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SECTION 6 NERVOUS SYSTEM the Center of the Nervous System Is The

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SECTION 6 NERVOUS SYSTEM the Center of the Nervous System Is The SECTION 6 NERVOUS SYSTEM The center of the nervous system is the brain which coordinates and controls all activities of the body. Should the brain stop functioning, death would occur. The structures of this system include the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Three parts make up this system: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Word Elements We will first look at some of the word elements that might be used in this system. Listen as each word element is being pronounced. arachn/o (a rak no) means spider or spider web arachno athet/o (ath’ e to) means uncontrolled atheto ax/o (ak so) means axis or main stem axo caus/o, caust/o (kaw so, kaw sto) means burning causo, causto -cele means hernia, swelling, tumor, cyst cele cephal/o (sef a lo) means head cephalo cerebell/o (ser e bel o) means cerebellum (ser e bel um) cerebello cerebr/o (ser e bro) means brain or cerebrum (ser e brum, ser e brum) cerebro concuss/o (kon kush o) means violently shaken concusso contus/o (kon too’ so) means bruise contuso convolut/o (kon vo loo’ to) means coiled or twisted convoluto cortic/o (kor ti ko) means cortex or outer region cortico dendr/o (den dro) means branching or resembling a tree dendro dur/o (du ro) means dura mater duro encephal/o (en sef a lo) means brain encephalo epi- (ep i) means over or upon epi -esthesia (es the ze a) means sensation or feeling esthesia gangli/o, ganglion/o (gang le o, gang le on o) means swelling or ganglion ganglio, gangliono gli/o (gli o) means glue glio gyr/o (ji ro) means turning or folding gyro hemat/o (he ma to) means blood hemato hydro- (hi dro) means pertaining to water or hydrogen hydro -lepsy (lep se) means seizure lepsy medull/o (med u lo, me dul o) means inner section, soft, marrow medullo mening/o, meningi/o (men in go, men in je o) means meninges (membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord meningo, meningio myel/o (mi e lo) means spinal cord or bone marrow myelo narc/o (nar ko) means numbness or stupor narco neur/o (nu ro) or neur/i (nu ri) means nerve or nervous system neuro, neuri noct/i (nok ti) means night nocti -oid (oyd) means like or resembling oid -phasia (fa ze a) means speak or speech phasia plex/o (pleks o) means plexus or network plexo poli/o (pol e o) means gray matter of brain and spinal cord polio radicul/o (ra dik u lo) means root as in nerve root radiculo somn/i, somn/o (som ni, som no) means sleep somni, somno sub- (sub) means below, beneath, under sub sulc/o (sul ko) means groove or furrow sulco synaps/o, synapt/o (sin ap so, sin ap to) means point of contact synapso, synapto thalam/o (thal a mo) means thalamus or inner room thalamo Nervous System Words agnosia (ag no’ ze a) is the loss of comprehension of auditory, visual, or other sensations although the sensory sphere is intact a- means without gnosia means knowledge agnosia Alzheimer’s disease (alts’ hi merz) is a chronic, organic mental disorder that includes progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, and personality changes Alzheimer’s disease amnesia (am ne’ ze a) is a loss of memory amnesia amyotrophic (a mi” o tro’ fik) lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease) abