehicle and personnel movements may also contribute to avoidance behaviour

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These factors combined may be sufficient cause for a particular species to move away from the affected area which results in displacement of individuals and/ or populations. Species displacement will effectively reduce species abundance and diversity in the affected area which may lead to a degradation in habitat quality (refer Section 8.11.2.1.1) and indirect species loss (i.e. through prey depletion, increased competition, etc.).

8.11.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

A number of measures have been incorporated into the Project to mitigate impacts arising from Project activities to the surrounding environment. Where mitigation measures were found to be insufficient, additional measures have been recommended to further reduce the impacts as provided in the descriptive text and in Table 8.11-2. .Where impacts cannot be reduced below a minor significance level through avoidance, minimization or mitigation, to be in line with standards set out in EBRD PR6 for ‘no net loss’ to biodiversity, compensation (1) in the form of biodiversity offset (2) will be necessary. The exact extent of the offset required for the Project will need full agreement with the MoEFWA and it is currently difficult to exactly predict what this will be until detailed design is complete.

Five key habitat areas have been identified which have been assessed as being of High or Medium importance from the scoping process (refer to Annex 8.1, Section 8.5). Each of these is listed below with an assessment of impacts. It should be noted that for the Osumi River Valley (Section 8.11.2.2.4), the habitat area has been reduced to be between Kp 106 – 163 when compared to the table in Annex 8.1, Section 8.5 as this is the key habitat area for this section of the pipe route.

8.11.2.2.1 Morava - Mali I Thate (Kp 12 – Kp 26.5)

Here the pipe route passes within 2 km of the Morava candidate ASCI between Kp 12 and Kp 26.5 as well as within 3.1 km of the Mali I Thate proposed ASCI at Kp 19. The route centreline

(1) EBRD Performance Requirement (PR) 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. Point 8 of PR6 states – Measures to avoid, minimise or mitigate potentially adverse impacts and, where appropriate and as a last resort, propose compensatory measures, such as biodiversity offsets, to acheive no net loss or a net gain of the affected biodiversity. (2)Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2012. Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Loss‐Gain Calculations in Biodiversity Offsets. Biodiversity offsets are formally defined in this document as ‘measurable conservation outcomes resulting from actions designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been taken. The goal of biodiversity offsets is to achieve no net loss, and preferably a net gain of biodiversity on the ground with respect to species composition, habitat structure, ecosystem function and people’s use and cultural values associated with biodiversity’.

Page 214 of 439 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Document Title: Rev.: 03 Mitigation Measures directly crosses the Morava ASCI between Kp 13.4 and Kp 17 and again between Kp 21.7 and Kp 23. Impacts from habitat loss will result mostly from preparation of the working strip. Within the Morava site, habitat crossed is mostly agricultural and also includes the Zemblaku Dam and the main road between Korca and Bilisht which pass between corridor which separates the Mali I Thate and Morova proposed ASCIs. Impacts will be generally temporary for most habitats except for riparian and transitional woodland where impacts will be permanent. A small section on the northern edge of the Morava ASCI (total of 20.21 ha of the total site area of 29,155 ha) will be lost due to land take from pipeline and temporary facilities construction. However this area as outlined above is of limited ecological value and is likely to be more of a buffer area for this site. Within the Morava ASCI, the Cangonji Managed Nanture Reserve is located and will be passed at its closest approximately 360 m away at Kp 17.6 while the Poplar of Piluri Nature Monument is located 640 m away at Kp 16.3. Both these sites will not be directly affected by any of the proposed project activities. Impacts arising from habitat loss will cause further fragmentation of habitat between the Morava and Mali I Thate candidate ASCI sites which are an important transboundary zone between Greece, Albania and Macedonia and supports a number of important species such as U. arctos and C. lupus.

As an important wildlife corridor, construction activities may potentially disturb species temporarily stopping movement between the two candidate ASCI sites through increased light, noise and visual sources associated with the works and increased road traffic. Among important species (threatened or protected under Natura 2000, Bern Convention or national legislation) known to be present in this area include Otter, Lesser kestrel (F. naumanni), Pygmy cormorant (P. pygmeus), Grey heron (A. cinerea), Little egret (E. garzetta), European pond terrapin (E. orbicularis), and Hermann’s tortoise (T. hermannii) (refer Ecological Baseline Section).

8.11.2.2.2 Vithkuq – Ostrovice (Kp 59 – Kp 85)

Within this area the pipeline cuts directly across the middle of the Vithkuq – Ostrovice ACI from Kp 61 to Kp 68. Within this site a total of 40.48 ha is expected to be directly lost from road construction, from pipeline construction, and from construction of permanent and temporary facilities. The Vithkuq – Ostravice area is of high quality and still retains some natural habitat with European Priority Habitat present (Black pine forest, 9530) as well as a number of European habitats such as mountain hay meadows and beech woodland (6520, 9110 respectively). The loss of natural or key habitat within this section (including the area within the ACI listed above) will total 75.13 ha, although this figure assumes the optional road from Vithkuq to Ostrovice is completed. It also supports a number of key species including European Priority Species (under Natura 2000 legislation) such as Brown bear (U. arctos) (which were confirmed to be breeding), Wolf (C. lupus) and Rosalia longhorn (Rosalia alpina) as well as Golden Eagle (A. chrysaetos) and Black woodpecker (D. martius) which are all protected under international legislation and were either recorded on site or thought highly likely to be present. Impacts associated with direct habitat loss will be relatively small given the wider area of the ACI site (13,693 ha) and the other local habitat areas. However, where habitat loss occurs impacts will be significant and there is

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In addition to habitat within the ACI, the pipeline alignment passes directly through the Forest of Markeza Nature Monument at Kp 58.8 – Kp 59.1, whilst a new access road and the pipe alignment pass adjacent to the Water Reservoir and Forest of Helmesi Nature Monument at Kp 84. For the Forest of Markeza careful micro-siting of the route and a reduced working strip (28 m) will reduce impacts to this already fragmented forest while for the Water Reservoir and Forest of Helmesi the route will largely avoid this site (although the exact boundary of this NM site is not known). Implementation of compensation for forest loss in the form of biodiversity offsets will be a key requirement for the entire Vithkuq – Ostrovice area particularly where high quality ‘High Forest’ is effected or where habitat within designated areas is lost. It should be noted that this will need to be at a ratio that considers the total loss of natural habitat within this section of mature forest and that there is high potential for significant indirect impacts, especially if the Vithkuq-Ostrovice optional access road is created and made permanent.

Also other conservation measures will be required in order to benefit biodiversity, as for example helping to build capacity of official relevant institutions and organizations in conservation projects. This might include supporting their participation in biodiversity management and development programmes in the area.

Habitat fragmentation will occur as a result of this loss, and impacts are likely to be permanent along the section from pipeline construction, setup of permanent/ temporary facilities, and road construction/ upgrades (some of which may be permanent and one is optional). Furthermore, additional fragmentation from indirect impacts through improved access particularly if the optional road from Vithkuq – Ostrovice is created will be of key concern, especially as the pipeline alignment and ridge access road already cut directly through a section of high quality beech forest between Kp 76 and Kp 83 which also extends southwards from the pipe route and is likely to be used as a wildlife corridor connecting the Vithkuq forests to Bredhi Hotova National Park only 6 km to the south.

Identified as an area of high biodiversity, it will be affected by preparation of working strip, road construction/ upgrading, increased vehicle, equipment and personnel movements along roads (optional and confirmed) and within construction sites. Flora and fauna species of high importance are known to be present in the area and may suffer direct losses due to habitat removal (sub-alpine grassland at Kp 71, construction camp, and between Kp 75 to 83 along the pipe alignment) and from accidental strikes from road traffic on faunal species. Indirect losses to species from habitat fragmentation, increased hunting and harvesting potential and as a consequence of barrier effects will also occur, especially if the optional road between Vithkuq – Ostrovice is created. Species of concern known to be present in this area include mammals (e.g. Brown bear, Wolf, Otter), birds (e.g. Eagle owl, Lesser kestrel), and reptiles (e.g. Common

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European viper [V. berus], Dice snake [N. tesselata]) all of which are protected under Natura 2000,Bern Convention or national legislation.

Project activities described above would also belikely to cause disturbance and displacement to species. Mobile fauna species are likely to only experience displacement during the works period and then as a result of subsequent increased anthropogenic pressures from improved access. Disturbance will be as a result of road traffic to the area as well as pipe works which will include increased human presence, noise, and light which may cause biological and behavioural changes. Barrier and edge effects are likely to occur in the short term within the works areas due to exposure to visual, light, and noise stimuli.

8.11.2.2.3 Corovode (Kp 85 – Kp 106)

Habitats of key importance found at Corovode consist mainly of mature old growth forest with both oak hornbeam woodland (9170 total loss of 33 ha from the working strip) and riparian woodland (92C0, 92A0, refer to Section 6.5 Onshore Biological Environment). Impact sources will be similar to those outlined for Vithkuq-Ostrovice with preparation of the working strip and road construction being key impact sources. Loss of approximately 22 ha of hornbeam oak woodland (9170) will occur directly through road construction and pipe construction with indirect impacts from improved access potentially making this much higher and of permanent and ongoing nature. Mature forest habitats found in this area are now extremely rare with this location still hosting a high quality climax community and are vital in supporting important faunal species and assemblages (such as those large carnivore species which will use the Corovode area as well as invertebrates such as the Bern Convention listed Capricorn beetle [C. cerdo]).

Fragmentation will occur at multiple locations within the area as a result of impacts described above. Around 19 ha of broadleaved forest will be affected by road construction alone in the area effectively reducing the size of the existing forest into small fragments. Being an old-growth forest habitat, its ecological structure and function will be adversely affected and secondary impacts such as wind throw may occur to the newly exposed trees.

For the direct and indirect loss of forest habitat similarly to the Vithkuq – Ostrovice area compensation will be required in the form of biodiversity offset at a ratio to take into account indirect and direct loss of mature forest and other natural habitats.

Species loss impacts will mostly be a result of the preparation of working strip and road construction / upgrading works. Impacts on faunal species from road traffic are thought to be moderate in the forested areas. Construction works would include removal of mature tree stands (80 species known to be present in the area from consultation with local NGO) which will cause disturbance to species that are wholly-dependant on old-growth forests (i.e. 5 species of woodpeckers, 3 invertebrates all listed under the Bern Convention). Disturbance and displacement impacts are likely to arise from similar activities as described for the Vithkuq- Ostrovice area including those from road traffic considering the area hosts similar faunal species and consists of old-growth habitats.

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8.11.2.2.4 Osumi River Valley (Kp 106 – Kp 163)

Within this area the pipe alignment passes approximately 2 km from the Tomorr-Kulmak candidate ASCI and National Park between Kp 130 and Kp 135. This site was originally crossed directly by the pipeline alignment. However, a recent update to the site boundary and its formal protectionn in July 2012 means this site will no longer be directly affected.

Habitats within the Osumi River valley are of varying quality and consist of important sections of riparian woodland of particular importance (i.e. European Priority Habitats 92A0, 92C0). The pipe alignment will cause impacts from habitat loss which will again result from sources outlined previously with preparation of the working strip and road construction being key impact sources. Direct loss of habitat will be relatively limited and confined to the construction working strip and road sections. However, mature riparian forest in the area will be affected by Project activities and careful consideration of location of camps and yards (such as at Kp 104, 106 and 112) will be needed. Loss of riparian forest habitats will however contribute to impacts from fragmentation especially to aquatic and semi-aquatic species (e.g. otter, amphibians).

Species found within the Osumi River valley include threatened mammals; reptiles, amphibians, and birds (refer to Baseline Section). Aquatic and semi-aquatic fauna (i.e. Dice snake, Balkan wall lizard [P. taurica], and otter) are of particular importance due to their protection status under the Bern Convention and their reliance on riparian habitats found in abundance in this area. It is likely that species loss would mostly be as a result of indirect impacts from habitat loss and fragmentation, while direct losses are expected to be minimal mainly from road traffic. Species disturbance and displacement will likely be through increased activities and stimuli (i.e. visual, light and noise) in the area although restricted to limited sections and of relatively short-term duration. Species are expected to be impacted at localised areas during the construction phase.

8.11.2.2.5 Grykederdhja Semanit-Pishe Poro (Kp 206 – Kp 209)

The Grykederdhja Semanit-Pishe Poro ACI will be directly crossed by the pipe alignment and access road between Kp 207 and Kp 209. In addition the grid connection will pass within this site for approximately 3.15 km in a south westerly direction. Impacts within the site will result mostly from preparation of the working strip (for the pipeline and grid connection) and road construction with a total area affected of approximately 22.6 ha (depending on the size of the working strip). Within the ACI a number of habitats are listed as European Habitats (EU 1310, 1420, 2110, 92DO, 1150 and 2270) with the latter two habitats of wooded dunes and coastal lagoons being priority habitats. Of these the wooded dunes will be directly crossed by the current grid connection alignment although minor adjustment and micro-siting should largely avoid impacts and where any trees are lost they can be replanted. The woodland itself is entirely man made and consists of a 40 year old mono-age plantation which would benefit from more age diversity. The coastal lagoons will not be directly crossed by the Project although they will be locally present. Sand and mudflat habitat, salt meadows, tamarisk thickets and shifting dunes make up the other European habitats and all will be directly crossed. Coastal systems are highly dynamic

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In terms of species loss, the area is expected to mostly experience loss of flora species during the preparation of the working strip. Eight locally threatened species were recorded within the area and may be affected. Loss of fauna species is unlikely to be significant as works will be temporary in nature. Key species are mostly made up of migratory birds (i.e. Dalmatian pelican [P. crispus], Corncrake [C. crex], Spotted eagle [Aquila clanga]), which use large areas along this stretch of the Albanian coast and are unlikely to be affected by road accidents and construction movement.

Disturbance is likely to result from construction activities, the increased human presence, noise, light and vibration (from piling for the compressor station) and emissions. Displacement would be likely an indirect effect of temporary habitat loss as well as the increased disturbance levels. As the area hosts a high diversity of migrant birds (see Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline), it is expected that displacement will occur within the vicinity of the works area during the building period unless works are timed to avoid migration periods.

8.11.2.2.6 Other Areas of Significance

Other areas of significance include the Trestenik reservoir (Kp 0 –2, 870m at Kp 2.8) Cangonji Managed Nature Reserve (Kp 17 -19, 360 m away at Kp 17.6), Gjanci reservoir (Kp 55 – 56, 150 m from the upgraded road at Kp 55.3 and 280 m from the pipe at Kp 56), forests near Bogova Managed Nature Reserve (Kp 119 – 121, closest at 170 m at Kp 121), and the Petrova reservoir (Kp 190, 450 m at Kp 190). These areas are all located within close proximity to the pipeline alignment although works within these sites are not expected and should be strongly avoided.

Flora species of importance known to be present in these areas include St. John’s wort (H. perforatum), Black walnut (J. regia), Prickly juniper, Common juniper (J. communis), Crack willow (S. fragilis), Common alder (S. nigra), Juneberry (A. lamarckii), Nightshade (A. bella-donna), Serpentine false brone (F. serpentine), and Albanian lily (L. albanicum), all of which are listed as either threatened or protected under both international and national legislations, with the latter 2 known to be endemic to Albania. In terms of fauna species, the areas are known to host important species such as Otter, Brown bear, Wolf, Spotted eagle and various species of reptiles and amphibians. Most of these species are known to utilise these sites for both breeding and feeding purposes (refer Ecological Baseline Section). Construction works are expected to be limited in these areas and impacts to species loss and species disturbance and displacements

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Table 8.11-2 presents a summary of the mitigation measures and residual impacts associated to the impacts identified.

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Table 8.11-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction Phase Habitat Loss / The following are applicable to all areas Minor Degradation & throughout the Project. Additional Impacts from habitat loss, degradation and Habitat measures may be included for the five key fragmentation to most areas along the Project route Fragmentation areas. All mitigation measures will also be are expected to be significant, however, habitats included in Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) are considered to be: for Construction Phase. The BAP (see • Section 9.2.18) will be established through Of relatively low quality; consultation with authorities, stakeholders, • Not located within or near to any Protected NGOs and community groups. Areas; and • Establishment of working strip to restrict • Where natural regeneration is feasible near area of impacts to within working to its original state. corridor; And impacts are likely to be limited to localised • Reduced working strip in sensitive areas and temporary in nature. habitats to a minimum of 28 m as Overall residual impacts will be minor post- identified below and as may be identified mitigation due to the large scale of the study area, during final route refinement; local presence of protected species and the impact • Road construction works will be confined habitat loss/degradation/fragmentation may have on to the road working strip where these species. practically possible; No net loss in biodiversity will need to be achieved • Road construction/ upgrading will follow therefore compensation will be required for loss of existing tracks and trails where possible; natural habitat and areas of habitat importance through biodiversity offset. • Permanent infrastructure to be sited on unused land of no particular ecological value; • No construction materials will be taken from the surrounding environment unless approved by the responsible authority; • Avoidance of forested areas and any other valuable environmental resource identified during route refinement; • Restoration of sites to their original condition where possible upon completion of construction; and • Retain original vegetation where possible for reinstatement. • Establish a pre- post construction biodiversity baseline from which all mitigation, restoration, and loss / degradation can be measured; • Work to be supervised by an on-site Ecological Clerk of Works (ECoW); • Undertake vegetation clearing (of trees, bushes etc.) of pipeline strip and work areas before or after the vegetation season, i.e. before March 1st or after September 30th; • If working sites are open in the period 1st March – 31st July (bird breeding season) pre-vegetation clearance surveys will be undertaken by qualified ornithologists. Should nests of species of conservation concern (see Annex 6.2.1.2: i.e. species

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk listed in Bern Convention, EU Birds Directive or Albanian national law) be located in the working strip, the strip shall be optimized so that no works are carried out within a 25 m buffer of the nest site until chicks have fledged from the nest or it is abandoned. • On pipeline route sections through open land habitats (meadows etc..) important for breeding birds, birds will be discouraged from these areas by installing plastic bands (e.g warning tape) or flags that flutter in the wind, before bird breeding season starts i.e. before March 1st. • In sensitive habitat areas (as outlined in the table below), measures to discourage nesting activity should be employed like flags or use of tape. Where this does discourage breeding, vegetation removal can occur (following a pre-vegetation removal check) at any time of the year unless wider disturbance is identified as a key issue; • Work to retain passage for species as long as possible across the corridor, and following works to reinstate passage to be conducted upon pipe section completion; • Translocate important flora species to other suitable areas; • Micro-siting of the route to be done, where possible, for best position available for biodiversity (Particularly important where areas of European Priority Habitats and designated sites are affected); • Habitat compensation measures should be considered where required to replace permanently lost and damaged habitats. This may include new habitat creation, restoration of damaged habitats and habitat enhancement; and • Ecological awareness training should be provided to all personnel. • Establish a Forest Fire Risk Prevention Plan; (Morava – Mali I • Undertake works within the narrow Minor Thate [Kp 21 – wildlife corridor section between Kp21 to With mitigation measures implemented and proven Kp 26.5]) Kp 23 outside of the migration period for effective, it is expected that the impacts of habitat mammal species at the end of Summer loss/fragmentation in this area will reduce to minor (July – September) and Spring (March – as the area affected will be of marginal lands within May). agricultural plains, and impacts to wildlife corridor in • Implementation of reduced working strip the area will be temporary and effectively mitigated. (28 m) in forest within this the candidate No net loss in biodiversity will need to be achieved Emerald site (Kp 17 – 19 and 21 – 23). therefore compensation will be required for loss of natural habitat and areas of habitat importance

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk through biodiversity offset.

Vithkuq – Ostrovice • TAP AG will in the framework of the BAP Moderate to Major [Kp 59 – Kp 85] (see Section 9.2.18) support Residual impacts for this area even with mitigation activities/programmes with the aim of measures implemented are expected to be of financing or supporting in other ways the moderate to major significance due to high quality investigation, monitoring and and sensitivity of the area, presence of key species conservation of species, habitats or supported by the habitat, minor loss of forest from a areas of high environmental interest Nature Monument and likely indirect loss of forest located in this section or other sites from improved access (along the pipe route, located in the vicinity of the study area. confirmed or optional access roads). Major impacts • Monitor logging activity and restrict traffic will remain for the section between Kp 71 to 83 with on access roads and along the Moderate for the remainder. (It should be noted that completed pipeline corridor and monitor this assessment level assumes that optional road (to the extent feasible) any potential between Vithkuq-Ostrovice will be included in the increase in illegal hunting. final design.) • In the framework of the BAP, TAP AG Due to the remaining significant residual impacts will promote educational programmes to and to be in line with EBRD standards, promote awareness of values and compensation in the form of Biodiversity Offset potential benefits of biodiversity in the (following standard guidance) will be required for region (e.g. potential for biodiversity the loss of habitat within this area. Offset would be conservation in the SE Europe and included as part of the BAP at a suitable ratio (to ecotourism activities). These account for mature forest loss and indirect impacts) programmes will focus on both habitats and would include restoration of existing degraded as well as key species such as bear, forest within the Vithkuq region as well as help in wolf and the rosalia beetle. strengthening protection, monitoring, limiting access and future designation (as expanded in Section 9 • TAP AG will conduct bear/wolf surveys ESMP). (also noting other species) during November and April, prior to each stage of construction, along sections of the pipeline route and access roads in potential bear/wolf habitat to specify range, dens and breeding areas to inform the BAP. • Implementation of reduced working strip (28 m) in forest within this section including Kp 58.8-59.1, 69.2 - 70.5. • Implementation of reduced working strip within all habitat inside the CORINE biotope (Kp 61.5 – 68.5) as well as alpine hay meadows (Kp 70.8 - 71.4); • Micro-siting, and potential re-routing through Forest of Markeza.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Corovode [Kp 85 – Similar to the Vithkuq – Ostrovice area. Minor to Moderate Kp 106] Work with local NGO to maintain forest Residual impacts for this area after mitigation are post construction including support for expected to be of moderate significance due to high restoration and monitoring (see Section quality and sensitivity of the area, presence of key 9.2.18). species supported by the habitat and likelihood of Implementation of reduced working strip indirect impacts. (28 m) in forest within this section will Due to the remaining significant residual impacts include 85 – 86, 86 – 87, 88 – 90, 96 – 97, and to be in line with EBRD standards, 98, 99, and 101 – 102). compensation in the form of biodiversity offset (following standard guidance) will be required for the loss of mature forest within this area. Offset would be included as part of the BAP and would include restoration of existing degraded forest within the Corovode region as well as help in strengthening protection, limiting access and monitoring (as expanded in Section 9 ESMP). Osumi River Valley Refer to BAP (see Section 9.2.18). Minor [Kp 106 – Kp 163] • Implementation of reduced working strip With mitigation measures implemented and proven within mature forest within this section effective, it is expected that the impacts of habitat including (Kp–111, 113, 122 – 123, 125 loss/fragmentation in this area are reduced to – 126, 129 – 130, 132 – 133, and 159). minor. No net loss in biodiversity will need to be achieved therefore compensation will be required for loss of natural habitat and areas of habitat importance through biodiversity offset. Grykederdhja Due to presence of several EU Priority Minor Semanit-Pishe Poro Habitats and the area being important to Assuming minor rerouting/micro-siting of the grid [Kp 207 – Kp 209] migratory species, the following mitigation connection is possible, residual impacts for this measures are recommended: area are expected to be reduced to moderate • Minor rerouting or micro-siting of the significance with mitigation measures implemented grid connection to avoid EU priority and proven effective. wooded dune habitat; No net loss in biodiversity of natural habitat and • Works to be avoided as much as areas of habitat importance will need to be achieved possible during bird migration period in (including the wooded dunes if lost). This will be Spring (March – May) and Autumn achieved through biodiversity offset. (September – November) when the site is likely to be most active; For summer works 1st March to 31st July, pre- vegetation clearance surveys will be undertaken; Should any nests be located, no works are to be carried out within a 25 m buffer of the nest site until chicks have fledged from the nest or it is abandoned; • Avoid where possible works during winter months when mudflat habitat is likely to be flooded and where impacts will be greater. • Implementation of reduced working strip within the CORINE biotope. Species loss • The following are applicable to all areas Minor throughout the Project. Additional Impacts relating to species loss to most areas along measures may be included for the five the Project route are expected to be minimal and key areas. All mitigation measures to be considered to be: included in Biodiversity Action Plan • (BAP) for Construction Phase (see Relatively low in occurrence; Section 9.2.18). • Limited to accidental causes; and

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk • Restriction on access to forested areas • Of low consequence to the population as a during and following construction; whole. • Reduce vehicle speed while travelling on Impacts are likely to be limited to localised areas all construction roads (20 km/h at the and temporary in nature. pipeline lane, for other access roads Overall residual impacts will be minor post- limits will be established at the Traffic mitigation due to the large scale of the study area Management Plan); and local presence of protected species. • Fauna species should not be caught or killed during construction; • Establishment for a procedure to avoid, monitor and control invasive species if necessary; • At trenches, trench plugs to be incorporated and daily fauna retrieval is to be conducted; • Works to be supervised by on-site ECoW; • Where appropriate, temporary or permanent provisions for fauna to cross the working strip/ roads using underpasses, tunnels or other measures should be installed; • Incorporate specific measures for Large Carnivores across the entire study area (refer BAP); and • Implement Bear/Large Mammal Interaction Plan including staff training, waste management and noise abatement as part of overarching Project Health and Safety Management Plan for construction workers or Biodiversity Action Plan (along sections sections where large mammals species likely to be present). Morava – Mali I • Floral species of importance found to be Minor Thate [Kp 21 – translocated where possible, to nearby As the area is an important wildlife corridor, Kp 26] alternative sites or to be replanted from possibility for species loss is considered to be stock post-construction; higher. However, With mitigation measures • When translocation of floral species is implemented and proven effective, it is expected not possible, micrositing of project that the impacts in this area will be reduced. activities are recommended, when able; and • At trenches, trench plugs to be incorporated and daily fauna retrieval is to be conducted. Vithkuq – Ostrovice • Implementation of management actions Moderate to Major [Kp 61 – Kp 85] for important species (i.e. U. arctos, C. Residual impacts for this area are expected to be of lupus, L. lutra, F. naumanii, B. bubo and major significance between Kp 71 and Kp 83 and habitats -sub-alpine grassland and moderate significance for the rest of the section due beech woodland) including monitoring to high quality and sensitivity of the area, and the (refer Vithkuq – Ostrovice BAP will be presence of significant amount of key species of created as part of the ESMP); conservation concern. Mitigation measures • Where possible, to translocate floral implemented will reduce impacts however indirect species of importance to alternative impacts, from road traffic, hunting and habitat loss sites; as well as the severance of a wildlife corridor and long term species loss will be significant. (It should • Collection of seeds and or bulbs of be noted that this assessment level assumes that

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk alpine plant species at the correct time optional road between Vithkuq-Ostrovice will be of year for restoration post construction; included in the final design.) • Micro-siting of pipe and road route to be Compensation in the form of biodiversity offset conducted to avoid important species (following standard guidance) will be considered (ie. mature flora), and species habitats due to the significant residual impacts for species (ie. breeding/ nesting grounds), where as outlined above for habitat loss. (See BAP possible; Section 9.2.18) • Monitor usage of access roads and the completed pipeline corridor by hunters; and • Reduce number of trips to transport personnel/ supplies to as low as possible each day. Corovode [Kp 85 – Similar to Vithkuq – Ostrovice area. (A Moderate Kp 106] Corovode BAP will be created as part of Residual impacts for this area are expected to be of the ESMP); moderate significance due to high quality and sensitivity of the area, and the presence of significant amount of biodiversity, with mitigation measures implemented and proven effective. Biodiversity Offset (following standard guidance) will be considered due to the significant residual impacts for species as outlined above for habitat loss. (See BAP Section 9) Osumi River Valley • Micro-siting of pipe and road route to be Not Significant [Kp 106 – Kp 163] conducted to avoid important species With mitigation measures implemented and proven (i.e. mature flora), and species habitats effective, it is expected that the impacts in this area (i.e. breeding/ nesting grounds), where will be reduced. possible; and • Avoid work where possible at important otter areas (e.g. Fushe Peshtan, Kp 133.3 – 134 and Otllak Kp 151). • A specific action plan for the Osumi River will be prepared as part of the ESMP. Grykederdhja Due to the area’s importance to bird Minor Semanit-Pishe Poro species, the following mitigation measures The area is known to host a number of threatened/ [Kp 207 – Kp 209] are recommended: protected species. However, with mitigation • Works to be conducted outside of bird measures implemented and proven effective, it is migration period when the site is likely to expected that the impacts in this area will be be most active. reduced. Species The following are applicable to all areas Minor Disturbance and while additional measures may be included Impacts relating to species disturbance and Displacement for the 5 key areas. All mitigation measures displacement to most areas along the Project route will also be included in Construction BAP. are expected to be minimal and considered to be: Establishment of Biodiversity Action Plans • (see Section 9.2.18) with local stakeholders Relatively of low magnitude; (ie authorities, NGOs, community) to • Limited to areas with low species diversity; safeguard species; • Limited to areas where key species are • Access to the works area will only be considered to be minimal and localised; and allowed by site staff; • Of low consequence to species population • Restrict construction to certain due to their existing habitat use/ wide natural periods/seasons where possible to be range or species possess higher outside the breeding season ie 1st susceptibility to anthropogenic influences. March – 31st July for birds and between Impacts are likely to be limited to localised areas Feb – March for large carnivores and and temporary in nature.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk bear May – July; Overall residual impacts will be minor post- • Where it is not possible to restrict the mitigation due to the large scale of the study area timing of construction practices and localised presence of protected species. vegetation should be removed outside the breeding period (as given above) so that works can carry on into this period unhindered. • Monitoring of impacts on flora and fauna at sensitive locations; • Include management actions for threatened/ protected species within the BAP listed in ESMP (see Section 9.2.18); • Relocation or endemic/ rare plant species to suitable nearby habitats; • Use of directional lighting; • Use screens around work area as buffer to visual/light/noise sources; • Night working should be limited and the use of lighting along the corridor minimised, especially near wildlife habitats (i.e. forests, water bodies); • Limit personnel, vehicle movements to only within work areas; • Best construction site practices should be adopted to minimise the risks of adverse effects on neighbouring habitats/ species from construction activities (dust, noise, waste disposal etc). This will include appropriate toilet and litter collection facilities as inspected by the ECoW; • All important sites (i.e. breeding, feeding, nesting, etc) for species to be identified by ECoW and avoided throughout the construction period; • Where ponds are located efforts will be made to avoid them. Where this is not possible habitat will be removed outside of the breeding season and all efforts to remove any amphibians present, especially B. variegata (NT), B. bufo (NT), B. viridis (NT), R. balcanica (VU), R. graeca (NT), R. lessonae (NT), and S. salamandra (NT), will be made as well as provision for an alternative pond for translocated species to be put in; and • Ecological awareness training should be provided to all personnel.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Morava – Mali I • Work to retain passage for species as Minor Thate [Kp 21 – long as possible across the corridor and As the area is an important wildlife corridor, it is Kp 26] following works to reinstate passage to expected that construction works will cause be conducted upon pipe section significant disturbance which may lead to eventual completion; displacement. However, with mitigation measures • Work to be sited away from important implemented and proven effective, it is expected feeding ground for bird species (i.e. P. that the impacts in this area will be greatly reduced. pygmeus and E. garzetta). • Directional lighting to be used during night-time work and light spill minimised to reduce disturbances to bat flight paths, especially around Small Prespa Lake (Kp 13 – 17); and • Avoid work where possible at identified otter resting sites (e.g. Zemblacu Dam, see site Z-065 in Annex 6.2.1.7). Vithkuq – Ostrovice • A Vithkuq – Ostrovice BAP will be Moderate [Kp 61 – Kp 85] created as part of the ESMP); Residual impacts for this area are expected to be of • Work to retain passage for species as moderate significance due to high quality and long as possible across the corridor and sensitivity of the area, and the presence of following works to reinstate passage to significant amount of biodiversity, with mitigation be conducted upon pipe section measures implemented and proven effective. completion; Biodiversity Offset (following standard guidance) will therefore be considered due to the significant • Reduce number of trips to transport residual impacts. The offset plan will be as outlined personnel/ supplies to as low as possible above for habitat loss and given within the BAP each day; (Section 9.2.18) and will aim to provide habitat for • Avoid work where possible at important species that have been disturbed or displaced. otter areas (e.g. Gjanci Reservoir Kp 55

–Kp 56); and

• Directional lighting to be used during night-time work and light spill minimised to reduce disturbances to bat flight paths. Corovode [Kp 85 – Similar to Vithkuq – Ostrovice area. (A Moderate Kp 106] Corovode BAP will be created as part of Same as for Vithkuq – Ostrovice. the ESMP). Biodiversity Offset (following standard guidance) will be considered due to the significant residual impacts as outlined above (see BAP Section 9.2.18). Osumi River Valley Refer to BAP listed within in ESMP (see Not Significant [Kp 106 – Kp 163] Section 9.2.18). With mitigation measures implemented and proven effective, it is expected that the impacts in this area will be reduced.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Grykederdhja Due to the area being an important wetland Minor Semanit-Pishe Poro habitat for migratory birds, the following are The area is known to host a significant number of [Kp 207 – Kp 209] recommended: migratory bird species. However, with mitigation • An emergency spill plan to be formulated measures implemented and proven effective, it is and resourced to mitigate effects from expected that the disturbance and displacement any contaminant spills within the area; impacts in this area will be greatly reduced. • Sediment traps to be utilised to reduce possibility of sediments entering wetland areas; and • Site restoration to be conducted to reduce displacement impacts to migratory bird species. Other Sites Mitigation measures will be as outlined Minor above for habitat loss/degradation, habitat Impacts on sites and species will still remain and fragmentation, species loss and mitigation will not completely reduce impacts to a disturbance and displacement. negligible level as disturbance, displacement, indirect changes in species numbers, fragmentation and minor habitat loss may all still occur. Waste disposal • Waste to be transferred to and stored at Not Significant storage yards before undergoing With mitigation measures implemented and proven disposal; and effective, it is expected that the impacts in this area • Utilization of industrial best practices for will be greatly reduced. waste disposals (i.e. waste separation, retention ponds, etc.). ERM (2012) Biodiversity Offset standard guidance includes Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2012. Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Loss Gain Calculations in Biodiversity Offsets.

8.11.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 8.11.3.1 Potential Impacts

Potential impacts arising from the operation and maintenance of the pipeline include barrier effects and species disturbance and displacements from Project infrastructure (i.e. compressor stations block valve stations, pipeline, operational roads etc.), and the 8 m protection strip. These impacts include noise and light impacts and are considered permanent throughout the duration of the Project’s operation. There is also some potential for bird loss associated with the grid connection powerlines, although with mitigation this can be minimised. Indirect impacts associated with this phase include possible species loss due to improved access from roads constructed during the construction phase which may result in increased habitat loss, hunting and harvesting pressure to species found within the area.

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8.11.3.1.1 Summary of Impact Sources

Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance phase, are limited to vehicle and personnel movements and minor maintenance along the route as well as activities at the compressor stations, BVS and grid connections. These sources are likely to cause visual, light and noise emissions. Where these sources are temporary impacts may result in minor disturbance while at the Compressor Stations and Block Valve Stations impacts are considered to be more although some habituation may occur over time. Increased lighting at/ near facilities and roads may cause avoidance behaviour to some species while attracting other species, increasing their risk to predation, especially to those species dependant on camouflage defence at night time. Increased noise may cause disturbance to foraging and breeding behaviour to some species, while excessive noise may even cause physical injuries to certain species with low noise tolerance. However, these impacts are likely to be of minimal extent.

For the grid connections there is potential for some direct loss of bird species during operation from electrocution and collision with the powerlines (usually the earth wire which is thin, hard to see and normally located above the other wires). However, low bird usage was recorded along the current alignments and with careful mitigation impacts should be minimal.

8.11.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

Impacts to habitats are expected to be negligible as the area would have already been cleared during the construction phase and no additional habitat loss or fragmentation is expected to occur during the operation and maintenance phase. Indirect effects of these impacts (i.e. edge effect, reduction in habitat quality) are expected to be minimal as habitats will be restored naturally over time. Impacts relating to species associated with this phase will be minimal mainly due to additional lighting and noise emitted from Project facilities and activities.

For the grid connections if the cable cannot be buried (avoiding all operational issues with impacts on birds) best practice should be followed (such as German standards VDE-AR-N 4210- 11) to avoid birds landing on exposed wire connections on masts and being electrocuted. In addition, the use of bird flight diverters on the earth wire is recommended as per European best practice(1) particularly for the CS03 line where key species may potentially pass during passage (although none were observed during survey). These diverters come in various forms but usually are made up of evenly placed markers along the earth wire (Haas et al. 2003). Coloured and

1 In a meeting in 2003 entitled Protecting Birds from Power lines, The Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (The Bern Convention) recommended the use of black and white line markers on cables posing a high collision risk to birds

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Within the Vithkuq – Ostravice and Corovode areas, improved access may increase the potential for impacts from hunting and forest harvesting. These indirect impacts should also be considered as impacts that will be hard to mitigate and will occur for the life of the operational project once constructed (although it should be noted that the road between Vithkuq – Osrovice is currently only optional although it is still considered in this assessment as finalised).

Table 8.11-3 presents a summary of the mitigation measures and residual impacts associated to the impacts identified.

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Table 8.11-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Terrestrial Ecology – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Operational and Maintenance Phase All The following are applicable to all areas Not Significant throughout the Project Operational and It is expected that impact sources (i.e. noise, Maintenance Phases All mitigation measures light, visual, etc.) will be minimal throughout will also be included in the Operational BAP this phase and will only affect localised areas (see Section 9.2.18). The BAP will be within the impacts source’s zone of influence. established through consultation with authorities, stakeholders, NGOs and Although facilities are permanently community groups.): established, the impacts are considered to be low as they are located quite far from each • Restoration of sites to their original condition other and high impacts events area expected where possible; to occur infrequently throughout the • All noise sources expected to comply with operational phase. applicable noise limit values. • Use of low pressure sodium vapour lighting to reduce disturbance to nocturnal fauna, especially bats and invertebrates; and • Lighting may be controlled according to duration switched on and areas lit to prevent disturbance to certain species (e.g. bats, invertebrates, etc). • If the grid connection cannot be buried European best practice for mast and cable configurations should be employed to avoid bird electrocution. • Bird Flight Diverters should be used on the earth wire for all over ground grid connection powerlines. Indirect impacts from • In the framework of the BAP (see Section Minor / Moderate improved access 9.2.18) TAP AG will implement a number of With mitigation measures implemented and activities/programs with the aim of financing proven effective, it is expected that indirect or supporting in other ways the impacts from improved access (ie. hunting/ investigation, monitoring and conservation harvesting) will be reduced to Moderate at of species, habitats or areas of high Corovode, and minor at the Osumi River environmental interest located in this section Valley. or other sites located in the vicinity of the Due to the remaining significant residual study areaTAP AG willRestrict access to impacts, compensation in the form of access roads where possible and pipeline biodiversity offset (following standard protection strip only to authorized personnel guidance) will be carried out for the Corovode and remove access roads where area as outlined within the BAP (see Section appropriate after construction as part of 9.2.18). restoration plan. • Monitor logging acitivites, and Major • Ecological awareness training should be At Vithkuq – Ostrovice, due to the optional provided to all stakeholders. Establishment access road which will link Vithkuq to of BAP for Vithkuq-Ostrovice, Corovode, Ostrovice as well as the improved access to Osumi River Valley (see Section 9.2.18). Ostrovice from Potom and the remaining pipeline corridor itself, it is likely that illegal logging or hunting will be hard to police and indirect impacts will remain Major even after mitigation (assuming the optional road is included in the final design). Due to the remaining significant residual impacts, compensation in the form of biodiversity offset (following standard guidance) will be carried out for the Vithkuq-

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Ostrovice area as outlined within the BAP (see Section 9.2.18).

ERM (2012) Biodiversity Offset standard guidance includes Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2012. Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Loss Gain Calculations in Biodiversity Offsets

8.11.4 Decommissioning Phase

8.11.4.1 Potential Impacts

Potential impacts arising from the decommissioning phase include temporary loss of semi-natural habitat within the permanent Project facilities (i.e. Compressor Stations, Block Valve Stations) and establishment of temporary facilities (i.e. construction camps), and minor very localised species loss, disturbance and displacement from visual, light and noise impacts from vehicles, equipment and personnel during the decommissioning period.

8.11.4.1.1 Summary of Impact Sources

Impact sources are mainly through clearance of areas for temporary structures to facilitate decommissioning activities as well as increased vehicle, plant and personnel movements which can cause direct and indirect loss to species. These activities will involve increased noise, visual and light emissions which will cause temporary disturbance to species residing or utilising the area where the activities are taking place. However, the activities are expected to be localised and temporary in nature.

8.11.4.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

Measures to reduce impacts during decommissioning will be similar to those outlined for construction. No specific measures have been identified and overall measures included within the Biodiversity Action Plan during Construction and Operation will be applied where relevant. Impacts to habitats are expected to be minimal as the areas affected would have already been disturbed during the construction phase and any additional habitat loss or fragmentation during the decommissioning phase is expected to occur at localised locations for a relatively short-term duration generally within the maintained sites boundaries. Impacts relating to species associated with this phase will be minimal and mainly due to accidental loss resulting from increased vehicle and personnel and disturbances and displacements associated with additional lighting and noise emitted from decommissioning activities.

8.11.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats

Refer to Section 8.12.5.

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8.12 Onshore - Freshwater Ecology 8.12.1 Overview

Key impacts on freshwater ecology for the TAP Project will be largely confined to the construction period with minimal impacts likely to occur during operation and decommissioning phases of the Project. Non-routine events have the potential to cause high magnitude impacts although they will be unlikely. Cumulative impacts however with proposed hydro schemes especially along the Osumi River have the potential to be significant.

Box 8.12-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially affected receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on aquatic ecological interests (including Habitat, Flora and Fauna). Box 8.12-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Fresh Water Ecology

Sources of Impacts • Construction phase: River crossings; construction / upgrading of roads, Use of water and raw materials, CS and BVS; Construction of temporary facilities (camps and yards); Movements of vehicle, equipment and personnel; Waste management; Operation of construction camps. • Operation and maintenance phase: Indirect impacts from improved access. • Decommissioning phase: Removal of CS and BVS. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Aquatic Habitat, Flora and Fauna. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Available baseline data, survey coverage, replication over a number of years and survey at optimal time of year. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • River crossing techniques used (dry/wet open-cut, trenchless), location of construction camps, measures to maintain hydrology, hydrotesting techniques and locations, site water management, surface water run-off, waste management, and traffic management. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.5.2. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.3. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Key impacts from the TAP Project have been listed in Table 8.12-1 for the three main phases of the Project.

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Table 8.12-1 Aquatic Ecology Impact Sources

Impacts and Sources of Impacts Construction Operation & Decommissioning Maintenance • Direct species loss and habitats from the construction x activities in rivers and in riparian zones either from pipe river crossings or new roads/upgrading. • Temporary / permanent habitat loss and degradation of x habitat (from increased sediment load and turbidity) from river crossings of pipes. • Habitat degradation and species loss as a result of x contamination release during river crossing. • Indirect impacts from reduced water quality resulting from x x works outside rivers. • Changes in hydrology from pipe laying. x • Disturbance / displacement of species during works period x x process. • Habitat fragmentation and barrier effects from the x construction activity. • Effects on water quality from dewatering of hydrotest x water. • Indirect/induced impacts from improved access. X ERM (2012)

River Sensitivity

Following the identification of the likely impacts it was important to categorise the sensitivity of the watercourses that will be affected by the Project. In total, the TAP route through Albania will cross 372 watercourses. Further, the upgraded or new roads for accessing the pipeline route cross 152 watercourses (including the Vithkuq-Ostrovice access road which is still optional).

To analyse individual importance of all these watercourses would be impractical at this stage and as such a GIS based analysis was undertaken providing four categories of watercourse from which sensitivity has been later derived. Table 8.12-2 shows the number of watercourses by category to be crossed by the pipeline route and the access roads and their categorisation level.

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Table 8.12-2 Summary of Watercourse Crossings - TAP Route and Access Roads

River Pipe Road Classification Criteria Category Crossings Crossings* RV-1 15 5 U, 2 N Represent the main rivers with riverine habitats of ecological importance or ecological potential. RV-2 9 1 U Represent a tributary of the main rivers (RV-1), which are still sizable rivers with riverine habitats of ecological importance or ecological potential. RV-3 45 50 U, 27 N Represent smaller streams which are tributaries of RV-2 with permanent waters and riverine habitats of ecological importance or ecological potential. RV-4 303 78 U, 3 N Represent canals, irrigation ditches or seasonal watercourses Legend: Road Crossings: U = Upgraded; N = New. The hydrological dataset has been derived based on the CCM River and Catchment Database (European Commission’s Joint Research Centre or JRC). Version 2.1 of this database was used. A re-classification of this River and Catchment Database was carried out to simplify the number of classes to a maximum of 4. *It should be noted that the Vithkuq – Ostrovice Access Road is currently optional so river crossings from roads could be reduced if this road is removed from the final Project design ERM (2012)

Lakes, reservoirs and other wetlands have been avoided during routing although other impacts from the Project such as changes in hydrology and surface water run-off have the potential to affect these environments as well as the rivers themselves.

The TAP route crosses three river catchment areas, the Devolli, Osumi and Semani and of these the Osumi and its tributaries are crossed on the greatest number of occasions. This impact assessment which has largely focused on river crossings 1 has sought to assign broad sensitivity values using standard criteria set out by the EBRD (in Performance Requirement 6 – Biodiversity, See Annex 8.1, Section 8.6 for further details) to the watercourse sections which will be crossed and as such these have been divided into three classes; Minor, Moderate and High as expanded in Table 8.12-3.

Table 8.12-3 Watercourse Sensitivity Criteria

Watercourse EBRD Senstivity Criteria (1-7) Overall Sensitivity Importance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Minor L L L L M M L Low

Moderate M M L M M M M Medium High M H L H H H H High Legend: Watercourse = Importance Grouping Level. EBRD Sensitivity Criteria 1= Protection Status; 2= Naturalness; 3= Fragility; 4= Representativeness; 5= Structure and Function; 6= Species Association – Reliance; 7= Diversity (See Annex 8.1, Section 8.6 for further details). Overall Sensitivity evaluation of L= Low; M= Medium, H= High. Source: EBRD Guidance (2012)

1 The current numbers of crossing may change marginally as the counting was based on satellite images with limited resolution.

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Minor Importance Watercourses - All RV-4 class canals, ditches and seasonal streams / brooks. These will only be of site value, highly anthropogenic, will have high nutrient levels, low water quality (including contamination in the Fier region), will be often seasonal and will support limited numbers of key species and habitats. - Low Sensitivity.

Moderate Importance Watercourses – Watercourses which are thought of as having medium sensitivity and will be of local value, fulfilling the EBRD criteria set out above at a medium level. Such rivers will include all RV-3 watercourses. These watercourses are generally small in size (<5 m in width) are secondary tributaries of the main watercourses and are of local importance in terms of ecological receptors. Overall importance will be lower than for larger watercourses due to the availability of niches and the ability of certain species to gain access to these sites. Riparian vegetation may also be thinner in terms of its width with less species diversity and while such watercourses may be permanent they may have highly fluctuating flow levels meaning species may use them seasonally. All these watercourses are considered - Medium Sensitivity.

High Importance Watercourses – Watercourse sections evaluated to be of high sensitivity include all RV-2 and RV-1 watercourses. These mostly relate to sections identified along the Osumi River which overall can be thought of as being of High Sensitivity as well as other select crossings of larger size and ecological importance (as identified during baseline surveys) such as the Semani River crossings These watercourses support a wide variety of aquatic receptors including protected and threatened fish species (6 species recorded in the Osumi, 4 species in the Devolli catchment and 1 in the Semani), otters (L. lutra), European habitat, high quality benthic and macroinvertebrate communities. These rivers can also act as important wildlife corridors through the region and as it stands the tributaries of the Osumi River do include sections which pass through the Tomorr-Kulmak candidate Emerald Site and National Park - High Sensitivity.

8.12.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.12.2.1 Potential Impacts

Impacts to the aquatic environment will result from those key activities of the Project as presented in Table 8.12-1 and as further expanded for each phase of the Project. Such activities will have a number of impacts which as with the terrestrial environment can generally be split into habitat loss / degradation, habitat fragmentation, direct species loss and disturbance and displacement. These impacts, their likely sources, and their likely results on the aquatic environment have been expanded below.

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8.12.2.1.1 Habitat Loss / Habitat Degradation

Loss and degradation of habitat will occur as a result of all river crossings, within channel and within the riparian zone. During construction, works will affect 11.41 ha of wetland habitat (including the European habitat riparian woodland 92A0, 92C0). Impacts will include direct loss of habitat within the bankside working strip which will vary from crossing to crossing depending on the site sensitivity. Impacts within channel will vary depending on the methods employed for the crossing but direct loss of aquatic flora will be unavoidable within the construction zone. Downstream of the construction site sediment produced during works may degrade habitat by smothering exposed rocks and reducing the amount of available niches for fish, macroinvertebrates and phytobenthos (Reid et al. 2008). Within the Fier district potential degradation may also occur from re-mobilization of contaminants (the area was heavily exploited for oil) within the sediments at the bottom of watercourses where any crossings occur.

Habitat loss and degradation may also occur indirectly from sediment run-off into watercourses and also at dewatering and abstraction points where bankside vegetation may need removal and within channel at the point of abstraction and dewatering. Furthermore such impacts may also occur indirectly as a result of changes in hydrology from pipe laying within river catchment areas.

Loss of habitat and degradation will generally be temporary in nature and localised, complete revegetation of in channel vegetation will occur following works and all riparian vegetation other than mature trees and shrubs within the working strip will fully recover.

8.12.2.1.2 Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation will occur within watercourses and along the riparian zone. Within watercourses habitat zones will be fragmented during the course of the works (where in channel works are undertaken) although such fragmentation should only be temporary during the construction period. For fragmentation within the riparian strip impacts will be mostly temporary as re-vegetation will occur directly post construction. However for those species which may use mature trees as commuting corridors impacts may be more permanent, although unlikely to be significant. Fragmentation will be unlikely to significantly result from any other project activities.

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8.12.2.1.3 Direct Species Loss

Direct or indirect species loss will occur mostly as a result of river crossing. Species affected will be largely non-mobile species of riparian plants, aquatic plants and those species within channel that stay within the construction zone (which are likely to be macroinvertebrates, phytobenthic species and some less mobile fish species (Nugent, 2010). Impacts to such species will be permanent and will occur mostly during the construction period of the Project although indirect impacts from improved access to river habitat along the Osumi River may cause impacts during operation.

Species loss will depend on the river crossing technique being employed with in river options likely to cause impacts to the aquatic environment as well as bankside vegetation while trenchless options will only cause loss in the riparian zone.

8.12.2.1.4 Disturbance and Displacement

Disturbance will be limited to faunal species comprising largely of fish and vertebrate species utilising riparian habitat such as otters (L.lutra). Disturbance will occur only during the works period from pipe or road crossings when noise, light, visual and vibration emissions will mean species may stop utilising the area temporarily. This may be of particular importance for fish species trying to access spawning grounds ((i.e. Eel, [A.anguilla]) or moving between feeding resources, six of which are protected, IUCN listed or regionally endemic species (including Bleak [Alburnus albidus], Loach [O. pindus], Ray finned fish [Pseudophoxinus prespensis], Common nase [C. nasus] and Barbel [Barbus prespensis] as well as eel).

Displacement may occur as a long term result of disturbance but of more importance and likely significance will result from where habitat has become degraded and has lost its ability to support species. Such impacts are likely to result mostly from river crossings including those from re- mobilization of contaminants. Impacts will generally be short term and evidence from Anderson et al. (1998), Blais and Simpson (1997) and Conner et al. (1993) shows that this is generally the case for fish species and invertebrates in dynamic river systems. Where any contamination is released impacts are likely to be longer term, especially in the Fier region where low flows within canal systems mean contaminants are not dissipated quickly. Cumulative impacts on species in sections such as the Osumi River have the potential to be more long term also and this may be particularly the case for Otter which may be affected at the local population level with a number of individual territories being affected all at the same time.

It should be noted that where trenchless techniques are employed for river crossings the length of working period will be longer than for open cut methods meaning disturbance of species such as Otter will be longer. However, as retention of passage, feeding resource and long term quality resting sites (in bankside vegetation) are often key limiting factors for this species it is likely that the long term impacts from trenchless techniques will be less than for open cut techniques.

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8.12.2.1.5 River Crossings - Pipeline

As previously stated the key source of impacts will relate to river crossings. Crossings will be required along the entire length of the pipe corridor within Albania. The water catchments of the Devolli, Osumi and Semani will be crossed by the pipe and of these, the Osumi will be the most affected as the pipe corridor is located within the Osumi river valley for some 21 km.

Crossings for the pipeline itself and also for the new and upgraded road system will be required. In addition, temporary crossings during the construction phase will also be required in order to actually create a proper pipe crossing; here equipment is needed on both sides of a river so a temporary crossing may be needed upstream or downstream of the pipe, and this may be present during the entire build period for the relevant section.

For pipe crossings there are a number of different techniques which will be employed as part of the build process, these include wet open-cut1 dry open-cut2; and trenchless techniques3. These methods have been outlined in further detail in Section 4 - Project Description and for each technique. Impacts on the aquatic environment will differ significantly with wet open-cut having the greatest impacts while trenchless will have the least on the aquatic environment. Currently this impact assessment has been undertaken using wet open-cut as the general standard river crossing technique. However, following the baseline surveys dry open-cut techniques have been recommended for more sensitive river sections and taking into account the cumulative nature of the crossings along one particular stretch of the Osumi River. A number of crossing locations have been identified as locations to employ trenchless techniques where the river is of highest sensitivity (if these are proven to be technically feasible).

Works within the watercourses of the lower Semani catchment also have high potential for contamination due to the large scale oil operations within the Fier region. As such there is high potential for re-mobilization of oily residues, chemicals and other contaminants that may contaminate watercourses leading to habitat loss / degradation, species loss and displacement. This potential impact is likely to be temporary although of high intensity and will be limited generally to the lower Semani catchment.

Table 8.12-4 below presents the river crossings listed of highest sensitivity and the techniques that will be employed at each. As the technical feasibility of employing trenchless techniques along the Osumi River has yet to be fully established, the impact assessment has sought to give an assessment based on the employment of this technique in these sensitive locations as well that of ‘dry’ open-cut techniques where not possible.

1 Wet Open-cut – Direct preparation of the river bed by floating barge or from the river bank and then laying the pipe within the created trench. 2 Dry Open-cut - A dry works area is created within the river by way of using pumps to divert the water around the works area and the pipe is laid within this dry area. 3 Use of directional drilling to create a borehole below the river where the pipe is eventually pulled through.

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Table 8.12-4 Major River and Canal Crossing Points

Crossing Key Constraints Location of Recommended Technical Secondary Name crossing Construction Evaluation of Construction point (km) Technique Construction Technique Technique

Devolli Construction restriction for otter 8.3 ‘Dry’ Open-cut Crossing method N/A and for 2 regionally endemic or crossing during confirmed endangered fish species low flow period

Stropani Construction restriction for otter 12.9 ‘Dry’ Open-cut Crossing method N/A (potentially present) and for 2 crossing during confirmed regionally endemic or low flow period endangered fish species

Canal Construction restriction for 2 16.6 ‘Dry’ Open-cut Crossing method N/A regionally endemic or crossing during confirmed endangered fish species low flow period

Dunaveci Construction restriction for otter 50.4-50.8 ‘Dry’ Open-cut Crossing method N/A 3 crossings. and for 4 regionally endemic or crossing during confirmed (1 canalised endangered fish species low flow period section and 2 creeks)

Osumi Presence of 1 regionally 57.3 ‘Dry’ Open-cut Crossing method N/A endemic species of fish crossing during confirmed low flow period

Osumi Sensitive wetland area and old 103.4 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut riparian forest. Presence of 3 crossing under review by crossing regionally endemic species of design team during low flow fish. Presence of otter period

Osumi Sensitive wetland area. 107.1 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut Presence of 3 regionally crossing under review by crossing endemic species of fish. Likely design team during low flow presence of otter period

Osumi Construction restriction for 3 110.2 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut regionally endemic or crossing under review by crossing endangered fish species. design team during low flow period

Vokopola Construction restriction for otter 123.1 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut and for 3 regionally endemic or crossing confirmed crossing endangered fish species during low flow period

Osumi Construction restriction for otter 130.6 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut (potentially present) and for 4 crossing under review by crossing regionally endemic or design team during low flow endangered fish species period

Vertopi Construction restriction for otter 132.5 trenchless river Crossing method Dry’ Open-cut (potentially present) and for 4 crossing confirmed crossing regionally endemic or during low flow endangered fish species period

Osumi Construction restriction for otter 134.4 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut (present) and for 3 regionally crossing under review by crossing endemic or endangered fish design team during low flow species period

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Osumi Construction restriction for otter 135.6 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut (potentially present) and for crossing under review by crossing likely presence of 3 regionally design team during low flow endemic or endangered fish period species

Osumi Construction restriction for otter 141.9 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut (potentially present) and for crossing under review by crossing likely presence of 3 regionally design team during low flow endemic or endangered fish period species

Osumi Construction restriction for otter 156.3 trenchless river Crossing method ‘Dry’ Open-cut (potentially present) and for 6 crossing under review by crossing regionally endemic or design team during low flow endangered fish species period

Semani Confirmed Otter presence and 179.8 Wet Open-cut crossing method N/A likely presence of regionally confirmed endemic or endangered fish species. Sediment load and turbidity high already in river so likely impacts to species from open-cut reduced.

Semani Confirmed Otter presence and 192.4 Wet Open-cut crossing method N/A likely presence of regionally confirmed endemic or endangered fish species. Sediment load and turbidity high already in river so likely impacts to species from open-cut reduced.

Canal Presence of 1 endangered fish 206.5 Maintain passage crossing method N/A species of fish, careful confirmed planning for contaminants in sediments, avoid Autumn and Spring for migrating eels Source: Civil Hydraulics Engineering Concept for TAP Route from Corovode to Berat APL00-ILF-125-F-TRS-0001. Rev.: 0D (7th December 2011)

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8.12.2.1.6 River Crossings – Roads

A total of 166 new and upgraded road crossings of watercourses (few main and many minor watercourses) will be required for the construction of the TAP Project across Albania (including the optional Vithkuq-Ostrovice Access road). It is currently understood that where possible existing crossing will be used although new road construction and road upgrading will mean that works within rivers for bridge creation will be needed. Crossings for larger watercourses and those of highest ecological importance are minimal in number with only works on 7 RV-1 rated rivers and 1 RV-2 river being required.

Of the other crossings that will built or upgraded, the footprint of works should remain relatively small as road widths are planned to be 9 m only. The working strip for construction should therefore be small.

Upgrading is currently undefined and will require specific structural tests of each existing bridge before works are undertaken for improvements. Overall though, upgrading is likely to have a smaller impact than from building a completely new bridge and road crossings in general will have a smaller impact than that from pipe crossings. Of the 166 crossings only 32 will be completely new while the remaining 134 will be upgrades.

8.12.2.1.7 Other Impacts

In addition to river crossings a number of other project activities have the potential to be impact receptors, although none are at the same scale to those associated with the river crossings themselves. For construction camps, water extraction and production of waste water will have potential minor impacts on local watercourses although as outlined within the Project Description, this will be within allowable limits (see Section 4 - Project Description). Untreated water entering watercourses will be limited to rain water and surface runoffs from building and shelter roofs, roads and traffic areas, and areas beside roads and traffic areas (as described in Section 4).

Preliminarily, hydrotesting at nine locations along the route of the TAP scheme with a further five optional sites have been identified. Test sites have been limited to locations where there is already a high annual flux in water levels and no abstraction from reservoirs will be undertaken. Measures to control abstraction and dewatering rates will be implemented as standard (see Section 4 - Project Description) and all returned hydrotest water will be free of added chemicals, oxidizers and sediment.

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Other potential impacts from construction will include indirect changes in hydrology that may result from installation of the pipeline or from road building / upgrading upstream of river sections. Here changes in surface and subsurface flows (hyporheic flow) may eventually result in changes on the local hydrology and river characteristics. Surface water run-off from exposed site areas may cause localised flooding, erosion and will also be likely to have a much higher sediment load reducing water quality increasing turbidity and siltation. Where such sediment rich run-off enters a watercourse untreated it may reduce water quality and increase turbidity. Impacts from surface sediment run-off due to construction and installation activities will however be generally mitigated using standard operating practices. 8.12.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

Following mitigation (inbuilt or additional) a number of impact sources will only have negligible impacts. The following impacts during the construction phase are considered to be negligible and have not been included within the main mitigation and residual impacts table. • Hydrotesting; • Construction Camp waste water and water abstraction; and • Changes in hydrology.

Details of the mitigation and residual impacts are presented here for minor, moderate and high importance watercourses.

8.12.2.2.1 Minor Importance Watercourses - Impacts

Sensitivity of minor watercourses is generally low as overall individual canals, ditches and seasonal streams / brooks will support limited populations of flora and fauna. Such watercourses are mostly less than <5 m in width, often seasonal, have high nutrient levels and are often full of sediment meaning flow is minimal. They are however important for maintaining connectivity between habitat and they do provide important habitat for some individual species such as amphibians including Yellow-bellied toad (B. variegate) and Great crested newt (T. cristatus) (which are both Bern Convention and Natura 2000 listed species).

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Pipe crossings are likely to be a maximum in length of 12 m from start to finish and impacts will negatively affect these minor watercourses by local loss of habitat, habitat degradation (from increased turbidity), temporary fragmentation of habitat and direct species loss and displacement of more mobile species. Careful consideration of contaminants will be required for all crossings where contamination is potentially present (particularly west of the Semani River in the Fier region), although mitigation for such impacts has already been inbuilt. All impacts will be temporary other than for loss of mature vegetation, for species loss within the works zone and for degradation of local habitat from release of contaminants. The intensity of impacts while locally high will be low overall as the pipe construction will quickly move from site to site. Works will be undertaken directly after construction to reinstate all riparian habitat (other than for trees within the construction corridor) reducing long term impacts and retaining connectivity. Works will be undertaken at a time of year when flows are lowest and when many of the seasonal watercourses may be dry.

It should be noted that some watercourses categorised as being of low importance (due to their canalised nature) within the Fier area still support some significant assemblages of fish species and surveys of channels similar to that crossed at Kp 207 show species such as Eel (IUCN listed as CE) can be present and are first tributaries connected to the Adriatic coast via the Topoje Channel. Within this section of the lower catchment of the Semani River as stated above contamination is highly likely, impacts from such contamination if released could be significant, especially as it could spread into the Adriatic Sea.

For road crossings, only about three new crossings will be required while about 78 will need upgrading (including the optional road between Vithkuq and Ostrovice). For each crossing whether for an upgrade or new road, flow will be maintained within the watercourse and standard mitigation measures will be employed to reduce sediment plumes from construction zones. Impacts will mostly result from minor loss of vegetation at crossing locations, with that for upgrading likely to be negligible. Impacts will also be temporary and of low intensity.

A Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5) will be prepared before construction occurs for any crossing, which will also include all the Wetland and Water body Construction and Mitigation Procedures.

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8.12.2.2.2 Moderate Importance Watercourses - Impacts

Watercourses of Moderate importance are also of minimal size, <5 m width but tend to be permanent and are not man made although they may be affected by anthropogenic factors. Sensitivity of moderate importance watercourses will of course be higher than for minor importance watercourses increasing the overall magnitude of the impacts and eventual assessment. Species supported will be more diverse and will include red listed diatoms associated with quality habitat and species including Ray finned fish (EN, regionally endemic) have also been recorded within such minor streams (Dunaveci stream Kp 50.7). Of particular importance will be the secondary tributaries of the Osumi or Devolli which will be likely to support localised populations of key species known to be present on the larger Osumi and Devolli such as listed above and also including Bleak (Bern Convention/ Natura 2000 listed species).

Due to the increased sensitivity of those watercourses to be crossed, an impact assessment has been undertaken for both dry and wet open-cut techniques. Both techniques require direct works within watercourses which will cause direct loss of habitat and species (mostly flora, macroinvertebrates and phytobenthos) within the river and along the bankside. Impacts for both trechniques on bankside vegetation, disturbance and displacement of species, fragmentation and species loss will be similar. However, where techniques differ will be within river where increased sediment load/ turbidity and reduced water quality downstream of the works area may be largely mitigated by way of employing the Dry open-cut technique. For this technique after the initial dam creation, works within the river will produce minimal sediment and therefore habitat degradation, species loss and secondary impacts on macroinvertebrates and fish will be significantly reduced (Nugent, 2011).

To assess which technique is most appropriate for each crossing and to incorporate appropriate data from future surveys a Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5) has been developed. This matrix has been designed as a site specific tool to establish the technique most applicable to each and to also identify the feasibility of undertaking a particular technique. It should be noted that for all crossings within this category the dry open-cut technique is the preferred method, although with careful mitigation of impacts while using the wet open-cut technique in lower sensitivity sites may be appropriate.

For road crossings about 27 new crossings will be required with about an additional 50 requiring upgrades (including the optional road between Vithkuq and Ostrovice). Impacts from upgrades will generally be minor (depending on the crossing) as minimal work will be required for removal of vegetation at crossing points and works within the river may not be required. For new crossings though impacts from removal of riparian habitat and creation of footings will require some in channel works. Impacts are unlikely to be as intrusive as those for pipe crossings and flow will be maintained throughout. Use of sediment curtains as standard practice will further reduce impacts on aquatic habitats and species. Bridge construction (which could include piling will cause disturbance to locally present species but overall impacts from this and from bridge creation itself will be temporary.

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8.12.2.2.3 High Importance Watercourses - Impacts

Watercourse sections of high sensitivity have been identified along the pipe corridor in a number of locations and crossings where rivers are of highest sensitivity. These include direct crossing locations of the Osumi and Semani as well as crossings of the primary tributaries of these rivers as well as the Devolli. All sections of rivers to be crossed listed in the high sensitivity category (this is yet to be confirmed for the upper Osumi at Kp 85.1) support internationally / nationally protected, IUCN listed and regionally endemic assemblages of fish species (including Bleak, Loach, Ray finned fish, Common nase and Barbel) as well as well developed riparian corridors (of European habitat; 92A0, 92C0), diverse and species rich communities of macroinvertebrate, phytobenthos and terrestrial faunal communities. Impacts will again depend on the type of technique employed to undertake the crossing. As previously outlined for open cut techniques, the dry method causes the least impact and this technique will be employed where feasible, for all watercourse sections of high importance. While it is acknowledged that impacts on watercourses will generally be temporary (Reid et al. 2008) cumulative impacts resulting from the numerous and closely located crossings of the Osumi River may produce long term impacts within this river system.

Two crossings of the Semani River (at Kp 179 and Kp 192) within this category will not utilise the dry open-cut method and will use the wet open-cut method. This is due to the size of the crossings required and also the high sediment load already within the river at these crossing points. It is unlikely that additional sediment caused using the wet technique at these locations will be significant when considering baseline conditions. Furthermore as the river is of high importance for migratory fish species retaining passage by use of the wet method as opposed to the dry open-cut technique would be preferred.

In contrast to the open-cut techniques, trenchless techniques would be likely to only have negligible impacts on the aquatic environment (Nugent, 2011) as no direct works would be undertaken within the watercourse. Temporary crossing would be required initially to set up exit and entry portals for the pipe. Such crossings would however be only of low intensity and very temporary. Impacts would still occur in the riparian corridor from vegetation loss and disturbance of species using the riparian corridor. Bankside vegetation would however be retained by working behind this zone, retaining a passage for species and riparian habitat. This technique does however take substantially longer to complete than open-cut techniques when employed which again in conjunction with the number of crossing will increase the potential for more long-term displacement of species from the works area such as otters where the Osumi population may be affected by impacts on numerous individual territories.

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Road crossings for High Importance Rivers include only two upgrades of existing bridges across RV-2 rated watercourses and two new and five upgrades for RV-1 watercourses (including the optional road between Vithkuq and Ostrovice). Impacts from upgrading are likely to be minor as in channel works will be minimal (depending on the crossing) and works on the bank side will not require excessive removal of riparian vegetation. Impacts will be temporary and localised and effects from increased sedimentation from works will be generally low if in channel works are minimised. Flow will be retained throughout for both upgrading and for new crossings and use of sediment curtains in works zones will be used as standard. For the two new crossings where in channel works may be required impacts may be locally high although as previously stated they will be temporary and if mitigation measures are used impacts will be reduced.

A Watercourse Crossing Plan (see Section 9.2.5) that will be prepared before construction of any crossing, which will include all the Wetland and Water body Construction and Mitigation Procedures.

8.12.2.2.4 Other Impacts on the Aquatic Environment during Construction

Any impacts will be temporary and inbuilt mitigation to reduce surface run-off (such as the use of sediment ponds) will be used as standard good practice to reduce impacts to a minor level as will habitat degradation and potential minor displacement of species where sediment causes species to move location. Impacts will be short-term and of low intensity. Where watercourses of higher value are present impacts have the potential to be of higher magnitude although mitigation should prevent such impacts from occurring irrespective of the sensitivity level of the watercourse within the construction zone. Impacts from the construction camp at Kp 106 should be carefully considered as dewatering would presumably be done directly into the Osumi River.

For hydrotesting locations impacts will occur from required removal of bankside vegetation at abstraction and dewatering locations. There may also be temporary disturbance of species utilising watercourses and displacement of aquatic species at intake and outfall points (including otters).

Table 8.2-15 presents a summary of the mitigation measures and residual impacts associated to the impacts identified.

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Table 8.12-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Ecology- Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction Phase Pipeline River The following are applicable to all areas throughout Minor Crossings -Minor the Project. All mitigation measures will also be The decision matrix should be utilised to Importance included in Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) for determine whether any of the previously Construction Phase (see Section 9.2.18). The BAP identified Minor / Low Sensitivity watercourses will be established through consultation with All RV-4 should be classified as of Moderate (where authorities, stakeholders, NGOs and community lower indicated impacts will apply). watercourses groups. For those still of Minor importance crossing to • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each minor watercourses will include the following: river crossing. • Habitat and species loss will be local • Reduced working strip in sensitive habitats to • minimum of 28 m; Species likely to be affected will mostly be of local value although some species • Restoration of sites to their original condition of fish, amphibian and mammals of where possible upon completion of construction European importance may be temporarily • Retain original vegetation where possible for affected. reinstatement. • Fragmentation of habitat will be local and • Utilisation of sheet pile walls to minimize within the aquatic environment it will be excavation at river banks. temporary. • Maintain temporary passage across watercourses to ensure unhindered flow of water. • Utilisation of sediment curtains to prevent dispersion of plume. • Restoration of river bed cover layer to original state. • All wastewater to meet the defined standard (e.g. Residual impacts will overall remain minor WFD standard), EU and Albanian legislation and post mitigation due to the cumulative extent of requirement prior to disposal to a water course. the watercourses that will be crossed, the • Sedimentation pools to be used during local presence of some protected species and construction works. the habitat loss from these important wildlife corridors. • Establish a pre- post construction biodiversity

baseline from which all mitigation, restoration, and loss / degradation can be measured.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk • Work to be supervised by an on-site Ecological Clerk of Works (ECoW). • Remove all vegetation outside the bird breeding season (between 1st March and 31st July) where possible. • Maintain passage for fish populations during river works. • Avoid working at night • Undertake construction works during low flow conditions or preferably in dry conditions (August – November) for minor crossings. • Micrositing of crossings to avoid mature vegetation especially trees • Where amphibian species present all possible efforts to remove amphibians should be made, especially Bern Convention and Natura 2000 listed Yellow-bellied toad and Great crested newt as well as other species including Common toad (B. bufo) (NT), European green toad (B. viridis) (NT), Balkan frog (R. balcanica) (VU), Stream frog (R. graeca) (NT), Pond frog (R. lessonae) (NT), and Fire salamander (S. salamandra) (NT). • Any amphibian translocation works should be undertaken post breeding in summer and locations for suitable translocation sites should be made prior to removal (following guidance in the BAP). • Ecological awareness training should be provided to all personnel. • Establishment for a procedure to avoid, monitor and control invasive species if necessary.

Pipeline River • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor Crossings – river crossing. Assuming impacts from contamination area Minor • Detailed examination of contaminant levels within fully mitigated and that contaminants are Importance Fier sediments for all crossing points removed and restoration of habitat is Area [Minor RV-4 undertaken impacts to minor watercourses in • Implementation of Pollution Prevention Plan and crossings the Fier region will be reduced to a minor a Erosion and Sediments Management Plan (see between level. Kp 192.4- Sections 9.2.8 and 9.2.20) as to be included Kp 209] within the ESMP , including removal of contaminated sediments, control of river flow, use of booms, • Implementation of emergency spill response plan. • Restoration of habitat following works to acceptable levels in terms of contamination in the water column. • Retention of passage for fish following works.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Pipeline River • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor to Moderate (preferred method) Crossings - river crossing. The decision matrix should be utilised to Moderate • Assumed use of Wet Open-cut technique determine which of the Moderate Importance Importance employed Crossings should employ wet or dry open cut techniques. If this is not used it will be • Mitigation measures will include all those outlined assumed that the wet technique will be used [All RV-3 listed above including both inbuilt and additional and that impacts from crossings of all watercourse] measures which will all be listed within the Moderate importance watercourses will be Construction BAP (see Section 9.2.18). Minor to Moderate • Where otter presence is thought likely or has For those deemed of Medium Low sensitivity been previously recorded pre-construction survey utilising the wet open-cut technique will be of for otters must be carried out and where otter Minor to Moderate significance after the resting sites are recorded within the works zone a employment of inbuilt and additional detailed works plan should be established to mitigation measures. minimize impacts. • Impacts within the river system will include Construction BAP and Osumi River BAP will loss of habitat, degradation of habitat in the establish Management Plan with local community wider area, fragmentation of bankside to safeguard species. vegetation, displacement of species, direct • Avoid the migratory period of Eel within the species loss. Semani River in Autumn and Spring. Impacts will be temporary and localised

• Assumed use of Dry Open-cut technique Minor employed From Watercourse Crossing Plan for those • Mitigation measures will include all those outlined crossings where the dry technique is above including both inbuilt and additional employed due to Medium High sensitivity, measures impacts will be of Minor Significance. • Utilise sheet piling, sandbags or ‘aquadams’ to create dry open-cut trench. (Earth or other Impacts within the river system will include sediment rich material is not recommended.) loss of habitat, fragmentation of bankside • When creating the dry works corridor, during vegetation, displacement of species, direct dewatering any fish or invertebrate species species loss. should be carefully removed from this area and Impacts will be temporary and localised replaced within the river in an area with no sediment. Pipeline River • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor to Moderate Crossings -High river crossing. Impacts will be the same as those outlined Importance • Assumed use of Dry Open-cut technique above for rivers of moderate importance Dry Open-Cut employed although the magnitude will be higher due to the increased sensitivity of the river sections [Kp 8.3; • Mitigation measures will include all those outlined to be crossed. Kp 12.9; above including both inbuilt and additional Kp 16.6; measures • Kp 57.3; Monitoring of impacts on flora and fauna at sensitive locations Kp 106 • Creation of site specific Osumi River BAP to Kp 123 cover all potential impacts on biodiversity from Kp 131 river crossings and other sources in this section. Kp 138 x2 Kp 139 x2 Kp 140 Kp 142 Kp 145; Kp 150]

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Pipeline River • Assumed use of Wet Open-cut technique Moderate Crossings -High employed Impacts on the aquatic environment will Importance • Mitigation as presented above for wet open-cut remain even using mitigation. While impacts [Kp 180 techniques will be employed will be temporary given the contaminated nature of the Semani River and the wide Kp 192 • Mitigation also as presented for crossings in the variety of species that use it, impacts are Fier district regarding contamination and timings likely to remain of Moderate Significance. of works (to avoid Eel migration in Autumn and Spring) will also be specifically employed • Sediment removal will be advisable to reduce potential contamination Pipeline River • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor (preferred method) Crossings -High river crossing. No direct impacts will occur within the river Importance • Assumed Trenchless techniques employed, although loss of riparian habitat and Trenchless subject to technical feasibility disturbance and displacement of species utilising this habitat will occur. (subject to • Follow Osumi River BAP as outlined above (see technical ESMP). feasibility) • The footprint of trenchless crossing portals should [Kp 104; be kept to an absolute minimum Kp 107; • Bankside vegetation should be avoided with Kp 110; works undertaken behind this zone Kp 123; Kp • Plant crossing should be undertaken once or 131; using existing crossing structures • Kp 133; Consideration for otters should be made as outlined above Kp 135; • Assumed use of Dry Open-cut technique Moderate Kp 136; employed Impacts on the aquatic environment will Kp 142; • Measures will include all those outlined directly remain even using mitigation. While impacts Kp 156] above for trenchless techniques and previously will be temporary given the high sensitivity of for dry open-cut. the Osumi River, the riparian habitat that will be removed for each crossing and the species • Particular care will be made to remove as little that will be displaced, impacts are likely to bankside vegetation as possible. remain of Moderate Significance. • Works should be undertaken during low flow conditions where technically feasible.

Crossings of • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Not Significant to Minor New Roads / river crossing. Minimal number of new crossings will be Road Upgrades • Mitigation measures will include all those outlined required and impacts from new crossings will with rivers of Low above including both inbuilt and additional be only at 3 locations. Following mitigation Ecological measures as will be included within Construction impacts are likely to reduce to a Not Importance and Operation BAPs (see Section 9.2.18). Significant/Minor level although this will depend on what upgrading works are required • Bankside vegetation should be retained as far as where needed. possible. • Design of crossings should be made to reduce the requirement for works in the river (use of a single deck spanning the river). • For all road crossings, careful plans will be put in place to avoid works within the watercourse when at all possible and to retain flows at all times.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Crossings of • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor to Moderate New Roads/ river crossing. While mitigation will reduce impacts it will not Road Upgrades • Mitigation will include those measures outlined change the evaluation level to a minor as the with rivers of above for road and pipe crossings which will all number of new and upgraded crossings is still Medium be included within the Construction BAP (see relatively high and impacts to secondary Ecological Section 9.2.18). tributaries to key watercourses will still occur. Importance Commitment of upgrading and road crossing techniques could reduce impacts further. Crossings of • Develop a Watercourse Crossing Plan for each Minor New Roads / river crossing. The minor level is still present as detail on Road Upgrades • Mitigation will include those measures outlined crossing techniques and upgrading with rivers of above for pipe and road crossings which will all requirements would be needed to reduce High Ecological be included within the Construction BAP. impacts to a negligible level. Importance Reduced Water Follow standards as set out within the Construction Minor Quality in BAP including: Potential reduction in water quality will still watercourses • Use of sediment ponds where run-off occurs. remain as minor residual impact as some and waterbodies • Implement controls on works areas within the minor sediment will be likely to still enter including watercourses along the pipe length. freshwater vicinity of watercourses. springs from • Flooding and erosion control measures to be works outside implemented. rivers • Micro-site works as far as possible from watercourses, reservoirs, springs and other waterbodies. • Retaining sub-surface flows where required for springs or other areas where hydrological function is important • Utilisation of sediment curtains to prevent dispersion of any sediment plume ERM (2012)

8.12.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 8.12.3.1 Potential Impacts

No Project activities are likely to cause direct impacts above a negligible level to the aquatic environment during operation and maintenance of the pipe and compressor stations. Impacts will be generally confined to storm run-off and waste water from the permanent compressor stations and inbuilt mitigation as described below will mean impacts will be not significant. No impacts are likely to result from any other pipe facilities during operation and any maintenance will have not significant impacts.

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The only impacts, which have the potential to be significant, and for which mitigation will be difficult will be indirect impacts resulting from improved access to watercourses, waterbodies and particularly the Osumi River. For such impacts the Osumi River provides a good example. Here within the Osumi river valley, subsistence fishing (of any species present whether protected or otherwise) occurs between Berat and Corovode and with improvements in access increased pressure on fish stocks may occur resulting in reduced populations. Improved access may also increase pressure on other aquatic resources such as crustaceans, riparian woodland and water and there is also the potential that such improved access may increase development pressure within the valley. Overall this is not a widely important issue as access to most watercourses and waterbodies is already present, impacts after mitigation will therefore be minor. However, for the Osumi River residual impacts are included in Table 8.12-6 below.

Table 8.12-6 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Freshwater Ecology- Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Operational Phase Indirect impacts • A specific BAP for the Osumi River will be created to Minor resulting from be used during Construction and Operation. It will be Impacts will remain minor due to the long improved in addition to the Construction and Operation BAPs. term nature of the impacts and the access [Osumi The BAP will be established through consultation difficulty in enforcing mitigation. River Kp 103 – with authorities, stakeholders, NGOs and community groups. Kp 163] • Remove access points to sensitive locations along the Osumi River after the construction phase • Contribute to monitoring and enforcement of fish protection. ERM (2012)

8.12.4 Decommissioning Phase 8.12.4.1 Potential Impacts

Decommissioning will only be undertaken at the block valve stations and the compressor stations. Here impacts on the aquatic environment will be minimal. Mitigation measures will be employed as standard during decommissioning and assuming inbuilt measures are correctly employed, impacts will be of not significant. Impacts may in fact be positive if full restoration of drainage systems are undertaken during the decommissioning process. 8.12.5 Summary - Impacts on Flora, Fauna and Habitats

A large proportion of the habitats in the areas crossed by the pipeline route are highly modified, fragmented and disturbed and should be easy to restore from the temporary works activities. Out of the total of about 795 ha within the working strip 482 ha are agricultural lands. Certain key areas have however been identified along the route in which areas of high ecological value are present. The total loss of natural or EU-listed habitats from the working strip footprint amounts to about 376.4 ha, of which about 103.7 ha are made up of forest habitats (roughly 27.5% of the whole working strip). Additionally, habitat loss will occur where access roads are constructed/ upgraded, and in areas required for the permanent and temporary facilities such as the

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Compressor stations, the block valve stations, storage yards, and construction camps and grid connections. In many places along the pipeline route, vegetation will be allowed to re-establish after construction works are completed. However, in the 8 m pipeline protection strip only annual crops or low vegetation are allowed to protect pipeline integrity and to ensure access possibilities for pipeline maintenance activities; this restriction totals to about 167 ha. Thus in areas where the pipeline passes through natural or semi-natural environments, this strip will not be able to regenerate over time to the original habitat type unless the original habitat is grassland or similar. In addition, where access roads will remain permanent, losses along these new / upgraded roads will also be permanent. Losses of vegetation of ecological note – especially old growth forest will be of key importance within the Vithkuq – Ostrovice, Corovode and Osumi River valley areas. In these areas impacts on mature forest will be reduced by micrositing and where possible, applying a reduced working strip to the extent that constructability and construction logistics permits. Further transplanting of plant specimen from the working strip will be applied for certain protected species; this is limited however to species for which regrowth success is likely. Losses of natural and semi-natural habitat will still be of major significance in some key areas even after mitigation, restoration or replacement, i.e. replanting the temporary affected footprints with regional plant species and seeds as detailed in the Site Restoration Plan. Due to these significant residual impacts, compensation will also additionally be required in the form of biodiversity offsets.

The pipeline route traverses a range of fauna habitats inter alia for large mammals and birds. Disturbance will be minimised by avoiding sensitive times where possible, such as e.g. breeding period, for construction at relevant pipeline sections. Working hours for the most part will be restricted to daytime only.

River crossing has the potential for disturbing and impacting riverine ecology. Impacts on flora and fauna will be reduced by using trenchless crossing techniques, or where this not possible due to geotechnical or otherwise technical feasibility constraints open crossing techniques that minimise sediment dispersion and turbidity plumes in the river flow will be used at times when river discharge is low. Environmental protection measures for each river crossing will be included in the Watercourses Crossing Plan.

At the pipeline route selection stage, avoidance of key ecologically sensitive areas, including a major re-routing around Bredhi Hotova National Park and the Morava candidate Emerald Site (Area of Special Conservation Interest – ASCI) has been achieved. Despite routing efforts, a number of sites with recognized conservation importance (although not formally protected) are still crossed by the route. These are the Morova (candidate Emerald site and CORINE Biotope) – crossed at its northern margin, Vithkuq – Ostrovice (CORINE Biotope), and the Grykedhja Semanit –Pishe Poro (CORINE Biotope). The crossing length of these sites is approximately 13.9 km in total. The Vithkuq-Ostrovice CORINE Biotope site in the Habitats Directive Assessment (HDA) is considered as having the highest potential for indirect impacts to species and habitats within and adjacent to the CORINE Biotope therefore, here, as well as in the Corvode area compensation in the form of biodiversity offsets will be included as part of the BAP within the

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ESMP. In addition, in these areas as well as other designated sites (including the Forest of Makeza NM), careful implementation of the identified mitigation measures and the ESMP is required (especially with regards to access) and will be needed to reach the overall goal of ‘no net loss’ to biodiversity. Further, consultation undertaken with the MoEFWA in February 2012 and in October 2012 has identified that the Tomorr-Kulmak candidate Emerald Site and extended National Park has been formally protected and the updated boundary of this site is now located outside the works area and the site will remain unaffected by the TAP Project.

TAP AG will require from the EPC contractor that the Implementation of ecological mitigation measures (as will be detailed in a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) for construction and site restoration) will be supervised by a team of Ecological Clerk of Works (ECoW).

During project operation, indirect impacts on flora and fauna are anticipated within the Vithkuq- Ostrovice and the Corovode areas. Therefore as part of the BAP (see Section 9.2.18) compensation in the form of biodiversity offsets will be implemented to restore forest in these areas. Furthermore, careful monitoring as part of the BAP of illegal logging activities, species and habitat monitoring as well as help with future designation will be undertaken. In addition, in order to avoid fauna disturbance during operation, the schedule and mode of pipeline route patrols and any activities to keep the pipeline protection strip from deep rooting permanent vegetation will need to consider sensitive times.

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8.13 Onshore - Economy and Employment

8.13.1 Overview

This section assesses the potential economic and employment impacts associated with the TAP Project in Albania. The assessment is divided into construction and operations; the construction phase also includes an assessment of impacts associated with pre-construction (infrastructure upgrades and camp construction). Summaries of the inputs to the assessment and the geographic focal points for predicted impacts are presented in Box 8.13-1.

Box 8.13-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Economy and Employment

Sources of Impact • Pre-construction and Construction: construction workforce is estimated at 1,500 employees for the main construction phase; estimated duration of work: 3-7 months for pipeline spreads, 26/20 months for CS03/CS02 (respectively) and 20-24 months construction period for pipeline in the mountainous Potom area (effective construction time of 10-15 months); worker hiring and materials sourcing to be managed by primary contractors but required to meet TAP CSR requirements; construction camps will be closed but workers will have some access to local markets. • Operations: taxes will be paid. • Decommissioning: workforce for CS decommissioning will likely be relatively small number (e.g. 100); workforce for decommissioning the pipeline will depend on the approach taken (abandon in place or remove) but would likely be also much smaller than construction workforce. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Business and workforce in the study area • Settlements along the pipeline route and Project infrastructure facilities, in particular those located near construction camps Geographic Distribution of Impacts • Camps: near Ecmenik, Floq, Potom, Helmesi, Staravek, Qafa, Manushtir/Corovode, Vodica, Fushe Pestan, Mbrostar Compressor Stations: Fier and Trestenik • More significant impacts are expected for static construction sites such as the areas for construction of the compressor station(s) due to the longer-term presence of a workforce • Populated areas close to construction camps will be exposed to more significant employment and local spending impacts Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Education and skill levels: high literacy rates (89-95%) but low occurrence of specialised (pipeline construction related) skills in the study area. Nationally, construction contributes to 13% of GDP. The availability of workers with construction and pipeline related skills at the national level will be assessed as part of TAP’s local content process • Availability of goods and services: with the exception of large urban centres such as Berat and Durres waged employment in the study area is low - agriculture is the main economic activity for 80%-100% of the surveyed population – and the service industry is still nascent outside of major cities in Albania. However, jobs in trade, construction and transport (drivers) are the most common waged jobs in the study area, all of which have some direct or indirect project relevance • High importance to government stakeholders: Albanian government have established several programmes to encourage and promote employment (regional labour authority promotion of local employment, training) • High importance to local stakeholders: unemployment ranges from 5% (Devoll) -13% (Berat) and can be much higher in individual settlements; 38% of communities raised questions on employment during consultation meetings Vulnerable Groups • Poor families: big gap in enrolment at secondary school level • Roma: only 25% of the Roma population complete primary school education; high levels of illiteracy

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References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.5. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. Note: a number of additional and complementary impacts are assessed in parallel Human Rights Impact Assessment study, a summary of which is found in Annex 10 (AAL00-EAL-694-Y-TAM-0003) ERM (2012)

Potential economic impacts relating to local livelihoods are covered separately in Section 8.13 - Land and Livelihoods. Potential positive and negative economic impacts relating to Project impacts on infrastructure are covered in Section 8.14 - Infrastructure and Public Services.

Table 8.13-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on economy and employment during the three major Project phases. Table 8.13-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Economy and Employment

Pre-Construction and Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Temporary direct and indirect employment • Long-term employment in • Temporary direct and indirect opportunities (primarily unskilled) maintenance, monitoring and employment opportunities near • Temporary economic impacts from taxes security positions the compressor stations and fees, procurement and worker • Economic impacts of the • Temporary induced economic spending payment of taxes impacts from worker spending • Long-term benefits of capacity in the local area enhancement (on-the-job and formal training opportunities) ERM (2012)

Due to the stage of Project development, there are a number of aspects of the Project yet to be defined that influence the magnitude of the impacts to economy and employment. These include:

• The size of some components of the pre-construction and construction workforce;

• Unskilled and semi-skilled workers as a percentage of the overall workforce; and

• Results of the Project’s supply chain analysis and elaboration of a procurement plan.

The following sections discuss economic and employment impacts relating to pre-construction (infrastructure enhancement) and construction, operation and decommissioning of the pipeline in greater detail, followed by the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the Project. At the end of each section, a summary of impacts for the Project phase is presented, along with an evaluation of the residual impacts taking into account the application of mitigation.

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8.13.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.13.2.1 Anticipated Impacts

8.13.2.1.1 Employment Impacts

As a pipeline project, most of the economic and employment impacts from the TAP Project can be expected to accrue during the pre-construction and construction phases. It is during this period that the Project will need to hire workers and purchase goods and services, potentially resulting in positive impacts on the local economy. Temporary employment during the construction phase includes people directly employed by the primary contractor for the construction and upgrading of roads and infrastructure (pre-construction) and construction of the pipeline, compressor stations and other project components. It also includes jobs supplying the goods and services needed to support the construction process, including food and transport services and support staff in construction camps.

Employment figures for the construction stage are only preliminary at this stage and will be further refined during detailed design and following selection of a primary contractor. Current estimates of workforce size and the duration of work for the different Project components are provided in Table 8.13-2 below. Table 8.13-2 Employment Figures and Duration of Work for Project Components

Project Component Estimated Duration Estimated Workforce Pre-Construction (infrastructure upgrades) Access Roads o New Roads (approx. 61 km) 9 months Not yet available o Upgrade of roads (approx. 86 km) o Optional new roads (8 km) Establish 1 main pipe storage yard near Durres and 9 pipe storage yards along the pipeline Approx. 2 weeks per yard Not yet available route (including 1 optional yard) Establish approximately 9 pipeline construction camps for pipeline construction (including 2 Approx. 4 weeks per camp Not yet available optional camps) and 2 construction camps within the perimeter of CS02 and CS03 Construction Approx. 3-7 months per spread, Buried 209 km cross-country pipeline 700 depending upon difficulty of terrain Compressor Station CS03 26 months 450 - 500 (included in the pipeline 10 block valve stations (included in the pipeline construction) construction) Compressor Station CS02

- Metering station included in initial construction 20 months 300 – 350 works for 10 BCM

- Completion of CS02 by installing the few months 100 - 150 compressorsfor 20 BCM case Source: Preliminary Logistics Study Albania – Update APL00-ILF-100-F-TRP-0002. Rev.: 0C With regard to employment, best estimates from similar projects have been assumed. Taking a conservative approach and assuming all unskilled workers are Albanian nationals it is estimated

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Generally speaking, the duration of employment for the construction workforce will be relatively brief. The longest-term assignments include laying of the pipeline along 13 km in Potom area (Kp 76-89); construction of CS03 (main construction phase); and civil works for CS02; work on the three components is estimated to last approximately 34 months. Construction of the pipeline other than in the Potom area will take place in four or more separate spreads, with work on each individual spread anticipated to last 3–7 months or longer, depending upon the difficulty of the terrain.

At a national level, the construction sector is a relatively important economic activity, contributing to approximately 13% of GDP. Hence, it is likely that experienced job applicants will be available nationally to fill some of the skilled jobs on the Project, particularly during road. Given the specific technical experience required for pipeline construction and the global nature of the industry, it is expected that the number of skilled positions filled for pipeline construction by Albanian nationals will be relatively limited.

The purchase of goods and services during construction will also generate some local employment, mainly in the major cities and in settlements close to the planned construction camps where workers will be accommodated.

It is planned that seven camps (plus two optional camps) will be established for pipeline construction and two additional camps will be established within the perimeter of the compressor station sites. The camps to be constructed at the compressor stations and Potom area will be in place for at least 24 months, whereas the pipeline construction camps will be in place for a shorter duration. The worker accommodation camps will be self-sufficient, to avoid putting additional strain on local infrastructure and services. It can be expected that each of the construction camps will employ unskilled and semi-skilled workers to provide housekeeping, meals, security and transport services (numbers and positions not yet estimated). Although workers will be able to visit larger cities on days off, spending outside the camps is not anticipated to be significant or long-term enough to result in job creation.

The percentage of food or supplies for the Project that will be procured from Albanian companies is being defined, but assuming estimates from similar projects it can be expected that any associated job creation would mostly accrue to Tirana and the surrounding area. The total amount of job creation associated with national level procurement is expected to be small.

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Questions about Project-related employment opportunities were raised in nearly 40% of communities during the ESIA consultation process held in June and September 2011. While not a universal concern along the route, it is nonetheless a significant issue for many local communities. A general feeling was expressed by communities that they should receive some benefit from the Project, since they will be receiving most of the impacts; local employment (down to the commune level and even to the settlement level where feasible) is one of the most important benefits that people expect (see Section 7 - Stakeholder Engagement). Furthermore, it can be expected that interest in expectations for employment will be higher in areas that are suffering from unemployment. Broadly speaking, unemployment in settlements within the 2 km corridor ranges from 5% in Devoll to 13% in Berat. Unemployment figures can also vary widely at a settlement level along the route. Community leaders in some settlements in Skrapar estimated more than 90% unemployment in their area; in Berat, unemployment is reported to be rising due to factory closures.

Vulnerable groups in the employment context include poorer families and the Roma; the former due to lower school completion rates and the latter due to low school completion, low literacy rates and sometimes a lack of spoken Albanian. According to baseline data, households across the study area have relatively low income levels for Albania, with particularly low incomes in the 2 km corridor in Fier, Skrapar and Berat (close to or over 1/3 of households earning <€70 per month). Roma communities identified in the socioeconomic study area are Mbrostar (Fier) and Poshnjë (Berat). It is expected that poorer, less educated households and Roma will benefit less from employment opportunities created by the Project than the wider populace.

In summary, employment benefits are expected to range somewhat across the study area, but will be limited by the short construction period and relatively small number of positions open to unskilled workers. Depending on how workers are recruited, employment opportunities for local communities may be most significant near construction camps – due to additional employment generated by procurement of services for campsite operation - and where road construction is needed.

8.13.2.1.2 Economic Impacts during Construction

Economic impacts during pipeline construction will stem from procurement of goods and services by the Project, local employment, and induced economic effects of spending and by construction workers.

Detailed information on the procurement needs for the construction phase is not yet available at this stage. In general terms, the types of goods and services required will inter alia include:

• Transport, catering, laundry, food supply, security services for camps;

• Supply of construction vehicles and equipment; and

• Provision of construction materials including aggregates/sand, concrete, and building materials.

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TAP AG will undertake a so-called Supply Side Analysis (commencing in January 2013) to identify which of the goods and services required for the Project could actually procured locally within Albania. The list of materials and services that can be sourced locally is under investigation. For the purpose of the ESIA it is assumed that most services (including transport, laundry, catering, etc) will be sourced from Albanian companies whilst a smaller percentage of goods and materials (some of the more basic vehicles and construction materials such as bedding/filling aggregates) will be sourced from within Albania. Albanian companies will have the opportunity to tender for construction contracts. It is conservatively estimated that the amount of work that will be captured by national companies will be potentially up to 10% of the contracted construction and procurement contract values. The economic benefits will likely primarily occur at a national rather than a local level unless local community procurement is specifically targeted by the Project.

The economic impact of project workforce spending in the local economy is expected to be small, since the construction camps will be self-contained and provide food etc. for the workers. Further, with the exception of compressor station construction camps and the camp in the Potom area, the remaining camps, the construction camps will only exist for a relatively short period during the construction phase. Similar to other projects with construction camps, it is foreseen that the Project will provide transport for organised visits to local centres during recreational time for workers. These visits can be expected to generate some income for local shops, bars and restaurants. TAP AG will coordinate with local authorities in order to avoid avoid opportunistic, informal markets developing at the perimeters of the construction camps. Thus private spending by Project workers will primarily benefit to local shops, restaurants, bars and cafés other existing formal businesses in the service sector. The establishment of self-contained camps with worker accommodation will also limit the negative economic impacts often associated with construction projects, such increaeses in of local housing prices or the cost of basic goods.

Whilst it is not possible to predict the actual economic benefits in monetary terms at this stage, an indication of the order of magnitude the economic opportunity value potential can be derived by comparison with similar projects (extrapolated on the length of the pipeline section). According to TAP AG’s preliminary estimate of TAP’s local benefits to Albania (TAP-CEA-RP-001-Rev.0) economic opportunities associated with the procurement of goods and services could amount to the order of 250 million Euro or higher for the roughly 200 km pipeline system through Albania. An indicative split based on similar projects would potentially be as follows: Of this the estimated largest local business opportunity share would be for civil works (> 150 million €) followed by local construction labour (< 50 million €), transport services for items like pipes, materials, personnel (>30 million €), catering of food and beverages for the construction workforce (> 10 million €). A more detailed breakdown of the procurement potential will be possible at a later stage after the completion of TAP AG’s Supply Side Analysis.

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8.13.2.1.3 Skills Upgrade from the Construction Phase

In general, given the short timeframe for the pipeline construction phase there will be limited possibility for unskilled workers to develop other skills on the job. However, as the construction duration of the compressor stations and Potom area pipeline laying will be longer, it is expected that there will be more opportunities for on-the-job training and learning for the workforce on these components.

In addition to training and experience at the level of individual workers, the Project will also represent an opportunity for Albanian companies to tender for work on components of pipeline construction. If and where these contracts are won, there will be the possibility for capacity enhancement and reputational benefits from working on a major international project to the highest safety and performance standards.

8.13.2.2 Mitigation Measures / Enhancement of Benefits

TAP’s Policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contains the intention that “TAP and its sub-contractors will recruit and source locally, work with local businesses and give preference to both if they have equal qualifications and comply with TAP’s requirements.” (TAP Policy on CSR 2011, TAP-HSE-PO-0002). In practice, this will need to consider the actual skills and capacities required for implementing the services and procuring the goods to the Project. Therefore, the Project plans to achieve this objective through the implementation of a Local Content Strategy (TAP Local Content Strategy /2010 / TAP-HSE-ST-0007) which is aiming at enhancing capacity of national level companies and increasing local (Albania and regional project areas) employment and procurement wherever possible. Specific mitigation measures under this strategy for enhancement of national supplier capacity include the following:

• In order to identify and quantify local content potential, identify potential employees, contractors and suppliers and obtain information on their capability to comply with TAP’s requirements, TAP AG will conduct a comprehensive demand- and supply-side analysis;

• TAP AG will implement a phased capacity building programme (sector by sector) that will enable local companies to achieve qualifications and potentially certification with the relevant standards and requirements well in advance of the tendering process;

• TAP AG will engage with local government, industry and other organisations to determine opportunities for targeted training; and

• Following selection of primary contractors, the Project will carry out training of contractors on the Project HSE and socioeconomic policies prior to the start of construction.

TAP AG estimates that the above mentioned 250 million Euro economic opportunity could potentially be increased up to four-fold by spin-off from local content development due to the enhanced compentence the construction related business sector will gain through Project implementation. In order to foster economic benefits and spin-off effects, TAP AG aims to form

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8.13.2.2.1 Optimisation of national level contractor opportunities1:

TAP AG will break down construction contracts into smaller components to increase the likelihood of granting individual pieces of work to Albanian companies.

8.13.2.2.2 Optimisation of local employment opportunities:

The Project will agree an Employment Strategy with Primary Contractors that will include the expected level of local input for unskilled labour. Contractors will be required to attempt to source all unskilled labour from within Albania, and with best efforts to recruit unskilled labour from the communes crossed by the pipeline. Agreed measures will be monitored and reported on.

Measures to spread employment opportunities evenly along the pipeline:

The Employment Strategy will define target locations for recruiting local unskilled labour by each of the four working spreads. This will help to smooth the distribution of employment opportunities along the pipeline route.

8.13.2.2.3 Integrity of recruitment Process

The Project will work with local authorities and employment organisations to ensure that all positions are advertised in a manner that is accessible to the settlements and communes crossed by the pipeline;

The Project will ensure that the recruitment process is fair and transparent, public and open to all regardless of ethnicity, religion or gender; and

The Project will stipulate that the Primary Contractor provides clear contracts prior to mobilisation stipulating working hours, pay, and other terms of employment.

8.13.2.2.4 Managing Public Expectations

The Project will provide clear information on the number and limited timescales of employment opportunities. Information on the employment strategy will be disclosed at a commune centres and at all settlements within the area of direct influence of the Project including settlements within the 2 km corridor, settlements near main pipe yard in Synej Commune (Tirana Region) and Durres Municipality.

1 TAP Local Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007)

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8.13.2.2.5 Sourcing of Local Goods and Services:

As part of the tendering process, TAP’s contractors will be required to develop a purchasing strategy that stipulates how national and local purchase of goods will be optimised. The purchasing strategy will be required to adhere to all TAP HSE policies and procedures. Agreed measures will be monitored and reported on;

Advance information on tendering opportunities will be provided to local businesses through trade and industry chambers and local business organisations along the pipeline route; and

Contractors will be required to show best efforts to fill unskilled service jobs in worker accommodation camps with local (commune level) residents.

8.13.2.2.6 Transparency

In line with IFC requirements, TAP AG will publically disclose their material payments to the Albanian government. Additionally, TAP AG will require all staff, contractors and consultants to receive Code of Conduct induction.

8.13.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.13-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

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Table 8.13-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Economy and Employment – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts Residual Impacts Economic and Employment Impacts: Construction Phase Temporary • TAP AG will enhance national supplier capacity Minor - Positive employment through a comprehensive demand and supply • Total employment figures and opportunities – chain analysis; phased capacity building program; skilled/unskilled breakdown are based national level targeted training agreed with local government, on best estimate from similar projects. industry and other organisations. (TAP Local • Relatively few jobs relative to national Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007)) context. • TAP AG will optimise employment opportunities by • Most construction jobs on the Project breaking tendering opportunities into smaller will be short-term 3-7 months or less for components to increase the likelihood of granting pre-construction); up to 26 months on individual pieces of work to Albanian companies CS02 and CS03 and Potom area. • TAP AG will agree an Employment Strategy with Primary Contractors including requirements for hiring (Vast majority of unskilled labour from within the country; focus on recruiting from communes crossed by the pipeline) • The Employment Strategy will outline and require a fair and transparent recruitment process for all openings. Temporary • TAP AG will agree an Employment Strategy with Minor / Moderate - Positive employment Primary Contractors including requirements for • Total employment figures and opportunities – hiring (Vast majority of unskilled labour from within skilled/unskilled breakdown are based local level the country; best efforts to recruit from communes on best estimates from similar projects. crossed by the pipeline) • Most construction jobs on the Project • The Employment Strategy will define target will be short-term (3-7 months or less locations for recruiting local unskilled labour targets for pre-construction). for each of the four working spreads. • Employment impacts will be higher in • The Employment Strategy will outline and require a communities near the CS and in Potom fair and transparent recruitment process for all area due to the larger workforce (CS openings. only) and longer duration of work. • TAP AG will work with local authorities to advertise • Mitigation measures will help to all openings in ways that are accessible to local increase local impacts of employment communities. opportunities, particularly in • The Project will provide clear information on the construction camps and unskilled number and limited timescales of employment labour positions. opportunities. • Transparent hiring practices and clear • Contractors will be required to show best efforts in information on employment filing all unskilled service jobs in worker opportunities will help to manage accommodation camps with local (commune level) stakeholder expectations. residents. Temporary • TAP AG will explicitly include Roma camps and Not Significant employment – community leaders in the advertisement effort for • Given the small number and duration of vulnerable job openings. employment opportunities, and the groups lower literacy and school completion rates among the Roma, the impact on these groups will be extremely small.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts Residual Impacts Temporary • In line with IFC requirements, TAP AG will Minor - Positive economic publically disclose their material payments to the • The total Capital Expenditure for the impact – Albanian government. Albania section of TAP to be spent on national level • TAP AG will enhance national supplier capacity Albanian goods and services is based through a comprehensive demand and supply side on best estimates from similar project. analysis; phased capacity building program; • Due to the brief construction period and targeted training agreed with local government, the difficultly of generating local industry and other organisations. (TAP Local procurement estimates at this time, the Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007)) economic impacts of sourcing goods • TAP AG will consider breaking tendering and services relative to the national opportunities into smaller components to increase economy are also considered small. the likelihood of granting individual pieces of work to Albanian companies • As part of the tendering process TAP AG will require contractors to develop a purchasing strategy that stipulates how national and local purchase of goods and services will be optimised. Agreed targets will be monitored. Temporary • Advance information on tendering opportunities will Minor / Moderate - Positive economic be provided to local businesses through trade and • Temporary impacts impact – local industry chambers and local business organisations • Local purchasing by employees level along the pipeline route. expected to be relatively minor; • As part of the tendering process TAP AG will potentially larger impacts in large cities require contractors to develop a purchasing such as Berat, Fier and Durres where strategy that stipulates how national and local more goods and services are available purchase of goods and services will be optimised. for purchase Agreed targets will be monitored. • Impacts will be moderate in communes / settlements near the CS and Potom area due to the larger workforce (at CS) and longer duration of work Skill and • TAP AG will enhance national supplier capacity Moderate - Positive Capacity through a comprehensive demand and supply • Long-term impacts Enhancement analysis; phased capacity building program; • Significant benefit for companies and targeted training agreed with local government, individuals associated with the Project industry and other organisations. (TAP Local • Relatively limited training opportunities Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007)) given the short duration of construction • TAP AG will carry out training of contractors on Project SHE and socioeconomic policies prior to the start of construction. (TAP Local Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007))

ERM (2012)

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8.13.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.13.3.1 Employment Impacts during Operation

During operations, the Albanian section of the TAP Project will employ less than 100 permanent employees. The exact staffing numbers and organisational needs will be made available following the completion of the detailed design.

Permanent employees will be needed for the following areas of work: operation and maintenance of the compressor stations and pipeline; monitoring; security; maintenance of the PPS in forested areas.

The majority of these will be skilled positions and will be based around the two compressor stations, in Fier and Trestenik. In addition, contractors will be involved for facility maintenance and potentially security (Subject to later stage planning, security personnel would be hired from security service companies or potentially also recruited locally from communities at points along the pipeline route).

8.13.3.2 Economic Impacts during the Operation Phase

The primary economic impact during the operation phase will be the payment of taxes by TAP to the Albanian government. Details including the amount to be paid will be specified in the Host Government Agreement (HGA).

Albanian companies will have the opportunity to be involved in maintenance and repair works of the buildings and facilities.

8.13.3.3 Mitigation Measures

As in the construction phase, TAP AG will undertake measures in order to optimise national and local level employment opportunities, maintain the integrity of the recruitment process and source goods and services locally. See Section 8.13.2.2 for more detail.

In addition to the mitigation measures from the construction phase, the Project will commit to the following:

Where on-the-ground security personnel are needed, the Project will fill these positions from within the communes crossed by the pipeline.

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8.13.3.4 Residual Impacts Table 8.13-4 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified. Table 8.13-4 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Economy and Employment – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impacts /Risk Economic and Employment Impacts: Operation Phase Permanent • TAP AG will enhance national supplier capacity Not Significant Employment through a comprehensive demand and supply side • Very few permanent opportunities – Opportunities analysis; phased capacity building program; particularly unskilled - available on the (national and targeted training agreed with local government, Project local) industry and other organisations. (TAP Local • Transparent hiring practices and clear Content Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE-ST-0007)) information on employment • The Employment Strategy will outline and require a opportunities will help to manage fair and transparent recruitment process for all stakeholder expectations openings • TAP AG will work with local authorities to advertise all openings in ways that are accessible to local communities. The Project will provide clear information on the limited number and skills requirements of employment opportunities. Economic • None Moderate - Positive impacts from • Payment of taxes will generate a long- payment of term (project duration) impact taxes (national • The fees represent a small but level) significant amount of government revenue from a single project. • Government revenues only imperfectly translate into economic activity ERM (2012)

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8.13.4 Decommissioning Phase

8.13.4.1 Temporary Employment Impacts during Decommissioning

At this stage, it is assumed that for decommissioning all buildings will be taken down and the sites would be reinstated, Most of the labour effort will be required at the two compressor stations and block valve stations along the route. The number of workers needed for decommissioning will be less compared to the workforce needed for compressor station construction, depending on the time schedule of the decommissioning and dismantling. However, the duration of the decommissioning phase is unknown at this stage.

In case the pipeline is abandoned in place, the workforce required for decommissioning the pipeline would be rather small, probably in the order of 100 with a mostly specialised workforce. Should the pipeline be removed, a workforce similar or less to pipeline laying would be required.

Economic impacts during the decommissioning phase will be relatively minimal. There will be a small amount of procurement of goods and services associated with the workers camps near the two compressor stations, and some induced economic impacts from employee spending. Should the pipeline be removed, there would be more workers and increased demand for goods and services.

Similar to the construction phase, TAP AG would implement a series of measures in order to enhance national and local level employment opportunities, maintain the integrity of the recruitment process and source goods and services locally. See Section 8.13.2.2 for more detail.

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8.13.5 Summary – Impacts on Economy and Employment

Construction:

In general, construction activities for the Project will generate economic benefits from taxes paid by the Project in-country and the region.

The construction workforce for the TAP Project in Albania is estimated at 1,500 for the main construction phase; of these 450 - 500 will be working on the compressor station CS03 and 300 - 500 on CS02 (which initially for 10 BCM system transport capacity will be only a metering station – without compressors installed)1. The estimated duration of work is 3-7 months for each pipeline spread (depending upon difficulty of terrain) and 26 months for compressor station CS03 (20 months for CS02 in the first stage). In the Potom area the period for laying of the pipeline will be 20-24 months, with an effective construction time of 10-15 months due to limiting weather conditions in the mountainous region.

Subject to TAP AG’s tendering strategy, it is likely that one or more Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractors and a number of local subcontractors will carry out the works. Therefore, the construction workforce will likely be composed from both, third country nationals and Albanians. Hiring and sourcing of materials will be managed by the primary contractors. These will be required to meet TAP AG’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) requirements set out in the TAP AG policies and the best practice implementation guidance documents of EBRD regarding workers management, accommodation and worker rights.

Construction will require to a large extent a trained and specialized workforce. It is estimated therefore that demand for unskilled labour that could be employed from local or regional labour market along the route is relatively low, estimated around 20 – 30 % of the total construction workforce.

TAP is aiming at increasing local content and creating economic benefits for the country and the regions where the pipeline system will be constructed (TAP Local Content Strategy, AP-HSE-ST- 0007). TAP AG will encourage contractors to source from local suppliers of goods and services and to provide opportunities for local hiring. TAP AG will undertake a so-called Supply Side Analysis to identify which of the goods and services required for the Project could actually procured locally within Albania. Based on comparison with similar pipeline project, the economic opportunity value potential associated with the procurement of goods and services could amount to the order of 250 million Euro for the roughly 200 km pipeline system through Albania. TAP AG estimates that the above mentioned 250 million Euro economic opportunity could potentially be increased up to four-fold by spin-off from local content development due to the enhanced compentence the construction related business sector will gain through Project implementation. In order to foster economic benefits and spin-off effects, TAP AG aims to form an alliance with

1 For 20 BCM when the compressors will be fitted in the CS02 (which initially for 10 BCM will be only a metering station), about 100 – 150 people will be needed over a few months of time.

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Albanian institutions, international development finance institutions and the Albanian business community to finance and implement a capacity enhancement programme for Albanian companies.

Construction workers will be accommodated in a number of camps that are spread along the route and at the stationary construction sites (nine camps, including two optional along the pipeline; at each compressor station one camp; depending on the outcomes of further detailing of construction spreads, additional camps may be established). Camps will be fully serviced, and due to availability a large portion of materials and supplies would likely come from the Tirana region or other commercial and trade centres, but depending on availability of supply items, regional economy may profit from supply of foodstuff and supply items. Populated areas close to construction camps would likely benefit from more employment and local spending impacts than regions that are only passed by the pipeline route. Also workers in their free time would likely create more demand in local markets, shops and bars/restaurants during the construction period. However, temporary increase of local business is short term in nature and not anticipated to be in general significant (It may be higher for the vicinity of static construction sites, such as the Potom area and the compressor stations, due to the longer-term presence of a workforce).

Operation:

A general economic benefit for Albania will be the payment of taxes during project operation. The permanent workforce of TAP AG for pipeline system and station operation is estimated to be less than 100 employees; most of these will be highly qualified specialist. In addition, contractors will be involved for facility maintenance and security.

Decommissioning:

The workforce required for compressor station decommissioning will be likely less than required for construction. Workforce required for pipeline decommissioning depends on the decommissioning approach. If the pipeline is if left in the ground, only a small number will be required, if it is recovered, workforce may be similar as for construction. Beneficial effects on local employment and local businesses cannot be meaningful predicted from today’s perspective but will likely be less than those for construction.

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8.14 Onshore - Land and Livelihoods 8.14.1 Overview

This section presents the potential impacts to existing livelihoods and land values as a result of project related activity. In addition to the commitments made by TAP to adhere to EBRD Performance Standards, a series of mitigation measures have been designed to ensure that the level of impacts to socioeconomic receptors is avoided, minimised or reduced.

Box 8.14-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on land and livelihoods. Box 8.14-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Land Use and Livelihoods

Sources of Impact • Temporary land-take of approximately 922 ha composed of: 794 ha for 38 m pipeline working strip; 32 ha for 9 pipeline construction camps (each 2-5 ha); 69 ha for 2 compressor station including two construction camps; approximately 24 ha for 9 pipe yards; 2.5 ha for 10 block valve stations construction sites (each 2,500 m2); Safety zones around construction sites and associated facilities will also be required; • Permanent land take of approximately 209 ha composed of: two compressor stations each requiring approximately 34.5 ha including safety zones (total 69ha); Approximately 10 block valve stations each requiring 0.07 ha (total 0.7 ha); 139 ha for 155 km of roads (62 ha for 69 km of new roads, 77 ha for 86 km of upgraded roads and 8 km of optional new roads); in addition to landfill sites for waste materials (size and number not yet confirmed); • Permanent land restrictions along the 8 m permanent pipeline protection strip (PPS) (total 167 ha); safety zones of up to 40m (total 836 ha) from the pipeline restricting construction of new houses and 400m (total 8,326 ha) for construction of new housing clusters and industrial buildings; and • Decommissioning: There will be temporary working zones associated with the removal of facilities and infrastructure and restoration of the land. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Owners and users of land affected by temporary land take; • Owners of land affected by permanent land take or land use restrictions; and • Local authorities (regional and municipal/communal) Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • With the exception of large urban areas like Berat and Durres, mixed agricultural production is the main economic activity for 80%-100% of population in settlements within the socioeconomic study area; • Additional livelihood activities including bee keeping and collection of forest products; • High levels of land ownership but small land sizes: average total land between 1.5-5ha per household spread over 3-10 land parcels; • Issues related to land ownership documentation and land titles; • Household income levels highest in Devoll and Korca (60% earning €140-€350 per month) and also in northern section of study area, Durres and Kavaje ; Berat and Fier have more varied income levels; Skrapar has a high proportion of households on low income (33% on less than €70 per month). Household income has also been affected by significant reductions in remittances due to the economic crisis in 2008: and • Land value affected by whether it is designated urban or rural and soil fertility (e.g. highly fertile alluvial soils found in Korca and Devoll). The pipeline crosses 2 areas designated urban and planned for future development (Korca and Fier) and a planned tourist site in Fier. The city of Berat is also set to increase in size, potentially crossing the corridor. Vulnerable Groups • Households on a low income, including subsistence farmers; • Households with no legal right to land; and • Households dependent on limited land of low productivity. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.6. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4.

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Note: a number of additional and complementary impacts are assessed in the parallel Human Rights Impact Assessment study, a summary of which is found in Annex 10 (AAL00-EAL-641-Y-TAE-0003) ERM (2012) Table 8.14-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on land and livelihoods during the Project phases. Table 8.14-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Land Use and Value

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Temporary loss of livelihoods and household • Permanent loss of livelihoods • Temporary use of land due income and household income to decommissioning • Displacement of physical structures • Changes in land values post activities • Disturbance to beekeeping and animal grazing construction • Restoration of land use activities • Loss of livelihoods from severance between different land areas • Impacts on collection of forest products and animal grazing from site clearing and opening access roads in mountainous areas • Loss of income due to damage to local medicinal plants ERM (2012) Many of the impacts to land and livelihoods will be experienced throughout the study area and some are specific to locations within the pipeline corridor. Figure 8.14-1 below, provides a geographic overview of impacts in relation to land and livelihoods within the 2 km corridor. The map includes areas of seasonal and permanent agriculture and greenhouse cultivation, all of which will be temporarily or permanently removed during the construction and operation phases. The figure also identifies geographical areas where changes to land value might occur as a result of project activities. Section 8.14.3.1.1 provides a detailed explanation of how the Project will affect land values.

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Figure 8.14-1 Geographic Overview of Impacts to Land and Livelihoods

Clusters of greenhouses to be temporarily removed

Area of intense permanent crop production

Potential effects on Land Values

ERM (2012)

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8.14.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.14.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.14.2.1.1 Temporary Loss of Livelihoods and Household Income

Using available satellite imagery, it is estimated that the working strip will require the temporary loss of approximately 441 ha of seasonal cropland and 41 ha of permanent cropland. In addition to the working strip there will be a total of nine pipeline construction camps (including two optional), two compressor station including two construction camps and ten pipe yards (including one main pipe yard near Port of Durres and one optional) located approximately every 30 km along the pipeline corridor and 10 block valve stations construction sites requiring a total of 92 ha. While the two compressor stations are located in areas where land is not in productive use and block valve stations will be established within the working strip, nine of the 17 remaining sites for construction camps and pipe stock yards are situated on land that is currently used for seasonal agricultural production. Figure 8.14-2 below presents two examples representative of the type of agricultural production to be temporarily occupied by the Project.

Figure 8.14-2 Examples of Agricultural Land to be Temporarily Affected by the Establishment of Pipe yards in Rrakull (Synej Commune) and Buzuk (Vendreshe Commune)

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Source: Very High Resolution Orthomosaics (a mosaic of orthoimages stitched together) provided by Astrium; ERM 2012.

Road construction will mainly focus on the upgrading of existing routes and building new roads to link existing roads with the pipeline construction area. New roads are primarily being built along existing tracks, in forested areas or areas that are not used for agricultural purposes.

With the exception of areas of difficult terrain in mountainous regions, construction will be completed and land reinstated within a calendar year. Consequently the loss of seasonal agricultural production will be over a one-year period, which will commence in the winter. It is recognised however that the land productivity may take time to fully re-establish. Permanent crop production will take longer to re-establish with olive and fruit trees taking between 3 and 5 years to produce fruit and 6 to 10 years to reach full production. Vines take up to 5 years to become re- established and reach full production.

Due to the heavy reliance on land based activities and the small plot sizes (1.5-5 ha divided into 3-10 plots), the level of impact from temporary loss of land will be determined not only by the proportion of land lost by individual households, but also by their level of dependence on the land, access to alternative livelihood activities and their current level of income. Households that have little access to alternative livelihood activities and/or are on a low income, including subsistence farming, will experience a greater level of impact than those with access to alternative resources, including savings. The impacts to household livelihoods will also be affected by the level of productivity of the affected land, in comparison to other plots owned by

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Figure 8.14-3 Area Along Pipeline Route where Working Strip (in light blue) will Remove Plots of Land

ERM (2012)

Loss of land has the potential to not only affect the livelihoods of farming land owners, but also those involved in rental of agricultural land and crop sharing schemes. Various agreements are in place between households, many of which are not considered legally binding and involve use of land owned by absent parties. Rental of land takes on many forms including successful farmers wishing to expand their access to productive land and increase their income. However, some households that own land in non-productive areas rent land in other areas in order to grow food for subsistence and sale. In these instances households have a low income and little access to alternative income sources. It is these households that are vulnerable to potential impacts from temporary loss of land that they do not have legal rights over.

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Several issues and areas of concern have been raised by stakeholders that should also be considered when assessing the level of impact from temporary loss of land. There is concern amongst stakeholders in relation to how the Project will deal with the high number of households throughout the study area that do not have land title documents or have permanently or temporary transferred land through a verbal agreement. Households without legal land title documents expressed concern about whether the Project would help them obtain the documents prior to construction and noted that maps and records kept by local authorities do not always match land boundaries established within communities, which could result in disputes between landowners.

An additional stakeholder concern relates to the length of time it will take for the land to return to preconstruction productivity. Although land take in this instance is temporary, it is likely that, in the case of seasonal agricultural production, the Project will disrupt a whole growing cycle in addition to the length of time required for land to return to preconstruction levels of productivity. Stakeholders expressed concern that this would be difficult to calculate and not be factored into the compensation process.

All of the issues outlined above in relation to temporary land take are of very high importance to stakeholders throughout the study area. Some of the issues raised by stakeholders during the June and September 2011 consultation include:

• “Land is being used to its full capacity; there is no space for expansion of land under cultivation and therefore production. Land take would further limit the capacity of the farmers to increase production and incomes.” (Velabisht, Velabisht commune, Berat district);

• “We depend 100% on our land, the loss of land will dramatically affect our livelihoods.” (Ustië and Valë, Vendreshe commune, Skrapar district);

• “How will TAP restore the land so that the quality of the soil is not affected? There is a special ingredient in the soil called alluvionale, which comes from the reservoir. The soil in this area is different from other regions along the route such as Fier and Skrapar“. (Progër, Progër commune, Devoll district); and

• “We want to know in advance when the construction phase of the Project will start and if our land is going to be affected. We invest money, time and effort between October and June so we don’t want to invest in the land if it is going to be taken away” (Petovë, Mbrostar commune, Fier district).

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8.14.2.1.2 Displacement of Physical Structures

There are no permanent structures located within the 38 m working strip or within areas where other project infrastructure will be established (i.e camps, pipe yards), therefore no residential or industrial buildings will need to be removed during the construction phase.

However, project construction will entail some temporary, localized, heavy ground works that will generate vibrations, especially in case of piling or blasting and hammering. Depending on the soil characteristics and on the distance to the nearest settlement, these activities could produce critical vibrations for houses in the vicinity, especially if of wood beam floors and ceilings. Impacts could range from the level of temporary nuisance and disturbance, up to actual damage to buildings, such as cracks in walls.

It is unlikely that vibration will be a major impact factor in general, since the route and the compressor station site(s) are at distance from settlements. However, due to the linear settlement structures in the region (spreading mainly along the roads), individual houses in the more densely settled areas on the route could be affected. In potentially sensitive areas, if technically feasible vibration minimising construction methods should be applied as required such as bore piles or vibro-piling instead of hammered piling, blasting with micro-charges and other vibration (and noise) minimising methods.

In order to be able to objectively assess if actually damage has resulted from pipeline system construction, a standard measure is a Pre-Construction Conditions Assessment of the structures in the vicinity (existing cracks, subsidence etc.) which serves as baseline for post construction assessment in case grievances are raised by house owners.

The only physical structures that will need to be removed are 12 greenhouses currently situated within the 38 m working strip (based on the 2011 and 2012 aerial photographs). Nine of the 11 greenhouses are located in the commune of Velabisht and 1 in the commune of Poshnje in the District of Berat and 2 are in Kutalli, also in Berat. All of the greenhouses will be replaced following the construction phase; greenhouse owners and their employees will experience a temporary loss of income and employment.

The level of potential impacts from the physical displacement of greenhouses will depend on the number of people temporarily unemployed in one area, access to alternative employment and access to alternative income sources. In Velabisht the level of impact is likely to be higher than in Kutalli due to the number of greenhouses that will be temporarily removed. Lack of employment opportunities is an issue throughout the socioeconomic study area, so employees may struggle to find alternative employment in the local area.

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8.14.2.1.3 Disturbance to Beekeeping and Animal Grazing Activities

Bees are sensitive to vibrations and dust; therefore those located close to the working strip will be negatively impacted during the construction period. Box 8.14-2 provides information on honeybees and beekeeping in relation to project activities. Box 8.14-2 Information on Honeybees

Bees can forage for nectar up to 8 km from their hives, although they normally stay within 3-4 km. Bees collect pollen whilst drinking nectar from plants, crops (wheat) and nectar producing trees. Bees are sensitive to environmental change including: intensive dust on themselves and surrounding flora, noise; and vibrations. Dust, vibrations or noise from machinery during the construction phase will disturb bees within a 250 m – 300 m radius of the pipeline construction site. Bees with hives within approximately 5 km of the pipeline corridor will also be affected by loss of vegetation caused by the pipeline corridor1. Information gathered during other pipeline projects found that bees are directly affected by construction activities in addition to impacts resulting from the loss of foraging vegetation. This could result in loss of hives due to displacement or death and/or a loss of honey quality due to changes in foraging vegetation. Disturbance to bees and their hives could damage honey production for one growing season whilst vegetation is re-established or several years depending on the time it takes to re-establish lost hives. ERM (2012)

During the baseline study beekeeping was not reported as a main livelihood activity, but an important source of additional income and used to pollinate agricultural crops. A large proportion of household survey respondents in settlements within the 2 km pipeline corridor (a maximum of 39% in Devolli and a minimum of 6% in Fier) stated to be engaged in bee keeping. Some honey is kept for personal consumption, but respondents in four of the five districts reported selling between 25% and 75%.

Impacts to animal grazing activities during the construction phase stem from farmers having restricted access to grazing land and/or farmers being severed from grazing land by the working strip. The working strip currently crosses 23 ha of grazing land in Skrapar, 13 ha in Berat and 7 ha in Korca. Animal grazing is usually undertaken over a wide area; therefore farmers with restricted access will find alternative land in most instances. Farmers that are severed from their grazing land may have to walk long distances around the working strip, which would disrupt existing farming practices and potentially result in project resentment amongst affected farmers.

Disruption to grazing was not discussed during the consultation process in June and September 2011 and stakeholders did not raise it as an issue. However, it is possible that this could be of particular concern to the three local communities affected in Potom for whom livestock farming is an important source of livelihood. These communities were not consulted during the preparation of the IA, but will be consulted during ESIA disclosure.

1 BTC Project EIA Turkey

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8.14.2.1.4 Loss of Livelihoods due to Land Severance

As the Project progresses, the working strip will pass around and between settlements and through agricultural areas. Main roads will remain open during the construction phase, but the working strip will sever tracks and farm trails between fields linking different land plots. This may result in farmers having to travel longer distances to access their fields.

The length of time farmers are severed from their land varies depending on the terrain and the length of time it takes to excavate the trench, lay the pipeline and backfill. A rolling work front of approximately 25 km long will operate in four different locations or more and 600 m of pipeline can be laid daily in open terrain. In most cases the trench will only be open for a number of days, but in exceptional cases, where terrain is difficult, the trench may be open for 1 - 2 months. In Potom this period could be longer due to anticipated slow pipeline laying process. TAP AG will require the local contractor to determine the number of crossings and distance between crossings required to address this issue in a way that allow access to both sides of the working strip. In the case of other Project infrastructure, such as compressor stations, construction camps and pipe yards, land severance could also be an issue.

Stakeholders did not raise this as an issue during the baseline consultation process.

8.14.2.1.5 Impacts on Collection of Forest Products from Site Clearing and Opening Access Roads in Mountainous Areas

The level of forest clearance required during the construction phase varies between districts, but in total 244 ha of forest will need to be cleared, which accounts for 30% of all land use within the working strip. The largest area of forest clearance will be in the district of Skrapar where 108 ha of forest will be cleared, which accounts for 60% of all land uses within the working strip in the district. In the district of Korça 89 ha of forest will also be cleared, which accounts for 41% of all land uses within the working strip in the district.

Wood is the main source of fuel for heating and cooking throughout the study area and an additional source of income for some households. In Skrapar 17% of respondents to the household survey conducted in settlements within the pipeline route reported engaging in the collection of firewood, however, 100% of respondents reported using the wood for their own consumption.

Alternative energy sources are limited and the impact is dependent on level of clearance in a single area and access to alternative areas. In Skrapar, 108 ha of forest will be cleared, but within a 200 m corridor either side of the working strip there is an additional 1,208 ha of forest, which can be used for the collection of firewood.

Stakeholders throughout the study area questioned the Project’s potential to supply gas to local communities due to the scarcity of alternative energy sources in Albania other than wood. Stakeholders did not raise changes to access of firewood as a concern during consultation.

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8.14.2.2 Mitigation Measures

TAP AG has developed a Strategy for the Acquisition of Land and Easement (TAP-HSE-ST- 0002- 2), which commits TAP AG to mitigate adverse socioeconomic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on affected persons’ use of or access to land. There are several key elements to this mitigation approach including:

• Providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost;

• Ensure that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those affected;

• Improve or, at a minimum, restore the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons to pre-project levels, so as to facilitate sustainable improvements to socioeconomic status; and

• Pay particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups.

In order to realise these objectives, the Project will establish a Livelihoods Restoration Framework (LRF) in line with the EBRD Performance Requirements in 2013, an overview of which is provided in Box 8.14-3.

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Box 8.14-3 LRF Overview

The LRF establishes the entitlements of affected persons or communities and ensures that compensation is provided in a transparent, consistent, and equitable manner. In line with the EBRD requirements the LRF will include the following: • A detailed and comprehensive description of the Project and all its components and associated facilities, including the land/easement to be acquired. • A description of the legal framework and legal and customary procedures of private land/easement acquisitions. • A description of measures taken to avoid physical displacements and to minimise economic displacements. • A comprehensive assessment of the impacts of the economic displacement • An entitlement matrix, defining for each of the identified losses the compensation needed to assure that livelihoods and standards of living of all affected people are restored to levels they would have achieved in a non-TAP scenario and that the living conditions and livelihoods of vulnerable groups are improved. • An outline of the organisational responsibilities for the negotiated settlements as well as for the expropriation process. • A stakeholder engagement plan, which outlines how the principle of free, prior and informed consultation will be implemented during the purchase negotiations as well as the expropriation process. • A description of mechanisms for addressing grievances, complaints and appeals taking into account the availability of judicial recourse as well as traditional conflict resolution mechanisms. • An outline of the monitoring, which will be conducted by TAP as well as by independent evaluators to ensure that complete and objective information are available for the participatory performance monitoring system. • A detailed cost estimate for all identified items based on the principle of replacement costs. The LRF must also: • Be submitted for public disclosure to ensure that affected people understand the compensation procedures and know what to expect at the various stages of the Project. • Offer land-based compensation, where feasible, when livelihoods of displaced persons are land-based. • Provide opportunities to displaced persons and communities to derive appropriate development benefits from the Project. • Promptly compensate economically displaced persons for loss of assets or access to assets at full replacement cost

Compiled ERM ( 2012) from EBRD PRs (2008)

In the interim, whilst the LRF is being finalised, a preliminary draft Entitlement Matrix has been produced by TAP AG, which identifies the type of impact from land and easement acquisition for each project activity and provides detailed guidance on how stakeholders should be compensated. This document draws on the LRF outlined above in addition to several policy documents including: TAP’s Policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002), the LEA - Land and Easement Acquisition Strategy (TAP-HSE-ST-0002) and the Draft Land Access Plan (TAP-HSE-MO-0004).

Presented below is information on the mitigation measures already committed to by TAP AG in policy documents, in addition to other measures required to fully address Project impacts.

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8.14.2.2.1 Temporary Loss of Livelihoods

TAP AG has signed an agreement with the Albanian Immovable Property Registration Office in Tirana (IPRO), to establish, enhance and update cadastral data (property ownership, boundaries, and usage) within a 600 m wide corridor (including topographical boundaries). The Project will pay owners the fees for land registration.

TAP AG will begin identifying individual landowners in 2012 and help them secure land title documents with the aim of having 80% of landowners’ registered by mid 2013. The Project has set a target for completing this process within the second half of 2013. The Project will also make an effort to identify absent landowners.

As per TAP AG’s draft Entitlement Matrix the following entitlements for affected landowners/users are foreseen:

• Affected landowners and/or rights-holders are entitled to compensation at replacement value for the lost income opportunities i.e. the revenue the land could have produced;

• Affected land and asset owners are entitled to the restoration of all assets to its pre-project condition and/or the total costs to restore all damaged assets to pre-project conditions;

• Affected landowners and/or rights-holders are entitled to compensation for reduced income during the recovery period.

• Severely affected owners & rights-holders are entitled to additional assistance until the restored livelihoods produce incomes that are equal or above a non-project scenario (Draft Entitlement Matrix); and further

Roma and Egyptian communities are to be consulted using an interpreter and visually based information sheets to provide clear understanding of their entitlements.

8.14.2.2.2 Displacement of Greenhouses

The Project will provide compensation to the owners of greenhouses for loss of earnings and cost of rebuilding a replacement structure, and will additionally compensate employees working in the greenhouse for temporary loss of earnings.

8.14.2.2.3 Disturbance to Beekeeping and Grazing Activities

As part of the preparation of the Livelihoods Restoration Plan, the Project will identify households that carry out bee keeping activities. The Project will work with local beekeepers to develop a map identifying areas where beehives will need to be relocated prior to construction to avoid damage or losses to the hives. The Project will cover costs incurred in moving hives to outside the area that may be affected by construction related activities. Information on affected beehives and requirements for moving hives is presented in Box 8.14-4 below.

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Box 8.14-4 Moving Beehives

Beehives should be at least 250m-300m from a construction site to avoid impacts from dust, vibrations and noise. Relocation of beehives should be carried out when the temperature is above 12°C. Bees harvest honey approximately 4 km around their hive and the appropriate time of year to move a hive depends on the distance required to travel. It is possible to move the hives during the winter to a new location less than 4 km when bees are hibernating. Covering the entrance to the hive will ensure that bees do not leave the hive during transportation. If the hive needs to be moved a distance greater than 4 km this should only be carried out during the spring. If conducted during winter and the bees are disturbed there is a risk that some will die due to the cold whilst re-orienting. It is always advised that beehives are moved in late afternoon and before it is dark. The new location for the beehives must be prepared prior to transporting the bees. The new location must have a stable surface. It is recommended that the hives be placed 1 m from each other facing an eastern to south-eastern direction. If the hives are exposed to direct sunlight a shade should be erected. When the hive is too warm bees ventilate the hives, and consume instead of harvest honey. Compiled ERM (2012) 8.14.2.2.4 Loss of Livelihoods due to Severance

In rural areas crossings over the pipeline construction area will be provided where possible to avoid impacts associated with severance to grazing or agricultural land. The location of such crossings will be agreed between the contractor and local farmers as part of the consultation on the livelihood restoration plan, however, crossings will be installed in suitable sections/distances. Land owners close to project infrastructure (construction camps, pipe yards, compressor stations will be consulted to determine whether alternative routes around sites are required to avoid severance from land or assets. TAP AG will ensure that clauses are included in contractor agreements to ensure that crossing and alternative routes are put in place as necessary. Where crossings are not possible and farmers will experience a loss of grazing or additional journey times during the construction period, compensation will be provided.

When access roads are blocked during construction the Project will establish alternative routes to allow those affected to access fields and other places of work. Should this not be possible for any reason, this will be agreed with users and compensation provided if required.

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8.14.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.14-2 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.14-2 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Lands and Livehoods – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Temporary Livelihoods Restoration Plan Moderate Loss of • TAP AG to establish, enhance and update • Changes to land will impact 100’s of Livelihoods cadastral data within 600 m corridor. landowners. and Household • TAP AG will begin identifying individual landowners • Impacted households located through Income in 2012 and help them secure land title documents the length of the pipeline corridor. with the aim of having 80% of landowners’ • Impacts to land will, at best, cause a registered by mid 2013. The Project target for disruption to livelihood activities. completing this process is within the second half of • Impacts experienced in the short term by 2013. seasonal crop owners. Permanent crop • The Project will also make an effort to identify holders will be affected in the medium- absent landowners. term until trees re-establish. • Affected landowners and/or rights-holders are • Stakeholders have a high level of entitled to compensation at replacement value for concern regarding loss of land and the the lost income opportunities; impact this will have on their livelihood in • Affected land and asset owners are entitled to the the short, medium and long term. restoration of all assets to its pre-project condition and/or the total costs to restore all damaged assets to pre-project conditions; • Affected landowners and/or rights-holders are entitled to compensation for reduced income during the recovery period. • Severely affected owners & rights-holders are entitled to additional assistance until the restored livelihoods produce incomes that are equal or above a non-project scenario; • Roma communities are to be consulted using an interpreter and visually based information sheets. Displacement • Compensate greenhouse owner/owners for loss of Not Significant of physical earnings and cost of replacement structure. • Compensation for both greenhouse structures • Compensate workers for temporary loss of owners and workers. earnings • Livelihoods will not be affected. • Information campaigns to be held in communities • Stakeholders have not raised this as an along the route to ensure that no further buildings issue. are planned or built within the 40m safety zone. Disturbance to • Agreements with beekeepers on where to relocate Not Significant beekeeping beehives when necessary. • Short-term inconvenience to beekeepers and animal • Assistance with the transportation and relocation of and people engaged in animal grazing beehives. husbandry. activities • Contractual clauses to ensure that contractors • Livelihoods will not be affected. consult with local farmers to establish the • Stakeholders have not raised this as an appropriate number and location of animal issue. crossings.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk Loss of • Consult with land owners close to pipeline route Not Significant livelihoods due and infrastructure prior to construction to identify • Short-term inconvenience to to Severance needs to cross pipeline or go around infrastructure. households and individuals. • Contractual clauses to ensure that contractors • Livelihoods will not be affected. establish the appropriate number and location of • Stakeholders have not raised this as an animal crossings and provide alternative access issue. when necessary., . • Provide alternative access when roads are blocked during construction. Impacts on • Engage authorities to identify alternative sites when Not Significant collection of areas currently used for collection of firewood are • Minor disruption to the collection of forest products restricted or cleared due to project activities. firewood. from site • Deliver information sheets to communities within a • Livelihoods will not be affected. clearing and 10km radius of restricted forest areas to inform • Stakeholders have not raised this as an opening them in advance of restricted access. issue. access roads in mountainous areas ERM (2012)

8.14.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 8.14.3.1 Permanent Loss of Livelihoods and Household Income due to Changes to Land Uses in Areas of Permanent Crop Production

Approximately 9 ha of permanent crops will permanently be removed to make way for the construction corridor, with Devoll experiencing the largest loss (5 ha) followed by Berat and Korca (2 ha and 1 ha).

Within the districts of Korca, Devoll and Berat the majority of communes have some permanent crops that will be lost, but in most instances this accounts for less than 0.5 ha. However, in the commune of Progër in Devoll 4.5 ha of permanent crops will be lost, in Vertop in Berat 0.85 ha will be lost anda similar surface in Mollaj in Korca 0.83 ha will be lost.

At this stage it is not clear how many different landowners this will affect or the proportion of households livelihood and income this represents. This information will only be available once the Land and Easement team have confirmed all property ownership and updated cadastre information throughout the pipeline corridor.

The impacts from the loss of permanent crops will largely depend on the proportion of crops lost per household and the proportion that can be replanted. Baseline data shows that in some areas of permanent crops the land parcels are small (0.5 ha), which means there is the potential for farmers to permanently lose a large portion of their permanent crop land, resulting in a long-term impacts to household livelihood and income.

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Households within the 2 km pipeline corridor producing permanent crops reported that they have invested large sums of money (€15,000+) into the development of permanent crops and earn a good income from production (approx €25,000 per year). Stakeholders reported that it is not just the crops that will be lost, but also the time and money they have invested in the land. The socioeconomic survey found many areas in Devoll and Korca of newly planted trees and it was reported that the government have established a subsidy scheme to encourage further planting in the area. The details of the subsidy scheme are outlined below in Box 8.14-5. Box 8.14-5 Apple Subsidy Scheme Details

The Ministry of Agriculture has been subsidising planting of permanent crops through what is called a subvention scheme with funds provided from the central government. The aim of this is to encourage further expansion of apples and walnuts planting in Korca and Devoll, an area already known for permanent crop production. The government does not receive any of the profits made from the plantation or any additional taxes. The subsidy can be obtained if farmers undertake the following: • Farmers write to the MoA to confirm that they want to plant over 200 trees. • Upon receipt of the document farmers can go ahead and purchase 200+ saplings. • A representative from the MoA requires proof that 200+ saplings have been purchased. • Once verification is confirmed the farmer receives a refund for the total cost of all saplings purchase. Compiled ERM (2012) It was widely reported (see Section 7 and Annex 7) that Devoll and Korca are traditional apple producing areas and that Berat is known for olives. Communities reported that permanent crop production is not only a form of income generation, but also a way of life and is important for the local cultural identity. The impacts to permanent crops are of high concern to affect communities in these regions who are generally wealthy, educated and politically active. Attendance of community consultation meetings in many of the apple growing areas of Korca and Devoll was high (40-60 people) and whole communities wished to express their concern and disapproval at the loss of their crops. Community opposition as a result of loss of permanent crops may arise unless impacts are adequately addressed. Examples of some of the comments made during the socioeconomic survey in September 2011 are as follows:

• “The main problem in the commune is the fruit trees in the 30 m corridor. There needs to be clear communication between TAP and the commune as the cost of compensation could be high because of the planting restrictions as well as reduced access for agricultural machinery in the construction strip. There are eight villages in the Commune – six villages are close to the pipeline meaning that 80% will be directly affected by the Project.” – (Progër commune, Devoll district);

• “What if I want to plant trees within the 8 m corridor? You are preventing me from planting more trees.” (Progër, Progër commune, Devoll district); and

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• Summarised from various statements - Land is being used to its full capacity; there is no space for expansion of land under cultivation and therefore production. Land take would further limit the capacity of the farmers to increase production and incomes (Velabisht, Velabisht commune, Berat district).

8.14.3.1.1 Changes in Land Values Post Construction

Impacts from changes to land values post construction will vary depending on current and future land use.

The majority of land within the 8 m pipeline protection strip is rural, with 102 ha (62%) of land currently used for some form of agricultural production. However, the value of this land varies depending on several factors including location, soil quality and access to irrigation.

Consultation with communities during the baseline survey found rural landowners have several concerns in relation to changes to land value post construction. These include:

• The length of time it will take for soil to return to pre-construction productivity;

• If there will be long-term damage to soils and its productivity; and

• Whether the 8 m restrictions on planting of permanent crops will lower the value of their land.

These issues were of particular concern for stakeholders living in Devoll, Korca and Berat where rural land has a higher value due to the highly fertile soil. However, potential decline of agricultural land value is not anticipated for following reasons:

• Loss of soil fertility is not anticipated as topsoils will be stored aside during construction and reapplied during site restoration and standard mitigation techniques will be applied to reduce soil compaction.

• The pipeline protection strip will not restrict regular agricultural working of fields after the pipeline has been laid. Ploughing will be allowed to a depth of 60 centimetres.

Changing land values in relation to urban land is more likely an issue compared to rural land as it is linked to the health and safety requirements restricting construction of new individual houses or buildings within the Safety Zone (a corridor of 40 m, 20 m either side of the centreline). Larger urban developments are also restricted within an Enlarged Safety Zone, which means that only small clusters of buildings can be built between 20 and 200 m from the centreline, but no planned settlement expansions (Local Area and Building Plans).

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Land designated as urban generally has a higher value than rural land and currently only accounts for 0.25 ha within the 8 m permanent pipeline protection strip, 1.3 ha within the 40 m safety zone and 48 ha within the enlarged safety zone of 200 meter corridor. This may change in the future as many of the districts and regions within the pipeline corridor aim to increase the areas of urban land following changes to urban planning laws in September 2011. In Korca the corridor crosses the Korca-Pogradec road, which has been designated as urban land and is the focus for all future regional development. In Fier where the pipeline crosses the Lushnjë-Vlore road in the commune of Mbrostar, the area has also been designated as urban and is the focus for future development for the region of Fier. Building and development in both areas has already commenced and is rapidly progressing; however, due to the enlarged safety zone restriction industrial buildings will be restricted in this area at a maximum distance of 200 m either side of the centre line.

“The proposed pipeline route (as mapped) is going to pass right through the current and planned development area. This will cause problems for the commune and the Project” (Commune Office for Urban Planning and Development in Qendër, Korca district).

In the immediate future safety zone building restrictions will affect local landowners in Korca and Fier as they will no longer be able to sell their land as urban and receive a premium price. The safety zone restrictions will also impact regional building plans, which will affect local authorities. 8.14.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The LRF, Draft Entitlement Matrix and the other TAP policy documents outlined above have been designed to address impacts resulting from changes to land and livelihoods. These documents specifically address mitigation of impacts during the operation phase and are presented below.

8.14.3.2.1 Permanent Loss of Livelihoods and Household Income due to Changes to Land Uses in Areas of Permanent Crop Production.

Affected land owners and/or right holders are entitled to cash compensation at replacement values for the loss of income opportunities from permanent crops, i.e. the difference between the yield generated by the former land use and the land use allowed with the restrictions in place.

Affected landowners are entitled to compensation at replacement values (market value + transaction fees) for their lost lands i.e. the costs to identify and purchase similar or better land of identical size in a similar location.

Affected landowners and/or right holders are entitled to cash compensation at replacement values for the reduced opportunities to use the land productively.

Affected rights-holders are entitled to compensation at replacement values for their lost rights i.e. the costs to identify and obtain similar leasehold, grazing rights etc. to similar or better land nearby.

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Affected asset owners (structures & improvements) are entitled to compensation at replacement values for these assets i.e. the costs to identify and purchase or establish similar or better assets on similar or better land nearby.

Severely affected owners & rights-holders are entitled to additional assistance until the restored livelihoods produce incomes that are equal or above a non-project scenario.

In case of changes in land values post-construction, affected land owners and/or right holders are entitled to cash compensation at replacement values for the reduced opportunities to use the land most productively. 8.14.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.14-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified. Table 8.14-3 Residual Impacts - Onshore – Lands and Livehoods – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk Operation and Maintenance Phase

Permanent Livelihoods Restoration Plan Minor loss of • Compensation at replacement values for loss of • A small number of households will be livelihoods and income from permanent crops. affected by the permanent loss of their household • Compensation at replacement values for lost lands. crops. income due to • Compensation at replacement values for lost land • Crop loss will affected a small proportion changes to rights. of farmers overall permanent crop land. land uses in • Compensation at replacement values for lost • If well designed, compensation should areas of assets re-establish livelihood. permanent • Severely affected owners & rights-holders are • Stakeholders have a high level of crop entitled to additional assistance until the restored concern regarding loss of permanent production. livelihoods produce incomes that are equal or crops. above a non-project scenario. Changes in • Affected land owners and/or right holders are Minor land values entitled to cash compensation at replacement • Changes to land value will affect a small post values for the reduced opportunities to use the land number of landowners in a few select construction most productively (lost stumpage value). locations. • Changes to land value will be permanent. • Stakeholders have a low level of concern over changes to land values, but a high level of concern over changes to planned land use. ERM (2012)

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8.14.4 Decommissioning Phase

As set out in Section 8.1 the operational lifetime of the pipeline is anticipated to be at least 50 years and probably much longer Decommissioning and workforce management by TAP AG will be in accordance with European social, and health and safety and environmental norms and standards which will be pertinent at that time.

The decommissioning phase will require the temporary use of the land in and around the compressor stations and block valve stations. This will be the same as or slightly larger than the current project footprint excluding the pipeline.

Restrictions on land use around the permanent facilities may be temporarily required, which could have an impact on land use close to the facilities at the time of decommissioning. A full assessment of land use will be required prior to decommissioning in order to understand the level of impact the temporary change will have on socioeconomic receptors.

TAP have committed to restoring the land used for permanent facilities to its pre-construction state. This change in land use from an industrial site back to agricultural land, as far as is reasonably possible, will have a positive impact on the value of land surrounding the site. Restoring the site it is likely to increase the value of the land depending on the level of restoration (partial/full restoration).

Due to the length of time between pre-construction and decommissioning and that changes that will occur in the study area during this time, TAP AG will carry out an Impact Assessment in order to understand the impacts and impact receptors for decommissioning. In addition to understand the impacts resulting from decommissioning TAP AG will also be required to assess how the land should be converted when operations cease. The best value and most appropriate land use must be considered. The decommissioning impact assessment must include a decommissioning plan, which includes a description of land reclamation, a timeframe for all decommissioning activities, a description of impacts and how mitigation measures will be implemented and a monitoring program.

Central to the decommissioning impact assessment will be consultation with affected stakeholders, including local communities and local and regional authorities. Consultation should commence prior to closure to inform stakeholders of the timeframe for closure and enable feedback throughout the decommissioning process.

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8.14.5 Summary – Impacts on Land and Livelihoods

Land Use and Ownership Impacts:

The Project will require permanent land take for the above ground installation, i.e. compressor stations, block valve stations and new (69 km) and widened roads (86 km). Overall the permanent landtake caused by the Project totals roughly 70 ha for above ground installations and about 139 ha for new/upgraded roads. This land take mainly affects agricultural land (mostly private) and forests (mostly public). TAG AG will acquire the land for the aboveground installations. The ownership of the new roads will likely be handed over to the public administration subject to agreements. The present landowners will be compensated.

Pipeline construction requires temporary a land take of roughly total 922 ha which is a result of the working strip, pipe yards, compressor stations and camps, etc.

Following completion of construction, reinstatement and planting along the pipeline route will be undertaken in accordance with a Site Reinstatement Plan. This will aim at restoring the environment to preconstruction conditions as far as possible. The pre-construction situation will be surveyed and recorded as baseline for compensation. Reinstatement measures will be agreed with the land owners / users and the local administration. Erosion protection measures will be applied as required, land drainage will be reinstated and affected irrigation systems and local roads and tracks will be repaired if damaged during construction.

In order to address land related issues and in particular compensation, TAP AG has developed a LEA - Land and Easement Acquisition Strategy and the Draft Land Access Plan.

The ownership of the land on the pipeline route however will change, but the land will be subject to land easements which restrict future land use by the landowners. This includes a permanent PPS of 8 m width where no planting of trees or deep rooting permanent crops will be allowed. Approximately 100 ha of agricultural land will fall under this restriction. Agricultural works with annual crops can be carried out without problems after the pipeline has been laid, as the minimum cover of the pipeline will be not less than 1 m. Fruit trees etc can be replanted in the working strip during reinstatement, but the PPS must be kept free.

Further, land use will be restricted by the required safety zones. No construction of any buildings will be allowed within 20 m distance of the pipeline and planned settlement development is restricted not to approach closer than 200 m to the pipeline. Due to the mainly linear and mostly still uncontrolled settlement development this causes actual restrictions on several occasions along the route which requires further coordination with municipalities.

The landowners will be compensated for losses and damages incurred during construction. This includes inter alia loss of structures (e.g. greenhouses, irrigation equipment), permanent crops (e.g. apple trees) and loss of harvest, or any damage to buildings, etc. Compensation is further considered to cover for restrictions that will affect their lands due to pipeline integrity protection and public safety reasons (PPS and safety strip).

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Compensation for permanent and temporary land take will be carried out according to Albanian regulations and EBRD’s PR5. TAP AG will set-up a Land and Easement Acquisition Plan and details about compensation will be communicated with private and public landowners/users and agreements on land purchase and easement rights will be made well in advance of construction commences.

Livelihood Impacts:

Since the agriculture structure in the region along the route frequently consists of smallholdings which are of significance for household incomes and foodstuff self supply, actual livelihood impacts will need to be further addressed after a complete survey of the route. Further activities of local people that herd animals, collect forest produce or are engaged in bee keeping are likely temporary affected, however mostly for few weeks only until the pipeline is laid and construction has moved on; such impacts will also be investigated in more detail.

TAP AG will develop a Livelihood Restoration Framework (LFR)1. Entitlements for affected persons will be communicated before the Project construction commences. Entitlements will be defined in accordance with EBRD’s PR5. In the interim, whilst the LRF is being finalised, a preliminary draft Entitlement Matrix has been drafted by TAP AG, which identifies the type of impact from land and easement acquisition for each project activity and provides guidance on how stakeholders should be compensated.

1 This document had been drafted at the time of writing the ESIA and will be finalised in early 2013.

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8.15 Onshore –Infrastructure and Utilities 8.15.1 Overview

This Section identifies and assesses the predicted, cumulative and unplanned environmental, socioeconomic and cultural heritage impacts associated with the TAP Project together with a description of mitigation measures intended and an indication of the residual significance of each impact.

Impacts are assessed following the implementation of mitigation measures that form part of the Project design as well as any additional measures considered necessary by this assessment. Impacts were identified as per the scoping and impact identification process, which followed a systematic approach of detailing:

• The technical, spatial and temporal scope of the ESIA;

• All the interactions between Project activities and the receiving environments; and

• All the predicted, cumulative and unplanned impacts associated with the Project.

Box 8.15-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on utilities services and infrastructure. Box 8.15-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Infrastructure and Utilities

Sources of Impacts • Construction of approximately 155 km of access roads (including upgrade of approx. 86 km of existing roads and construction of approx.69 km of new roads including 8 km optional); • Trenching, lowering and laying of 209 km of pipeline; • Special crossing including crossing of flooding channels and irrigation systems; • Establishment and installation of compressor stations (CS03 and SC02) in Devoll and Fier Districts; • Establishment of temporary facilities (construction camps, pipe yards, water network and associated infrastructure) along the pipeline route. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Settlements near construction sites or along access roads; • Households reliant on local services and infrastructure (i.e. electricity, piped water, sanitation…); • Local utilities companies in charge of supply of electricity and waste related services; • Local irrigation and flood management systems. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Unknown level of availability of services from local public utilities to supply energy and services to the Project and required effort from TAP to support local providers to cope with the additional project energy and service requirements without resulting in reduced or disrupted service provision to local communities. • There is a lack of institutional capacity at local level to respond to demands for additional resources and services (electricity, water, waste and water disposal); • Poor quality of roads in Skrapar District ; • Generally irrigation systems are poorly maintained; • Low lying and channels in and near the landfall are used to manage flooding. Vulnerable Groups • Poor households living in isolated mountainous areas with no road access; • Elderly and sick individuals living in mountainous and isolated settlements.

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References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.7. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012) Figure 8.15-1 below presents the locations potentially to be impacted by the construction and upgrading of access roads and the crossing of irrigation and flooding management systems as these constitute a potential source of impacts to local infrastructure and resources. The figure also presents TAP’s road access program (new roads in purple and upgraded roads in light green) that is described in detail in Section 8.15.2.1.2. Figure 8.15-1 Potentially Impacted Key Infrastructure

Irrigated Land

Area where +80% Road Access program will be implemented

Flooding Channels

ERM (2012) Table 8.15-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on infrastructure and utilities during the Project phases.

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Table 8.15-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Infrastructure and Utilities

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Disruption to infrastructure and utilities during • Benefits to local settlements • Disruption to infrastructure construction (including road upgrades) from infrastructure and and utilities during • Temporary loss of water flow due to planned service improvements decommissioning disruption to flooding channels during construction • Temporary loss of water flow due to planned disruption to irrigation systems during construction

ERM (2012)

Impacts relating to construction, operation and decommissioning are described below prior to presenting the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the Project. Finally a summary of impacts is presented, along with an evaluation of the residual impacts taking into account the application of mitigation.

8.15.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.15.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.15.2.1.1 Disruption and damage to infrastructure and utilities during construction

Potential impacts on utilities and infrastructure, in particular roads, during pipeline construction and precommissioning will stem from construction and upgrade of the access roads, trenching and lying of the pipeline across roads and other infrastructure such as irrigation and flood prevention channels. The main potential impacts on local infrastructure and utilities as a result of these project activities are disruption to traffic and transportation due to road crossings, pressure on existing local utility supplies and short-term planned and unplanned disruption to drinking water or electricity, and damage to local infrastructures (e.g. roads from traffic). Disruption to infrastructure and utilities could result in impacts to livelihood or quality of life and if unmanaged could result in health impacts (e.g. water restrictions, inability to pass roads in an emergency etc.). It thus is envisaged that, if unmanaged, disruption to services might result in community distrust and resentment towards the Project. Concerns regarding disruption to roads were raised mainly in Berat and Skrapar communities where people rely heavily on poor quality roads for livelihood and access to services (e.g. emergencies, selling of produce, etc.).

The Project intends to construct approximately 61 km of new access roads and upgrade over 86 km of additional roads over a period of four months. New roads will mainly follow existing tracks and trails which will be upgraded in order to allow the passage of project vehicles. Access road will be established early in the construction phase and in most cases maintained for operational demands. Figure 8.15-2 presents a map of where new roads will be installed and where roads will be upgraded.

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Figure 8.15-2 New and Upgraded Roads Along Pipeline Route

Source: ERM 2012

The construction of the pipeline will also require the crossing of approximately 140 roads of different categories including one highway in Fier, 11 main roads (RD-2), 24 secondary roads (RD-3) and over 100 gravel/dirt roads (RD-4). Table 8.15-2 presents the incidence of pipeline road crossings in each district affected by the Project. It is estimated that over 90% of the road crossings along the pipeline route will occur in the eastern section of the pipeline in Korca and Skrapar districts, including 70-80% of the total crossings of RD-3 and RD-4.

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Table 8.15-2 Distribution of Pipeline Road Crossings by Districts/Road Category

Devoll Korca Skrapar Berat Fier RD-1 Highway,/National Road 0 0 0 0 1 (100%) RD-2 Main Road 0 4 (40%) 0 5 (50%) 1 (10%) RD-3 Secondary Road 2 (10%) 4 (19%) 11 (52%) 2 (10%) 2 (9%) RD-4 Gravel/dirt Road 3 (4%) 20 (24%) 50 (60%) 9 (11%) 1 (1%) Source: APL00-ENT-100-F-TLX-0001_00--Albania_List of crossings.xls

Figure 8.15-3 presents the geographical distribution of road crossings and highlights the most sensitive areas. The most affected communes in these districts include Vithkuq (Korca) and Potom and Qender (Skrapar).

Figure 8.15-3 Road Crossings along Pipeline Route (sensitive area outlined in red)

Source: ERM 2012

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Road crossing will be accomplished by either the open cut or jack and bore method. Open cut method is the preferred option for crossing roads. The Project has committed to maintaining the existing road network by keeping it open to the public during construction through the use of diversions when closure of a given road is required. Responsibility for maintenance will be clarified with the relevant authorities. When the open cut method is used, traffic will be diverted around the crossing via detours or temporary roads. To minimise the duration of traffic disruption, the pipe will be prepared prior to commencement of roadway excavation. It is anticipated that the highway that is crossed by the pipeline in Fier (see Figure 8.15-3) will be crossed using the jack and bore method ensuring no disruption to traffic flow occurs. As shown in Figure 8.15-3 there will be over 80 crossings of farm access roads and other drives and tracks the majority of which are un-surfaced. Skrapar and Korca districts account for 70% of all the dirt roads that will be crossed by the pipeline.

Where sites are established close enough to; and there is sufficient capacity, services and utilities (i.e. water supply, wastewater and sanitation services, electricity supply, potable water supply, and solid waste management) will be purchased from local suppliers. Local utility providers will be commissioned to extend transmission lines or water pipes to worksites. Where local capacity is insufficient, contractors will establish their own stand-alone services on site to avoid increasing pressure on existing utility supplies. TAP AG will conduct an assessment of public utilities as part of the detailed engineering process to determine whether to invest in public utilities or be self-sufficient. It is envisaged that during the utility assessment due consideration will be given to the situation of settlements and industry close or in the vicinity of compressor stations, construction camps and bend yards and other associated facilities as shown in Figure 8.15-3 to ensure no reduction in services available to local settlements occurs.

It is however expected that during the utility upgrade some short-term planned disruption to water supplies or electricity services may be required.

8.15.2.1.2 Benefits to Local Settlements from Infrastructure and Service Improvements

Improvements to roads and other facilities have the potential to positively impact on community access to education, employment, services and road safety. Communities in rural and remote areas, in particular in Skrapar District, that are currently lacking in quality roads and infrastructure have the potential to be most positively impacted by infrastructure improvement. Communities benefiting from the upgrade and construction of new roads will experience positive impacts such as enhanced access to markets for their local produce (milk, honey, meat etc), and access to transportation and services (education, health, transport, etc.).

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As stated in the Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) policy document, TAP intends to build infrastructure (access roads, camps, water supplies, landfills, sewage systems etc.) in a way which allows neighbouring communities to benefit from them even after TAP AG has left. In this regard TAP AG will define the number of new roads that will be of mixed use after construction (communities and project) in close cooperation with competent authorities to reach an agreement on how are these are going to be managed. The scope of required enhancements to the local utility network to supply the Project with energy and basic services that may also be of benefit to local communities after the construction phase will also be defined in close cooperation with local authorities and utility companies.

Benefits from improvements to the road network will be distributed unevenly across the study area but will benefit the most vulnerable and isolated communities reliant on subsistence farming and poor access to infrastructure and services. As shown in Figure 8.15-1 construction and upgrading of access roads will be mainly concentrated in western Korca and Skrapar districts because of the need to provide permanent access to the remote and mountainous area where the pipeline will be built in particular between Kp 63 to Kp 89. While half of the study area settlements in Berat are accessed via asphalt roads 80% of study area settlements in Skrapar District are only accessed via gravel/dirt roads. Four settlements in this district, Backe, Helmesi, Staravek and Qafe in Potom Commune, have no road access to the public road network at all.

During local consultations held in June and September 2011, questions about quality and improvements to the road network were raised in 11 of the 18 communities in Skrapar district during the ESIA consultation process, in particular in Potom and Qender communes where the road network is most deficient. Road improvement is a high stakeholder interest issue in mountainous regions and a local development priority as indicated by authorities and communities alike. Table 8.15-3 presents a district overview of the distribution of upgraded and new roads along the pipeline route. Table 8.15-3 Road Access Program

Devoll Korca Skrapar Berat Fier New Roads 0 km 22 km (32%) 36 km (52%) 4 km (6%) 8 km (11%) Upgraded Roads for construction 0 km 35 km (41%) 34 km (40%) 10 km (12%) 7 km (7%) access tot he pipeline route ERM Calculations based on GIS logistics cartography (2012)

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The situation with regards to service provision (water, electricity, waste and sanitation) varies greatly within the study area but it is overall of poor quality, particularly with regards to waste and sanitation management. Although all households surveyed within the 2 km pipeline route reported to having electrical lightning and 80% of the surveyed households in Devoll, Korca, and Berat have piped water from the main system within their homes, there are areas where service provision is less developed, such as in Skrapar where only 55% of the respondents reported accessing piped water. This was further confirmed when the Potom commune was visited in July 2012 and it was noted that the 4 settlements in the area are poorly served with regards to utilities and infrastructure. Sanitation in the study area is not centrally managed. The Project has not yet defined which level of local utilities and services enhancement will be required to undertake the construction of the pipeline and the associated facilities but has committed to developing a plan to maximise the use of infrastructure with consideration of community needs before construction begins. The plan will be completed by the end of 2012.

8.15.2.1.3 Temporary Loss of Water Flow due to Planned Disruption to Flooding Channels and Irrigation Systems during Construction

Potential impacts on irrigation systems and flooding channels will be caused mainly by the crossing of such infrastructures due to trenching and laying of the 209 km pipeline. Construction activities could potentially cause temporary loss of flow in both flooding channels and irrigation systems as a result of planned disruption or accidental damage to the irrigation systems. Communities reliant on irrigation for their livelihood such as those in Devoll, Korca (apple plantations) and Berat (greenhouses) might experience temporary disruption to water supply for agricultural purposes and thus impacts on their livelihood. Impacts to livelihoods from project activities are discussed in detail in Section 8.14. In the case of flooding channels in the Fier region (see Figure 8.15-1) disruption or loss of flow might result in flooding episodes elsewhere in the region as the network has been weakened through over 20 years of neglect and local institutional capacity to manage change is very low. Box 8.15-2 Impacts from Disruption to Flooding Channels (Fier)

Impacts from Disruption to Flooding Channels (Fier) • Blocking of channels would result in flooding of both urban and rural areas. • Community resentment resulting from damage to property and crops. • Impact to relations with local authorities. • Potential to impact agriculture through the flooding of fields and the loss of crops in Topoje Commune. • Flooding likely to have a major impact on the most vulnerable including households on low income, those reliant on small unproductive land parcels and Roma due to heavy reliance on agriculture and lack of alternative resources.

ERM (2012)

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The construction of the pipeline will require the crossing of at least 348 channels mainly in the low lands in the districts of Fier and Korca. As shown in Table 8.15-4 irrigated land along the pipeline route is found mainly in Korca, Devoll and Berat districts, while channels towards the coast in Fier correspond to flooding channels. Despite the low maintenance status of these channels there was stakeholder concern regarding impacts to livelihood in high yielding areas Table 8.15-4 Channel Crossings by District

District Channel Crossings Estimated Crossings in Each Commune Devoll 64 (18%) Bilisht (9) Bilisht Qender (25) Proger (18) Hocist (12) Korca 95 (27%) Korca (12) Mollaj(28) Pojan (10) Qender (26) Drenove (6) Vithkuq (13) Skrapar 21 (7%) Potom (17) Vendreshe (2) Qender (2) Berat 30 (9%) Kutalli (5) Otllak (6) Ura Vajgurore (9) Vertop (2) Velabisht (6) Posnje (2) Fier 131 (37%) Dermenas (23) Mbrostar (39) Qender (5) Roskovec (12) Strum (20) Topoje (32) Lushnje 7 (2%) Bubullime (7) Total 348 Source: APL00-ENT-100-F-TLX-0001_00--Albania_List of crossings.xls Surface water management in the study area is poor, channels are often not maintained or water is over extracted upstream leaving communities downstream unable to access adequate water supplies. Consequently, irrigation has become a source of conflict between many settlements. However, along the route in both the districts of Skrapar and Berat water associations were found to be in place. The water associations manage the maintenance of channels and ensure equal distribution of water. Individual investment by land owners in irrigation is low and only found in areas where residents have the funds and incentive to invest, such as in the high yielding permanent crop producing areas in the Districts of Korca and Devoll (see Figure 8.15-1).

8.15.2.2 Mitigation Measures

TAP’s Policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) contains the commitment to avoid, minimise, mitigate, offset and/or compensate all adverse impacts resulting from project development and a commitment to build infrastructure (access roads, camps, water supplies, landfills, sewage systems etc.) in a way which allows neighbouring communities to benefit from them even after TAP AG has left. Moreover, TAP is committed to implementing a program of social and environmental investments (SEI) aimed at enhancing living conditions in neighbouring communities (Strategy for Social and Environmental Investments, TAP-HSE-ST-0006).

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TAP AG also has a Stakeholder Engagement Strategy (TAP- EXT-ST-0006), which commits TAP AG to continue effective engagement with stakeholders in particular those in the immediate vicinity of the construction works through the action of the community liaison personnel. The Project is also committed to make them well aware of whom to address and how to raise any concerns and grievances.

During precommissioning and construction, the Project plans to achieve these objectives through implementing mitigation measures aimed at:

• Minimising damage to settlements and households assets from construction process; • Ensuring no significant temporary loss of, or access to, infrastructure or services; • No reduction in services available to the local communities; and

• Ensuring that project benefits derived from new infrastructures (access roads, electric and water supplies, landfills, sewage systems etc.) will contribute to the physical and economic development of local communities in the study area.

In addition to the general mitigation already committed by the Project the following additional mitigation will be implemented to minimise negative impacts and ensure project spin-offs are realised. Implementation of the majority of these measures will be carried out by TAP AG directly, or by its contractors and subcontractors on behalf of the Project.

8.15.2.2.1 Disruption and Damage to Infrastructure and Utilities during Construction (including road upgrades) • Where roads are closed, local solutions (including diversions if necessary) to be put in place. • A Public Utilities Assessment Plan will be developed prior to implementing works as outlined in Box 8.15-3 below;

• Documented agreements with utility companies and local authorities will be made by contractors prior to construction; • Confirmation of reinstated post construction status signed off by land owner;

• Engagement with local authorities and utilities companies to ensure continuity of supply to communities. Only short term ‘planned‘ disruption to drinking water or electricity services will be allowed. Disruption will not exceed a 12 hours period;

• The Project will work with local utilities companies to ensure coordinated and rapid response to unplanned events such as damage to electric lines and water pipes. TAP recognises that investment may be required to ensure an adequate preparation and response by utility companies; • Community Liaison Officers (CLOs) will be present at work fronts to ensure that impacts from planned disruptions are minimised (see also Section 8.17 on Community Cohesion) and that unplanned disruptions are properly managed; and

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• Grievance mechanism with rapid response time and access to a compensation process should unplanned disruption result in loss of livelihoods that could not otherwise be avoided.

Box 8.15-3 Public Utilities Assessment Plan

As part of the detailed engineering project under preparation, TAP AG will develop a high level assessment of public utilities to determine whether to invest in public utilities or be self-sufficient. The assessment will look into the availability of services from public utilities and the required consumption by the Project. TAP AG will also evaluate if the use of these services could potentially lead to interference with other users of the same services and whether local response capacity is appropriate or requires enhancement. The assessment will include a high level evaluation of: • Access or connection points to grid, network or sewer system at regional, municipality/commune

level; • Available electricity provider/water supplier and their total production as well as available sewage services and capacity;

• Available electricity/water supply or sewage;

• Total electricity / water consumption today and known trends (without TAP), sewage capacity needs by TAP; and • Overall supply needs for the TAP Project (per region and municipality/commune as applicable).

Each contractor will be required to incorporate the results of the assessment into their management plans and ensure that they are included in any sub-contracts. In this regard the Project will hold discussions with each utility service provider to define a plan tailored to the specifics of the project and

the situation in the area where project activities will be implemented.

ERM (2012)

8.15.2.2.2 Temporary Loss of Water Flow due to Planned Disruption to Flooding Channels and Irrigation Systems during Construction

The open cut method is the preferred option for crossing irrigation and flooding channels. TAP is committed to minimising disruptions through planning of construction works in cooperation with local communities and therefore if feasible these crossing will be planned during a time that irrigation is not required. In addition the Project will undertake the following:

A Flooding Control Plan will be developed and agreed with local authorities prior to construction.

Where irrigation in existing irrigation channels is required by land users, irrigation water flow will be maintained during open cut crossing (construction technique by way of providing a culvert within the channel or by pumping water around the crossing).

• Where open cut is not feasible appropriate, trenchless methods may be used;

• A detailed pre-construction survey will be signed off by land owners;

• Channels will be reinstated within one month of trench filling to at least pre-construction status;

• The post construction status survey will be signed off by land owners;

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• A community liaison officer will be present at each work front;

• The Project will implement a grievance procedure, which will specify required response times;

• Compensation for businesses and households will be made available in the event that water flow is unexpected disrupted by project related activities.

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8.15.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.15-5 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.15-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Infrastructure and Utilities – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Phase Disruption and damage to • Where roads are closed, local solutions Minor infrastructure and utilities during (including diversions if necessary) to be put • Mitigation measures should construction (including road in place. ensure disruption to upgrades) • A Public Utilities Assessment Plan will be infrastructure and utilities are developed prior to implementing works; minimised • • Documented agreements with utility Korca and Skrapar districts will companies and local authorities will be experience most disruption due made by contractors prior to construction. to high number of road • Confirmation of reinstated post crossings from pipeline construction status signed off by land construction and construction owner. of new access roads. • • Engagement with local authorities and If issues arise there is the utilities companies to ensure continuity of opportunity for communities to supply to communities. Only short term address these through the ‘planned ‘ disruption to drinking water or Project grievance mechanism electricity services will be allowed. Disruption will not exceed a 12 hour period. • The Project will work with local utilities companies to ensure coordinated and rapid response to unplanned events such as damage to electric lines and water pipes. TAP recognises that investment may be required to ensure an adequate preparation and response by utility companies. • Community liaison officers will be present at work fronts to ensure that impacts from planed disruptions are minimised and that unplanned disruptions are properly managed. • Grievance mechanism with rapid response • Time and access to a compensation process should unplanned disruption result in loss of livelihoods that could not otherwise be avoided.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Temporary loss of water flow due • A flooding control plan will be developed Minor to planned disruption to flooding and agreed with local authorities prior to • Mitigation measures should channels and irrigation systems construction. ensure impacts on flooding during construction • Crossing of irrigation channels will be channels and irrigation systems planned in cooperation with local are of minor significance communities and if feasible these will be • Areas most sensitive due to planned during a time that irrigation is not potential loss of water flow required. include apple plantations in • Where irrigation in existing irrigation Devoll and Korca and channels is required by land users, greenhouses in Berat district. irrigation water flow will be maintained • However, still potential for during open cut crossing (construction temporary disruptions to technique by way of providing a culvert irrigation systems that can be within the channel or by pumping water addressed through project around crossing). Where open cut is not grievance mechanism. feasible appropriate, trenchless methods may be used. • A detailed pre-construction survey will be signed off by landowners. • Channels will be reinstated within one month of trench filling to at least pre- construction status. • The post construction status survey will be signed off by land owners. • A community liaison officer will be present at each work front. • The Project will implement a grievance procedure, which will specify required response times. • Access to compensation for businesses and households in the event of temporary loss of water flow as a result of project activities. ERM (2012)

8.15.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.15.3.1 Potential Impacts

8.15.3.1.1 Benefits to Local Settlements from Infrastructure and Service Improvements

As stated in the Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) policy document, TAP intends to build infrastructure (access roads, camps, water supplies, landfills, sewage systems etc.) in a way which allows neighbouring communities to benefit from them even after TAP AG has left. In this regard TAP AG will develop a Public Utilities Enhancement Plan to maximise the use of Project infrastructure with a view on community needs, tentatively before the end of 2012. In undertaking the needs assessment prior to drafting the Plan, TAP AG will pay special attention to the situation of settlements located in isolated areas and with poor access to infrastructure and services such as those in eastern Korca and Skrapar district as well as areas of population growth.

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The Public Utilities Enhancement Plan will be developed in close coordination with local utilities companies, authorities at the regional and local level and communities to ensure the appropriateness and sustainability of investment. The Public Utilities Enhancement Plan will also be published and undergo a consultation process with affected communities.

After completion of construction, the new and upgraded access roads that TAP AG constructed may be open for public use subject to agreements with the relevant authorities. These new roads could potentially provide an opportunity for economic development and access to services particularly for communities in mountainous areas in Korca and Skrapar district. See Figure 8.15-4. However, it must be noted, that the new roads that TAP AG will build for pipeline access will be only gravel surfaced to the needs of the construction logistics, thus allow only for slow speed of traffic.

In addition to the roads, other infrastructure such as water, telecommunications, sewage, waste and possibly health facilities might have been enhanced to support construction activities. TAP AG is committed to continue working with government and local communities to achieve sustainable benefits for local settlements through the hand over of these. The Public Utilities Enhancement Plan developed before construction phase (see Section 8.15.3) will be the basis for Project decision regarding future enhancement during operation phase. One area for discussion may be the potential to use spare capacity in the use of fibre optic cables that will be laid in parallel to the pipeline for project communication.

Out of the approximately 69 km of new access roads that the Project is going to construct (including 8 km of optional access road), 36 km are planned in Skrapar District, mostly in Potom and Qender communes. Also around 40% of the approximately 86 km upgrades of existing roads will take place in Skrapar district. Project access will be built / upgraded to construction / maintenance requirements, i.e. gravel surface. Figure 8.15-4 presents the detailed access road program in Potom area. The new roads are going to significantly improve the transportation along the valley linking some settlements that were otherwise not accessible by road.

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Figure 8.15-4 Project Access Roads in Potom Area

ERM (2012)

Mitigation Measures

The measures developed in the construction phase to ensure infrastructure spin off benefits to local communities will be continued throughout the operation phase with due consideration to the maximisation of infrastructure and utilities benefits to local communities.

The Project will also consider how to hand over these new/enhanced infrastructures to local communities on a case by case basis and in accordance with the Social and Environmental Investment Program (SEI) to ensure the long-term sustainability of these investment opportunities.

As part of the SEI, TAP AG will make a strategic decision on whether to negotiate with local communication companies such that excess capacity in the fibre optic cable can be used to enhance local communication provision.

8.15.3.2 Residual Impacts

Table 8.15-6 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

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Table 8.15-6 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Infrastructure and Utilities – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Operation and Maintenance Benefits to local • Delivery of infrastructure improvement Minor - Positive settlements from plan that ensures that infrastructure • TAP aims to extend the infrastructure benefits infrastructure and improvements (access roads, electric to local communities through negotiated service and water supplies, landfills, sewage agreements with competent authorities improvements systems etc.) contribute to the physical • Settlements in Skrapar (roads). Particularly, and economic development of local Potom, Helmesi, Staravek and Qafë in Potom communities in the study area. Commune. ERM (2012)

8.15.4 Decommissioning Phase

As set out in Section 8.1, decomissioning of the pipeline system would have different effects on infrastructure and utilities, depending on the approach taken. Pipeline abandonment-in-place would lead to no or very limited disruption effects, whereas if the pipeline is removed from the ground, these would be similar to construction impacts.

Mitigation measures would likely be similar as for construction, i.e. targeting to avoid and minimise disruption of local communication and transport and utility services. As required, TAP AG would set-up a Decommissioning Management Plan that includes consultation with potentially affected stakeholders.

The mitigation developed in the construction phase should be continued throughout the decommissioning phase with consideration regarding sustainability of infrastructure and utility enhancements prior to TAP AG’s disengagement in the area.

8.15.5 Summary –Impacts to Infrastructure and Utilities

Project Impacts:

The pipeline route on its 209 km length through Albania from the border with Greece to the Adriatic Sea shore will inevitably cross a number of infrastructures and utilities. This includes about 140 roads of different category including one highway in Fier, 11 main roads, 24 secondary roads and over 100 gravel and dirt roads. Roughly 90% of the road crossings will occur in the eastern route section in Korca and Skrapar districts, mostly secondary and gravel roads. Crossing activities will lead to temporary inconveniences such as delays and detours for road users. This is of particular importance to remote settlements and their accessibility in case of a local emergency and for local people who rely on a single road to bring their produce to market. In addition to roads, numerous public utility lines will need to be crossed such as piped water, sewer lines, and electricity and telecommunication cables. Further, the route will be crossing areas with irrigated lands, mainly in Devoll, Korça and Berat areas and in the coastal plain to the west of Fier drainage networks that are used for flood control are crossed. Thus pipeline construction will disrupt both irrigation and drainage systems. By temporarily affecting their

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Mitigation:

For all infrastructure crossings, a documented Crossing Agreement will be made with the public or private owners and works will be carried out in consultation with local municipalities and regional agencies in charge. Public notice of construction activities and implications will be made available locally. Community Liaison Officers will be present at work fronts to ensure that impacts from planned disruptions are minimised and that any unplanned disruptions are properly managed. A Grievance Mechanism will be in place with rapid response schedule and access of affected stakeholders to a compensation process in case any unplanned disruption results in loss of livelihoods.

Road infrastructure: In line with international best pipeline construction practice, all major roads, such as the highway, national and regional main roads are planned to be crossed by trenchless methods. This will avoid any immediate impacts or traffic disruption on the infrastructure and will avoid traffic disruption on the crossing location. Secondary roads (e.g. municipal, local, forest, private roads) and other carriage ways and tracks will be crossed by open cut as a standard technique. Such crossings of smaller roads can typically be accomplished within a short time so that road passage at these locations usually will be interrupted for no longer than 1 – 3 days. Temporary diversions will be established where no reasonable alternative local access exists. For all those roadways that serve as only settlement access or regular service e.g. of local buses, access to agricultural lands etc, a temporary local diversion will be established (typically, short temporary gravel road next to the crossing section) to ensure uninterrupted accessibility of settlements. After the pipeline is installed at the crossing, all damage to public or private roads will be repaired and the conditions prior to pipeline construction will be reinstated in agreement with local authorities and infrastructure owners.

Irrigation and Drainage systems: TAP AG will establish via surveys an understanding of local irrigation systems and their water supply (incl. boreholes, pump wells and other structures such as pump houses), times when water is needed for irrigation, what quantities and which network and irrigated area (outreach of supply of an affected irrigation feeder /supplied area. Based on this survey, detailed planning will be made of measures to provide water supply bypasses and ensure continued irrigation flow during pipeline construction and consequent rehabilitation of irrigation systems. The same approach will apply to the drainage / flooding channels.

Utility lines: Crossing of third party underground utility supply lines, e.g. water pipes and underground electricity cables, or sewage discharge pipes will be achieved by established construction methods. Short term interruptions of typically a few hours will occur and the affected stakeholders and local population will be informed ahead of disruption by local announcements. This will be especially important with regard to disruption of irrigation systems and public road access to settlements and agricultural areas.

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Benefit Enhancement Measures:

Besides the above temporary disruption of infrastructures, Project implementation will also help to improve regional infrastructure. For Project implementation about 69 km of new access roads to the pipeline route will be built and over 86 km of existing roads and tracks will be upgraded. Both new and upgraded roads will be gravel surfaced in order to allow the passage of project vehicles (pipe trucks and construction machinery). Out of the approximately 69 km new access roads that the Project is going to construct, 36 km are planned in Skrapar District, mostly in Potom and Qender communes. Also around 40% of the approximately 86 km upgrades of existing roads will take place in Skrapar district. Project access will be newly built / or upgraded to the needs of the Project, i.e. gravel surface roads. Subject to agreements with the District and relevant authorities (including the Ministry of Environment and related agencies regarding the topics of fauna disturbance and making forest accessible with increasing risk of illegal logging), these new roads may be made accessible for public use.

With regard to other infrastructure such as water, telecommunications, sewage, waste and possibly health facilities might have been enhanced to support construction activities. TAP is committed to continue working with government and local communities to achieve sustainable benefits for local settlements through the hand-over of these. TAP AG will develop a Public Utilities Enhancement Plan to maximise the use of project infrastructure with a view on community needs. In undertaking a needs assessment prior to drafting the Plan, TAP AG will pay special attention to the situation of settlements located in isolated areas and with poor access to infrastructure and services such as those in eastern Korca and Skrapar district as well as areas of population growth. The Public Utilities Enhancement Plan will be developed in close coordination with local utilities companies, authorities at the regional and local level and communities to ensure the appropriateness and sustainability of investment. The Public Utilities Enhancement Plan will also be published and undergo a consultation process with affected communities.

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8.16 Workforce Social Issues - Workers Management

8.16.1 Overview

Workers’ rights including occupational health and safety need to be considered to avoid accidents and injuries, loss of man-hours, labour abuses and to ensure fair treatment, remuneration and working or living conditions. These issues should be considered not only for those who are directly employed by TAP but also its contractors (including sub-contractors) and within the supply chain.

Box 8.16-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on worker management and rights.

This section of the report considers impacts to workers employed directly by TAP AG and its contractors and supply chain considering the impacts if worker management and rights do not meet Albanian law or international best practice (whichever is stricter) but also the loss of rights. More detail on Human Rights including Worker rights can be found in the HRIA. Box 8.16-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Worker Management

Sources of Social Risk • Use of contractors and subcontractors. During the main construction period approximately 1,500 workers will be employed by the Project directly and indirectly through contractors and subcontractors. During operation this number will fall to less than 100. During decommissioning, worker numbers will approximate that of construction. • The current standards and practices of Albanian companies contracted by TAP may fall short of international standards in terms of hiring, working practices and housing standards. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Workers directly engaged by the Project both from Albania and overseas. • Workers engaged through third parties from Albania or overseas (contracted workers). • Workers engaged by the Project primary suppliers of goods and services. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • National Labour Laws and health and safety legislation in Albania exist and are in line with international standards providing a framework for the protection of worker management and rights. • There results of the HRIA have stated that there is a lack of capacity within Albania to implement labour laws and health and safety legislation. This situation might result in a gap between what is legally required and activities on the ground. • Resistance within Albania to be involved in unions and collective bargaining due to negative association with the communist era when people were forced to work in collectives to the detriment of individual rights and freedoms. • The results of the HRIA indicates that societal discrimination and marginalization of groups based on ethnicity, nationality, gender and other grounds is widely reported and that such discrimination is linked to a lack of harmonisation of laws related to labour and discrimination. • Prevalence of children informally employed in the construction industry. Vulnerable Groups • Children from poor families and minority groups in particular Roma and Balkan Egyptians. • Migrant workers. • Women.

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References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.5. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012) Note: a number of additional and complementary impacts are assessed in the parallel Human Rights Impact Assessment study, a summary of which is found in Annex 10 (AAL00-EAL-641-Y-TAE-0003)

Table 8.16-1 presents the key social risks of the Project in the field of worker management and rights during the Project phases. This is also discussed in more detail in the Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) undertaken for the Project (see Annex 10).

Table 8.16-1 Key Potential Risks – Worker Rights and Working Conditions

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Worker Health and Safety • Worker Health and Safety • Worker Health and Safety • Worker Rights • Worker Rights • Worker Rights • Child Labour • Child Labour • Child Labour • Forced Labour • Forced Labour • Forced Labour ERM (2012)

TAP AG has a number of Policies and Strategies in place related to worker management and rights which are taken into account in the evaluation of impacts and statement of mitigation measures to be applied. However, some key parameters that will considerably influence the potential impacts associated with worker rights remain outstanding. These are: • The country of origin of workers; and • The country of origin of providers of goods and services.

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8.16.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.16.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.16.2.1.1 Worker Health and Safety

Bearing in mind the nature of the activities being undertaken during construction, worker health and safety is a key risk area with the potential for accidents that may result in injuries and fatalities. Consequently, TAP AG has developed a series of policies and strategies outlining its commitment to ensuring the health and safety of its workers, a summary of these is presented in Table 8.16-2, These strategies are in line with international standards on worker health and safety. However, TAP AG will face a number of challenges in implementing these policies.

Within Albania many companies are not meeting international standards around worker health and safety due to a lack of capacity, the presence of a large informal sector for historical reasons associated with a lack of investment in government owned industries. As such; many national companies may currently not meet the international safety requirements and standards required by TAP. Employees working informally and those with limited or without awareness of their rights (for example, migrant workers, or those newly entering the labour market) are likely to be most at risk.

Solid waste and waste water generated by construction activities will be managed and stored at construction sites and basecamps in such a way as to minimise exposure to workers. Those involved in the handling and management of waste will be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and training in handling of waste materials. As such potential impacts to workers health and safety will be minimal.

8.16.2.1.2 Worker Rights

The labour laws in Albania are generally in line with international labour laws and Albania has ratified the eight core ILO conventions:

• Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87);

• Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) ; • Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29); • Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105);

• Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); • Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182); • Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100); and

• Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111). However, the Human Rights Impact Assessment undertaken for the Project has identified a number of gaps between international labour standards and Albanian law including:

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• The low level of the minimum wage; • The lack of an accident prevention policy for risks in inherently dangerous industries;

• A lack of clear prohibition of hazardous work for adolescent workers; • Categories of workers legally permitted to work beyond 60 hours; • Societal discrimination and marginalization of groups based on ethnicity, nationality, gender and other grounds is widely reported; • Legal limitations on freedom of association; and

• A lack of access to remedy for labour violations. An issue facing workers in Albania is that the alternative dispute resolution or workplace level individual grievance mechanisms are not provided for in Albanian law and are rarely used in practice. Employees’ right of access to a remedy through the justice system is formally guaranteed, yet the ability to access a remedy in practice is questionable, especially with pervasive suspicions of corruption in the legal system as well as undue influence on judges and a lack of judicial independence. This perception is most common among those working to protect individuals and groups with limited resources. There are also reports of excessive delays in judicial proceedings which may further limit the effectiveness of this option. Lack of access to legal aid may prevent persons with limited resources from using the court system.

Gender discrimination is reported to commonly occur within Albania linked to a lack of harmonisation between laws promoting gender equality and other legislation such as the Labour Code and Criminal Code and Family Code. Unequal treatment of women, including harassment and social marginalisation, exists throughout the country and are fundamental problems that can influence and be influenced by any large infrastructure project, particularly one like the TAP which has an essentially transitory effect in relation to jobs created . As such women may be less able then men to enjoy their right to non discrimination.

Workers in Albania often face working long working hours which is permitted within certain industries. Migrant workers are more likely to be found working long hours, especially if they are employed as day workers or informally. In addition, there is a resistance within Albania to be involved in unions and collective bargaining due to a negative association with the communist era when people were forced to work in collectives to the detriment of individual rights and freedoms. As such individuals may be less able to protect their rights.

Enforcement of Albanian laws is often hampered by the lack of capacity within companies as well as within the labour inspectorate and judiciary. There is therefore a risk that some subcontractors / suppliers on the Project may not be fully compliant with Albanian legal requirements related to labour conditions, in particular in relation to the six issues identified and, as such, be unprepared to meet TAP AG requirements.

An additional risk facing workers in Albania is that the alternative dispute resolution or workplace level individual grievance mechanisms are not provided for in Albanian law and are rarely used in

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During construction employees will be living in camps. As outlined in the Project Description these will be constructed and managed in line with the IFC / EBRD guidance note (Workers Accommodation Processes and Standards). As such, living conditions during construction should conform to international best practice.

Child Labour in the Supply Chain

TAP is committed to meeting international best practices. However Albanian law is stricter in this case. The Labour Code sets the minimum age of employment at 16. The minimum age for forms of hazardous industrial employment is 18 years. Under-18s may not work more than 6 hours a day. All workers under-18 must be given a medical examination, whose costs are to be covered by the employer.

For reasons explained earlier in this section, there is the potential that nationally based subcontractors and suppliers (who may form part of the supply chain) could have child labour in their operations or are employing under 18’s to undertake hazardous activities especially children of Roma or Balkan-Egyptian origin. Again, this is a particular risk in companies where the use of informal and day workers is more prevalent. The use of child labour is likely to be hazardous and have negative impacts on the health and wellbeing (mental health) of affected children including access to education and social development as well as the child’s right not to work in certain circumstances.

8.16.2.1.3 Forced Labour in the Supply Chain

The use of forced labour is illegal in Albania and is not known to be a widespread problem. It is therefore unlikely that the Project or its contractors and suppliers will be utilising forced labour of Albanian origin. As workers may be sourced from overseas (from yet to be determined countries) there is the possibility that individuals may have been forced into working for the Project. However, TAP AG’s local content strategy means that unskilled labourers, who would be more vulnerable to being used as forced labour, are more likely to be local. International workers will most likely be skilled or semi-skilled workers and as such are more likely to know their rights, be

1 Human Rights Impact Assessment Albania (AAL00-EAL-694-Y-TAM-0003)

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8.16.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Table 8.16-2 outlines the specific mitigation outlined in TAP AG’s policies. Specific commitments that will contribute to the mitigation of impacts and will need to be included in the management plan commitments register are highlighted in bold.

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Table 8.16-2 Worker Management and Rights

Policy Reference Statements/ Objectives TAP Health, Safety and Sets out a clear commitment to ensuring the health and safety of TAP personnel Environment (HSE) Policy encompassing contractor personnel through proactive risk management. (2011) (TAP-HSE-PO- TAP is committed to internationally recognised health, safety and environment standards 0001). and the use of best practice.

Safety comes first. Facilities and operations will be developed, planned and maintained such that robust barriers are in place to prevent accidents. All employees have the duty to stop any works if adequate systems to control risks are not in place. HSE Risk Management for Surveillance programs for health status shall be established and implemented. TAP (TAP-HSE-PR-0006) TAP Code of Conduct TAP strives to create a safe and healthy working environment. TAP works continuously (2008) (TAP-GEN-PO- on improving the Employee’s occupational health and safety conditions and the safety of 0001) its operations. Health and safety of Employees have priority and are a prerequisite for performing a good job. Therefore an Employee should not be under the influence of intoxicants… which could adversely affect the ability of that Employee to perform the work or adversely affect the health and safety of other Employees, other persons or the environment. The Code of Conduct is designed to preserve and foster the integrity and reputation of TAP and to help its employees and others who work for TAP to avoid misconduct TAP promotes equal opportunity and diversity. No TAP employee or job applicant will be discriminated against on the basis of his or her gender, marital status, nationality, age, religion or sexual orientation ….. TAP strongly encourages its contractors to apply the same principles. The Code of Conduct includes an explicit commitment to full compliance with the International Labour Organisation Standards. TAP Local Content Construction and Operation of TAP, in line with the highest health, safety, social and Strategy (2010) (TAP-HSE- environmental standards, requires that all employees, contractors and suppliers comply ST-0007) with international best practice and performance requirements outlined in TAP’s governing documents. TAP Policy on CSR (2011) TAP states an explicit commitment to comply with ‘international standards on (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) transparency, accountability, anti-corruption, human rights and national laws and regulations.’ TAP Strategy for the TAP assures throughout the supply chain full compliance with the core labour standards implementation of TAP as defined by the International Labour Organisation. CSR Policy under the TSP TAP’s workforce will benefit in addition from equal opportunities, a non-discriminatory Model (TAP-HSE- ST-008) workplace, best practice on human resource management, occupational health and safety. Source: TAP AG Policies, specific references in the table Through the implementation of these policies, the Project has the opportunity to have a positive legacy in terms of worker rights and to avoid impacts to workers in terms of labour conditions, their welfare and health and safety.

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8.16.2.2.1 Management Systems

• TAP AG will develop a health and safety management system. This management system will be enforced throughout the Project including all contractors and sub-contractors. It will include aspects such as identification and provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), regular training and monitoring as well as ongoing safety checks and safety audits; • TAP AG will, as part of its Environmental and Social Management System; undertake socioeconomic compliance monitoring to inform its internal auditing and monitoring process. As such, KPIs will be developed around worker rights, discrimination and management, workforce grievance mechanism and monitoring of outcomes; and

• TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of community engagement, media coverage and its workforce and community grievance mechanism for additional indications of labour related issues that may be arising. 8.16.2.2.2 Contractor Management

• In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit reference to the need to abide by Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to health and safety, labour and welfare standards;

• As part of the contractor and supplier selection process TAP AG will take into consideration performance with regard to worker management, worker rights, health and safety as outlined in Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies;

• TAP AG will provide support to contractors and subcontractors to ensure that labour and working conditions are in line with Albanian law through gap analysis and capacity building; and

Contractor contracts will specify monitoring to be undertaken by the contractor, establish the right for TAP AG monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their sub-contractors and suppliers.

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8.16.2.2.3 Worker Rights

• All workers will, as part of their induction, receive training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation to ensure that positive benefits around understanding labour rights are enhanced. This process will be formalised within the Code of Conduct Policy outlined in Table 8.16-2 and will be provided by TAP AG;

• All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary to ensure that workers understand their rights. Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location; • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining; and

• TAP AG will put in place a mechanism to ensure all workers are informed about their rights. • TAP AG will require all contractors and sub-contractors to put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers, whether permanent or temporary, directly or indirectly employed. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. • TAP AG will develop a Human Resources Policy which will outline worker rights to be included in all contracts including restrictions on working hours in line with Albanian and international law, compensation including consideration of overtime, holidays etc. TAP AG will require its contractors and subcontractors to put in place policies in line with national legislation.

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8.16.2.3 Residual Impacts Table 8.16-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.16-3 Residual Impacts – Workforce Social Issues – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Phase Worker Health • Facilities and operations will be developed, planned and Moderate and Safety maintained such that robust barriers are in place to • Accidents resulting in injuries or prevent accidents. All employees have the duty to stop fatalities remain a possibility albeit any works if adequate systems to control risks are not in with reduced likelihood due to the place. implementation of the management system. • Employee should not be under the influence of • intoxicants which could adversely affect the ability of that Injuries and fatalities could have Employee to perform the work or adversely affect the long term impacts on workers and health and safety of other Employees, other persons or their families. the environment. • Potential for positive legacy in • Surveillance programs for health status shall be terms of strengthening knowledge established and implemented. and practice of worker health and safety of contracted and supplier • Implementation of a health and safety management companies and their employees. system covering all contractors and subcontractors including identification and provision of PPE, training and monitoring as well as ongoing safety checks and safety audits. • In all contractor contracts explicit reference will be made to the need to abide by Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to health and safety, • As part of the contractor and supplier selection process TAP AG will take into consideration performance with regard to worker health and safety as outlined in Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies. • TAP AG will provide support to contractors and subcontractors to ensure that labour and working conditions are in line with Albanian law. • Contractor contracts will establish the right for TAP AG monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their subcontractors and suppliers. Worker Rights • TAP AG will put in place hiring mechanism to ensure no Minor employee or job applicant is discriminated against on the • As a result of the policies and basis of his or her gender, marital status, nationality, age, procedures worker rights should religion or sexual orientation be protected. However, issues • TAP AG will undertake socioeconomic compliance with implementation and capacity monitoring. KPIs will be developed around worker rights, may result in some breaches of discrimination and management, workforce grievance workers rights especially within the mechanism and monitoring of outcomes. supply chain and amongst casual labourers. If issues arise there is • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of the opportunity for these to be community engagement, media coverage and its identified and addressed through workforce and community grievance mechanism the worker grievance mechanism. regarding labour issues, However, individuals may be • In all contractor contracts explicit reference will be made unwilling to report issues and as to the need to abide by Albanian law, international such breaches may go unnoticed

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to labour and • Potential for positive legacy in welfare standards. terms of strengthening knowledge • As part of the contractor and supplier selection process and practice of worker rights of TAP AG will take into consideration performance with contracted and supplier regard to worker management and rights as outlined in companies and their employees. Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies. • TAP AG will provide support to contractors and subcontractors to ensure that labour and working conditions are in line with Albanian law. • Contractor contracts will establish the right for TAP AG monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their subcontractors and suppliers. • TAP AG will provide as part of their induction, training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation.TAP AG will also require contractors and subcontractors to provide training on workers rights to its employees. • TAP AG will ensure that all its employees have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. TAP AG will also require contractors and subcontractors to include the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights in all contracts. • TAP AG will verbally explain contracts to all its workers where this is necessary. TAP AG will also require contractors and subcontractors to verbally explain contracts to its employees. • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP AG will require all contractors and sub-contractors to put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. • TAP AG will develop a Human Resources Policy which will outline worker rights to be included in all contracts including restrictions on working hours in line with Albanian and international law, compensation including consideration of overtime, holidays etc. TAP AG will require its contractors and subcontractors to put in place policies in line with national legislation.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk Child Labour • Contractor contracts will specify monitoring to be Minor - Moderate undertaken by the contractor, establish the right for TAP • Use of child labour or use of AG monitoring and auditing of all contractors and people aged 16-18 to be involved subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor in hazardous work within the if they are found to be breaching national legal supply chain remains a possibility requirements, international standards, TAP AG policies albeit with reduced likelihood due or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will to the implementation of specify that the same standards will be met by their sub- mitigation. contractors and suppliers. • If there are incidences of child • In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit labour the magnitude of the effect reference to the need to abide by Albanian law, to the individual affected will international standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation remain unchanged. to labour and welfare standards. • However, still potential for child • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of labour or use of people aged 16- community engagement, media coverage and its 18 to be involved in hazardous workforce and community grievance mechanism for work in the supply chain. additional indications of labour related issues that may be • Potential for positive legacy in arising, terms of strengthening knowledge • All workers will receive training on worker rights in line and practice of avoiding and with Albanian legislation. managing out child labour within • TAP AG will require that all workers (including those of contracted and supplier contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which companies. clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. • Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP AG will require all contractors and sub-contractors to put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers, whether permanent or temporary, directly or indirectly employed. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. Forced Labour • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of Minor community engagement, media coverage and its • The likelihood of the use of forced workforce and community grievance mechanism for labour will be significantly reduced additional indications of labour related issues that may be as a result of the proposed arising, mitigation such that it will become • In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit a non-routine event. However, reference to the need to abide by Albanian law, should incidences occur the international standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation impacts on the individuals affected to labour and welfare standards. will remain unchanged. • Contractor contracts will specify monitoring to be undertaken by the contractor, establish the right for TAP AG monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their subcontractors and suppliers. • All workers will receive training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impacts/Risk Residual Impact / Risk • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. • Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP AG will require all contractors and sub-contractors to put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers, whether permanent or temporary, directly or indirectly employed. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. ERM (2012)

8.16.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 8.16.3.1 Potential Impacts

During the operation and maintenance phase there is the potential for impacts to occur related to worker health and safety, worker rights and the use of forced or child labour. However, due to the small size and different structure of the workforce mainly composed by skilled specialised labour, reduced contractor hierarchy and the activities being undertaken the likelihood of this occurring is reduced when compared with the construction phase. 8.16.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The mitigation developed in the construction phase should be continued throughout the operation phase with consideration in the health and safety management system of the specific risks associated with operation and maintenance activities and the new size and structure of the workforce.

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8.16.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.16-4 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified. Table 8.16-4 Residual Impacts –Workforce Social Issues – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impacts /Risk Operations and Maintenance Phase Worker Health • Facilities and operations will be developed, planned and Minor and Safety maintained such that robust barriers are in place to prevent • Accidents resulting in injuries or accidents. All employees have the duty to stop any works if fatalities remain a possibility adequate systems to control risks are not in place. albeit with reduced likelihood • Employee should not be under the influence of intoxicants… due to the implementation of the which could adversely affect the ability of that Employee to management system and nature perform the work or adversely affect the health and safety of of work being undertaken. other Employees, other persons or the environment. • Injuries and fatalities could have • Surveillance programs for health status shall be established long term impacts on workers and implemented. and their families. • • Implementation of a health and safety management system Potential for positive legacy in covering all contractors and subcontractors including terms of strengthening training and monitoring as well as ongoing safety checks knowledge and practice of and safety audits. worker health and safety of contracted and supplier • In all contractor contracts explicit reference will be made to companies and their employees. the need to abide by Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to health and safety, • As part of the contractor and supplier selection process TAP AG will take into consideration performance with regard to worker health and safety as outlined in Albanian law, international standards and TAP AG’s policies. • TAP AG will provide support to contractors and subcontractors to ensure that labour and working conditions are in line with Albanian law. • Contractor contracts will establish the right for TAP monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG’s policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their sub-contractors and suppliers.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impacts /Risk Worker Rights • No TAP employee or job applicant will be discriminated Minor against on the basis of his or her gender, marital status, • As a result of the policies and nationality, age, religion or sexual orientation procedures worker rights should • TAP AG will undertake socioeconomic compliance be protected. However, issues monitoring. KPIs will be developed around worker rights, with implementation and discrimination and management, workforce grievance capacity may result in some mechanism and monitoring of outcomes. breaches of workers rights • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of community especially within the supply engagement, media coverage and its workforce and chain and amongst casual community grievance mechanism regarding labour issues, labourers. • • In all contractor contracts explicit reference will be made to If issues arise there is the the need to abide by Albanian law, international standards opportunity for these to be and TAP AG’s policies in relation to labour and welfare identified and addressed standards. through the worker grievance • mechanism. As part of the contractor and supplier selection process TAP • AG will take into consideration performance with regard to Potential for positive legacy in worker management and rights as outlined in Albanian law, terms of strengthening international standards and TAP AG’s policies. knowledge and practice of • worker rights of contracted and TAP AG will provide support to contractors and supplier companies and their subcontractors to ensure that labour and working conditions employees. are in line with Albanian law.

• Contractor contracts will establish the right for TAP

monitoring and auditing of all contractors and subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG’s policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their sub-contractors and suppliers. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will, as part of their induction, receive training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. • Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary. • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP and all contractors will put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. • TAP AG will develop a Human Resources Policy which will outline worker rights to be included in all contracts including restrictions on working hours in line with Albanian and international law, compensation including consideration of overtime, holidays etc. TAP AG will require its contractors and subcontractors to put in place policies in line with national legislation.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impacts /Risk Child Labour • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of community Minor engagement, media coverage and its workforce and • Contractual requirements and community grievance mechanism for additional indications penalties for use of child of labour related issues that may be arising, labour should minimise risk. • In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit • Grievance mechanism and reference to the need to abide by Albanian law, international audit should pick up any standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to labour and instances of child labour. welfare standards. • However, still potential for • Contractor contracts will specify monitoring to be child labour or use of people undertaken by the contractor, establish the right for TAP aged 16-18 to be involved in monitoring and auditing of all contractors and hazardous work in the supply subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if chain. they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, • Potential for positive legacy in international standards, TAP AG’s policies or clauses in the terms of strengthening contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same knowledge and practice of standards will be met by their sub-contractors and suppliers. avoiding and managing out • All workers (including those of contractors and child labour within contracted subcontractors) will, as part of their induction, receive and supplier companies. training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. • Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP and all contractors will put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers, whether permanent or temporary, directly or indirectly employed. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impacts /Risk Forced Labour • TAP AG will review and monitor the outcomes of community Minor engagement, media coverage and its workforce and • The likelihood of the use of community grievance mechanism for additional indications forced labour will be of labour related issues that may be arising, significantly reduced as a • In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit result of the proposed reference to the need to abide by Albanian law, international mitigation such that it will standards and TAP AG’s policies in relation to labour and become a non-routine event. welfare standards. However, should incidences • Contractor contracts will specify monitoring to be occur the impacts on the undertaken by the contractor, establish the right for TAP individuals affected will remain monitoring and auditing of all contractors and unchanged. subcontractors and the consequences for the contractor if they are found to be breaching national legal requirements, international standards, TAP AG’s policies or clauses in the contract. Contractor contracts will specify that the same standards will be met by their sub-contractors and suppliers. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will, as part of their induction, receive training on worker rights in line with Albanian legislation. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will have contracts which clearly state the terms and conditions of their employment and their legal rights. • Contracts will be verbally explained to all workers where this is necessary • Contracts must be in place prior to workers leaving their home location. • All workers (including those of contractors and subcontractors) will be able to join unions of their choice and have the right to collective bargaining. • TAP and all contractors will put in place a worker grievance mechanism that will be accessible to all workers, whether permanent or temporary, directly or indirectly employed. The TAP worker grievance mechanism shall be open to the contractor and subcontractor workforce in the event that their grievance is not adequately resolved by their direct employer. TAP AG will then have the authority to act to resolve this grievance. ERM (2012)

8.16.4 Decommissioning Phase

During the decommissioning phase there is potential for impacts to occur related to worker health and safety, worker rights and the use of forced or child labour. The workforce number and use of contractors will increase and as such there is an increased likelihood of impacts occurring.

The mitigation developed in the construction phase should be continued throughout the decommissioning phase with consideration in the health and safety management system of the specific risks associated with decommissioning activities.

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8.16.5 Summary – Workforce Social Issues

The construction workforce for the TAP Project in Albania is a substantial number estimated at 1500 for the main construction phase. Depending on the tendering outcomes, it is possible that workers may come from different regions of the world and different cultural backgrounds, and with different skill levels as required. Such complex situations bear a number of social risks (also as identified in the Human Rights Impact Assessment in Annex 10). TAP AG will include social clauses in the EPC contract regarding fair treatment of workers, a safe work site environment, and decent conditions of accommodation and supply with food. These conditions will relate to TAP AG policies and relevant good practice recommendations of EBRD/IFC. TAP AG will require the EPC contractor to inform workers about their rights and set-up a workers grievance mechanism and undertake surveys and focus group feedback interviews for early detection of unsatisfactory situations. TAP AG will undertake compliance audits at the camps and worksites to check compliance with contractually required standards. TAP AG will set up a construction supervisory team that includes inter alia HSE officers, HR and CSR specialists.

Further, TAP AG, will request the EPC contractor to undertake due diligence check-up on working conditions (incl. HSE, social conditions) of production sites of foreseen major supply items for the Project (such as the line pipes, fill and bedding materials) and to ensure that materials supplied are produced under save and fair working conditions that satisfy TAP AG policy requirements.

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8.17 Onshore – Community Health, Safety and Security

8.17.1 Overview

The presence of the Project could affect the health and safety and security of the communities along the pipeline route and close to compressor stations as a result of worker- community interactions, the risk of injury associated with construction activities and competition for access to health care resources. Any community concerns or perceptions with regard to reduced health and physical safety by the community also need to be addressed. Box 8.17-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on worker health and safety.

Box 8.17-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Community Health and Safety

Sources of Impacts • Presence of the construction workforce of approximately 1,500 people sourced nationally and internationally who through interactions with communities may lead to increased disease transmission. • The provision of health care for workers (both primary and secondary) has the potential to affect access to health care facilities by communities with the potential for worsening health outcomes. • Community members could be involved in accidents leading to injuries and even fatalities if they enter areas where construction activities are being undertaken. • Communities and stakeholders concerns around the safety of the pipeline once it is operational. • Changes to the environment due to increased noise, decreased air quality and changes to the visual environment as a result of the Project may affect health and wellbeing. • Exposure to activities of Project security personnel Potentially Impacted Receptors • Communities along the pipeline route. Settlements close to logistic and construction camps. • Primary health care facilities in communities along the route and towns with hospitals are in broader study area. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Health in communities is improving however indicators such as life expectancy, maternal mortality and malnutrition suggest issues with access to health care and poorer health outcomes. • There are high levels of non-communicable diseases in particular hypertension, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated with lifestyle factors. • Albania has declining levels of communicable diseases; but these remain relatively high in the rural areas. • Limited access to health care especially in rural areas, with hospitals located in cities. • Variability in access to medical personnel. Vulnerable Groups • Children. • Elderly. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.10. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4.

ERM (2012)

Table 8.17-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on human health during the key Project phases.

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Table 8.17-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Increased transmission of communicable • Pipeline and/ or operational • Increased transmission of diseases compressor station safety communicable diseases • Increased transmission of Sexually Transmitted • Increased transmission of Diseases (STD) STDs • Increased pressure on health care • Increased pressure on • Environmental health health care • Site trespass and Injury • Environmental health • Site trespass and injury

ERM (2012) The origin of the workforce has yet to be established. This is an important factor as, some source countries may have a higher prevalence of certain communicable diseases than Albania; raising the possibility of increased incidence in local communities as a result of worker-community interactions. Key diseases of concern are sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and tuberculosis (TB). The assessment and mitigation is based on the assumption that workers are sourced from countries with a high prevalence of these diseases.

Impacts are most likely to be occur close to construction camps as listed in Table 8.17-2.

Figure 8.8-1, presented in Annex 8.1, Section 8.8, shows the location of the camps and should be read in conjunction with the impact assessment.

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Table 8.17-2 Construction Camps

Camp Location District Relevant Staff Operational Distance Distance to Section approx. Duration to Nearest Near Village commune / (approx.) municipal capital (approx.) CS02 Compressor Station Devoll Compressor - - - (Bilisht 2 Location Station municipality) 1 Ecmenik Devoll Kp 0-43 80-100 6-12 months Under Under 5 km 1.5km (Bilisht (Ecmenik) municipality) 2 Floq Korca Kp 43-78 150-200 12 months Under Under 10 km 1.5km (Mollaj (Floq) commune) - Mali Azines Korca - 80-100 - - Under 10 km (Optional) (Vithkuq commune) 3 Potom Area* Skrapar - 80-100 24 months - Under 5 km (Potom commune) 4 Qafa Skrapar Kp 78-98 80-100 6-12 months Under 3km Under 10 km (Potom) (Corovode municiplaity) 5 Munushtir/Corovode Skrapar Kp 98-129 150-200 12 months Under Under 1.5 km 1.5km (Corovode (Munushtir) municipality) - Mbrakull-Vojaku Skrapar - 80-100 - - Under 3.5 km (Optional) (Polican commune) 6 Vodica Berat 129-168 km 150-200 12 months Under Under 6 km 1.5km (Berat (Vodicë) municipality) 7 Fusha Mbrostar Fier 168-209 km 150-200 12 months Under Under 6 km 1.5km (Fier (Vajkan) municipality) CS03 Near Compressor Fier Compressor - - - (Fier Station 3 Station municipality) * Exact location of facility and ‘Relevant Section’ to be defined during later Project phase ERM (2012) The impacts relating to firstly construction and precommissioning and then operation and decommissioning are described below, prior to presenting the mitigation measures that will be adopted by the Project. Finally a summary of impacts is presented, along with an evaluation of the residual impacts taking into account the application of mitigation.

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8.17.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.17.2.1 Potential Impacts

8.17.2.1.1 Potential Increase of Transmission of Communicable Diseases

The presence of an external workforce living in open camps where interaction with nearby communities is possible could lead to the increased transmission of communicable diseases within these communities. The profile of these diseases will be influenced by the existing diseases profile of communities along the route and the diseases profile of the countries workers are sourced from. In addition, if opportunistic workers arrive in the area hoping to benefit from employment spin offs this could also impact on the transmission of communicable diseases. However, as discussed in Section 8.15 on community cohesion the risk of opportunistic workers is considered to be low. Communicable diseases of concern are likely to include: TB, hepatitis A, B and C, diarrhoeal diseases and west Nile fever. There is the potential for increased transmission between workers living and working in close quarters and then onwards into Albanian workers’ families and the communities through interaction. Children will be at particular risk of diarrhoeal diseases due to their sanitary behaviours, while the elderly will be at risk of more severe health outcomes as a result of their frailty.

Over the past decade there has been a number of flu or respiratory disease pandemics including SARS, Avian Influenza and the H1N1 Virus (swine flu). Such outbreaks could occur during the construction phase of the TAP Project and the movement of workers either within Albania along the route or to and from their home countries could provide transmission pathways and lead to the introduction of the disease into communities close to construction camps and then along the pipeline route depending on the movements of local workers and members of local communities in particular if they fall sick and travel to larger towns to seek treatment.

Other diseases that may be of concern depending on the origin of the workforce include malaria (Albania has successfully eradicated local transmission since 1967 but faces insecticide resistance and increasing densities of mosquitoes), sexually transmitted diseases (which are discussed in more detail in the section below), and meningitis, as well as vaccine preventable diseases such as measles and mumps which still occur occasionally in Albania.

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8.17.2.1.2 Potential Increase Transmission of Sexually Trasnmitted Disease’s (STDs)

The presence of an external workforce living in open camps along the pipeline route and near logistic sites and camps has the potential to lead to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases due to the potential for worker community interactions. This is a particular risk in relation to communities close to construction camps where the potential for interaction is highest. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is currently low in Albania and therefore the potential for transmission will be influenced by the country of origin of the workforce and the presence of prostitutes. Prostitution is illegal in Albania and is not considered to be prevalent outside of the capital Tirana. However due to low levels of employment opportunities, it is possible that some women in settlements close to the construction camps may resort to prostitution for short term economic gain.

Truck and vehicle movements along the Project corridor could create an opportunity for new transmission routes of STDs associated with the drivers of vehicles if they stop at different communities or rest points along the roads and engage in sexual activities with prostitutes at such locations.

8.17.2.1.3 Pressure on Health Care Facilities

The presence of an external workforce along the pipeline route is likely to lead to increased pressure on the existing health care facilities in the broader study area and potentially decreased access for local communities. Any decrease in access to health care facilities including longer waiting times is likely to be associated with worse health outcomes. This is a particular risk in the case of incidents involving multiple casualties or patients from both the workforce and community where hospital level care is required or in the case of a disease epidemic.

8.17.2.1.4 Site Trespass and Accidents

There is a potential risk of site trespass at work fronts for the duration of construction. Work fronts will not be fenced routinely although signage will be erected. The risk of trespass is highest when work fronts are located closest to isolated houses or communities and has been known to occur on other pipeline projects in Europe and Central Asia. Site trespass could result in accidents leading to injuries or even fatalities especially due to the presence of large pieces of machinery and open trenches which would be a particular risk if they were to become part filled with water. Young people and children are most likely to trespass onto sites and are most at risk of getting injured.

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8.17.2.1.5 Human Trafficking

Human trafficking usually takes the form of moving women and children against their will although men can also be subject to human trafficking. Albania is a source country for human trafficking mainly into Italy and Greece but trafficking also occurs internally to Tirana or other areas where there are significant levels of economic activity, The government in Albania has recognised that human trafficking is an issue in Albania and has taken steps including developing policies and strategies to combat the trafficking of children and agreeing an Albanian–Greece Anti-Trafficking Pact for 2011-2013. Construction of the Project may facilitate the trafficking of humans through opening new routes or opportunities for trafficking most notably along trucking routes.

The likelihood of human trafficking increasing as a result of the Project is considered to be low due to the illegal nature of such activities, as well as due to the transient nature of the camps/ work fronts.

8.17.2.1.6 Environmental Change

The construction of the pipeline, block valves and compressor stations will result in changes to the physical environment which has the potential to affect the health and wellbeing of communities. Changes to the visual environment are likely to be minor and will mainly occur in forest or elevated areas where construction activities will be visible or will result in clearance of forests. The increase in dust is predicted to have a minor negative impact following mitigation but may still result in some increased annoyance and decreased wellbeing especially for residences closest to construction site e.g. less than 200 metres from the construction and close to the compressor stations, (further details can be found in Section 8.6 Air Quality). In terms of decreased air quality over the long term, impacts are expected to be minor at both compressor station sites and therefore are unlikely to result in a recordable increase in respiratory diseases in the population.

The construction of the pipeline and the compressor stations is likely to result in some increased noise mainly for residents within 150 m of construction sites. This increase in noise is likely to result in some increase in annoyance and decreased wellbeing for those closest to the construction activities. However, this is likely to be minimised due to the hours of working. Sleep disturbance is unlikely due to the proposed hours of operation.

Waste production as a result of the construction activities is unlikely to impact on the health of communities along the route due as opportunities for communities to come into contact with waste will be minimal as waste will be stored in fenced areas.

8.17.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation will need to be implemented to prevent impacts to community health and safety:

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8.17.2.2.1 Worker Health Screening

All employees of the TAP Project including employees of contractors and subcontractors will undergo pre-employment screening which will include testing for TB and other communicable diseases (appropriate to the individuals country of origin) and voluntary testing for sexually transmitted diseases. No worker will be denied employment on the basis of the testing (as long as they are fit to work), but in the case of TB will need to commence treatment and be non- infectious before taking up their post;

TAP AG will identify and approve clinics where pre-employment screening can be undertaken in the workers country of origin. These clinics will be of an international standard. TAP AG will pay for the screening to be undertaken; and

TAP AG will ensure regular health screening will be provided for all employees (including contractors and subcontractors). This will be undertaken at least every six months and will be undertaken by TAPs in-country medical personnel.

8.17.2.2.2 Worker Behaviour

TAP AG will extend the Worker Code of Conduct (which all TAP employees contractors and subcontractors follow) to include guidelines on worker-community interactions, alcohol consumption, intimate relationships/ fraternisation with members of the local communities and explicitly forbidding illegal activities including the use of prostitutes and illegal substances;

TAP AG and its contractors and subcontractors will as part of the induction process provide a consistent training session on the Worker Code of Conduct. All attendees must sign to say they have received and understood the training; and

TAP AG will ensure there is access to free condoms and femidoms at all construction camp sites and accommodation and at points of entry and exit from Albania.

8.17.2.2.3 Education and Awareness Raising

TAP AG and its contractors and subcontractors will as part of the induction process provide consistent training and education to all workers to ensure awareness of transmission routes and methods of prevention of STDs and other diseases of concern such as TB as well as early symptoms of such diseases.

8.17.2.2.4 Health Care Provision

Workers will be provided with primary health care and basic first aid at construction camps / worksites. This should be done in line with the IFC/ EBRD guidelines on worker accommodation summarised in Box 8.17-2.

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Box 8.17-2 Guidelines for Medical Facilities

The guidance states that: The availability or level of medical facilities provided in workers’ accommodation is likely to depend on the number of workers living on site, the medical facilities already existing in the neighbouring communities and the availability of transport. However, first aid must always be available on site. The guidelines provide the following benchmarks: 1. A number of first aid kits adequate to the number of residents are available. 2. First aid kits are adequately stocked. Where possible a 24/7 first aid service/facility is available. 3. An adequate number of staff/workers are trained to provide first aid. 4. Where possible and depending on the medical infrastructures existing in the community, other medical facilities are provided (nurse rooms, dental care, minor surgery). The contents of the first aid kits depends on the needs of the workplace but should include individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings, individually wrapped eye pads, individually wrapped sterile wound dressings of various sizes, triangular bandages, safety pins and sterile gloves. First Aid Rooms should include: • A sink with hot and cold running water; • Drinking water and disposable cups; • Soap and paper towels; • A store for first aid materials; • Foot-operated refuse containers, lined with disposable yellow clinical waste bags or a container for the safe disposal of clinical waste; • A couch with waterproof protection, clean pillows and blankets; • A chair; • A telephone or other communication equipment; and • A record book for recording incidents where first aid has been given. Source: IFC/ EBRD Guidelines on Worker Accommodation (August 2009)

TAP AG will undertake a capacity / needs assessment of equipment and personnel of hospitals along the route and in Tirana to determine if facilities have sufficient resources and equipment to deal with emergencies. Agreements will be entered into with suitable hospitals to provide health care in emergency situations. These agreements will include provision of additional equipment or training for staff if required by TAP AG.

TAP AG will develop Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) taking into account access to health care, major incidences, multiple casualty events and pandemics. These should be developed in consultation with national emergency providers and local health care facilities and will cover all contractors and subcontractors as well as consideration of the local community.

TAP AG will monitor the emergence of major pandemics through WHO alerts. When the WHO Pandemic Alert Scale reaches Level 4 TAP AG will implement the relevant ERPs.

The Project will provide health care for any member of the community injured as a result of Project activities.

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8.17.2.2.5 Community Safety

• TAP AG will undertake a programme of stakeholder engagement and consultation to educate local communities of the risks of trespassing onto sites, the meaning of signs, the dangers of playing on or near equipment or entering fenced areas. This will include presenting in every primary and secondary school in communities along the pipeline route. A community meeting will also be given in every village along the route. Records of the meeting and attendees should be kept. As part of the schools meeting TAP AG will present on other issues such as construction methods, pipelines and skills required to work in construction to provide benefits;

• TAP AG will ensure that signs are put up around work fronts and construction sites advising people of the risks associated with trespass. All signs should be in Albanian or in diagram form to ensure those with low levels of literacy understand the signs;

• TAP AG will ensure that there is adequate fencing around pipe lay down yards and other similar facilities to minimise the risk of trespass. Fencing will be checked daily to ensure that it is in good condition and to look for any signs of entry;

• When work fronts are within 100 m of an inhabited building, all equipment will be parked overnight in a demarcated area;

• Security Arrangements will be based on the Voluntary Principles for Security and Human Rights which are international best practice. This involves e.g. the selection based on a careful background screening of security forces, their training with regards to Human Rights1 and a carful monitoring of their sevices. TAP AG will make security arrangement transparent to the local communities and consult regularly with them about the impact of arragements on communities;

• As part of its Environmental and Social Management System TAP AG will undertake Social Compliance Monitoring as part of its internal auditing and monitoring process. This will include consideration of human trafficking, use and actions of security personnel, non- routine events involving the community, etc; and

• In all contractor contracts the Project will make explicit reference to the need to abide by Albanian law.

8.17.2.2.6 Transport Routes

• Any trucking companies employed to work on the Project will have policies around health screening of their workers in line with Project requirements;

• TAP AG will ensure that all truck drivers who will work on the Project receive the training on worker code of conduct and disease awareness training;

(1) A set of voluntary principles established to guide companies in maintaining the safety and security of their operations within an operating framework that ensures respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

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• TAP AG will review routes and journey plans for the truckers, including likely stopping points or rest stops. TAP AG will provide details of the grievance mechanism at these locations; and

• TAP AG will identify accommodation where workers will stay at points of entry and egress from Albania and will publicise details of the grievance mechanism at these locations.

8.17.2.2.7 Stakeholder Engagement

• TAP AG will undertake stakeholder engagement with affected communities and other stakeholders on a range of issues including changes to the visual environment, noise and socioeconomic concerns including human trafficking;

• TAP AG will implement a grievance mechanism to address stakeholder concerns related to the Project in a timely manner; and

• TAP AG will inform the communities closest to the blasting activities (Backa, Krasta, Kapinove and Cemerica) that blasting will occur prior to each event. 8.17.2.3 Residual Impacts Table 8.17-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

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Table 8.17-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety – Precommissioning Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Precommissioning Phase Increased • Adoption of IFC/ EBRD guidelines regarding Minor transmission of the construction and management of worker Communicable diseases are declining in Albania communicable accommodation and as such the risk is mainly associated with the diseases • TAP AG will ensure all workers including disease profile of international workers. The contractors and subcontractors undergo pre- exposure is temporary and there is access to employment screening. health care for workers and the community. • TAP AG will ensure all workers including contractors and subcontractors undergo The proposed mitigation should reduce the risk of regular health screening (every 6 months). workers coming to Albania with pre-existing health • TAP AG will identify and approve clinics conditions and the early identification of diseases. where pre-employment screening can be Guidelines around worker community interaction undertaken in the workers country of origin. should minimise the risk of close contact and • TAP AG will ensure all workers including therefore transmission. contractors and subcontractors receive education around transmission routes and In the event of a new epidemic measures will be symptoms of communicable diseases of in place to address this rapidly. As such the risk to concern. the community is considered minor. • TAP AG will develop Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) in cooperation with local emergency authorities and hospitals. • TAP AG will monitor WHO Pandemic Alert and implement appropriate ERPs if the alert level reaches 4. • TAP AG will extend the Worker Code of Conduct to include guidelines on worker – community interactions. • TAP AG will ensure any trucking companies employed to work on the Project will have policies around health screening of their workers in line with Project requirements; • TAP AG will ensure that all truck drivers who will work on the Project receive the training on worker code of conduct and disease awareness training.

Increased • TAP AG will offer all workers including Minor transmission of contractors and subcontractors voluntary STDs screening for STDs. Baseline levels of STDs are low and as such the • TAP AG will ensure all workers including risk is mainly associated with the disease profile contractors and subcontractors receive of international workers. education around STDs including transmission routes and symptoms. Transmission of STDs should be minimised by • TAP AG will extend the Worker Code of education and training on the risks and due to the Conduct to include guidelines on worker – worker code of conduct and associated community interactions. consequences of any breaches of the code. • TAP AG will provide training on the worker code of conduct to all employees including The duration of any impact is likely to be contractors and subcontractors as part of the temporary (for the duration of construction). induction process. • TAP AG will provide free condoms and femidoms to all workers at camps and accommodation and at entry/exit points from the country.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk • TAP AG will ensure that truck drivers are offered voluntary screening for STD’s. • TAP AG will provide training to truck drivers on the worker code of conduct. • TAP AG will advertise its grievance mechanism at likely truck stops and accommodation Access to • TAP AG will adopt IFC/ EBRD guidelines Not Significant Health Care regarding the provisions of medical facilities Facilities at worker accommodation TAP AG will provide basic health care for its • TAP AG will provide primary health care and workers and put in place agreement with hospitals first aid at construction camp sites. following a needs assessment and upgrade • TAP AG will following a capacity needs support ensuring no or minimal decreased access assessment enter into agreements with local for communities. hospitals to provide emergency health care. • TAP AG will provided access to health care for those injured by its activities. Human • TAP AG will undertake stakeholder Minor Trafficking engagement with relevant groups regarding human trafficking. The likelihood of human trafficking is low and the • TAP AG will implement a grievance mitigation will minimise the possibility of trafficking mechanism for stakeholders. occurring. • Contractor contracts will make specific reference to the need to abide by Albanian law • TAP AG will undertake socioeconomic compliance monitoring will cover human trafficking Site Trespass • TAP AG will fence camps and storage Moderate and Injuries facilities including pipeline lay down yards • TAP AG will undertake a programme of Despite the mitigation the risk remains that there education on risks of trespass at local could be an accident resulting in injuries or schools and in the community. fatalities. This risk will be temporary for the • TAP AG will provided access to health care duration of construction. for those injured by its activities. • TAP AG will ensure that signs are put up around work fronts and construction sites advising people of the risks associated with trespass. • TAP AG will, when work fronts are less than 100 metres from a community or house, employ security guards from the local community to prevent trespass. Environmental • TAP AG will undertake stakeholder Minor Changes engagement with affected communities and other stakeholders on a range of issues Mitigation developed to minimise environmental including changes to the visual environment, impacts will minimise impacts to health and noise and socioeconomic concerns including engagement will ensure that communities are human trafficking. kept informed. As such, impacts to wellbeing will • TAP AG will implement a grievance be minimised. mechanism to address stakeholder concerns related to the Project in a timely manner. • TAP AG will inform the communities closest to the blasting activities (Backa, Krasta, Kapinove and Cemerica) that blasting will occur prior to each event. ERM (2012)

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8.17.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.17.3.1 Potential Impacts

8.17.3.1.1 Pipeline Safety

Communities along the pipeline route have expressed concerns over safety associated with the pipeline once it is operational. Particular concerns included; risk of explosions, pipeline ruptures and gas leaks. While such concerns are generally unfounded due to the design of the pipeline (i.e. buried underground, restrictions along the pipeline corridor, safety measures and use of block valve stations), these concerns could affect community wellbeing and their perception of the safety of the area.

8.17.3.1.2 Environmental Health

During the operational phase of the Project impacts to air quality will only occur close to the compressor stations associated with increased emissions of NOx. Increased NOx emissions are associated with respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and even fatalities. Although at the emissions levels predicted impacts to health are likely to be insignificant, concerns around emissions may lead to decreased sense of wellbeing. Changes to the visual environment associated with the presence of the compressor stations and ridge modifications may also affect the wellbeing of residents of nearby communities due to changes in their perception of their sense of place. Ridge modifications, which will be undertaken at four key locations and will be visible up to 27 km away as summarised in Table 8.17-4 (see Section 8.10 Landscape and Visual Amenity) may negatively affect the restorative benefits of natural views.

Table 8.17-4 Visual Impacts of Proposed Ridge Modifications at Fixed Viewpoint Locations

Location and viewer type Sensitivity of Magnitude of Significance of viewpoint change in view visual impact L-24 – Backe High Small Minor L-27 – Potom High Small Minor L-43 – Veseshte High Small Minor L-45 – Zogas High Medium Moderate L-57 – Therpel High Medium Moderate L-60 – Remote valley location High Medium Moderate L-64 – Ibrollare High Medium Moderate L-68 – Zgerbonje High Small Minor ERM (2012)

Once operational there will be no impacts of noise associated with the operation of the pipeline, and minor impacts from the CSs (see Section 8.7).

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8.17.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation will need to be implemented to avoid impacts to community health and safety:

• TAP AG will undertake stakeholder engagement regarding the operation of the compressor stations to discuss the need for and impacts of the ridge modifications. This should be undertaken prior to the commencement of the construction phase;

• TAP AG will maintain the Grievance Mechanism throughout the operation of the pipeline so stakeholders can report specific concerns; and

• TAP AG will undertake a community education programme on pipeline safety to alleviate concerns. This will include a programme of open community meetings at settlement along the route prior to the completion of construction. 8.17.3.3 Residual Impacts Table 8.17-5 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.17-5 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Health and Safety – Maintenance Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Residual Impact / Risk Manteinance Phase

Pipeline • TAP AG will maintain the grievance Minor System Safety mechanism. The health impact is based around a perceived • TAP AG will provide Information brochures to risk following education and the safe operation of the public on the topic of pipeline safety and the pipeline these concerns are likely to diminish. emergency response and will undertake a community education programme on pipeline safety to alleviate concerns. Environmental • TAP AG will undertake stakeholder Minor Health engagement around the long term impacts of See Section 8.7for details the compressor station and ridge modifications. • TAP AG will maintain the grievance mechanism. ERM( 2012)

8.17.4 Decommissioning Phase

During the decommissioning phase there is a potential for impacts to occur which will be similar to construction activities, i.e. related to worker community interactions including transmission of communicable diseases and sexually transmitted diseases, decreased access to health care and the potential for site trespass and accidents (see Section 8.18.2). However, overall the numbers of workers are anticipated to be significantly less when compared to the construction phase.

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If the pipeline is abandoned in place, the potential health influencing factors such as noise and dust will not be relevant. In case the pipeline is removed from the ground these would be similar to the construction phase.

In relation to decommissioning mitigation would likely be similar as for the construction phase covering the following topic areas:

• Worker Health Screening; • Worker Behaviour;

• Education and Awareness Raising; • Health Care Provision; • Community Safety;

• Transport Routes; and • Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Mechanism. 8.17.5 Summary – Impacts on Community Health, Safety and Security

A large infrastructure project like TAP bears a potential for a number of public health and safety risks for the communities along the pipeline route and around the compressor stations. Key risks during construction inter alia relate to construction workforce - community interactions, such as workers misbehaving (e.g. physical arguments when drunk, harassment of women), spread of communicable diseases including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), increased accident risks caused by the substantial construction logistics and transport, by construction site trespassing, competition for access to health care, strain on local resources and environmental change.

Depending on the outcomes of the construction tendering, parts of the peak 1500 persons workforce could potentially originate from countries may have a higher prevalence of certain communicable diseases than Albania raising the possibility of increased incidence in local communities as a result of worker-community interactions. Also cultural differences may increase frictions and impact on community safety.

TAP AG will undertake a number of international good practise management measures to address the various public health, safety and security risks involved with the presence of a large workforce and the construction activities. Contractors will be required to comply with strict requirements and safeguards. This includes inter alia setting up of a Workers Code of Conduct (incl. Alcohol policy, forbidding illegal activities including the engagement of prostitutes and consumption of illegal substances) and mandatory awareness training (incl. STD issues) for workers as part of their induction, voluntary health screening of workers, provision of health facilities in the camps (primary health care and basic first aid). Further TAP AG will ensure there is access to free condoms at all construction camp sites and accommodation and at points of entry and exit from Albania in order to reduce any STD risks.

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In order to reduce the risk of accidents, a Traffic Management Plan will be developed, drivers of trucks and construction equipment will need to be qualified and undergo HSE training and demonstrate health and fitness, warning signage and information meetings to the local population to avoid site trespassing during construction will be conducted.

A Grievance Mechanism will be available to the local population and the Project’s Community Liaison Officers will be on site to immediately address any community health, safety and security issues raised. The Project will provide health care for any member of the community injured as a result of Project activities.

TAP AG will undertake a capacity / needs assessment of equipment and personnel of hospitals along the route and in Tirana to determine if facilities have sufficient resources and equipment to deal with emergencies (e.g. construction accidents). Agreements will be entered into with suitable hospitals to provide health care in emergency situations. These agreements will include provision of additional equipment or training for staff if required by TAP.

Public Health and Safety during operation has been considered in the design of the facilities and the risk assessments undertaken. The Project includes built-in safety features according to established European standards and norms for pipeline systems. In order to address the handling of residual risk associated with non-routine events during operation, TAP AG will develop an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) that will specify the actions required in case of an incident.

The ERP for operation will be developed according to Albanian and EU requirements and international industry standards and best practice. The Emergency Response Plan development will include consultation with the competent authorities, emergency services/civil defence and the municipality administrations along the pipeline route and around the compressor stations. Based on consultations with relevant stakeholders, TAP AG will investigate the capacity of statutory local and regional emergency response providers to participate in emergency response activities. TAP AG will provide necessary training, engage in the organisation of drills and exercises, and if needed, TAP AG will also provide for necessary improvements to equipment e.g. of local fire brigades / civil defence units. Households in communities in the vicinity will receive information via leaflets which advise how to behave in case of a pipeline leak or incident.

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During Operation, the Project installations will be guarded by security personal which would either be TAP staff directly, or supplied by a security company. The compressor stations will be permanently guarded, while the pipeline route will be regularly patrolled. TAP AG is committed to address the topic of facility security and potential implications for public security according to national Albanian requirements and in accordance with the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights which are considered international best practice in this field.

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8.18 Onshore – Community Cohesion

8.18.1 Overview

This section outlines the potential impacts to community cohesion from project related activities. The term community cohesion refers to the quality and quantity of interactions between members of a community (intra-community) and between different communities (inter-community). It describes the capacity to function and develop together, based on integration and the ability to manage conflicts within the community/between neighbouring communities. Community cohesion has to be considered as a continuous process interweaving a broad background fabric of issues such as access to education and employment, poverty and socioeconomic inequalities, socioeconomic and cultural diversity, access to communication and information. A high level of community cohesion would implicate respect for persons as individuals, sensitiveness to ethnic and socioeconomic differences and a sense of belonging to the community/to a local set of communities.

A change in the overall socioeconomic setting of an area by any new project is likely to influence relationships among community members and between different communities, resulting in, for example, heightened tensions which would affect the complex fabric of community cohesion on the intra-community and inter-community level (see Section 8.18.2.1.3 below).

Box 8.18-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project on community cohesion. Box 8.18-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Community Cohesion

Sources of Impacts • Up to 1500 Albanian and foreign workers may be brought into the area during construction phase. • There may also be influx of opportunists looking to benefit through employment or other economic opportunity as a result of the Project. • Community expectation of the project benefits are high, and unlikely to match the reality. • Potential for heightened tension between and within community as a result of changes due to project related activities. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Communities located adjacent to the Project site. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Waged employment in the study area is low and unemployment ranges from 5% (Devoll) -13% (Berat) and can be much higher in individual settlements; Between 88 and 98% of households in settlements within the 2 km corridor of the pipeline route interviewed in each district raised employment as a priority challenge in their area. • High literacy rates (89-95%), but low occurrence of specialised (pipeline construction) skills in the study area. • Leadership is varied with some leaders more active in the society than others. During the leadership term communities are relatively harmonious and the leadership is relatively stable. However, changes in governance during election time can often result in turmoil and instability. • Conflict within and between communities is rare (mainly related to irrigation water supplies) although vulnerable groups such as Roma are excluded from society and often live in a parallel community alongside, but not interacting with the Albanian population. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Type and management of worker housing including level of interaction, Project facilities (e.g. recreational activities), and whether housing is a mixed or isolated development.

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• Manner in which the Project interacts with communities, particularly transparency of information provision by the Project and inclusivity of engagement. • Management of impacts including compensation for land; management of the social and environmental investment program. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012) Table 8.18-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project on community cohesion during the key Project phases.

Table 8.18-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Community Cohesion

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Influx of workers • Heightened tensions within • Resentment between • Unmet expectation of benefits and between communities. communities over • Heightened tensions within and between isolated benefits from communities decommissioning.

ERM (2012)

In the following sections, each potential impact has been expanded; giving information on how each source is likely to have an impact on receptors and the mitigation measures that will be implemented by the Project.

8.18.2 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.18.2.1 Potential Impacts during Construction

8.18.2.1.1 Influx of Non-Local Workers and Opportunity Seekers

Non-local workers, both Albanian and third party nationals will be brought into the vicinity of Project activities through a managed process of recruitment and transportation. The number of workers that this will involve and measures used by the Project to increase the percentage of local workers from the districts through which the Project will pass is discussed in more detail in Section 8.13. Although the detailed number of workers is not known at this stage, the pipeline construction is estimated to require 700 workers over a period of 24 months and the compressor stations will require an additional 450-500 for CS03 and another 300-350 for CS02 for 10 BCM stage. Since CS02 in the initial 10 BCM case will be a metering station only, the fitting of the compressors for the 20 BCM case will require a smaller workforce of 100–150 people at a later stage. It is estimated that 20% - 30% of these will be Albanian unskilled workers, therefore only a small percentage of the workforce will be locally hired. This will result in up to 1500 workers transported to the study area over the construction period. Workers will mostly be housed in self- contained camps and will be subject to a code of conduct with regard to their behaviour and conduct towards local people. Further information with regard to these measures is provided in Section 8.13 and Section 8.17.

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In addition to the directly hired project labour, it is also possible that people could move towards project locations in the hope of finding work directly with the Project or to gain benefit from the indirect economic opportunities that the Project may bring, such as selling goods or services to the Project or its workforce. Such influx of opportunity seekers would be unmanaged and, should it be significant, is likely to pressurise the limited services and infrastructure in the local settlements. A high degree of influx could result in other effects such as inflation, socioeconomic tensions, and changes to behavioural norms. However, such a scale of influx is considered unlikely for a project such as TAP, due to the relatively short construction phase and application of proactive recruitment and local content measures (with priority for local workers; offsite recruitment; etc).

8.18.2.1.2 Expectations for Benefits

There is a high degree of expectation in Albania that the TAP Project will bring local, as well as national level benefits to the country. The expectation of Project related benefits was raised in roughly 1/5th of all topics mentioned by stakeholders during local consultations. The main expectations for benefit include employment, access to gas, and improvements to other infrastructure, in particular roads.

TAP AG has committed through its policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO- 0002) to optimise the benefits that may be brought by the Project through infrastructure enhancement and local content and through the delivery of a Social and Environmental Investment Program (see Section 9 for further details). Although the statements embedded within these documents demonstrate a high degree of Project commitment in the delivery of benefits, there remains a strong likelihood of unmet expectations in the local communities due to the following:

• The timing of information provision: Communities are anxious to understand the nature of the benefits that they will receive through the infrastructure upgrade program and social and environmental investment program. This detail is only likely to be available as the Project moves into construction; • The scale of impacts: The level and duration of employment during construction, even with a very well implemented local content strategy, will be very limited. Operational workforce numbers are very small. With regard to social and environmental investment, whilst a well implemented program should provide some tangible improvements, they will be discrete and may not meet the expectations of local communities; and • Access to gas: The Project is not currently planned to provide gas to the local market, although this provision may be provided if required contracts are agreed.

Unmet expectation could result in a reduction in local acceptance of the Project as it moves into the construction phase, which if unmanaged, could present a risk of Project delays.

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8.18.2.1.3 Tensions Within and Between Communities

Infrastructure projects often raise tensions within communities (intra-community tension) or between communities (inter-community tension). The causes of such tensions may be many, but commonly include the following:

• Poor leadership, which at its worst may consist of fraudulent behaviours by those with power, but more commonly consists of poor communication of information with regard to the Project and lack of engagement with the community; • Inequitable distribution of benefits, or a perception of this; or inequitable distribution of negative impacts, or perception of this; • Changes in services, infrastructure and other resources (e.g. forest resources) which may be altered by the Project or by indirect effects such as in-flux (as discussed above); and • The simple stress of change and of interacting within the community and with the Project. Often factors such as short timelines for decisions, lack of information, or lack of clarity of such information exacerbate these tensions.

In the context of Albania, the level of existing stress or conflict is low. Leadership is mixed from commune to commune and between settlements with some leaders more active in the community than others. Conversely community cohesion is generally good throughout the study area, with conflicts within settlements and between communes rare. Initially tensions are more likely to be directed at the Project rather than at others within communities; however, it is unclear whether conflicts between and within settlements will emerge as the Project progresses and community investment is implemented. Compensation for land may be particularly sensitive issues, particularly given the lack of clear land titles.

Vulnerable groups within the study area are often excluded from decision-making and information sharing processes. Roma are currently excluded from information sharing and do not participate in community activities. Resentment of Roma is likely and tensions may arise if communities believe that they are not receiving adequate project benefits, and they perceive that Roma are receiving preferential or special attention. This may lead to Roma being further isolated by the local Albanian population. Other vulnerable groups are less visible within society and are less likely to be targeted in the event of tensions arising as a result of project activities.

8.18.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The effective management of the impacts of the Project are the fundamental basis for minimising the potential for impacts to community cohesion. These are presented in other sections of this assessment and are underpinned by a set of comprehensive policies that have been adopted by TAP. The following measures, which are mainly drawn from the TAP Strategy for Stakeholder Engagement (TAP-HSE-ST-009), seek to realise an effective two way channel of communication between the Project and the local communities during the construction period. They are underpinned by the TAP Policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) which is summarised in Box 8.18-2.

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Box 8.18-2 TAP AG Commitments to Transparency, Accountability and Stakeholder Engagement

• TAP AG complies with international standards on transparency, accountability, anti-corruption, human rights and national laws and regulations (for example the 10 principles of the United Nations global compact.) TAP AG will manage its security activities and relationships according to the voluntary principles on security and human rights. • TAP AG identifies individuals, households, communities and other entities that may be affected by the Project as well as other stakeholders (Regulative bodies, local governments, NGOs, etc). • TAP AG engages these stakeholders in discussions in socioeconomic, environmental, safety, security and other relevant issues such as regular, free, prior and informed consultations. TAP AG pays particular attention to disadvantaged, marginalised, vulnerable and/or poor populations and tailors the consultation process around their preferences. • Relevant project information in particular those related to environmental and socioeconomic impacts, health and safety hazards emergency management will be disclosed at the local level in a manner that is accessible, understandable and culturally appropriate for those affected. • TAP AG assures through the supply chain full compliance with the core labour standards as defined by the international labour Organisation. TAP AGs workforce will benefit in addition from equal opportunities, a non- discriminatory workplace, and bets practice on human resource management, occupational health and safety. • TAP AG will establish an independent grievance redress mechanism to address grievances, complaints and reports of non-compliance in a timely, impartial and transparent manner. ERM (2012)

8.18.2.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement during the Construction Phase

Through different communication and engagement methods, stakeholders in the immediate vicinity of the construction works will be kept informed about the planned activities, timelines, potential impacts and changes to schedules, if any. Stakeholders should be made aware of whom to address and how to raise any concerns or grievances. This will include the following:

• The ESIA, Livelihoods Restoration Framework and Social and Environmental Investment Plan will be publicly disclosed and discussed at the settlement level providing information with regard to impacts and benefit. • Quarterly project update leaflets will be prepared and widely distributed from six month prior to construction to the end of the construction phase. These information releases will emphasise the limited nature of employment and the recruitment processes and the progress of the Social and Environmental Investment Plan. • TAP AG will maintain a community relations team that will include one community liaison officer at each work front and compressor station location during construction activities. They will commence, proactively and regularly engaging with the local stakeholders prior to construction activities, providing updates and answering their queries. They will be present on the ground during the whole construction process and available to the affected communities.

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• The grievance mechanism will be adjusted to the Project construction phase with the relevant contractor and sub-contractor staff fully aware of their roles in third party grievance resolution process so that quick and effective response is provided to the concerns raised by local stakeholders; additional resources if necessary to resolve concerns within stipulated timescales. • The Project will communicate to affected stakeholders the progress on meeting the Project’s environmental and socioeconomic commitments during the construction phase through, at a minimum the release of quarterly performance reports which will be posted on the Project website. • The Project will agree with government and other stakeholders the scope of third party monitoring, which might involve local stakeholder representatives, in assessing whether social and environmental impact mitigation measures and other intended benefits are as effective as anticipated. The reports of the third party monitoring will be made available to the public through the TAP website. • Meeting minimum standards for stakeholder engagement and social performance will be used as one of the selection criteria for the main contractors. • Communities will be engaged in the preparation of the social and environmental investment activities to be taken forward in the vicinity of their communities. They will then be kept informed on the progress of such activities and opportunities for their involvement will be maximised. • Separate meetings will be held with Roma communities within the 2 km corridor prior to construction and quarterly during the construction activities in the local area to identify and manage any specific issues.

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8.18.2.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.18-2 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.18-2 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Community Cohesion – Construction Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risks Residual Impact / Risk

Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Influx of non-local As for economy and employment mitigation: Not Significant workers • The Employment Strategy will define target Influx will be mainly managed with locations for recruiting local unskilled labour employees housed in self-contained targets for each of the four working spreads. camps. • The Employment Strategy will outline and • Unmanaged influx is likely to be require a fair and transparent recruitment insignificant. process for all openings. • Any resentment over non-local • The Project will provide clear information on the workforce is addressed under un- number and limited timescales of employment met expectation below. opportunities. • The Project will release quarterly project update leaflets from six months prior to construction to the end of the construction phase. These information releases will emphasise the limited nature of employment and the recruitment processes and the progress of the Social and Environmental Investment Plan. Unmet Expectations for • Realisation of the TAP Social and Environmental Moderate Benefits Investment Strategy in line with CSR Policy • Despite best efforts in managing objectives. expectations and realising • Communities will be engaged in the preparation benefits are unlikely to meet local of the social and environmental investment expectations during the activities to be taken forward in the vicinity of construction phase as the SEI their communities. They will then be kept program is unlikely to have informed on the progress of such activities and commenced and infrastructure opportunities for their involvement will be upgrades will not be available for maximised. use by local people. • The Project will release quarterly project update • The delivery of tangible benefits is leaflets from six months prior to construction to of importance to all stakeholders. the end of the construction phase. These information releases will emphasise the limited nature of employment and the recruitment processes and the progress of the Social and Environmental Investment Plan.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risks Residual Impact / Risk

Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Heightened tensions • The ESIA, Livelihoods Restoration Framework Minor within and between and Social and Environmental Investment Plan • Local communities and other communities will be disclosed and discussed at the settlement stakeholders will be well informed. level providing information with regard to impacts • Regular engagement and and benefits. presence of the CLOs will help to • Quarterly project update leaflets will be identify concerns rapidly before distributed from six month prior to construction to they escalate and result in the end of the construction phase. These community tensions. information releases will emphasise the limited • The grievance mechanism will be nature of employment and the recruitment available for individuals and, well processes and the progress of the Social and managed, should also assist in Environmental Investment Plan. identifying and resolving • TAP AG will maintain a community relations problems. team that will include one community liaison officer at each workfront and compressor station location during construction activities. • The grievance mechanism will be adjusted to the Project construction phase with the relevant contractor and sub-contractor staff fully aware of their roles in third party grievance resolution process; additional resources if necessary to resolve concerns within stipulated timescales. • The Project will release quarterly performance reports which will be posted on the project website. • The Project will agree with government and other stakeholders the scope of third party monitoring. The reports will be made available to the public through the TAP website. • Meeting minimum standards for stakeholder engagement and socioeconomic performance will be used as one of the selection criteria for the main contractors. • Communities will be engaged in the preparation of the social and environmental investment activities to be taken forward in the vicinity of their communities. They will then be kept informed on the progress of such activities and opportunities for their involvement will be maximised. • Separate meetings will be held with Roma communities within the 2 km corridor prior to construction and quarterly during the construction activities in the local area to identify and manage any specific issues ERM (2012)

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8.18.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 8.18.3.1 Potential Impacts

As the Project transitions to operations, the causes of impacts to community cohesion will subside as most Project related activities cease in areas other than around the compressor stations. However, the transition period from the construction to the operations phase requires careful management in order to maintain an ongoing dialogue with stakeholders despite possible change of community liaison personnel and reduction in overall workforce.

8.18.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The following stakeholder engagement measures will be implemented during operations:

• Reduction and / or replacement of community liaison officers will be carefully managed during the transitioning of construction to operation in order to maintain the knowledge and relationships built between project representatives and local stakeholders until this point and ensure continuity. Retaining the same community liaison personnel or ensuring overlap between outgoing and incoming teams for successful knowledge transfer will be considered during this period. Stakeholders will be kept informed about changes that will impact them due to transfer to the operation phase. Commitments made to stakeholders relevant to the operation phase will be integrated into operation phase management systems and functions; • The Project will continue to engage with stakeholders through a combination of meetings, focus groups, questionnaires, suggestion boxes, etc. The plan for stakeholder engagement for the operation phase will be finalised six months prior to the transition to operations and shared with key stakeholders. The plan will also be posted on the Project website. • Stakeholder information will be reviewed on at least an annual basis to reflect changes in leadership, the emergence of new groups or shift in concerns or influences of existing ones; • The communications mechanisms and success of these will be reviewed annually for effectiveness and the stakeholder engagement plan (see Section 9.2.11) will be revised to take into account the results of the review. • A publically disclosed annual report will be prepared that will include meeting ESIA and other commitments, changes made to project design or operational procedures with potential impacts on certain stakeholder groups, any unforeseen changes, regular maintenance procedures, emergency response plans and safety and security requirements, and social and environmental investment activities and outcomes. The coverage of different issues will be proportionate to the extent of Project impacts and stakeholder interests. • The grievance mechanism will remain in place and regularly communicated to stakeholders.

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• The Project will involve affected stakeholders or third party representatives in monitoring of the Project’s socioeconomic and environmental performance for issues of great interest to the public.

8.18.3.3 Residual Impacts

Table 8.18-3 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

Table 8.18-3 Residual Impacts - Onshore - Community Cohesion – Operation Phase

Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risks Residual Impact / Risk Operational and Maintenance Phase

Heightened tensions • Reduction and / or replacement of community Minor within and between liaison officers will be carefully managed during • Local communities and other communities. the transitioning of construction to operation in stakeholders will be well order to maintain the knowledge and relationships informed. built between project representatives and local • stakeholders until this point and ensure continuity. Regular engagement and presence of the CLOs will help • Retaining the same community liaison personnel to identify concerns rapidly or ensuring overlap between outgoing and before they escalate and result incoming teams for successful knowledge transfer in community tensions. will be considered during this period. • The grievance mechanism will • Stakeholders will be kept informed about changes be available for individuals and, that will impact them due to transfer to the well managed, should also operation phase. assist in identifying and • Commitments made to stakeholder relevant to the resolving problems. operation phase will be integrated into operation phase management systems and functions. • The Project will continue to engage with stakeholders through a combination of meetings, focus groups, questionnaires, suggestion boxes, etc. The plan for stakeholder engagement for the operation phase will be finalised six months prior to the transition to operations and shared with key stakeholders. The plan will also be posted on the Project website. • Stakeholder information will be reviewed on at least an annual basis to reflect changes in leadership, the emergence of new groups or shift in concerns or influences of existing ones. • The communications mechanisms and success of these will be reviewed annually for effectiveness and the stakeholder engagement plan (see Section 9.2.11) will be revised to take into account the results of the review. • An publically disclosed annual report will be prepared that will include meeting ESIA and other commitments, changes to project design or operational procedures with potential impacts on certain stakeholder groups, any unforeseen changes, regular maintenance procedures, emergency response plans and safety and security requirements, and social and environmental investment activities and outcomes. The coverage of different issues will be proportionate to the extent of Project impacts and stakeholder interests.

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Impacts Measures to Address the Impact / Risks Residual Impact / Risk Operational and Maintenance Phase

• The grievance mechanism will remain in place and regularly communicated to stakeholders. • The Project will involve project affected stakeholders or third party representatives in monitoring of the Project’s socioeconomic and environmental performance for issues of great interest to the public. ERM (2012)

8.18.3.4 Impacts during the Decommissioning Phase

With decommissioning, communities surrounding the compressor station may experience benefits, such as increased land value, which are isolated to a small number of communities. Communities that are within the same commune as the settlements closest to the compressor station may not experience the same benefits during decommissioning, which may lead to resentment between communities. Similarily, the abandonment of the pipeline will lift the restrictions on land use and would allow further development.

TAP AG will implement conduct a Decommissioning Impact Assessment in order to ensure that isolated Project benefits from decommissioning activities do not cause resentment between communities. Key elements of the decommissioning impact assessment will be:

• Engagement with communities prior to closure to inform local settlements of the timeframe and likely impacts resulting from decommissioning;

• Assessment of the current baseline conditions and of predicted Project impacts;

• Identification of vulnerable groups;

• Design and implementation of mitigation measures; and

• Monitoring and evaluation of implementation.

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8.18.4 Summary – Impacts on Community Cohesion

Large infrastructure projects like the TAP Project bear the social risk that community members or whole communities feel potentially disadvantaged when there are different individual perceptions about the distribution of benefits and burdens during Project implementation. This may lead to friction and impact on community cohesion. Consultation outcomes during ESIA preparation have shown that strong community expectations towards the Project exist, in particular with regards to employment during construction and operation, and regarding other potential community benefits. Expectations are set against the background of low waged employment in the study area and official unemployment figures in ranges from 5% (Devoll) - 13% (Berat) – but this figure is likely actually much higher, especially in the small and remote settlements along the route.

Project implementation will result in a temporary planned influx of workforce to the study area composed of up to 1500 foreign and Albanian workers.1 Based on experience from similar pipeline projects, it is estimated that 20%-30% of this workforce would be Albanian unskilled workers. Therefore, only a small percentage of the workforce would be actually hired locally from the study area. Workers will mostly be housed in self-contained camps and will be subject to a Code of Conduct with regard to their behaviour and conduct towards local people. In addition there is the potential that opportunity seekers for jobs and provision of goods and services would influx to the area, mainly in the vicinity of the construction camps, potentially competing with local job seekers and suppliers.

Potential community cohesion issues will be proactively addressed by TAP AG through a set of measures which include the following main elements:

• TAP AG via its contractors will apply proactive recruitment and local content measures which will strive to provide opportunities in the local context. A large scale of influx and thus competition with local population is considered unlikely, as the Project has a relatively short construction phase.

• Land issues will be managed through the Land and Easement Acquisition Framework (LEA) which creates transparent and equal management of impacts for communities and affected landowners/users. Should livelihoods be affected, impacts will be mitigated through a Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP).

1 Pipeline construction is estimated to require 700 workers over a period of 24 months and the compressor stations will require an additional 450 - 500 for CS03 and another 300 - 350 for CS02 for 10 BCM stage. Since CS02 in the initial 10 BCM case will be a metering station only, the fitting of the compressors for the 20 BCM case will require a smaller workforce of 100 – 150 people at a later stage.

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• Further, TAP AG has committed through its policy on Corporate Social Responsibility to optimise the benefits that may be brought by the Project through infrastructure enhancement and local content and through the delivery of a Social and Environmental Investment Program (SEI). Implementation of the SEI programme will aim to distribute benefits in a transparent and fair way and with equal opportunities for the communities in sharing benefits. The SEI will be developed in consultation with the communities and this will take into account vulnerable and marginalised groups in the population such as the Roma.

• TAP AG will implement a grievance mechanism to address individual and community concerns related to Project impacts, in particular during construction.

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8.19 Onshore – Traffic and Transport 8.19.1 Overview

During the development of the pipeline route, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts resulting from traffic movements (in line with EBRD PR4, IFC PS4 and IFC General EHS Guidelines 3 & 4) through the options appraisal, route-refinement and final assessment.

Through these appraisals and assessments measures have been identified and incorporated into the Project (see Section 4 - Project Description). In particular the Logistics Concept for Albania (APL00-ILF-100-F-TRP-0002 Rev 0D, dated 2011-12-07), identified the physical capacity of the existing road network to carry construction vehicles and the type and current condition of the road surfaces. In addition the study of the Assumed Vulnerable Traffic for ESIA (APL00-ENT-100-F- TCE-0001 Rev 0B, dated 2011-12-06) identified the potential numbers of construction vehicles at possible traffic hotspots along the construction routes.

The most notable of the incorporated mitigation measures are the identified traffic routes and the upgraded or new roads required to provide sufficient road capacity and facilitate the safe movement of construction vehicles.

Box 8.19-1 shows the key sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, and the baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project related to traffic and transport.

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Box 8.19-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Traffic and Transport

Traffic Impacts During Construction • Sources of Impacts: Construction vehicles, heavy plant, transportation of materials and goods to pipe yards and worksites (of particular note: large quantities of pipe section and padding materials, and heavy bulky items for the compressor stations) and of workers to camps and villages and housing units in the vicinity. Traffic Impacts During Operation • Sources of Impacts: Movement of servicing and maintenance vehicles. Traffic Impacts During Decommissioning • Sources of Impacts: Depending on the decommissioning concept, the impacts could be similar to the construction phase. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Road Users (vehicle users, pedestrians and cyclists) • Local population along the road corridors • Note: potential impacts to air quality, acoustic environment and habitats are addressed in sections 8.3, 8.4 and 8.8. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Size and condition of existing roads • Current numbers of vehicle movements on the existing road network (and the potential daily and seasonal variations) Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Exceptional night-time driving of long, wide and heavy loads for Compressor Station components References • Baseline is found in Section 6.6.8. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.4. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Table 8.19-1 presents an overview of the key impacts of the TAP Project traffic and transport activities during the key Project phases. Table 8.19-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Traffic and Transport

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Construction traffic may cause some disruption to • Very low levels of traffic • The impacts and mitigation existing road users on local roads. Impacts would generated during will be as for the construction be short term, associated with the duration of operation – no significant phase construction, particularly the peak construction impacts predicted period, and would be managed through the application of a Traffic Management Plan. ERM (2012)

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8.19.2 Baseline Traffic Flows

Baseline traffic surveys were undertaken at the 11 locations along the pipeline route shown in Figure 6.7-25 of Section 6 - Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline. These locations were identified from an analysis of the potential hotspots identified in the Assumed Vulnerable Traffic for ESIA (APL00-ENT-100-F-TCE-0001 Rev 0B, dated 2011-12-06), and also from an evaluation of their performance against the following criteria:

• Criterion 1: The location represents an intersection of the existing main or local road network with the Project roads. These are locations with possible future traffic impacts during the construction phase;

• Criterion 2: Same as Criterion 1 with the additional evaluation, if the locations are near the main national road network or along the main road network with possible heavy density of traffic volume; and

• Criterion 3: The location is near highly populated areas, such as cities, towns or villages, with a potential high volume of traffic to and from this location, with the potential to cause changes in traffic dynamics.

The choice of baseline traffic survey sites therefore provides a good balance between the likely locations of high flows of construction traffic and the parts of the road network considered to be potentially sensitive for road users. However, the baseline traffic survey did not included any spots in the northen study area, Durres and Kavaje districts.

The baseline data were collected during the period 21st to 28th January 2012 using manual counts. Observations made by the surveyors identified that morning peak traffic flow occur during the period 10:00 to 11:00, while in the afternoon peak occurs during the period 15:00 to 16:00.

The surveyors also noted that there were no observable safety hazards or significant congestion hotspots during the period of the survey.

Table 8.19-2 presents a summary of the baseline traffic count sites and the identified existing total peak daily traffic flows and the site’s fulfilment of the respective selection criterion.

Table 8.19-2 Location of Baseline Monitoring Sites and Fulfilment of Selection Criterion

Site Site Name Existing Total Peak Daily Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 No Vehicle Flows 1 Daullasi 6,699 VVV UUU VVV 2 Topoje 742 VVV UUU VVV 3 Drenovice 1,830 VVV VVV VVV 4 Ura Vajgurore 5,529 VVV VVV VVV 5 Uznove 1,438 VVV VVV VVV 6 Polican 849 VVV VVV VVV 7 Rruga Bargullas 397 VVV VVV UUU 8 Kakrruke 285 VVV VVV UUU 9 Corovode 281 VVV VVV VVV 10 Vithkuq 85 VVV UUU VVV 11 Kamenice 742 VVV VVV VVV ERM (2012)

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8.19.3 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

8.19.3.1 Potential Impacts

Traffic generated during construction of the TAP Project will arise as a result of the following construction activities:

• Delivery of construction materials and equipment to the construction sites;

• Delivery of operational infrastructure; and

• Worker access to the site from the construction compound during construction and worker access (in private vehicles) in and out of construction camps.

In addition, the Project will involve the introduction of new or upgraded road infrastructure, such as bridge reinforcements and road realignments. These are described in more detail in the Project Description at Section 4.3.7 and in this section at Section 8.15.

8.19.3.1.1 Development Traffic Generated during the Construction Phase

Construction traffic will use the existing main and local road network, and the new and upgraded roads, to access points along the pipeline construction corridor.

Once ‘off-road’, construction traffic will travel up and down the construction strip.

This construction traffic will differ from one section of the construction working strip to another, and will vary throughout the construction period; the range between the minimum and maximum number of movements has therefore been provided. The number of months over which these movements will take place at each work site is described in Table 4.3-1. However, it is estimated that the transportation of pipe sections to all laydown areas will be carried out over a period of up to 7 months.

• Between 25 to 123 two-way truck movements per day to transport pipe sections from the harbour to the pipe yards over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (see Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

• Between 25 to 123 two-way truck movements per day to transport bedding and replacement material from the harbour to the pipe yards over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (see Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

• Between 3 to 28 two-way truck movements per day to transport pipe from the pipe yards to the construction working strip over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (see Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

• Between 10 to 168 two-way truck movements per day to transport soil from the working strip to the laydown areas over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (see Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

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• Between 7 to 243 two-way truck movements per day to transport bedding and replacement material from the pipe yard to the working strip over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

• Between 40 to 200 two-way movements per day for transport staff and petrol from the construction camps to the working strip over a period of 3 to 7 months dependent on which Work Spread (Table 4.4-1, Section 4);

• Approximately 6 two-way truck movements per day to transport construction materials from the harbour to the Potom area over a period of up to 24 months (Table 4.4-1, Section 4); and

• Approximately 33 two-way truck movements per day to transport construction materials from the harbour to the compressor station sites over a period of up to 18 months (see Table 4.4-1, Section 4).

Construction traffic will utilise the existing local road network and the new and upgraded roads to access points along the pipeline construction corridor. Traffic will then travel up and down the construction strip. The introduction of new and upgraded road infrastructure will overcome any physical constraints and capacity issues at the relevant locations. The introduction of these improvements will facilitate the movement of all the different sizes and weights of vehicles and plant required for the construction of the Project. These road infrastructure improvements are shown in Annex 3 and on Figure 8.15-2 and Figure 8.15-3 in Section 8.15.

Construction materials such as pre-fabricated pipe joints will be stored at established pipe storage yards which will be located as per agreement with the relevant landowners and/or municipalities close to the construction corridor. Materials will then be transported on heavy goods vehicles from these locations to the construction corridor. Each pipe will be around 12 to 18 m long and could weigh between 7 and 11 tons. Materials for civil construction will be temporarily stored within the construction corridor.

There will be a small number of workers based in the field camps during the early stages of the works, while during the later stages of construction, there will be a large number of workers based in one camp, serving four phases of the construction (see Project Description Section).

In addition, construction methods used for the pipeline will not involve physical disruption of rail lines and main highways (See Section 4 - Project Description).

Some abnormal loads will need to be delivered from time to time during the construction phase. These will be scheduled wherever possible during off-peak periods on the road network.

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8.19.3.1.2 Assessment of Impacts

The assessment has considered the following types of potential impacts arising from the above described construction traffic:

• Road User Delay: Simultaneous construction at more than one site and including soil removal and/or pipework delivery could result in a large amount of generated traffic;

• Impacts on Safety of Road Users and Others: Due to the increase in construction traffic there is a potential for increases in road accidents between vehicles or between vehicles and pedestrians or livestock. Additionally there will be an increased level of overtaking as a large proportion of the additional traffic will be slower moving trucks, for example the low- loader trucks that will deliver the sections of pipework – this may be more pronounced where heavy vehicles use local roads off the main highway network;

• Highway Infrastructure Degradation: Traffic volume and certain vehicle parameters, e.g. axle-load and spacing as well as infrastructure quality are the key determinants of infrastructure degradation. The use of the road network by heavy vehicles can lead to wear and damage of the highway surface, kerbs and pavements; and

• Increased Levels of Noise, Vibration and Air Pollution from traffic movements: Traffic volume, vehicle types, operating speeds as well as proximity to receptors are key determinants of these impacts. For further details, please refer to the appropriate text within this at Section 8.6 and Section 8.7.

There is no established guidance or evaluation threshold for assessing the significance of short- term traffic impacts associated specifically with temporary construction activities (generally guidance and criteria are focussed on long term traffic generation). This is in part because construction traffic is generally considered to be an impact that has a limited duration.

There are various ways of interpreting whether or not an impact will have a significant effect and the following guidance is given in the IEMA Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic (Guidelines for the Assessment of Road Traffic produced by the Institute of Environmental Assessment (IEA, 1993) now the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA)):

‘For many effects there are no simple rules or formulae which define the thresholds of significance and there is, therefore a need for interpretation and judgement on the part of the assessor, backed up by data or quantified information wherever possible. Such judgements will include the assessment of the numbers of people experiencing a change in environmental impact as well as the assessment of the damage to various natural resources’.

For this Project, significance was determined by considering the characteristics of the study area, the sensitivity of the location and the characteristics of any potential impacts, taking into account factors such as the existing and additional project traffic flows, road infrastructure quality, vehicle types and the proximity of communities to the road.

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Thus, the assessment of construction traffic impacts has focussed on the following factors in evaluating significance:

• The nature and type of the road being used by construction traffic;

• The presence of communities or settlements along construction traffic routes;

• The existence of known congestion or safety problems on the network; and

• The level and type of additional traffic generated by the development.

Table 8.19-3 shows the relationship between the traffic flows at the hot spots identified in the Assumed Vulnerable Traffic for ESIA (APL00-ENT-100-F-TCE-0001 Rev 0B, dated 2011-12-06) and the baseline traffic flows at the representative monitoring locations.

Table 8.19-3 Relationship of Construction Traffic Hot Spots and Baseline Monitoring Locations

Relevant Hot Spot Location(1)(2) Representative Total Peak Daily Flows during Construction and and Corresponding Road Type Monitoring Site and duration of peak (days) – all activities Baseline Traffic Flow 2015 2016 2017 1 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 0 80 (30) 0 construction) 2 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 0 80 (30) 0 construction) 3 RD-2 5 - 1438 75 (64) 81 (>365) 0 4 RD-4 (upgraded for 8 - 285 0 0 0 construction) 5 RD-2 8 - 285 75 (64) 235 (215) 0 6 RD-3 (upgraded for 9 - 281 0 101 (210) 0 construction) 7 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 114 (118) 0 0 construction) 8 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 230 (143) 0 0 construction) 9 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 114 (118) 0 0 construction) 10 RD-3 11 - 742 120 (144) 0 0 11 RD-3 11 - 742 120 (144) 0 0 12 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 0 0 160 (15) construction) 13 RD-2 6 - 849 75 (>365) 0 80 (30) 14 RD-2 7 - 397 75 (>365) 0 80 (30) 15 RD-3 1 – 6,699 0 0 80 (45) 16 RD-3 1 – 6,699 0 0 206 (162) 17 RD-3 2 - 742 0 0 80 (30) 18 RD-3 2 - 742 0 0 80 (15) 19 RD-2 3 – 1,830 56 (>365) 0 121 (110) 20 RD-2 4 – 5,529 75 (>365) 48 (271) 0 21 RD-4 (upgraded for 10 - 85 82 (170) 0 0 construction) 24 - 0 87 (213) 0 25 RD-2 7 - 397 0 0 80 (150) 26 - 120 (154) 0 0 27 RD-3 11 - 742 120 – 168 (147) 0 0

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Relevant Hot Spot Location(1)(2) Representative Total Peak Daily Flows during Construction and and Corresponding Road Type Monitoring Site and duration of peak (days) – all activities Baseline Traffic Flow 2015 2016 2017 28 - 40 – 67 (>365) 0 0 29 RD-3 11 - 742 40 – 134 (>365) 0 0 30 RD-3 11 - 742 40 – 109 (107) 0 0 31 RD-3 11 - 742 40 – 67 (65) 0 0 32 RD-3 11 - 742 40 – 50 (41) 0 0 (1) Location Numbers correspond to those presented in the tables in Assumed vulnerable traffic for ESIA APL00- ENT-100-F-TCE-0001 Rev 0B (dated 2011-12-06)

(2) Hot Spots 22 and 23 have not been included as this location is coincident with Highway SH4, which is a primary route (RD-1 class road) with no capacity or suitability issues for construction traffic.

Compiled by ERM (2012) The increases in construction vehicle numbers on the local highway network, as shown in Table 8.19-3 are generally relatively small (from a highway capacity perspective), though they would result in more than a doubling of the absolute numbers of vehicles travelling on some of these sections of the road network (e.g. traffic survey monitoring location 10).

The construction works are, however, transient by nature and will not affect each location for the entirety of the construction period of 3 years. Six of the 32 hot spot locations will be affected by construction traffic for 2 of the 3 construction years, with the remaining hot spot locations experiencing increases in traffic movements for a single year or part of one year. There are no sites that will experience increases from construction traffic movements for the whole 3 years.

The predicted traffic impacts (in the absence of mitigation, which is addressed in Section 8.19.3.2) arising from the Project are the following:

• Works associated with the construction of new or upgraded road infrastructure may cause some delay to existing road users during their construction. The Logistics concept for Albania has however identified those sections of the road network that will be improved by the Project to ensure appropriate highway capacity and safety. The new and upgraded road infrastructure will also be constructed prior to the commencement of the Project works. This means that generated heavy vehicle movements of up to 230 vehicles per day are unlikely to be of sufficient magnitude to give rise to significant impacts on highway capacity and less likely to cause road user delay.

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• Generated heavy vehicle traffic is likely to be particularly noticeable on local roads with low baseline flows (e.g. at monitoring locations 7, 8, 9, 10). It is likely that the presence of heavy vehicles at location 10 (Vithkuq), given the very low baseline flows, will be particularly noticeable in the short-term - the additional traffic generated by the construction works will introduce a potential for delay for existing drivers and a potential safety hazard, particularly on more local roads where passing slow moving construction traffic may be more difficult. Construction traffic, particularly on local roads, may also present a hazard to pedestrians and cyclists (and livestock) that will be less used to heavy vehicle movement.

• Traffic generated by the transport of workers to work sites will be outside the periods of peak traffic on the road network (which occur at 10:00 to 11:00 hours and 15:00 - 16:00 hours) and are unlikely to cause any undue delay to existing road users.

• Movements undertaken by workers in their private vehicles, to and from work camps in remote locations, outside project working hours, may potentially introduce a safety hazard to pedestrians and cyclists (and livestock) where local communities are used to low traffic flows.

• A doubling of hourly vehicle movements in certain locations over the course of 1-2 years, when the majority are heavy goods vehicles, is likely to result in an increase in highway infrastructure degradation.

• The movement of some vehicles carrying abnormal loads during off-peak periods on the road network will reduce the potential for impacts. While there will be fewer road users during the off-peak periods, there is a potential that these road users will experience some disruption during deliveries.

On the basis of the above, without mitigation, the significance of construction traffic and highway impacts, particularly on local roads, is considered to be Slight to Moderate negative.

8.19.3.2 Mitigation Measures

A Traffic Management Plan (see Section 9.2.6) will be developed in consultation with the competent authorities, traffic police and municipalities, and implemented throughout construction.

The following measures will be adopted in the Project Traffic Management Plan to mitigate the impacts of construction traffic:

• The Contractor will liaise with the appropriate regulatory authorities to gain approval to use, and regularly inspect, the road infrastructure;

• Precautions will be taken by the Contractor to avoid damage to the public highways used by vehicles or other items of equipment. Where tracked equipment will be used, timber mats, tyres or steel plates will be laid as necessary. Any road damage will be repaired to an equal or better standard in a timely manner;

• Advance warning will be given of any proposed road diversions and closures;

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• If road closures are required, diversions will be planned and communicated to the authorities (including emergency services and public transport providers) and affected communities in advance (via the pre-construction community meeting) and will be properly sign-posted. Crossing for pedestrians and animals will be provided to avoid the need for a diversion. No diversion will be permitted that prevents a public transport service from continuing or requires a diversion of more than 1 km for vehicles or a diversion of more than 500 m for pedestrians or livestock. Notification periods for road closures are as follows: two weeks minimum notice on closure of up to 28 days; one month minimum notice on closure of 28 days to three months; three months’ notice for closure over three months or for permanent closure;

• If the Contractor requires additional routes, a specific proposal will be submitted to the relevant authorities for consideration and approval;

• Liaison with the police and other authorities will occur prior to the movement of any abnormal loads. In particular, liaison with the relevant Highway Authority will occur prior to transportation on motorways;

• Access to commercial and residential properties shall be maintained and speed limits will be established and enforced over all construction traffic routes;

• The Contractor will comply with all statutory vehicle limits (width, height, loading, gross weight) and any other statutory requirement;

• Drivers of Project vehicles will be trained/briefed about safe driving with respect to other drivers, pedestrians and cyclists (and livestock);

• The Contractors will ensure that part of the construction cites and construction camps is set aside for the parking of emergency service vehicles. The Contractor shall ensure that the Emergency Service Parking area and access routes around the sites are never occupied by any other vehicles and will be provided with a sign denoting Emergency Services Parking Area. The Contractor is expected to make provision for a dedicated parking area on the construction base for the private vehicles of construction personnel;

• Clear signs, flagmen and signals will be set up where necessary. Where temporary traffic signals are required, the details and locations of the signs shall be discussed with the relevant authorities. The signs will be fixed safely and securely to ensure that they do not become detached or dislocated, and will be visible and comprehensible by all. The Contractor will also carry out maintenance checks to clean and re-secure signs if necessary;

• Signing will be provided (where it is not already present) to advise drivers of distances to the next passing location (to minimise inappropriate overtaking of slow moving vehicles);

• Signposted, parking facilities shall be provided at pipe yards and accessible locations on the road network. The parking of construction vehicles on footways, and double parking, shall be prohibited on public highways;

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• Project vehicles to be identifiable to the Project (e.g. an easy to read/see sign or symbol on vehicles which shows that they are connected to the TAP Project);

• All Project vehicles will be regularly maintained and drivers will be trained in driving methods designed to avoid unnecessary emissions and which are considerate to the local communities (e.g. switching engines off when waiting to enter site or stationary on site, avoiding engine stress and reducing vehicle speed in and near communities);

• Assignment of heavy vehicle construction traffic to suitable routes to and from the working area;

• Temporary road closures (during works for new or altered roads) will be scheduled, as far as is practical, during times which will minimise disruption to road users (and planned in conjunction with the highway authority);

• Advanced warning of the proposed temporary road closures and diversions will be provided to the public (e.g. suitable signage and information in the press);

• Address how the Contractor can reduce the exposure of vehicle drivers, their passengers and other road users from the hazards of road-related accidents;

• Education on traffic safety will be provided by the Community Liaison Officers (CLOs) to communities not normally subjected to high traffic loads;

• Provide briefings and awareness raising for workers on work camps with respect to safe and considerate driving, particularly where construction camps are located in remote locations where local communities are used to low traffic flows;

• Hazards to personnel associated with vehicle transportation, both on- and off-road, will present one of the most significant risk exposures of the Scheme. Accordingly, the Contractor shall be expected to develop and implement management systems and procedures that will provide the highest level of control over these hazards;

• Accordingly, the Contractor’s procedures shall specifically cover arrangements for the following important aspects:

o The source of and number of qualified drivers required.

o Training and approval requirements for drivers.

o Hours of driving and rest periods.

o Security arrangements for drivers, vehicles and loads.

o Arrangements for driver communication with control points and vehicle equipment.

o Language/communication issues.

o The source of suitable vehicles (e.g. quality and specification).

o The number of vehicles required.

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o The programme for preventative vehicle maintenance.

o Vehicle routes, route planning and alternative routes.

o Overall vehicle movements.

o Procedures for the emergency recovery of vehicles.

o An appraisal of the socioeconomic impacts of vehicles in the local community.

o Procedures for spot checks and audits of the transport system and for reporting problems.

• Control and supervision of the arrival and departure of construction traffic at site entrances;

• Agreement of routes to be used by vehicles delivering ‘abnormal loads’ (i.e. slow moving, very high or wide loads) and their timing in conjunction with the highway authority (and the Police); provision of advance warning of the routes and times of abnormal load deliveries;

• Restrictions on construction traffic movements during periods of heavy traffic on the road network if necessary;

• The contractor selected by TAP AG will be required to undertake regular inspections to ensure adherence to the Traffic Management Plan;

• Provision shall be given for the continuation of normal traffic during open-cut road crossings and all open cuts shall be covered at the end of each working day night-time work is prohibited except in emergency situations. If night-time work is required under an emergency operation, then warning lights will be used around the working site;

• A method statement will be produced for each crossing, for approval by the appropriate authorities prior to commencing work;

• Where roads used by children to reach schools are utilised by construction traffic, road safety education will be provided at schools. Vehicle traffic will be minimised during hours that children are travelling to and from school;

• Ambulances and fire services will be consulted regarding road diversions. Road diversions will not increase the response time of these services to local communities;

• Appropriate supervision will be provided by the Contractor to control the flow of traffic when machinery needs to cross roads;

• Traffic flows will be timed, wherever practicable, to avoid periods of heavy traffic flow along main roads. In addition, the Contractor will not commence any work that affects the public highway until all agreed traffic safety and management measures essential for the works are accepted and agreed with the relevant authorities;

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• In terms of traffic control, vehicles will be prohibited from reversing unattended into the construction base, construction sites or working strip along the pipeline route. Vehicles and plant shall enter and exit these areas in a forward direction, as far as possible. In addition, the Contractor will ensure that all heavy goods vehicles are equipped with audible reversing alarms; and

• Access and site roads will be maintained in good condition.

8.19.3.3 Residual Impacts

Delay to existing road users may also arise from works for new or altered road infrastructure. Construction traffic on local roads may also lead to inappropriate over-taking of slow moving construction vehicles and introduce a safety hazard to pedestrians and cyclist on these roads where they are used to low levels of baseline traffic. Impacts would be short term associated with the duration of construction, particularly the peak construction periods and would be managed through the application of a Traffic Management Plan. On the basis that the mitigation measures are implemented, and that monitoring shows these to be broadly effective, the overall residual impacts would be expected to be minor negative.

Table 8.19-4 presents a summary of the residual impacts identified.

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Table 8.19-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore – Traffic and Transport – Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Construction and Precommissioning Phase

Disruption to • Construction of new roads and upgrading of existing roads, to At Hot Spot Locations 1, 2 4, 6- existing road avoid overloading of current infrastructure in key points 12, 15-18, 21-27 and 30-32 a users on local • Development and adherence to a Traffic Management Plan Minor residual risk remains as roads. • Drivers of Project vehicles will be trained/briefed about safe follows: driving • A Minor residual risk of Road safety. • Use identifiable Project vehicles delays is still possible behind • Regular maintenance of vehicles and training in driving slow moving construction Highway methods designed to avoid unnecessary emissions vehicles. The implementation degradation. • Assignment of heavy vehicle construction traffic to suitable of the embedded mitigation routes measures and the application • Scheduled and planned temporary road closures, with of the TMP will however keep advance warning this risk as low as reasonably • Reduce the exposure of vehicle drivers and other road users practicable. from the hazards of road-related accidents • Minor residual road safety • Awareness raising for workers with respect to safe and risks are still possible. The considerate driving implementation of the • Control and supervision of the arrival and departure of embedded mitigation construction traffic measures and the application • Agreement of routes to be used by vehicles delivering of the TMP will however keep ‘abnormal loads’ this risk as low as reasonably • Restrictions on construction traffic movements during periods practicable. • of heavy traffic Minor residual road • Liaison with the appropriate authorities to use, and inspect degradation risks are still road infrastructure. possible. The implementation of the embedded mitigation • Contractor to avoid damage to the public highways used by measures and the application vehicles or other items of equipment. Any road damage will be of the TMP will however repaired to an equal or better standard in a timely manner. ensure that construction • Access to commercial and residential properties shall be vehicles travel on roads of a maintained and speed limits will be established and enforced suitable standard and that any over all construction traffic routes. road degradation is repaired. • The Contractors will ensure that part of the construction sites The application of these and construction camps is set aside for the parking of measures will keep this risk emergency service vehicles. as low as reasonably • Clear signs, flagmen and signals will be set up where practicable.

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Impact / Risk Measures to Address the Impact / Risk Significance of Residual Impact / Risk necessary. At Hot Spot Locations 3, 5, 13, • Signing will be provided (where it is not already present) to 14, 19, 20, 28 and 29 a advise drivers of distances to the next passing location (to Moderate residual risk remains minimise inappropriate overtaking of slow moving vehicles). as follows: • The parking of construction vehicles on footways, and double • A Minor residual risk of parking, shall be prohibited on public highways. delays is still possible behind • Project vehicles to be identifiable to the Project (e.g. an easy slow moving construction to read/see sign or symbol on vehicles which shows that they vehicles. The implementation are connected to the TAP Project). of the embedded mitigation • Education on traffic safety will be provided by the Community measures and the application Liaison Officers (CLOs) to communities not normally subjected of the TMP will however keep to high traffic loads. this risk as low as reasonably • Provision shall be given for the continuation of normal traffic practicable. during open-cut road crossings and all open cuts shall be • Minor residual road safety covered at the end of each working day night-time work is risks are still possible. The prohibited except in emergency situations. implementation of the • A method statement will be produced for each crossing, for embedded mitigation approval by the appropriate authorities prior to commencing measures and the application work. of the TMP will however keep • Where roads used by children to reach schools are used by this risk as low as reasonably construction traffic, road safety education will be provided at practicable. schools. Vehicle traffic will be minimised during hours that • Minor residual road children are travelling to and from school. degradation risks are still • Ambulances and fire services will be consulted regarding road possible. The implementation diversions. Road diversions will not increase the response of the embedded mitigation time of these services to local communities. measures and the application • Appropriate supervision will be provided by the Contractor to of the TMP will however control the flow of traffic when machinery needs to cross ensure that construction roads. vehicles travel on roads of a • In terms of traffic control, vehicles will be prohibited from suitable standard and that any reversing unattended into the construction base, construction road degradation is repaired. sites or working strip along the pipeline route. Vehicles and The application of these plant shall enter and exit these areas in a forward direction, as measures will keep this risk far as possible. In addition, the Contractor will ensure that all as low as reasonably heavy goods vehicles are equipped with audible reversing practicable. alarms. • Access and site roads will be maintained in good condition.

ERM (2012)

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8.19.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.19.4.1 Potential Impacts

Traffic generated by the operational phase will be very low and associated mainly with routine maintenance. Operational movements are estimated to be vey limited and considerably lower than those estimated for the construction phase (unlikely to exceed 100 movements per month). In addition the operational traffic movements will be utilising the new and upgraded roads that were implemented for the construction phase. This will facilitate the efficient and safe movement of maintenance vehicles on roads that have been constructed or upgraded for the specific purpose of carrying these vehicles.

Operational traffic generated by the development will be very low. Highway capacity and road safety issues arising during operation have therefore been scoped out of this assessment.

8.19.4.2 Mitigation Measures

No significant traffic impacts will occur during operation. No specific mitigation measures are therefore required.

8.19.4.3 Residual Impacts

There will be no significant residual traffic impacts during operation.

8.19.5 Decommissioning Phase

8.19.5.1 Potential Impacts

The majority of the new roads and road improvements carried out under the programme will remain in place after construction of the Project and continue to be available for public use. A small number may not be required in the long term and where this is agreed with the local administration and community, these stretches will be closed. Where necessary roads will be decommissioned and rehabilitated in accordance with a site-specific closure plan developed in consideration of international best practice and taking into account community safety and potential opportunities for future beneficial use of the site. This plan will be developed for each location prior to opening the site.

The potential impacts of decommissioning would be similar to those occurring during construction phase and the mitigation proposed would also be similar. Therefore, the same table prepared for the construction phase applies. 8.19.5.2 Mitigation Measures

A Traffic Management Plan will be developed in consultation with the competent authorities, traffic police and municipalities, and implemented throughout decommissioning.

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8.19.5.3 Residual Impacts

Impacts would be short term associated with the duration of decommissioning, particularly the peak construction periods and would be managed through the application of a Traffic Management Plan. Measures in the Traffic Management Plan would also be important to ensure the protection of pedestrians and cyclists, and livestock on local roads used by heavy vehicles during decommissioning. 8.19.6 Summary – Impacts on Traffic and Transport

The preliminary Logistics Concept for the onshore pipeline indicates that road traffic generated by the construction activities will be substantial and this will add to existing traffic which is running on roads that presently are mostly not in good condition in the areas where the pipeline route passes. Traffic baseline counts undertaken and construction traffic prognosis for construction logistics for key routes and traffic nodes suggest that daily road users will be likely confronted with a number of delays over the construction period mainly caused by the slow moving heavy load traffic, such as the line pipe trailer trucks on logistics routes. This additionally will likely increase overtaking actions by road users and thus traffic accident risk. Construction traffic, particularly on local roads, may also present a hazard to pedestrians and cyclists and livestock that will be less used to frequent and heavy vehicle movements. This will also be the case where logistics route cannot avoid passage through settlements in more remote regions.

In order to minimise hindrance, delays and traffic risks, TAP AG will develop a Traffic Management Plan based on the detailed logistics. This plan will be consulted with regional and local administration and agencies incl. traffic police.

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8.20 Onshore – Cultural Heritage 8.20.1 Overview

This section assesses the impacts caused by the onshore elements of the TAP Project on cultural heritage resources, namely impacts on:

• Archaeological sites;

• Monuments; and

• Sites with intangible cultural heritage (ICH) value.

As a part of the Project’s options appraisal, route refinement, and final assessment, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts on the cultural heritage environment. This section presents an assessment of potential impacts, specific mitigation measures, and anticipated residual impacts associated with the onshore cultural heritage environment. The Box 8.20-1 below outlines the key sources of impacts, the potentially impacted receptors, including baseline and Project influencing factors associated with impacts of the TAP Project on cultural heritage sites. Box 8.20-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Cultural Heritage

Sources of Impacts • Construction Phase: Ground-disturbing activities, including land-clearing and site preparation activities associated with Project facilities, excavation of the pipe trench, construction or upgrade of roads; construction of compressor stations, construction of compressor station grid connections, construction of temporary facilities such as camps and pipe yards; Pollution and vibration; Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel. • Operation Phase: Pollution and vibration; Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel. Excavation activities for maintenance and repair. • Decommissioning Phase: Pollution and vibration; Movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel. Potentially Impacted Receptors • Archaeological sites, Monuments, and Sites with ICH value. Potential Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Presence of 144 cultural heritage sites identified within the cultural heritage ESIA study area, with 69 sites located within 50 m of project elements; high potential for impacts on previously unidentified subsurface archaeological resources, particularly in the 21 areas of high archaeological potential identified within 50 m of the Project footprint. Five of these are independent areas of high archaeological potential in which subsurface archaeological resources are expected to occur. Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Prior re-routing studies and Project design to avoid cultural heritage sites, ESIA investigations to produce maps and information on cultural heritage sites in the study area, Cultural Heritage Management Plan, and the cultural heritage mitigation measures presented in this section. References • Baseline is found in Section 6.7. Impact Assessment Criteria is defined in Annex 5.2.5. Monitoring Measures are described in Section 9.4. ERM (2012)

Table 8.20-1 presents the key impacts of the TAP Project cultural heritage sites identified for the different project phases.

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Table 8.20-1 Key Potential Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage

Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase • Direct physical disturbance of or damage • Negative effects on the setting or • Degradation of or damage to to the sites; ambience of cultural heritage above-ground structures due to • Degradation of or damage to above- sites. pollution or vibration; ground structures due to pollution or • Negative effects on the setting vibration; or ambience of cultural heritage • Blockage of user access to cultural sites. heritage sites; • Negative effects on the setting or ambience of cultural heritage sites.

ERM (2012)

The following sections will expand on the potential impacts and discuss mitigation measures.

8.20.2 Potential Impacts

8.20.2.1 Direct Physical Disturbance of or Damage to Cultural Heritage Sites

Direct physical disturbance of; or damage to, cultural heritage sites will result in the loss of scientific, historic, or cultural value. Ground-disturbing activities, including vegetation and topsoil removal, grading, and excavation, are the key sources of impacts, as these activities have the potential to destroy archaeological resources. The movement of heavy equipment and vehicles along the working strip may also crush or distort subsurface archaeological resources, which can cause loss of the scientific and historic value of the remains.

Site preparation and other construction activities will result in the disturbance of topsoil and subsoil within a 38 m wide working strip around the base case route centreline. When archaeological sites lie in proximity to the pipeline, a 28 m wide reduced working strip may be adopted (TAP-HSE-PR-0004, Safety and Consultation Zones, 2010). Additionally, disturbance of or damage to cultural heritage sites may occur where roads are either upgraded or constructed, in areas required for the structures associated with the compressor stations, block valve stations, pipe yards, construction camps and other Project logistics. The disturbance or destruction of a cultural heritage sites may also occur adjacent to work areas. Direct physical impacts both within the Project footprint and in adjacent areas will be dealt with through mitigation. Direct physical impacts are mainly anticipated during the construction phase of the Project1. Known cultural heritage sites may be avoided by pre-construction Project design, substantially reducing the likelihood of impacts. Unknown archaeological sites, on the other hand, are likely to exist, but their presence may only be revealed with ground-disturbing activities.

1 Direct physical impacts are also possible during the operation phase (i.e. during intrusive pipe repair works). However, they are considered highly unlikely and as such, their significance has not been assessed.

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8.20.2.2 Degradation or Damage to Cultural Heritage Sites Due to Pollution or Vibration

Above-ground portions of cultural heritage sites are subject to impacts from air pollution and vibration caused by the operation of machinery, heavy vehicle traffic, and high-impacts activities such as blasting and hammering. Depending on their structural condition, sites with standing or partially standing features, such as ruins, national monuments, or historic buildings, may be at risk of degradation or collapse due to vibration. Air pollutants can also collect on the outer surface of structures in the form of dust and soot, causing discoloration and corrosion of building material. Stone constructions are particularly sensitive to the corrosive effects of air pollution.

Blasting, hammering, the operation of heavy machinery and the movement of vehicles along unpaved areas, are likely to produce vibration and pollution impacts. These types of impacts will be most significant in the construction phase, particularly in blasting and hammering areas (between Kamenice and Berat and between KP 152 and KP 160). Impacts due to vibration and pollution may also occur near roads that will receive heavy vehicle traffic, of which there will be a higher volume during construction. Routine maintenance and operation activities that occur during the operation phase are not expected to produce impacts on cultural heritage sites. Impacts in the decommissioning phase are anticipated to be similar to those in the construction phase, but of lesser significance, since will be affecting structures already modified by the Project.

8.20.2.3 Blockage of User Access to Cultural Heritage Sites

In some cases, Project construction activities may obstruct visitor access to cultural heritage sites. This impact is relevant for important monuments, touristic sites that receive visitors, and sites with ICH value. Depending on the site, this impact may affect tourists and researchers, but it is most likely to affect ICH users.

This type of impact is most likely to occur during the construction phase, especially around roads under upgrade, under construction, or intersecting the pipeline construction front. Blockage of user access is not anticipated to occur during the operations or decommissioning phase, as no roads will be upgraded or constructed, which is the primary source of restriction of access.

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8.20.2.4 Negative Effects on the Setting or Ambience of Cultural Heritage Sites

Cultural heritage sites are closely related to the surrounding landscape and viewshed. Impacts on the setting or ambience of a cultural heritage site can affect its value to visitors. This type of impact affects visitors to monuments and users of sites with ICH value. In some instances, this can be a permanent impact if the landscape has been substantially altered enough to change its visual character. An example of this would be the construction of large, permanent structures adjacent to a cultural heritage site that receives visitors. In other instances, the impacts may be temporary if they are related to construction, maintenance, or decommissioning activities or non- permanent structures. Examples of temporary impacts are setting up equipment near a monument, or Project-related noise near a place of worship.

Impacts on site setting may occur anywhere that Project activities are taking place, during construction, operation and decommissioning, since issues such as noise, vibration, and the movement of vehicles, machinery and personnel may contribute to a change in site setting. Because the pipeline will be underground, most of the sites in the study area are not at risk for permanent impacts on setting and landscape. Long term impacts on landscape, however, are likely to occur in places within the study area that involve the construction of permanent structures, such as areas near the compressor stations, since these facilities would change the character of the surrounding landscape. During the operation phase, impacts on the setting and ambience of sites would only be likely to occur around the compressor station and block valve systems which require routine maintenance. During the decommissioning phase, the setting or ambience of sites with users located near Project facilities may experience negative effects from decommissioning activities.

8.20.3 Mitigation Measures

Direct physical disturbance or damage to cultural heritage sites:

• Avoidance of known cultural heritage sites through Project design, if technically feasible. Avoidance is the preferred mitigation method and will be considered along with the mitigation measures listed below;

• For archaeological sites, the Project will engage the appropriate Albanian authorities in further evaluation of sites and the use of intrusive and non-intrusive methods;

• Where it is not possible to avoid monuments or sites with ICH value (i.e. those located in the 38 m wide reduced working strip), relocation, replacement and compensation will be considered and discussed as options with relevant stakeholders;

• Sites that lie within 50 m of Project construction footprint will be conspicuously marked and protected with temporary barriers such as a bright coloured plastic or mesh wire fence with highly visible flagging or tape attached to it. Areas of high archaeological potential will be marked for avoidance, particularly during wet conditions;

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• In areas of high archaeological potential inside the working strip, construction will be prohibited in very wet conditions.;

• Chance Finds Procedures will be implemented at construction fronts. This includes the monitoring of construction activities by a professional archaeologist and the cessation of work in the vicinity of any new archaeological discovery. Construction activities at an important chance find will resume only after the implementation of government-approved mitigation measures;

• If archaeological rescue is required at a chance find, the rescue will be conducted according to international and Albanian standards and with oversight and involvement of the appropriate government institutions; and

• Inclusion of guidelines in the workers’ Code of Conduct to prohibit employee activities that might interfere with nearby cultural heritage sites.

Degradation or damage to cultural heritage sites due to pollution or vibration

• Avoidance of standing structures through Project design, such as historic buildings, monuments, and archaeological sites with above-ground features. Avoidance is the preferred mitigation method and will be considered along with the mitigation measures listed below;

• The condition and structural integrity of sites with above-ground components located in proximity to the Project footprint will be recorded prior to construction;

• Some forms of pollution can be damaging to stone architecture. If structural assessment indicates a risk of impacts from pollution, a site will be covered or otherwise protected from potential impacts. If dust from earthworks is the issue, dust-minimizing strategies, such as water spraying, may be used around the at-risk site. In the case that a site of cultural value is damaged due to Project-related pollution, the site will be cleaned by professional conservators and protected from further damage;

• Structural damage from vibration can exacerbate the already diminished structural integrity of ancient or historic buildings. If structural assessment indicates that a site is at risk of impacts from vibration, the site will be structurally reinforced or otherwise stabilized and protected from such impacts (i.e. structural bracing, use of dampening strips or tuned dampers to reduce the propagation of vibration through historic buildings, or cement reinforcement);

• The condition and structural integrity of the above-ground features will be monitored periodically for signs of degradation caused by vibration and for signs of pollution (most commonly in the form of dust and soot);

• The Project will use low impact construction alternatives, when feasible. Ripping may be used as an alternative to blasting near structures identified as at risk of impacts from

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vibration. Other techniques, such as bored piling or the use of a hammer cushion when driving steel piles may be used to minimize the vibration generated. Low impact demolition methods, such as the use of hydraulic rock splitters rather than rock breakers, will also be applied where possible;

• The most severe vibrations associated with road traffic result from heavy vehicles with stiff suspensions moving rapidly along roads with irregular surfaces. Vibration-minimizing techniques will be implemented near structures identified as at risk of impacts from vibration. Vibration-minimizing techniques for road traffic include: restriction of vehicle velocity, minimization of surface irregularities (potholes, manhole covers, washboards, cobblestones) by road improvements or re-surfacing, increase in stiffness of the road surface and its sub-base, and installation of isolation pads over limited sections of a road;

• Vibrations to subsurface features are more severe in wet conditions. In very wet conditions, the Project will prohibit construction in the vicinity of structures identified as at risk of vibration impacts. These conditions would occur following episodes of very heavy rain, most likely during the rainy season; and

• In the case that a part or all of a cultural heritage site is damaged due to excessive vibration, building conservators will be called in immediately to repair the structure with conventional conservation techniques.

Blockage of user access to cultural heritage sites

• Disruption of user access, particularly to important monuments and sites with ICH value, is likely to cause community issues. Where feasible, Project equipment and activities will be planned and placed to avoid restricting site access. Avoidance is the preferred mitigation method and will be considered along with the mitigation measures listed below;

• Consultation with site users through a community liaison team to understand site usage and how the Project may affect user access; and

• In the case that access to an important cultural heritage site is restricted or blocked, the Project will arrange alternative access using stakeholder input and notify the public of the blockage and alternate means of access.

Negative effects on the setting or landscape of cultural heritage sites

• Where feasible, the Project will avoid cultural heritage sites through Project design to ensure limited impacts on the setting and landscape of these sites. Avoidance is the preferred mitigation method and will be considered along with the mitigation measures listed below;

• Consultation with site users through a community liaison team to understand site use, site boundaries, and timing of religious and cultural act ivies that could interfere with construction, operation or decommissioning activities;

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• Noise and vibration will be periodically monitored at cultural heritage sites that receive visitors within the area of influence;

• Inclusion of guidelines in workers’ Code of Conduct to prohibit employee activities that might interfere with nearby cultural heritage sites;

• Restrict the timing of construction, maintenance, and demolition activities so as not to disturb the use of cultural heritage sites. Stop work at certain times when sites are in use, such as during significant events (such as weddings or religious festivals). For example, blasting outside of a church would be prohibited during worship services; and

• Project will be designed to mitigate negative aesthetic and auditory impacts of facilities. The following aesthetic techniques will be considered: noise-reducing barriers, low-profile constructions, proper sighting and location to maximize the use of topography and vegetation, screening, blending with topographic forms and existing vegetation patterns, and use of environmental coloration or advanced camouflage techniques to limit visual effects.

8.20.4 Residual Impacts

As discussed in the cultural heritage impacts assessment criteria in Section 5, the significance of cultural heritage impacts is the product of the magnitude of the impacts and the value of the resource. The value of a cultural heritage resource is represented in the importance rating of the site. The criteria for calculating impacts significance are presented in Table 8.20-2.

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Table 8.20-2 Significance of Impacts on Cultural Heritage

Magnitude of impacts Negligible Small Medium Large Definition No discernible Small part of resource A notable portion of Resource is wholly change in the is lost or damaged or the resource is lost, lost or setting is condition, access is hindered by or the entire permanently accessibility or increase in distance, resource is altered to a degree setting of the or setting experiences damaged, or the that it loses its resource temporary change that resource is no longer role/function affects its perceived accessible to current role/function users, or there is a long-term change in setting Resource is not Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant recognised by local people or external parties as being of value to community or for scientific or Negligible Negligible cultural research Resource is Not Significant Minor significance Minor significance Moderate recognised by people in the immediate area as of

Low value for local tradition and culture or has minor interest for research Resource is Not Significant Minor significance Moderate Major significance important locally, significance recognised over wider area (regionally or nationally), or has Value ofValue resourcecultural heritage moderate interest for Medium research Resource is Not Significant Moderate significance Major significance Critical significance essential to way of life or identity, or is of great interest for High research ERM (2012)

The significance of potential impacts is calculated for this assessment based on the criteria above. It was estimated that residual impacts for non-avoidance mitigation decrease by one level from the original potential impacts significance rating. For example, a medium importance archaeological site within the Project footprint (large magnitude impacts) would sustain an unmitigated impact of Major significance. If the impact on the site was mitigated through archaeological rescue, however, a portion of the site’s scientific information could be recorded, reducing the impact rating from Major to a Moderate residual impact. Impacts have been analysed based on the site’s distance to the closest relevant Project component.

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The Project’s area of influence for cultural heritage sites includes the Project footprint (pipeline trench, access roads to be upgraded and constructed, compressor stations, pipe yards, camp sites, and block valve stations) and a 50 m buffer zone around the Project footprint. The distance for predicted impacts may need to be reconsidered; however, if the effects from vibration prove to extend further distances than currently understood.

In most cases, if a site were avoided by more than 50 m, impacts will not be significant. However, avoidance is not always technically feasible. For this reason, residual impacts have been calculated to reflect implementation of non-avoidance mitigation measures. It is important to note that if avoidance of physical impacts on a resource is feasible, other types of impacts may in turn become relevant. For example, if direct physical impacts are avoided by a minor re-route, vibration and pollution might become the main sources of impacts on the resource. For this reason, the assessment aims to provide a comprehensive summary of all potential impacts, regardless of the possible mitigation measures expect to be implemented. Since the site-specific mitigation strategy to be applied in each case is not confirmed, the assessment addresses all potential impacts to cultural heritage sites independently. For example, the Second Memorial of the Martyrs in the Second World War (CH-369) is expected to sustain direct physical impacts, as it lies on a logistic road to be upgraded. If the monument is relocated as part of mitigation, vibration and pollution would no longer be potential impacts. Vibration and pollution are calculated, however, in the case that the monument is not removed or relocated.

The base case route and Project logistics have already been designed to avoid cemeteries or will implement reroutes to avoid Project encroachment on cemeteries. The chance finds procedure, built into the ESMP, however, will cover events of unmarked human burials uncovered as chance finds.

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8.20.4.1 Construction and Precommissioning Phase

The construction phase is expected to produce the highest number of impacts as well as the most significant impacts. This is due to the potential for direct physical impacts on cultural heritage sites, which may occur anywhere within the study area as a result of the movement of heavy vehicles and machinery and their ground-disturbing construction activities.

Ground-disturbing activities and heavy traffic will cause direct physical impacts to cultural heritage sites. The area of direct physical impacts is defined as the Project footprint and the pipeline construction corridor. For the pipeline, the minimum width that will be affected by construction phase activities is the 28 m wide reduced working strip. The reduced working strip is asymmetrical and extends approximately 18 m from the centreline on its widest side. Based on these dimensions, the assessment assumes that sites 18 m or less from the centreline will be physically impacted by construction. Access roads to be constructed or upgraded in the study area have 1 or 2 lanes. A width of 6 m was estimated as the maximum footprint width of a 2-lane road. An additional 1 m buffer on each side of the roads is also taken into account for construction vehicle traffic. Using these measurements, sites within 4 m of the centre of a logistic road for upgrade or construction are anticipated to sustain direct physical impacts. Finally, sites which fall within the footprint of the compressor stations, pipe yards, camp sites, and block valve stations are expected to incur direct physical impacts.

Direct physical impacts will produce the most significant residual impacts on cultural heritage. Mitigation measures to avoid direct physical impacts will take priority over mitigation for indirect impacts. Avoidance of sites is always the preferred mitigation measure. Vibration and pollution, due to blasting, hammering, and the movement of heavy machinery and vehicles, are also sources of impacts on above-ground cultural heritage structures. Blockage of user access may occur temporarily during construction when construction fronts block off roads. Site setting and ambience is expected to be impacted temporarily during the construction phase by construction activities and movement of vehicles and personnel. During the construction phase, impacts on user access and site setting are best handled by methods developed through community consultation.

Figure 8.20-1 to Figure 8.20-4 illustrates the locations and significance of residual impacts anticipated to occur as a result of construction phase activities. Direct physical impacts, shown in Figure 8.20-1, represent the greatest potential residual impacts. The indirect impacts of vibration, pollution, blockage of user access, and change in site setting, produce impacts that are lesser in number and significance.

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Figure 8.20-1 Locations and Significance of Residual Direct Physical Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase

ERM (2012)

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Figure 8.20-2 Locations and Significance of Residual Pollution and Vibration Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase

ERM (2012)

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Figure 8.20-3 Locations and Significance of Residual User Access Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase

ERM (2012)

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Figure 8.20-4 Locations and Significance of Residual Setting and Ambience Impacts – Cultural Heritage – Construction Phase

ERM (2012)

Table 8.20-3 presents a summary of mitigation measures and anticipated residual impacts for the construction and precommissioning phase.

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Table 8.20-3 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage - Construction Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Construction and Precommissioning Phase Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Major damage to monument • Evaluation • Monuments of medium intersecting a logistic road to be • Community consultation importance, will be physically upgraded or built for construction • Marking and protection impacted unless avoided • Relocation/Compensation • Community consultation is [Logistic Road 455; • Guidance in Code of Conduct essential to establish protection, KPs: 116.9; • Record of structure conditions and relocation, or compensation plan Site affected: CH-369] monitoring • Cultural Heritage Management Plan

Direct physical disturbance of or damage to monument intersecting an optional logistic road to be built for construction

[Access Road 7 KPs: 75.5; Site affected: CH-522] Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Major damage to archaeological sites • Further site evaluation • Archaeological sites of high within the pipeline’s working strip • Marking and protection importance located in the and Reduced working strip • Government engagement Reduced Working Strip • Micro-reroute (CH-374) • Archaeological sites will require [Pipeline; • Rescue rescued if not avoided KPs: 124.1, 144.3 & 59.2, & • Guidance in Code of Conduct • Even with mitigation, 165.1; • Record of structure conditions and construction in this area will Sites affected: CH-374, CH-386 monitoring (for CH-374) cause a loss of some scientific/ & CH-361] • Cultural Heritage Management Plan historic/ archaeological/ cultural (including archaeological monitoring and value Chance Finds Procedure) Direct physical disturbance of or • damage to archaeological sites intersecting a pipe yard

[Pipe yard near Durrës; Sites affected: CH-536]

Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Moderate damage to archaeological sites • Further site evaluation • Sites are of medium to high intersecting the pipeline • Marking and protection importance and will be directly centreline or working strip and • Government engagement impacted by construction reduced working strip • Reduced working strip (CH-373 & CH- • Archaeological sites will require 397) rescue if not avoided [Pipeline; • Guidance in Code of Conduct • Even with mitigation, KPs: 127.9, 166.9, 3.1, 124.1, • Rescue construction in these areas will 145.5, 84.1, & 153.7; • Cultural Heritage Management Plan cause a loss of some important Sites affected: CH-378, CH-397, (including archaeological monitoring and scientific/ historic/ CH-315, CH-373, CH-389, CH- Chance Finds Procedure) archaeological/ cultural value 529, & CH-531]

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Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Direct physical disturbance of or damage to archaeological sites intersecting a pipe yard

[Pipe & bending yard 2 Floq & Pipe yard near Durrëss; KPs: 50, 49.9, & Durress area; Sites affected: CH-350 & CH- 351, & CH-535] Direct physical disturbance of or damage to archaeological sites intersecting a logistics road

[Access Road 8 KP 84.1 Sites affected: CH-530] Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Minor damage to archaeological sites • Further site evaluation • Sites are of low importance within the pipeline’s working strip • Micro-reroute (CH-359) within the working strip • Marking and protection • Even with mitigation, [Pipeline; • Reduced working strip (CH-402) construction in this area will KPs: 156.9, 176.1, 176.4, 29.8, • Government engagement cause a loss of some scientific/ 29.9, 3.2, 32.6, 40.6, 43.2, 57.9, • Rescue historic/ archaeological/ cultural 59 & 6.1; • Cultural Heritage Management Plan value Sites affected: CH-393. CH-402, (including archaeological monitoring and CH-403, CH-336, CH-337, CH- Chance Finds Procedure) 316, CH-338, CH-343, CH-344, CH-357, CH-359 & CH-323] Direct physical disturbance of or damage to archaeological sites intersecting a logistics road

[Access Road 5 KP: 151.4 Site affected: CH-532] Direct physical impacts to • Avoidance Minor archaeological sites within the • Archaeological survey of proposed • Known and Unidentified Potom Pipeyard and/or Potom pipeyard and camp locations archaeological sites of low to Construction Camp (location to • Marking and protection high importance may be directly be determined) • Government engagement impacted by construction • Rescue • Archaeological sites will require [Construction camp & pipeyard • Cultural Heritage Management Plan rescue if not avoided KP: 85-88, 85.1 (including archaeological monitoring • Even with mitigation, Sites affected: CH-529 & CH- and Chance Finds Procedure) construction in these areas will 530 cause a loss of some important scientific/ historic/ archaeological/ cultural value Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Minor damage to a monument within • Further site evaluation • Historic church is of high 50 m of a logistic road to be • Protection importance, may be physically upgraded • Record of structure conditions and impacted by construction monitoring activities [Logistic Road 443; • Community Consultation KP: 62.8; • Guidance in Code of Conduct Site affected: CH-362] • Cultural Heritage Management Plan

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Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Minor damage to a monument within • Further site evaluation • Bridge is of low importance, will the pipeline’s working strip • Micro-reroute be physically impacted by • Marking and protection construction activities [Pipeline; • Record of structure conditions and • Sites use, age, stakeholders and KP: 139.1; monitoring significance will be evaluated Site affected: CH-135] • Community Consultation further • Relocation or compensation • Guidance in Code of Conduct • Cultural Heritage Management Plan Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Minor damage to unidentified • Further site evaluation • Unidentified subsurface archaeological resources • Marking archaeological resources are intersecting a pipe yard, block • Cultural Heritage Management Plan particularly likely to occur in valve station, or the pipeline’s (including archaeological monitoring and areas of high archaeological working strip Chance Finds Procedure) potential (AHAP) • Prohibit drive-over traffic in wet [Pipe yard - Qafa, BVS 4 & conditions Pipeline; KPs: 91.6, 68.2 & 36; Sites affected: CH-116, CH-22 & CH-506] Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Not Significant damage to archaeological sites • Further site evaluation • Archaeological sites of low to within 50 m of the centreline • Marking and protection high importance located within • Narrow the road upgrade construction 50 m of the centreline or logistic [Pipeline; working strip (CH-313) road KPs: 133.7, 144.3, 148.5, 43.5 • Cultural Heritage Management Plan • Once site boundaries are 58.4, 145.2, & 145.7; (including archaeological monitoring and defined, sites will be marked or Sites affected: CH-382, CH-387, Chance Finds Procedure) fenced in to protect them from CH-391, CH-345,CH-358, CH- • Guidance in Code of Conduct physical impacts 388, & CH-390] Direct physical disturbance of or damage to archaeological sites within 50 m of logistic roads

[Logistic Roads 418, 461, 209, 472, 460, 212, & 215; KPs:122.9, 150.1, 187.3, 4.3, 91.8 4.1, 0.8, 140.2, 34.9, 75.5, & 109.8; Sites affected: CH-375, CH-146, CH-154, CH-505, CH-406, CH- 319, CH-313, CH-136, CH-339, CH-365 & CH-181 ] Direct physical disturbance of or damage to archaeological sites within 50 m of an optional logistic roads

[Access Road 7; KPs: 75.5; Sites affected: CH-523]

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Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Direct physical disturbance of or • Avoidance Not Significant damage to archaeological sites • Further site evaluation • Archaeological finds of low at the edge of a logistic road • Marking and Protection importance • Government consultation • These finds are unlikely to [Logistic Road 472; • Cultural Heritage Management Plan indicate the presence of further KP: 0.6; (including archaeological monitoring and subsurface resources – they Sites affected: CH-310 & CH- Chance Finds Procedure) either consist of a single ceramic 311] fragment or were deposited by Direct physical disturbance of or erosion damage to archaeological sites • Ultimately, the government will within the pipeline’s working strip decide whether these sites require rescue [Pipeline; KPs: 37.3 & 44.3; Sites affected: CH-340 & CH- 346] Direct physical disturbance of or • Evaluation Not Significant damage to a site with ICH value • Avoidance • Sites are of low to high within 50 m of the centreline • Community consultation importance, outside of the area • Marking and protection of direct impacts [Pipeline; • Reduced working strip (CH-364) • CH-363 & CH-419 are parts of a KP: 109.1; • Narrow road upgrade construction religious complex with the Site affected: CH-364] working strip (CH-141) Church of St. Mehill (CH-362). Direct physical disturbance of or • Guidance in Code of Conduct The church is located between damage to monuments and sites • Cultural Heritage Management Plan the logistic road and these sites, with ICH value within 50 m of a shielding them from direct logistic road physical impacts • With mitigation, physical impacts [Logistic Roads 212, 455, 462, & are negligible 443; KP: 139.1, 113.4, 147.9, & 62.8; Sites affected: CH-182, CH-368, CH-141, CH-363, & CH-419] Direct physical disturbance of or • Further site evaluation Not Significant damage to unidentified • Marking • Sites are of low to high archaeological resources within • Cultural Heritage Management Plan importance, outside of the area 50 m of logistic roads (including archaeological monitoring and of direct impacts Chance Finds Procedure) • Unidentified subsurface [Logistic Roads 212& 208; • Prohibit drive-over traffic in wet archaeological resources are KP: 142.4 & 189.1; conditions particularly likely to occur in Site affected: CH-137 & CH-158] areas of high archaeological potential (AHAPs) Direct physical disturbance of or damage to unidentified archaeological resources within 50 m of an optional logistic road

[Access Road 7; KP: 75; Site affected: CH-520] Degradation of or damage to an • Evaluation Moderate archaeological structure within • Avoidance • Sites are of high importance and the pipeline’s working strip due • Record of structure conditions and lie in proximity to sources of to pollution and vibration monitoring vibration and pollution • Protection/bracing [Pipeline; • Cultural Heritage Management Plan KP: 124.8; • Community consultation Site affected: CH-374]

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Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Degradation of or damage to an • Government engagement (CH-374) historic structure within 50 m of a • Low impact construction techniques logistic road due to pollution and • Vibration-minimizing techniques vibration • Stop construction in wet conditions • Conservation [Logistic Road 443; • Relocation/compensation KP: 62.8; Site affected: CH-362] Degradation of or damage to a site with ICH value within 50 m of a logistic road or the pipeline due to pollution and vibration

[Access Road 8; KP: 82.8 Site affected: CH-528 Degradation of or damage due to Minor pollution and vibration to • Sites are low to high importance monuments and sites with ICH • Blasting and hammering value within 50 m of logistic locations will affect impacts due roads to vibration • With mitigation, anticipated [Logistic Roads 455, 212, impacts are minor Access Road 3 & Access Road 5; KP: 116.9, 139.1, 113.4, 207.9, 146.6 & 79.3; Sites affected: CH-369, CH-368, CH-135, CH-182, CH-413 & CH- 141] Degradation of or damage due to pollution and vibration to monuments and sites with ICH value within 50 m of an optional logistic road

[Access Road 7; KP: 75.5, & 79.3; Sites affected: CH-521] Blockage of user access to • Avoidance Minor monuments and a site with ICH • Evaluation • Sites are of low to high value within 50 m of logistic • Community consultation importance along access roads roads • Planning to avoid user access • Blockage of site access is restrictions anticipated to occur as a result of [Logistic Roads: 455, 443, 462, • Alternate access construction along logistic roads 212, & Access Road 8; • Public notification • With mitigation, restrictions KPs: 113.4, 116.9, 62.8, 147.9, should be temporary and minor 139.1, 79.3, & 82.8; Sites affected: CH-368, CH-369, CH-362, CH-419, CH-363, CH- 141, CH-182, & CH-528] Blockage of user access to monuments and a site with ICH value within 50 m of an optional logistic road

[Logistic Roads: Access Road 7; KPs: 75.5; Sites affected: CH-521 & CH- 522]

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Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Blockage of user access to a site Not Significant with ICH value within 50 m of the • Blockage of user access may centreline occur briefly during pipeline or logistic road construction [Pipeline; • With mitigation, impacts will be KP 109.1 & 82.8; insignificant Site affected: CH-364 & CH-528] Negative effects on the setting or • Avoidance Minor ambience of monuments and • Evaluation • Sites are of low to high sites with ICH value within 50 m • Marking and Protection importance of logistic roads • Community consultation • With mitigation, negative effects • Noise and vibration monitoring (for sites on the setting and ambience at [Logistic Roads 455, 443, 462, with regular visitors) these sites will be temporary and 212, & Access Road 3; • Guidance in Code of Conduct minor KPs: 113.4, 116.9, 62.8, • Construction restrictions or stop work 147.9,139.1; Sites affected: CH-368, CH-369 & CH-362, CH-141, CH-182, CH-528, CH-141, & CH-413] Negative effects on the setting or ambience of monuments and sites with ICH value within 50 m of an optional logistic roads

[Logistic Roads Access Road 7; KPs: 75.5; Sites affected: CH-521 & CH- 522] Negative effects on the setting or Not Significant ambience of a site with ICH • With mitigation, negative effects value within 50 m of the on the setting and ambience at centreline this sites will be insignificant

[Pipeline; KP: 109.1; Site affected: CH-364] Negative effects on the setting or Not Significant ambience of a monument and a • These sites are associated with site with ICH value within 50 m CH-362, as part of the same of logistic roads religious complex • Negative effects on setting and [Logistic Road 443; ambience will be negligible, as KP: 62.8; CH-362 will provide a visual and Site affected: CH-363 & CH-419] auditory buffer between these sites and the construction ERM (2012)

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8.20.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

Direct physical disturbance or damage is no longer a potential impact during the operation phase. Blasting and hammering will no longer be causes of vibration. Vibration from heavy vehicle traffic is not expected to be significant enough to cause impacts, but monitoring of above-ground cultural heritage resources will continue during operation. Blockage of user access is not an anticipated impact from routine operations activities either. Brief residual impacts on setting and ambience may occur, however, at the modern church at Vodice (CH-182). This is the only cultural heritage site that receives visitors and is located near a Project facility that will require routine maintenance.

Figure 8.20-5 illustrates the locations and significance of residual impacts anticipated to occur as a result of operation phase activities.

Figure 8.20-5 Locations and Significance of Residual Setting and Ambience Impacts on Cultural Heritage

ERM (2012)

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Table 8.20-4 presents a summary of mitigation measures and anticipated residual impacts for the operation and maintenance phase.

Table 8.20-4 Residual Impacts – Onshore - Cultural Heritage – Operation Phase

Impact / Risk Measures to address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk Cultural Heritage

Negative effects on the setting or • Avoidance Not Significant ambience of a site with ICH value within • Evaluation • Site of low importance, located 50 m of a block valve station • Consultation near a BVS, a site of routine [BVS 7; maintenance activities • Maintenance timing restrictions KPs: 134.2; • With mitigation, anticipated • Sites affected: CH-182] Guidance in Code of Conduct impacts are negligible ERM (2012)

8.20.4.3 Decommissioning Phase

Decommissioning is anticipated not to take place before 50 years of operation or potentially much longer (see Section 8.1). In the meantime, the cultural heritage baseline conditions in the study area are unlikely to have changed, especially for archaeological objects in the ground.

In case of pipeline abandonment-in-place, no significant physical activities would occur along the route. In case of pipeline recovery, it can be assumed that more or less the same footprints (working strip, access roads) would be affected for dismantling activities and similar heavy construction machinery and logistics would be required. However, overall activities are anticipated to be less intensive compared to construction, e.g. no blasting or hammering would be required and only vibrations from regular earthworks and transport would occur. Thus it can be reasonable assumed that no additional significant impacts would occur from decommissioning when protection and mitigation measures are applied to features similar as for construction, such as temporary structural support for monuments near the working strip etc. Residual potential impacts from decommissioning are therefore considered not significant to minor depending on the decommissioning approach that will be taken.

In any case, major decommissioning works will require a diligent permitting incl. ESIA process according to the pertinent regulations and best applicable at the time when it occurs and due consideration will need to be given to cultural heritage, especially in case footprints for access and work and storage site should be different from today.

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8.20.5 Summary – Impacts on Cultural Heritage

Routing of the pipeline and the siting of compressor stations, block valve stations and also routing of new roads has avoided known cultural heritage to the extent possible. Still, a number of archaeological heritage and monuments remain in the vicinity and also high potential areas are crossed that could produce archaeological finds during earthworks. Based on the Project footprint, a total of 37 cultural heritage sites will be subject to minor, moderate, or major residual impacts as a result of project related activities: one archaeological structure, 5 ICH sites, 6 monuments, and 24 known archaeological sites.

In total, 24 archaeologial sites will be subject to direct physical impacts as a result of Project construction activities. These cultural heritage sites are located within the reduced working strip (less than 18 m from of the pipeline corridor); within 4 m of a logistics component or access road; and in the footprint of Project elements such has pipe yards. Even after mitigation measures are implemented, the construction of the pipeline and associated Project elements will result in four major, nine moderate, and eleven minor residual impacts to archaeological sites. These archaeological sites will be further investigated by trial excavations in advance of construction. If warranted, the finds will be rescued. The Project will implement a Chance Finds Procedure that prescribes what needs to be done in case a find is made during excavation works. Any finds will be dealt with in line with Albanian regulatory and EBRD PR8 requirements.

Two monuments will be sustain major residual impacts as a result of Project activities The most effective ways to minimize or mitigate impacts to the two monuments are avoidance through micro-rerouting, accompanined by marking the monuments and the erection of temporary barriers during construction. For monuments that are close to the working strip, work sites and logistics roads, and in particular when they are in the vicinity of sections where blasting and hammering will be employed for trenching, temporary supports to protect structural integrity will be provided (e.g. Memorials of Martyrs in proximity to access roads at Kp 113 and Kp 117). The status before and after will be recorded by experts and TAP AG will repair any damages that occur.

In addition to direct physical impacts, a number of monuments and ICH will sustain moderate and minor significant residual impactas due to project activities. One archaeological structure, 4 monuments, and 4 ICH sites will be subject to moderate and minor impacts as a result of pollution and vibration due to their proximity (within 50 m) to the pipeline centerline, access roads, or other Project elements. Eleven cultural heritage sites, seven monuments and four ICH sites, will suffer minor residual impacts due to temporary restrictions on user access due to construction activities.

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8.21 Non-Routine Events

Impacts deriving from non-routine events are presented as follow:

• Offshore non-routine events (Section 8.21.1) • Onshore non-routine events (Section 8.21.2)

8.21.1 Offshore Non-Routine Events - Overview

During the planning of the pipeline and its associated infrastructure, the Project has sought to avoid, minimise and mitigate impacts resulting from non-routine events (in line with IFC PS3: Pollution Prevention and PS4: Community Health Safety and Security and IFC General EHS Guidelines 3 & 4) through the design development, options appraisal, route-refinement and final assessment.

Through these appraisals and assessments measures have been identified and incorporated into the Project. In particular the Offshore pipeline risk analysis (RISK ANALYSIS Albania TAP-FEED- OF-PLN-REP-0548-1 Rev.:1 dated 25th May 2009, prepared by ILF) identified that non-routine events associated with the operation of the offshore pipeline would most likely arise from hazards that could cause a pipeline failure. Principally hazards to pipeline integrity were identified from the following nine Sources:

• Dragged anchor; • Dropped anchor;

• High holding anchors and dredging activities; • Grounding ship; • Sinking ship;

• Impact from fishing equipment; • Geo hazards; • Dumped munitions; and

• Military activities. Also offshore construction has a number of potential hazards that may arise from Accidental Fuel and Oils spills from construction vessel operation, or from vessel collision and subsequent pollution of marine water. Such risks can be reduced by implementation of Spill Prevention and Response Plans a Construction Vessel Traffic Management.

The TAP Project has, therefore, been designed according to the following hierarchy of safety measures to prevent non-routine and potentially hazardous situations occurring (hierarchy includes all elements of the Project, onshore and offshore, it is applied to each component according to specific characteristics):

• Eliminate: wherever possible, hazards are designed out to make the site inherently safe,

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• Prevent: where it is not possible to eliminate a hazardous material or process, measures are taken to ensure that the hazard cannot be realised, e.g. by ensuring adequate containment;

• Detect: if a hazardous event occurs, the design ensures that it will rapidly be detected, e.g. by process trip or flame detection;

• Control: measures will be in place to control a hazardous event, e.g. by isolating affected parts of the facility; and

• Mitigate: suitable measures will be incorporated into the design to mitigate the effect of a hazardous event where such measures are effective and appropriate, e.g. depressurisation of inventories.

To deliver this hierarchy of safety measures, as a minimum, all plant and equipment supplied to the TAP Project shall be designed, manufactured, delivered, installed and operated in accordance with the relevant sections of the European, National and International Codes, Standards and Regulations as well as the relevant national regulations and laws of the transit countries.

These standards, which effectively incorporate mitigation measures into the design of the TAP Project (see Section 4), cover such details as the following (see List of Codes and Standards (Offshore Section)):

• Quality control and certification. • Noise and emissions. • Offshore pipeline. • Safety and fire protection. • Cathodic protection. • Civil engineering works. • Process design. • Electrical installations. • Rotating equipment. • Instrumentation and controls. • Piping and valves. • SCADA, Station control and telecommunication systems. • Leak detection. • Control centre. The implementation of these codes, standards and regulations will facilitate the safe construction and operation of the pipeline and its associated facilities.

Box 8.21-1 shows the potential sources of impact, potentially impacted Resources, and the baseline important conditions and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project related to non-routine events.

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Box 8.21-1 Key Considerations for Assessment – Offshore - Non-Routine Events

Impacts during Construction • Sources of Impact: Spillages resulting from the storage, handling and transport of fuel and liquids. Contingency additions of chemicals to test water Impacts during Operation • Sources of Impact: Failure of pipeline and/or resulting in fire, explosion or pollution Impacts during Decommissioning • Sources of Impact: None expected due to abandonment of pipe. Potentially Impacted Resources • Sea. • Vessel traffic Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Depth and distance to coast Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Implementation of design standards. • Implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan. ERM (2012)

Table 8.21-1 presents an overview of the key potential impacts of the TAP Project arising from non-routine events during the key Project phases.

Table 8.21-1 Key Potential Impacts – Offshore - Non-Routine Events

Construction and Operation and Maintenance Phase Decommissioning Phase Precommissioning Phase • Pollution of sea arising from oil and • Impact from gas release from pipe • None expected. fuel failure • Contingency additions of chemicals to test water

ERM (2012)

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8.21.1.1 Potential Impacts: Construction Phase

8.21.1.1.1 Contingency Addition of Chemicals to test water

Chemicals would only be added to test water in case of malfunction of the testing procedure and accidental flooding of the pipe.

All substances used in contingency pressure-test water are harmless to the marine environment at natural concentrations. On discharge, these substances will rapidly degrade and break down in the water column though hydrolysis, oxidation, photo degradation and biodegradation.

Results of near-field modelling of similar situations elsewhere on similar projects show that the extent of dilution of discharged pressure-test water close to the discharge point is 15-40 m. Other similar far-field modelling show that discharged pressure-test water is easily diluted to an acceptable level (>10 ratio) within hundreds of meters. A dilution ratio of 50 (effect of discharge will not be detectable) will be evident at an order of magnitude of one to few kilometres. The situation is expected to return to normal (dilution factor of 100) within 24 hours after the discharge has stopped. Based upon the extent and duration of dilution, the impact on water quality (negative and direct) of the discharge of pressure-test water in case of contingency is expected to be regional, of temporary duration and of low intensity.

8.21.1.1.2 Accidental fuel and oil spills from the lay barge and support vessels

As with most marine operations, accidental events potentially leading to fuel and oil spills related to the proposed activity cannot be ruled out. However, they are clearly not intended as part of the construction activity.

The main sources of potential unplanned fuel spills and release will be from the spillage of diesel fuel during sea refuelling operations, or some other unforeseen accident. The size of spills including both kinds of events is typically ranging from a few tens of litres to the unlikely event of a major spillage with a maximum size possible of around 10,000 cubic metres (total fuel capacity of lay vessels). The likelihood and size of these spills are thus opposed; higher likelihood of small spills and lower of bigger spills. The environmental risk of this is medium to low, depending on the location of the spill (distance to coast and sensitive environments). Also there is the potential for a massive fuel spill associated with a vessel collision. The risk of this event is low, even near the coast given the extremely low probability of occurrence in this kind of construction activities. Near the coast the traffic is very low, and the surveillance of activities to prevent entry to the construction area high. Further offshore the presence of chase and surveillance boats minimise the risk of collision with the pipelay spread.

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Diesel is a light petroleum distillate which is expected to undergo rapid dispersion and evaporation. Consequently, any slicks are likely to break up and disperse in a short space of time. The potential effects of a hydrocarbon spill on the marine environment vary greatly depending on factors such as the weather and sea state at the time of release and especially considering the sensitivities of the habitats affected.

On open sea spill away from the coastline, any spilled fuel or oil would be subject to rapid dispersal, weathering, evaporative losses and dissipation throughout the water column.

Any spill will be subject to a marine Spill Response Plan.

8.21.1.2 Potential Impacts: Operation and Maintenance Phase

8.21.1.2.1 Pipeline Rupture

Considering that the pipeline has been designed to withstand pressures well above normal operating pressure, and that this will be tested extensively during precommissioning, and further the integrity will be regularly inspected, the likelihood of a leak or rupture of the pipeline is considered very low. However, pipelines can be damaged, which may result in pipeline failure. The term ‘pipeline failure’ refers to an event that affects the functionality of the pipeline, e.g. a pipeline failure may result from small collisions or buckling (bending, deformation) of a pipeline or from ship traffic related interference. Significant damage to a pipeline may lead to the rupturing of a pipeline, resulting in a subsequent release of gas. The probability of a pipeline failure or rupture occurring is very low based upon the engineering principles and techniques employed in the design of the pipeline. Pipeline damage and rupture are considered as highly unlikely events, but nevertheless the possibility that they may occur during operation still exists. In particular the Offshore pipeline (RISK ANALYSIS Albania TAP-FEED-OF-PLN-REP-0548-1 Rev.:1 dated 25th May 2009) has estimated that the frequency of pipeline rupture events is roughly equivalent to one event in every 10,000 years

The 2009 report includes a preliminary assessment of the risk that gas would be released as a consequence of damage to the pipeline resulting to ship traffic related interference, in particular dragged anchor crossing the pipeline, grounding ships, and sinking ships (the other hazards from the bullet list above were not included at that stage). The analysis is based on vessel traffic routes and frequency (from AIS - Automatic Identification System data periods 4/2008 – 1/2009) in the Adriatic Sea region between Dürres/Ablania and Brindisi/Italia) which is put into relation to the route and the depth profile of the offshore pipeline. The risk analysis looks at different scenarios and finds that the risk is significantly lower for a pipeline that is trenched in compared to a pipeline that is just laid out on the bottom.

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The study makes risk estimations for the release of gas that would reach the surface through the water column and may create an explosive cloud at the surface and pose hazards to life for people on vessels that pass the release point. Also, depending on the size of the leak and the flow of gas released there is a risk of destabilisation of buoyancy and thereby may result in the sinking of the vessel involved. The study concludes that the risks to ships will be within acceptable limits if sufficient warning time to ships would be available to avoid the area where the gas appears at the surface. Besides potential threat to people on vessels, it is likely that a significant gas release from the pipeline would result in fatal impacts on fish life or marine mammals located in the immediate vicinity of the plume of gas, primarily as a result of pressure released and a local reduction in oxygen. This is likely to be very limited in extent however, as the vast majority of pelagic marine species would immediately vacate the area.

The preliminary results of the 2009 risk analysis indicate that risks will be within internationally acceptable limits, and concludes that in the further course of planning TAP AG will update/expand the risk assessment to inform the detailed design. This update is planned to take place, as it is common practice in engineering.

Non-Routine Events during Construction - Accidental Spills

Impacts from non-routine events have the potential to be highly significant on the aquatic environment if such events actually occurred. Spills of oil, fuel or chemicals into the aquatic environment could cause, if in sufficiently high volume, significant impacts with habitat degradation and loss of species particularly likely. Such high magnitude impacts could cause widespread loss of aquatic species of high sensitivity. However, mitigation measures will be implemented to make such eventualities of significant spills unlikely, and to control them in case of occurrence, and as such overall impacts from non-routine events are likely to be of Minor Significance.

Offshore specific control and mitigation measures will be implemented to eliminate or minimise the risk of spills and potential environmental impacts from at sea refuelling of vessels. The most important mitigation measures are the following:

• Refuelling must take place preferentially in port, if not in a location within the survey area away from the coastline;

• The operation must be managed through detailed vessel specific procedures for bunkering at sea which are designed to minimise the risk of a spillage of fuel during bunkering from other vessels; and

• All vessels will have to have the necessary Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) (a vessels specific Oil Spill Contingency Plan), according to MARPOL. A project specific Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP), included in the general Emergency Response Plan (ERP) will also be developed in consultation with the competent authorities, emergency services and other relevant stakeholders, and implemented throughout construction.

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In terms of other unplanned events, the mitigation measures (such as preventative maintenance, pigging, ROV surveillance) are already included in the design in order to reduce to the maximum the probability of occurrence. 8.21.1.3 Residual Impact

A residual risk of non-routine events occurring will always remain. However, having identified the key risks that may arise from non-routine events during both construction and operation, the likelihood of occurrence of the risks and their subsequent consequences can be minimise to levels that are as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). However, on the basis that the mitigation measures identified to managed these risks and their consequences are implemented, and that monitoring shows these to be broadly effective, the overall residual risks would be expected to be of Minor or Not Significant (Table 8.21-2).

Table 8.21-2 Residual Impacts – Offshore - Non-Routine Events

Impact / Risk Mitigation Commitments to Address the Impact / Significance of Residual Impact / Risk Risk During Construction Pollution of • Refuelling to take place preferentially in port, if not in Minor sea due to oil a location within the survey area away from the • A Minor residual risk of pollution incidents or fuel spills coastline. is still possible. The implementation of the Contingency • The operation must be managed through detailed mitigation measures will however keep this Addition of vessel specific procedures for bunkering at sea risk as low as reasonably practicable. Chemicals to which are designed to minimise the risk of a spillage test water of fuel during bunkering from other vessels. • All vessels will have to have the necessary SOPEP (vessels specific Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP), according to MARPOL. A project specific Oils Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP), including An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) will also be developed.

Non-Routine Events During Operation Pipeline • Design of TAP Project incorporating the Not significant rupture. requirements of European, National and International • The residual risk is not significant, due to Codes, Standards and Regulations and results of the the extremely low probability of occurrence risk assessment into the design to ensure integrity and (according to results of the preliminary risk safe construction of pipeline and its associated study 2009) infrastructure. ERM (2012)

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8.21.2 Onshore Non-Routine Events - Overview

The TAP system will be transporting natural gas which is a highly flammable substance. Due to the high levels of European and international safety standards and established state-of-the-art technology, transportation of natural gas can be considered a highly safe operation. Over the past decades, incidents have been reduced to very low levels through continuous improving of standards and norms and practices for pipeline design and operation and maintenance. This is demonstrated by the following statistical data.

In Europe (European Gas Market - 17 members) alone, the natural gas transmission network in 2006, had a length of over 220,000 km (source: Technical Association of the European Natural Gas Industry, 2006 Statistics1 ). The European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG)2 collects data of about 135,000 km transmission pipelines every year (representing roughly 50% of gas transmission pipelines in Europe). EGIG is a co-operation between a group of fifteen major gas transmission system operators in Western Europe to gather data on the unintentional releases of gas in their pipeline transmission systems.

The 8th EGIG Report (2011)3 is presenting long term statistical pipeline incident data over the period 1970 – 2010 and analyses failure frequencies and main causes in six categories:

• External interference (i.e. third party ground works, digging, piling etc.),

• Corrosion,

• Construction defect / material failure,

• Hot tap4 made by error,

• Ground movement, and

• Other and unknown.

EGIG’s statistical database contains information about failure frequencies (including analysis by size of leak categories, i.e. pinhole/crack, hole, rupture) and the main causes of incidents, but not quantitative information on consequences.

The statistical analysis of EGIG inter alia shows that:

• The long term incident data (1970 - 2010) indicate a steady drop in incidents and have a trend to stabilise at very low level

• External interference remains the main cause of incidents.

1 http://www.marcogaz.org/index.php/statistics 2 http://www.egig.eu/ 3 http://www.egig.eu/reports 4 The term “hot tap made by error” means that a tie-in connection to the transmission line was mistakenly attempted.

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• Also external interference is the cause that results in the bigger leaks, such as rupture (i.e. a leak that has a size bigger than pipeline diameter) and holes (larger than 2 cm but smaller than the pipe diameter), followed by ground movement as second cause.

The EGIG database describes the relation external interference and pipeline diameter as well as the relation external interference and wall thickness. Figure 8.21-1 Relation External Interference and Pipeline Diameter (d) 1

TAP Offshore Pipeline “36

TAP Onshore Pipeline “48

Source: EGIG (2012)

1 http://www.egig.eu/

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Figure 8.21-2 Relation External Interference and Wall Thickness (wt) 1

TAP Offshore Pipeline 22 – 37 mm (steel thickness)

TAP Onshore Pipeline >17 mm (steel thickness)

Source: EGIG (2012)

The EGIG data shows, that the failure frequency is mostly related to small diameter pipeline systems with less wall thickness (see Figure 8.21-1 and Figure 8.21-2). The TAP will have a diameter of 48” and an average wall thickness greater than 17 mm2. Comparing TAP’s technical design parameters with the EGIG statistic, the failure frequency is close to zero.

TAP AG will implement the Project to established European and international standards to provide safe operation of the system and minimise risks associated with the nature of natural gas transport.

During the development of the pipeline and its associated infrastructure, the Project has sought to avoid, and minimise risks from non-routine events through pipeline routing and compressor station siting and through the technical design of the system and its components. This has considered Albanian national requirements, European Union standards, best international industry practice and the requirements of EBRD’s PR3 (Pollution Prevention) and PR4 (Community Health Safety and Security) and relevant IFC EHS Guidelines. Through these appraisals and assessments, state-of-the-art measures have been identified and incorporated into the Project (see Section 4: Project Description).

Summarised from Section 4 – Project Description, key designed-in system safety features include:

1 http://www.egig.eu/ 2 The wall thickness of the onshore pipe sections will vary depending on distance to, and density of, existing residential buildings within proximity to pipeline route.

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• The design of the onshore pipeline: will be according to the European standard EN 1594. This proven design standard describes the state-of-the-art and ensures quality. • Pipeline Safety Distance to settlements and population: With regard to exposure of settled places to potential hazards from pipeline and compressor station incidents, distance is a key mitigation factor. In particular, the route is avoiding to the extent possible settlements and the compressor stations premises include a safety buffer within their fence line (in fact they are situated at more than 1 km distance from the closest settlements, but not for safety reasons: this is in order to minimise noise impacts). The pipeline safety corridor will prevent individual residential houses and any other buildings being established closer than 30 m distance to the pipeline, planned settlements are not allowed to approach the pipeline closer than 100 m. • Pipeline Integrity Protection: In order to protect pipeline integrity, a number of measures are taken: The pipeline joints are tested in multiple steps (X-Ray, ultrasonic , hydrotesting) and the pipeline is coated and buried in the ground with at least 1 m of coverage, the pipeline is fitted with cathodic protection to prevent corrosion, the pipeline protection strip (4 m to both sides of the centreline) does not allow any deep rooting permanent crops or plants to be planted within this strip, and finally regular pigging and inspection of the pipeline will be carried out. The entire pipeline system will be monitored and regularly inspected on site on foot, by drive over and fly over to detect and, if appropriate, stop third party acitivities (which are the main cause of pipeline incidents). • Pipeline Leak Detection: The pipeline is monitored by a leak detection system, in the event of a pressure drop, the block valves will be closed to isolate the section where the leak has occurred. In addition there is surface inspection of the pipeline corridor. TAP AG will respond to any detected leaks through the implementation of its emergency response procedures, including emergency shut down, that will be set out in the Emergency Response Plan (ERP). During the operation phase, the leak detection system and emergency shut down procedures will be key. • Compressor Station Safety: The compressor stations are equipped with a vent where gas can be released in an emergency situation. The following features are provided to detect any leak and to prevent ignition or explosion: a gas and fire detection system, ESD with blow down system, cathodic protection system, emergency power supply and active and passive fire protection. Box 8.21-2 shows the potential sources of impacts, potentially impacted receptors, and the baseline and project influencing factors associated to the impacts of the TAP Project related to non-routine events.

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Box 8.21-2 Key Considerations for Assessment – Onshore - Non-Routine Events

Potentially Impacted Receptors • Settlements and Local population along the pipeline corridor; • Land use and habitats; • Atmosphere, • Note: potential impacts to air quality, acoustic environment and habitats are addressed in Sections 8.6, 8.7 and 8.11. Particular Baseline Conditions that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Proximity to populated areas. • Proximity to sensitive environmental receptors (e.g. designated habitats). Project Factors that are Potentially Influencing Impacts • Implementation of design standards (built in safety). • Implementation of Emergency Response Plan. ERM (2012)

8.21.2.1 Potential Impacts

As reported in Section 8.21.2, incidents for the 36” (offshore) and 48” (onshore) pipeline are very unlikely to occur. The reported incidents within the EGIG database are mainly related to pipelines with smaller diameters and thinner walls rather than the foreseen pipe to be used for the TAP Project.

However, during pipeline operation, potential impacts to human populations and the environment could occur from leakages due to, for example, external interference, corrosion or ground movement. Gas leakages have the potential to ignite and could lead to fatalities. The pipeline will therefore be built and operated with several safety features and the residual risk for any potential impact will be kept to a minimum. Safety features include the design being in according with proven design standard EN 1594, pipeline safety distances, pipeline integrity protection systems, and leak detection systems (as described in more detail in Section 8.21.2).

According to a preliminary evaluation, the individual risk for a person who is permanently present at the pipeline (24 hrs / 365 days a year) is of a frequency of 3 x 10-6 per year or once every 1,000,000 years.1

8.21.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The pipeline will be continuously monitored by a leak detection system (LDS) that monitors flow, pressure and temperature, thereby detecting losses on an automatic basis. Section 4.11.4, Leak Detection System provides further details on the system incorporated into the TAP. Undetected leaks are now a rare occurrence in modern gas pipelines as LDSs allow immediate notification and action in an emergency. TAP AG will respond to any detected leaks through the implementation of its emergency response procedures, including emergency shut down, that will

1 This frequency is considerably low when compared to other risks to the population. For example: the annual risk to die of cancer is about 1 in 387 years; and to die from a road accident (all forms) is about 1 in 16,800.

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8.21.2.2.1 Detailed Risk Assessment to inform final Design

In the further course of planning TAP AG will undertake a full Risk Assessment. Depending on the outcomes of the detailed risk assessment, ALARP measures to reduce the likelihood of pipeline failure may for instance include detailed centreline routing to achieve larger distances from residential houses and technical measures such as increasing of wall thickness in relevant sections in order to further reduce the pipeline’s susceptibility to external threats. The design of the onshore pipeline will be according to the European standard EN 1594.

8.21.2.2.2 Emergency Response Plan

As outlined above, the TAP Project includes built-in safety features according to established standards and norms. In order to address the handling of residual risk associated with non- routine events during operation, TAP AG will develop an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) that will specify the actions required in case of an incident. The ERP will be developed according to Albanian and EU requirements and international industry standards and best practice. The ERP will classify incidents in levels (e.g. Level 1, 2 and 3 incidents) and define criteria for action. The following classification is typically applied:

• Level 1 Incident: A leak that represents an existing or probable hazard to persons or property. Requires immediate repair or continuous action until the conditions are no longer hazardous. These incidents require application of the ERP, including actions such as notifying the police and fire departments, evacuating the area, blocking off the area, re-routing traffic, eliminating sources of ignition and stopping the flow of gas;

• Level 2 Incident: A leak that is recognized as being non-hazardous at the time of detection, but justifies scheduled repair based on probable future hazard. These incidents are to be monitored and repaired; and

• Level 3 Incident: A leak that is non-hazardous at the time of detection and can be reasonably expected to remain non-hazardous:

The content of the ERP is summarised in Section 9.5.3 of Section 9, ESMP.

The Emergency Response Plan will be developed in consultation with the competent authorities, emergency services/civil defence and the municipality administrations along the pipeline route and around the compressor stations.

Based on consultations with relevant stakeholders, TAP AG will investigate the capacity of statutory local and regional emergency response providers to participate in emergency response activities. TAP AG will provide necessary training, engage in the organisation of drills and exercises, and if needed, TAP AG will also provide for necessary improvements to equipment e.g. of local fire brigades / civil defence units.

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Households in communities in the vicinity will receive information via leaflets which will advise how to behave in case of a pipeline leak or incident.

An outline of a typical emergency response plan is provided in Section 9 - ESMP.

8.21.2.3 Residual Risk

A residual risk of non-routine events occurring is inherent to the nature of the Project type and will always remain. The Preliminary Risk Assessment report has established that considering the implementation of the foreseen risk minimisation measures as described above, the societal risk is within the range defined by TAP AG’s policy criteria, which is close to zero.

To confirm the final design, a more detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment will be undertaken by TAP AG and additional risk reduction measures will be defined as needed.

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8.22 Cumulative / Combined Impacts 8.22.1 Identification of Relevant Cumulative Impact Sources

Cumulative impacts may be broadly defined as impacts that result from the accumulation of a number of individual impacts (European Commission DG XI (1999) Guidelines for the Assessment of Indirect and Cumulative Impacts as well as Impact Interactions, OOPEC, May 1999, p iii and Section 2.1). They may result from various types of interaction, including:

• Impacts which are the result of the combination of activities associated with the TAP Project together with other development projects (e.g. impacts caused by TAP construction may be exacerbated by construction activity from other major construction projects nearby) – these potential impacts are identified in this section;

• Impacts that arise from the accumulation of different impacts at a specific location (e.g. construction noise and visual intrusion affecting the same receptor – individually these may not be significant, but the accumulation of different impacts may give rise to an overall significant impact) – these impacts were identified in the relevant thematic topic assessment earlier in this section; and

• The accumulation of impacts of the same type at different locations (e.g. non-significant individual ecological impacts at different sites collectively may give rise to an overall significant ecological impact in a route-wide context) – these impacts were identified in the relevant thematic topic assessment earlier in this section (e.g. Ecology in Section 8.11).

Cumulative impacts in the Project region potentially occur from the combined effects of the TAP Project with other presently ongoing or reasonably foreseeable future activities in the study area. Such other projects have been identified based on a desk based study, and on information received throughout the Stakeholder Meetings undertaken between June 2011 and February 2012 and are summarised in Table 8.22-1.

The environmental impacts due to the TAP Project are related mainly to the construction phase, while regular operation results in impacts of minor significance. It is therefore unlikely that the TAP Project will interact with any other projects during operation to cause cumulative effects. The Project envisages starting construction in mid 2015 (although preparation of auxiliary facilities will commence during mid-2014) and will be carried out over a period of approximately 3.5 years (commissioning expected during 2018).

The transient nature of pipeline construction will however mean that the main pipeline spreads will be constructed over periods of between 3 to 7 months (see Section 4). There will be, therefore, only a few fixed locations where construction will occur for more than a few months. These are the construction sites for the Potom area (where construction will take up to 24 months), and the compressor stations (where construction will take 26 months for CS03 and 20 months for CS02).

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Actual implementation status of other projects in the TAP study area is uncertain, i.e. if and when some these other projects would actually be constructed, due to the limited amount of information available regarding these projects.

With regard to cumulative impacts, there are only a few large third party projects, which combined with the TAP Project may result in cumulative effects on the environment. The other developments identified which may potentially interact with the TAP Project and create cumulative environmental impacts have been chosen primarily through knowledge of other major infrastructure projects planned for development. There are a number of other projects that may occur at the same time as the TAP Project, and the consequence of the potential interactions is assessed in Section 8.22.3.

The future planned projects identified near to the pipeline route and that have the potential to interact with the TAP Project are described in Table 8.22-1 and shown on Figure 8.22-1.

Table 8.22-1 Future Planned Projects considered for Cumulative Assessment

Project Description Possibility of Interaction with TAP? New Road: The project involves the construction of a new road Yes. Vier – Levan as part of the North to South transport corridor. This This project is likely to proceed as finance has by-pass corridor is one of the Albanian government’s priority been secured. The project has received external objectives for the Transport Sector as stated in the finance from the EBRD and is a high priority Albanian National Transport Plan (ANTP). This is project for the General Road Directorate; no because it forms part of the process to harmonise significant delays are therefore expected. Albania’s road network with the rest of Europe in line with its desire to join the EU as a member According to the ESIA dated 21-07-2011, the Fier state. The section North of Fier (Lushnje – Fier) has and Levan bypass is scheduled to come into already been constructed. operation during 2012. Construction, however, has not yet started and some delays might be This link will connect the city of Fier to the other expected. cities of Albania (see Figure 8.22-1). The link is very important for the development of southern Given the current status of the project, it is possible Albania for both industrial and tourism growth in the that the construction of the by-pass could coincide area. with the early preparatory works of the TAP Project during 2013. For more information see: An assessment of these potential interactions is http://www.ebrd.com/pages/project/psd/2011/42319 described in Section 8.22.3. .shtml Hydro Power The Devoll Hydropower Project comprises the Yes. Plants: Devoll development and construction of three Hydropower In a statement made on 1st February 2012, by the River Plants on the Devoll with a combined installed CEO of Devoll Hydropower Sh.A, he emphasised capacity of 340 MWe and the required transmission the support received so far from the Albanian lines to connect the HPPs to the national electricity Authorities, and stated that with the continued grid as follows: cooperation between all the partners, DHP could • Banjë HPP, located approx. 40 km south of reach the construction phase, as planned, in early Tirana, in Elbasan District. 2013. • Kokël HPP, located approx. 30 km upstream Construction of the 3 plants is scheduled to take Banjë Dam, in Gramsh District. place over a period of 8 years. It is therefore, possible that the construction programmes could • Moglicë HPP, located approx. 5 km overlap with the TAP Project. upstream of Kokël HPP and Moglicë Dam, located approx. 11 km upstream Moglicë An assessment of these potential interactions is HPP, in Korca District. described in Section 8.22.3. For more information see: http://www.dhp.al/index.php

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Project Description Possibility of Interaction with TAP? Hydro Power There are proposals for the development and Yes. Plants: Osumi construction of seven Hydropower Plants on the Construction of the seven plants would take River Osumi. However, there is limited information several years to complete. It is therefore, possible available regarding the potential timetable for the that some, but probably not all, of the construction delivery of these projects. programmes could overlap with the TAP Project. An assessment of these potential interactions is described in Section 8.22.3. Mbrostar An Urban development area has been allocated No. Urban along the Fier-Lushnje highway (Mbrostar-Verri- Given the unavailability of information to confirm Development Vajkan). the likely progress of this development, it is There is no information available to confirm either considered unlikely that this project will overlap the scale or timetable of this development and the with the construction phase of the TAP Project. availability of funding is unknown. No interactions with the TAP Project are therefore likely to occur and no further assessment has been made. Tourism The whole area between the rivers Vjose-Seman No. Development has been allocated as a Tourism Area by the It is unlikely that given the respective timeframes Vjosa-Seman National Council of Territory Planning and for the construction of the TAP Project and the Regulation. implementation of projects within the Tourism Area No official projects have yet been approved in this that the construction programmes will overlap. area. The projects under discussion include No interactions with the TAP Project are therefore residential developments and hotels, but no likely to occur and no further assessment has been progress is expected in the foreseeable future as made. no funding is available.

Fier Thermal In 2002 Harza Engineering in collaboration with the No. Power Plant Albanian National Agency of Energy (NAE) and Subsequent EC Albania Progress Reports for 2010 (TPP) specialists of Fier TPP evaluated the technical and and 2011 (Section 15: Energy) have stated that economic feasibility of rehabilitating some or all of Albania has an almost exclusive dependence on the units at the 186 MW Fier TPP. hydro-electric power plants for domestic The Fier TPP was, however, shut down in April generation. 2007. It is therefore highly unlikely that progress will be The Albania 2009 Progress Report (European made with Fier TPP in the foreseeable future. Commission 14th October 2009) at Section 4.2.5 No interactions with the TAP Project are therefore Energy further reported that “no progress can be likely to occur and no further assessment has been reported regarding the rehabilitation of the Fier made. TPP”. Landfill site The construction of a landfill in Verri (north of Fier, No. north/east of within 2 km corridor) it has been under discussed It is therefore highly unlikely that progress will be Fier at since 2000. The plan is to develop it in on 13 ha made with the landfill in the foreseeable future. Kp183/184. area of land in Verri/Mbrostar Commune. No interactions with the TAP Project are therefore No official plan has yet been approved. likely to occur and no further assessment has been Discussions have been held with the Deputy Mayor made. of Fier who is responsible for Urbanism regarding the plans for Fier Land Fill. The Deputy Mayor stated that there is no landfill, but that there were intentions to implement an urban waste management plan and construct a sanitary landfill in Fier City, but this has never materialised. Compiled by ERM (2012)

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Figure 8.22-1 Location of Future Planned Projects considered for Cumulative Assessment

ERM (2012)

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8.22.2 Cumulative Impacts Offshore (and Coastal)

Landfall Area

For the TAP landfall and nearshore section, no cumulative impacts with other known projects on the coast are anticipated. The landfall lies within the regional Tourism Development Area of Vjose-Seman. The whole area between the rivers Vjose and Semani including the coast has been designated as a Tourism Area by the National Council of Territory Planning and Regulation. However, recent planning legislation changes require that all local plans have to be resubmitted for evaluation. The projects under discussion include residential developments and hotels. No immediate implementation progress is expected in the foreseeable future due to the required reapplication process and also reportedly to lack of funding for implementation of the tourism projects. Therefore it is unlikely that construction time overlaps of the TAP Project and this planned tourism development would occur.

Offshore Pipeline Route

As for offshore activities, after a desk based study and information received throughout the Stakeholder Meetings undertaken between June 2011 and February 2012 (including inter alia QNOD - Inter-institutional structure of Control of Marine Space1, Vlore Port Authority, Fisheries unit of the Ministry of Environment), presently there are no other on-going or planned projects in the same area of influence of the TAP offshore section which could result in cumulative impacts. Therefore, no cumulative impacts in the offshore area of the Project are anticipated at this stage. 8.22.3 Cumulative Impacts Onshore 8.22.3.1 Overview

From the evaluation of the projects described in Table 8.22-1, only three projects have a delivery timetable with the potential to coincide with the TAP Project. These are the new Vier – Vlore By- Pass and the Hydro Power Plants on the Devoll and the Osumi. The other investment proposals are, either located at some distance from the TAP Project pipeline and compressor stations, and out of the protection zone of the pipeline, or their delivery schedule is unlikely to coincide with the TAP Project. A cumulative impact during the construction and operation of the TAP Project is therefore unlikely to occur.

A summary of how these three projects may interact with the TAP Project is presented in Table 8.22-2.

1 Representatives from different ministries dealing with marine environment, lead by the Albanian Navy

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Table 8.22-2 Potential Cumulative Impacts from the Interaction between TAP and Other Projects

Project Potential Interaction with TAP New Road The interaction of the construction of the new by-pass with the TAP Project would be limited in duration Bypass: Vier - to an approximate 3 month period during the construction of Spread 4b: Kutalli to Landfall (see Section Levan 4). The northern end of the by-pass is located approximately 1.5 km from the sites of the large camp and pipe yard at Fusha Mbrostar (see Figure 8.22-1). However, interaction between these two projects is likely to be limited to traffic generated by the movement of construction materials and personnel to the work sites. It is possible that the materials required for the construction of the by-pass will be delivered from the port at Durres via Highway SH4. These material deliveries may coincide with the 50 to 246 two-way truck movements per day required, over a 3 month period, to transport pipe sections and bedding and replacement materials from the harbour to the TAP Project pipe yard at Fusha Mbrostar. A Traffic Management Plan (TMP) (see Section 0) will be developed for the TAP Project in consultation with the competent authorities, traffic police and municipalities, and implemented throughout construction. One aspect of this TMP will be that the TAP Project will identify and co-operate with other major projects so that potential interactions do not result in significant environmental impacts. Hydro Power The interaction of the construction of the new hydro power plants on the Devoll with the TAP Project Plants: Devoll would be limited in duration for a period of either 2-4 weeks, or up to 4 months (depending on crossing method) during the construction of the river crossings below the confluence of the Devoll and Osumi within Spread 4b: Kutalli to Landfall (see Section 4). It is possible the disruption to water flows within the Devoll as a result of the hydro power plant construction could have effects further downstream in the Osumi. These effects could be exacerbated if the river crossings of the Osumi required by the TAP Project are carried out at the same time. The mitigation measures described in Sections 8.8 and 8.12 to address potential impacts to freshwater resources and ecology arising from the construction of the TAP Project will be implemented. The application of these measures should ensure that potential interactions do not result in significant cumulative environmental impacts. Hydro Power The interaction of the construction of the new hydro power plants on the Osumi with the TAP Project Plants: Osumi would be limited in duration for a period of up to 4 months during the “trenchless” construction of major river crossings 11–17 within the Central-Western section between Corovoda to Berat (see Section 4). It is possible the disruption to water flows within the Osumi as a result of the hydro power plant construction could have effects that could be exacerbated if the river crossings required by the TAP Project are carried out at the same time. The mitigation measures described in Sections 8.8 and 8.12 to address potential impacts to freshwater resources and freshwater ecology and riparian habitats arising from the construction of the TAP Project will be implemented, recommend the use of “trenchless” techniques. The application of these measures should ensure that potential interactions do not result in significant cumulative environmental impacts. ERM (2012)

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8.22.3.1.1 New Road By-Pass: Vier – Levan

Impacts on road users Delays to existing road users arising from possible interactions between the construction of the TAP Project and the Vier – Levan By-Pass are unlikely to occur. Construction traffic on local roads may lead to inappropriate over-taking of slow moving construction vehicles and introduce a safety hazard to pedestrians and cyclist on these roads where they are used to low levels of baseline traffic. Impacts would be, however, short term associated with the duration of construction, particularly the peak construction periods, and would be managed through the application of a Traffic Management Plan. On the basis that the mitigation measures are implemented and that monitoring shows these to be broadly effective, the overall residual cumulative impact would be expected to be of minor or not significant.

8.22.3.1.2 Hydro Power Plants: Devoll River

Should the three hydro schemes proposed on the Devoll upstream of the Osumi confluence be constructed at the same time as the river crossings required for the TAP Project through work spreads 4a and 4b (see Section 4), these activities may interact to have cumulative impacts on fresh water resources, fish populations and riparian habitats.

Impacts from the TAP Project itself will be mostly short term and will occur during the construction period. The potential for cumulative impacts will therefore be limited to the short periods of time when the river crossings are being constructed i.e. 2-4 weeks for “open-cut” crossings and up to four months for “trenchless” crossings. For terrestrial and aquatic ecological receptors, cumulative impacts arising from the interaction between the construction of the TAP Project and the Devoll Hydro Power Plants are therefore likely to be of minor or not significant.

8.22.3.1.3 Hydro Power Plants: Osumi River

Should the seven hydro power plants proposed on the Osumi be constructed at the same time as the seven river crossings required for the TAP Project between Corovoda and Berat (see Section 4), these activities may interact to have cumulative impacts on fresh water resources, fish populations and riparian habitats.

For terrestrial and aquatic ecological receptors, cumulative impacts arising from the interaction between the construction of the TAP Project and the Osumi Hydro Power Plants are likely to be of minor or not significant. Impacts from the TAP Project itself will be mostly short term and will occur during the construction period. The potential for cumulative impacts will therefore be limited to the short periods of time when the river crossings are being constructed i.e. up to four months for “trenchless” crossings.

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In the terrestrial environment cumulative impacts from those projects identified above are likely to be of not significant. Cumulative impacts for both terrestrial and aquatic receptors must however be considered for the Osumi. Here as with most large watercourses in Albania there are a number of plans for hydro power plants to be installed along the length of this river. As identified by Shumka et al. (2010) seven hydro power plants have been identified and all these projects will be located along the river section from Corovoda to Berat. Such projects will affect both the aquatic and terrestrial environment. While it is unclear at what stage of development these projects are, it is clear that, without mitigation, the impacts of these projects in conjunction with those from TAP could result in significant cumulative effects. The construction of the hydro power projects would result in the loss of widespread riparian habitat, and species reliant on the rivers would either be directly lost or permanently displaced. The Osumi system would also become very fragmented and it would be difficult, unless fish passage was maintained, for species to navigate the Osumi through the hydro power projects. This could lead to population isolation and potentially long term population decline. If these projects do proceed and the construction phase coincides with the TAP Project, without mitigation, cumulative impacts could be of major significance. However, given the significance of the TAP scheme and the likely engineering difficulties of building the pipe line and the hydro schemes in the same river valley it is highly likely that the present scale of projects proposed for the Osumi will be scaled down and that potential cumulative impacts will be much reduced although still significant. Without detailed design, locations, footprint and information on fish passage it is impossible to make any further rating on cumulative impacts than has been outlined here.

If the construction of hydro power plants and the TAP Project were to take place at the same time in the Osumi river area, the disruption to water flows within the Osumi as a result of the hydro power plant construction could have effects that could be exacerbated if the river crossings required by the TAP Project are carried out using “open trench” methods. The actual feasibility of using “trenchless” techniques in this area, which would make cumulative effects unlikely to occur, is being subject to further techncal studies. In the case that “open-trench” methods were used at the Osumi due to technical issues, coordination between the two projects would need to be performed. 8.22.3.2 Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures required to prevent significant traffic impacts are described in Section 8.19. Measure to prevent significant impacts to freshwater resources, ecology and riparian habitats are described in in Sections 8.8 and 8.12.

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8.22.3.3 Residual Impacts Traffic related impacts would be short term associated with the duration of construction, particularly the peak construction periods and would be managed through the application of a Traffic Management Plan. On the basis that the mitigation measures are implemented, and that monitoring shows these to be broadly effective, the overall magnitude of the residual cumulative impact would be expected to be minor or not significant. Not significant cumulative traffic impacts are therefore likely to occur.

Impacts on freshwater resources, ecology and riparian habitats would be short term associated with the duration of construction, particularly if the construction phases of the hydro power projects and the TAP Project coincided. On the basis that the mitigation measures identified for the crossings of the Osumi and Devoll required by the TAP Project are implemented, and that monitoring shows these to be broadly effective, the overall magnitude of the residual cumulative impact would be expected to be minor or not significant. Not significant cumulative impacts are therefore likely to occur on freshwater ecology and riparian habitats.

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8.23 Transboundary Impacts 8.23.1 Introduction The Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline (TAP) Project will originate in Greece and pass through Albania and across the Adriatic Sea to Italy. In line with best practice for the development of large linear infrastructure projects that cross several countries in Europe, particular attention is given by TAP AG to potential transboundary impacts of the project.

TAP AG is aware of the requirements of the ESPOO Convention On Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, which was been ratified by Albania on 4 October 1991 and transposed into Albanian legislation by Law No. 9478 dated 16 February 2006. The two other countries involved, Greece and Italy, are also both signatories of the ESPOO Convention. In addition, standards of international financing institutions1 require that the topic is addressed in the process of environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) for the overall project.

This section discusses the cross-border issues arising from the TAP Project. The legal requirements and procedure are discussed in Section 3 of this report. 8.23.2 Identification and Assessment of Transboundary Impacts

Albania’s location and history make it of particular importance as a transboundary area, bordering both Greece and Macedonia and due to its past inclusion within the Eastern Block it retains well developed ecological communities within this border area which were never heavily populated. These border areas have been identified as being of high significance by a number of bodies including the Council of Europe and the EU as well as the Pan-European Ecological Network (PEEN) and the European Greenbelt initiative.

It is difficult to define the transboundary area within Albania where impacts may affect wider populations or habitats in Greece or Macedonia. The habitat areas within Albania directly adjacent to the borders of these countries where the pipe alignment is located are generally not of high quality and impacts will be temporary in this region. However, the area at Trestenik and Bilisht is known to support populations of Brown bear (U. arctos) and Wolves (C. lupus) which pass between Greece and Albania but due to the current lack of scientific baseline data, the permeability / connectivity of bears living between both countries remains uncertain. Nevertheless it is quite possible that they constitute a single population and therefore viability of bears in Eastern Albania also depends on conservation of bears in Western Greece. As per the Project activities and proposed ESMP, potential impacts are considered to be either negligible or of minor significance. Nevertheless careful management is needed to minimize impacts.

1 TAP AG has chosen the environmental and socioeconomic performance standards of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) as the reference for developing the TAP Project and in particular the ESIA process including stakeholder engagement.

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The key transboundary sites identified by the Council of Europe and the PEEN and the Greenbelt Initiative include both the Mali I Thate and Morova candidate ASCI sites. Both these sites are located close to the Greek and Macedonian border and the Mali I Thate site directly borders the Ethnikos Drymos Prespon SPA/SAC in Greece. Both these sites will be largely unaffected by the Project and while connectivity between these sites will be temporarily lost due to pipe laying between Kp 21 and Kp 26, the timing of works (to be outside of the key migration period) and the general short term nature of the build period will mean these impacts will be of Minor Significance as previously identified for both these sites and any transboundary impacts for species are therefore likely to also be of minor significance. Transboundary impacts are not thought significant for species in other areas such as Vithkuq – Ostrovice as passage of species will only be affected in the short term. Furthermore species within this area are some 20+ km from the border, although for U. arctos and C. lupus this will be well within their potential home ranges.

The other area where transboundary impacts may be considered is at Grykederdhja Semanit- Pishe Poro. Here the key species present are mostly made up of migrant bird species that pass through the area on passage each year in spring and autumn. For these species the Adriatic coast is important and many pass between the more important sites of Karavasta Lagoon (Ramsar site) and Narta Lagoon (Nationally Protected) on their way north or south. Species will annually pass between Greece, Albania and other countries along the migration route. Generally though impacts to species will be minimal as careful planning of works outside the migration periods and the wide scale movement of species and low observed usage along the pipe route will mean impacts will be negligible from a transboundary perspective.

Potential impacts on aquatic receptors from transboundary impacts are difficult to assess. However, fish are likely to be the main group that could be affected as some species such as A. anguilla as well as Salmo trutta will migrate into the Adriatic and beyond, so species loss within Albania could potentially cause impacts to wider populations. TAP works will use a number of techniques to avoid, reduce and mitigate impacts on species and overall wider populations are unlikely to be affected. It should be noted though that A. Anguilla is IUCN listed as CE, so potential impacts on this species which are heavily under pressure across Europe could be of minor significance in the wider context.

Based on air dispersion modelling undertaken by TAP AG, no significant transboundary airshed or visual impacts towards Greece are anticipated from the envisaged Compressor Station CS02, which is planned to be located in Albania approximately 4 km from the border with Greece.

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Based on a preliminary viewshed analysis, the only inhabited settlement that may fall within the zone of visual influence of CS02 in Albania is Leropigi village, which lies approximately 6 km to the northeast. This village is located under a hill flank and has an elevated view to the south and west into the lower lying areas of Albania. There is a chance of visibility of the vent, but the station building and the 30 m stacks would only be visible from the hilltops around Leropigi (see viewshed analysis map for CS02 in Section 8.10, Landscape IA).

Emission modelling for the CS02 airshed indicates that for the relevant substance NOX, the short term concentrations (NOX 99.8° Percentile of Hourly Concentration CS02) would reach 25.6 µg/m³ approx. 1 km away from the Greek border and 2.3 km northwest of Ieropigi village.

EU limit value for 99.8 percentile = 200 g/m³). The highest average long term NOX concentration on Greek territory will be approximately 0.35 g/m³ on the border and some 3 km northwest of Leropigi (EU limit value for long term average = 40 g/m³).(see attached dispersion modelling maps in the Attachment I).

During operation of the pipeline, onshore and offshore limited transboundary effects could potentially occur due to unplanned events such as accidents or explosions.

Offshore transboundary impacts of activities in the Albanian land or territorial waters of the Adriatic Sea are not expected to affect any neighbouring country territory due to the distance (Greece to the South and Montenegro and others to the North). Some degree of transboundary impacts could result from operations inside the Albanian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) at the border to the vicinity of the Italian EEZ area. This will be related during the construction period to air emissions, noise and treated water discharge from installation and support vessels working in the Albania EEZ. These transboundary impacts are considered negligible. In so far as the installation of the offshore pipeline in the Albanian side of the Adriatic will be serviced from an Italian port (possibly San Foca, Lecce) an indirect transboundary impacts in the form of vessel traffic and associated effects will be generated in Albania but experienced in the Italian EEZ, in any case this impact would be of similar nature and significance (minor) as the one experienced by the vessel traffic generated in the installation of the Italian side (impacts generated by vessels for the installation on the Albanian side are assessed in Section 8.2.3.1.1).

Impacts in the Albanian EEZ from the discharge of hydrotesting water from the Italian EEZ side have been analysed in Section 8.21.1.1.1.

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8.23.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts

1. Mitigation measures for impacts to biological resources (construction phase):

• Restriction on access to forested areas during and following construction;

• Reduce vehicle speed while travelling on all construction roads (limits will be established at the Traffic Management Plan).

• Fauna species should not be caught or killed during construction.

• Trenches or holes created during site works should be covered at night or some form of escape ramp placed within the hazard.

• Where appropriate, temporary or permanent provisions for fauna to cross the working strip / roads using underpasses, tunnels or other measures should be installed.

• Development of a specific mitigation plan for Large Carnivores.

2. Mitigation measures for impacts to air quality (operation of CS02):

• Maintenance of the equipments and monitoring;

• Air quality monitoring during a period of 1-2 years to ensure no affection;

3. Mitigation measures for visual impacts (operation of CS02):

• CS02 will be finished in a colour selected to mitigate or minimise visual impacts.

• Mitigation planting will be introduced to visually screen these structures from the surrounding area.

• A landscape restoration plan will be prepared to recognise and draw from existing landscape character and vegetation patterns and native species will be selected to match those locally found in the area. 8.23.4 Residual Impacts

Following the implementation of the abovementioned mitigation measures, all transboundary impacts identified in the previous section are considered of minor residual significance.

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8.24 Project Response

Local perceptions about the TAP Project and detailed account of stakeholder consultation during ESIA development are presented in Section 7 Stakeholder Engagement. However, a number of comments, concerns and expectations were raised and some issues were identified which require particular attention during the further detailed project planning. The consideration of the results of stakeholder meetings by the Project is presented in Table 8.24-1.

Table 8.24-1 Summary of Project Response to Stakeholder Concerns

Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description Project description & footprint • Understanding of exact This ESIA provides a detailed description of the project footprint Section 3 routing of the pipeline including location of logistic sites and details on the timing for Section 4 and location of logistical construction, operation and decommissioning of the pipeline.

sites such as camps, Detailed project information on the exact route and the location of block valve stations and the logistics will be presented again to all stakeholders during the Annex 3 pipe yards. Process ESIA Disclosure in 2012. and timing for construction of the pipeline.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description Loss of livelihoods & land compensation • Loss of livelihoods in TAP is fully cognisant of the dependence on land for income Section 8 areas where generation and subsistence in the study area and is therefore • Section 8.14 settlements are committed to minimising disturbance resulting from temporary dependent on land for and permanent use of land by the Project and then compensation income generation and for remaining impacts in a manner that at least restores Section 9 subsistence use. livelihoods of those affected. With the exception of areas of difficult terrain in mountainous regions, construction will be completed and land reinstated within a calendar year. Consequently the loss of seasonal agricultural production will predominantly be over a one-year period, which will commence in the winter. It is recognised however that the land productivity may take time to fully re-establish and permanent crop production will take longer to re-establish and there will also be restrictions to the regrowth of permanent crops in the 8 m permanent pipeline protection strip of the pipeline. TAP AG has developed a Strategy for the Acquisition of Land and Easement (TAP-HSE-ST-0002 – 2), which commits TAP AG to mitigate adverse socioeconomic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on affected persons’ use of or access to land. The central tenants of this Strategy are as follows: • Providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost; • Ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those affected; • Improving or, at a minimum, restoring the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons to pre-project levels, so as to facilitate sustainable improvements to socioeconomic status; • Paying particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups. In order to realise these objectives, the project will establish a Livelihoods Restoration Framework (LRF) in line with the EBRD Performance Requirements that will establish the entitlements of affected persons or communities and ensure that compensation is provided in a transparent, consistent, and equitable manner. In the case of subsistence farming communities that might be severely affected by project activities, the owners & rights-holders individually affected will be entitled to additional assistance until the restored livelihoods produce incomes that are equal or above a non-project scenario. • Restrictions to increase All such restrictions will be considered under the Livelihoods Section 8 productivity through Restoration Framework with affected landowners and/or right • Section 8.14 expansion of holders being entitled to compensation at replacement values for agricultural areas / the reduced opportunities to use the land most productively (lost orchards and olive stumpage value). Section 9 groves and access restrictions to land for cultivation, land maintenance and other agricultural activities.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Compensation process, As outlined above the LRF is the framework by which TAP AG will Section 8 timing and amount of establish the entitlements of affected persons or communities and • Section 8.14 compensation that will will ensure that compensation is provided in a transparent, be provided to those consistent, and equitable manner. This process will be directly affected by the project managed by TAP AG who will be responsible for negotiating Section 9 including; agreements with individual landowners and compensating o Consideration of land accordingly. The LRF will take into the specific points raised by ownership under law stakeholders as follows: 7501 in which farmers were • TAP is working with the government to establish, enhance allocated land by the and update cadastral data within the 2 km corridor. Following government, some of this process, TAP AG will begin identifying individual which do not have landowners in 2012 and help them secure land title ownership documents with the aim of having 80% of landowners’ documents. registered by mid 2013. The Project target for completing this o Compensation process is within the second half of 2013.The Project will also provided to make an effort to identify absent landowners. communes for loss • TAP AG will engage with authorities to identify alternative of forested areas. sites when areas currently used for collection of firewood are o Consideration of restricted or cleared due to project activities. agricultural • TAP is committed to providing landowners and/or rights plantation schemes / holders cash for lost earnings, land rights and lost future EU subsidiaries. opportunities. o Time and financial • TAP AG will work with local organisations and landowners investment in through the Social and Environmental Investment production of fruit Programme on projects that aim to enhance local livelihoods. trees, also related to sense of identity and • TAP AG will provide compensation to greenhouse tradition. owner/owners for loss of earnings and cost of replacement structure, in addition to compensation for greenhouse o Loss of workers for temporary loss of earnings. greenhouses. In the interim whilst the LRF is finalised an Entitlement Matrix has been drafted, which identifies the type of impact from land and easement acquisition for each project activity and provides detailed guidance on how stakeholders should be compensated. This document draws on the LRF outlined above in addition to several policy documents including: TAP’s Policy on Corporate Social Responsibility (TAP-HSE-PO-0002), the Land and Easement Acquisition Strategy (TAP-HSE-ST-0002) and the Draft Land Access Plan (TAP-HSE-MO-0004).

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Uncertainty that TAP TAP is committed to working to international best practice Section 8 AG will compensate standards and is using the European Bank of Reconstruction and • Section 8.14 based on past Developments performance requirements as a benchmark. In experience / legacy line with this TAP is committed to compensating affected issues. landowners and land users. An important commitment that stems from the EBRD requirements is that the LRF will be submitted for public disclosure to ensure that affected people understand the compensation procedures, know what to expect at the various stages of the project and be able to provide comment which will be considered prior to finalising the LRF. Potential benefits to Local Communities • Employment As presented in Section 7, it is acknowledged that employment is Section 8 opportunities. a key concern to communities in the study area although most • Section 8.13 construction jobs on the project will be short-term (3-7 months or less for pre-construction) it is expected that employment impacts Section 9 will be higher in communities near the CS due to the larger workforce and longer duration of work. As part of its overall commitment to enhance project benefits to communities, TAP AG will agree an Employment Strategy with Primary Contractors that will include the expected level of local input for unskilled labour. Contractors will be required to source 100% of unskilled labour from within Albania with best efforts to recruit unskilled labour from the communes crossed by the pipeline. Agreed measures will be monitored and reported on. A fair and transparent recruitment process will be established with all positions widely advertised and open to all regardless of ethnicity, religion or gender, Additionally, TAP AG will implement a Local Content Plan aimed at enhancing capacity of national level companies and as a further method of increasing Project-related employment opportunities in Albania. TAP has committed to enhancing national supplier capacity through a comprehensive demand and supply chain analysis; phased capacity building program; targeted training agreed with local government, industry and other organisations. • Expectation that Albania The primary economic impact during the operation phase will be Section 8 should see benefits the payment of taxes by the TAP to the Albanian government. • Section 8.13 because of the impacts The exact amount of fees to be paid will be negotiated in the Host of the project. Government Agreement therefore no specific measures have been devised yet. However, the payment of taxes will generate a long-term (project duration) impact. • Infrastructure TAP AG will upgrade and construct access roads to allow for Section 7 developments such as project activities to be developed but has not yet defined which roads, irrigation and level of local utilities and services enhancement will be required to Section 8 sewerage and health undertake the construction of the pipeline and the associated and education centres. facilities. However, TAP intends to undertake some infrastructure • Section 8.15 upgrades (access roads, camps, water supplies, landfills, sewage systems etc.) in a way which allows neighbouring communities to Section 9 benefit from them even after TAP AG has left. TAP AG will also take forward a social and environmental investment plan in order to enhance living conditions in neighbouring communities and biodiversity in and around critical habitats. The social and environmental investment plan will be developed with the participation of local communities.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Perception that local As stated above TAP is committed to put in place measures to Section 7 communities will not see ensure project benefits (employment, local sourcing and Section 8: improvements to infrastructure and utilities) are realised through any benefits due to past • experience. the implementation of specific strategies and plans that translate Section 8.18- commitments into action. Community Cohesion In support of the above, TAP AG will continue to engage relevant stakeholders, including communities in order to continue to build and maintain positive relationships. Section 9 Cultural Heritage impacts • Management of impacts Cultural heritage of concern to local communities primarily include Section 8: to cultural heritage sites above-ground or built heritage, such as monuments and other • Section 8.20 sites with Intangible Cultural Value (ICH) value. The Project has identified a number of cultural heritage sites of community concern in the study area, including historic and modern Section 9 churches, cemeteries, historic buildings, and war memorials. o The Project has committed to either avoid or mitigate impacts at these sites in accordance with the ESMMP. o The community liaison group to be established during the construction phase will monitor known ICH issues and identify new ones through direct consultation with community members. Consultation will assist in refining the Project’s understanding of the concerns about these sites and the development of site-specific mitigation measures that may be needed. o Supplementing this, a culturally appropriate grievance mechanism will include measures to identify and promptly address any unanticipated ICH impacts that may occur during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the Project. o The community liaison team will have access to the listing of ICH sites of identified by the assessment and will develop and implement the corresponding mitigations in consultation with the Cultural Heritage Team that will be implementing the Chance Finds Procedure during construction.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description Environmental Impacts • Disturbance caused by The location of compressor stations has been chosen so that Section 8 compressor stations these installations will not be in close proximity to residences. The • Section 8.6 closest inhabited houses to CS02 and CS03 are at distances of • 900 and 700 m, respectively. Section 8.7 • TAP AG has undertaken a noise and air dispersion modelling Section 8.8 studies in the areas where the compressor stations will be located • Section 8.9 to assess the impact of air and noise emissions. The simulation • Section 8.10. studies do not predict important nuisances associated to noise and air emissions, and expected noise levels and concentrations • Section 8.11 of pollutants at the nearest inhabited areas are well within legal limits and standards. Section 9 Additionally baseline ambient air quality and acoustic environment have also been undertaken. The project has committed to either avoid or mitigate these impacts in accordance with the ESMP and to implement specific measures. o A key feature of TAP overall monitoring program is the implementation of an air quality monitoring program during a period of 1-2 years; o The optimization of the project layout and the machinery in use will also ensure disturbance caused by noise generated by compressor stations is either avoided or mitigated. o The Waste Management Plan developed in compliance with international standards and Albanian legislation will be periodically monitored to ensure compliance with TAP AG’s policies and procedures in this regard. TAP AG has established a grievance mechanism that provides the avenues for lodging a grievance related to project activities, including compressor stations, during construction, operation and decommissioning phases

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Potential contamination TAP attaches great importance to the use and management of Section 8 of water supplies during natural resources in particular water supplies as these constitute • Section 8.8 construction and the basis of livelihood and sustainability of communities. In this • operation regard, TAP AG has undertaken a field sampling campaign to Section 8.17 determine the quality of water and sediments potentially affected • Section 8.18 by Project activities. In addition the project has committed to avoid or mitigate these impacts in accordance with the ESMMP. The project will operate under highest international standards and has committed to: o Strictly follow international standards during construction to avoid contaminants from reaching the bare ground and to avoid potential pollution of aquifers and rivers o Minimize the use of water, and will apply a Water Management Plan to that effect o Consider using dry open cut and trenchless (HDD) methods in sensitive water resources and use inert and non toxic drilling mud when using HDD method. Trenchless crossings are subject to technical feasibility o Develop a pollution prevention plan, including actions towards prevention of spills, prohibiting the use of polluting materials such as PCBs, leaded paints, chromium-based cooling water treatment and mercury- filled meters and establishing procedures for handling potentially polluting materials and waste. o Develop chemical management plan and waste management plan with periodic monitoring TAP AG has established a grievance mechanism that provides the avenues for lodging a grievance related to project activities that result in impacts on natural resources including freshwater resources. • Impacts to soil quality TAP AG has undertaken a field sampling campaign to determine Section 8 and management of the quality of the soil potentially affected by Project activities. In • Section 8.9 land restoration with addition the project has committed to avoid or mitigate these • consideration for timing impacts in accordance with the ESMMP. The project will operate Section 8.14 to restore productivity to under highest international standards and has committed to: a non-TAP scenario (in o Develop a chemical management plan and waste particular in areas of management plan with periodic monitoring agricultural production). o Store topsoil from trenching activities separately and not mixed with other trenched materials. o The landscape management plan will detail procedures of restoration works o The type of equipment used during construction will be chosen according to the existing soil types o In order to minimise the amount of soil potentially affected by the construction activities, no machinery will be permitted to leave the access roadways or the working strip o Cooperate with local authorities and communities to ensure minimal disturbance and due compensation in case of loss of livelihood TAP’s grievance mechanism will provide communities with the avenue for lodging a grievance related to project activities that result in impacts on natural resources including soil quality.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description Health & safety of Communities • Gas leaks and TAP’s approach to health and safety of communities is driven by Section 4 explosions, potential the conviction that any community concerns or a perception with impact of wild fires on regards to reduced health and physical safety by the community Section 8: the pipeline and the need to be addressed. Being aware of its responsibilities and management of duties towards its stakeholders, in particular local communities in • Section 8.17 emergency response the study area, TAP AG will implement plans and procedures • Section 8.18 procedures, especially based on internationally recognised health and safety standards

in isolated settlements and the use of best available technology. including during The cornerstone of TAP’s approach to safety will be emergency Section 9 construction and response plans (ERPs) taking into account access to health care, operation major incidences, multiple casualty events and pandemics. These will be developed in consultation with national emergency providers and local health care facilities and will cover all contractors and subcontractors as well as consideration of the local community. In the process of developing the ERPs: • TAP is committed to assessing the emergency response capacity at local level and to enhance it if required. Authorities and communities have expressed concern over the local capacity to manage emergencies particularly in remote areas. TAP AG will commit the necessary resources to maintain standards throughout the pipeline route. • TAP AG will undertake a capacity / needs assessment of equipment and personnel of hospitals along the route and in Tirana to determine if facilities have sufficient resources and equipment to deal with emergencies. Agreements will be entered into with suitable hospitals to provide health care in emergency situations. These agreements will include provision of additional equipment or training for staff if required by TAP. Additionally, TAP AG will undertake a program of stakeholder engagement managed locally by a team of liaison officers to ensure communities understand that the risks of accidents during construction and operation are minimal. • Community health Local communities are aware that construction of the pipeline, Section 8: issues such as the block valves and compressor stations will result in changes to the • Section 8.8 impact on water physical environment which has the potential to affect the health • resources potentially and wellbeing of communities, in particular in relation to Section 8.17 caused by chemicals freshwater sources. Section 9 during construction Impact on water resources will be avoided or mitigated through the application of the considerations presented above, under “Potential contamination of water supplies during construction and operation”.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Workforce management The construction of the pipeline and its associated facilities will Section 8 including interaction result in up to 1500 workers transported to the study area. • Section 8.16 with female residents in Workers will mostly be housed in self-contained camps and will nearby settlements be subject to a code of conduct with regard to their behaviour and conduct towards local residents. Section 9 TAP’s Worker Code of Conduct is designed to preserve and foster the integrity and reputation of TAP and to help its employees and others who work for TAP to avoid misconduct. TAP AG will extend the Worker Code of Conduct (which all TAP employees contractors and subcontractors follow) to include guidelines on worker-community interactions, alcohol consumption, intimate relationships/ fraternisation with members of the local communities and explicitly forbid illegal activities including the use of prostitutes and illegal substances. The grievance mechanism will be adjusted to the project construction phase with the relevant contractor and subcontractor staff fully aware of their roles in third party grievance resolution process and involve additional resources if necessary to resolve concerns within stipulated timescales. Access to gas • Many communities rely There is a high degree of expectation in Albania that the TAP Section 8 on electricity and Project will bring local, as well as national level benefits to the • Section 8.15 firewood as a source of country. The Project is not currently planned to provide gas to the energy. Access to gas local market, although this provision may be provided if required would enhance the contracts are agreed. However, TAP is aware of the situation Section 9 quality of life through with regards energy and the needs expressed by communities in the provision of this regard. In this regard, TAP AG has committed to take forward improved heating, hot a social and environmental investment plan that should enhance water and reduced living conditions in neighbouring communities and address needs energy costs, especially express during ESIA consultation. The social and environmental in the winter in investment plan will be developed with the participation of local mountainous regions. It communities. would also relieve the forests from further degradation.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description Stakeholder engagement & information disclosure • Inclusion of settlements TAP AG has developed guiding principles for stakeholder Section 7 in the decision making engagement set forth in the Corporate Social Responsibility Annex 7 process regarding the Policy (TAP-HSE-PO-0002) to guide Project interactions with TAP Project and stakeholders. According to these principles, stakeholder transparency regarding engagement is to be conducted in a manner that is: Proactive, potential negative Transparent, Two-way, Timely, Inclusive, Appropriate, impacts of the Project Accessible, Relevant, Free and Accountable. These principles are to be adhered to during all engagements with stakeholders and are applicable for all project functions and its contractors. The Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) that TAP AG has developed is based on these principle and provides details on the specific engagement activities that TAP AG will be implementing throughout the project lifespan. In this plan TAP AG has committed to engage and consult with all settlements within a 2 km corridor along the pipeline route and to continue this engagement through the disclosure of the ESIA document. During the ESIA process TAP organised 71 Local level meetings across 32 communes and 76 settlements within the 2 km corridor and where project information including information on potential negative impacts where presented. Communities had the opportunity to raise their concerns and TAP recorded them into the Stakeholder Consultation Database to ensure follow up. Re- routing of the pipeline to avoid sensitivities identified during the ESIA data collection resulted in 8 additional settlement coming within the 2 km corridor. These settlements were consequently not consulted during the main ESIA phase of engagement. However, they will be engaged during ESIA disclosure.

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Issue/Concern & Project Response ESIA Reference Description • Management of TAP’s approach to the management of community relations is Section 7 opposition to the based on the guiding principles described above and the Annex 7 Project. implementation of a detailed Stakeholder Engagement Plan tailored to the specificities The objectives of stakeholder engagement activities are to share information and knowledge relating the Project and potential impacts so that stakeholders understand the risks, impacts and opportunities and to seek to understand the concerns of others and building relationships based on collaboration to achieve positive outcomes. TAP AG understands that is totally legitimate for communities to oppose to the project and its response will be to offer continuous engagement that is proactive, transparent, two-way, timely, inclusive, appropriate, and accessible to all. Additionally, TAP’s grievance mechanism provides the avenues for lodging a grievance and the activity and /or consequence of the activities performed by TAP. The objective of this mechanism are the follows: • To provide third parties with a straightforward, prompt, culturally appropriate and readily accessible way for lodging a grievance or resolving any dispute that may arise during the planning phase of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline, at no cost and with-out retribution to themselves; • To ensure that appropriate corrective actions are effectively implemented to ad-dress the grievance; • To ensure that the course of action is communicated back to the complainant in a timely manner; • To minimize the need for judicial or administrative proceedings; • To ensure that TAP grievance management is in full compliance with EBRD performance requirements and industry best practice. Compiled by ERM (2012)

Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG – Albania (Branch Office) Torre Drin, Rruga Abdi Toptani Tirana, Albania Tel.: + 355 44 306 937 Fax: + 355 42 265 685 [email protected] www.tap-ag.com

Date 01/2013

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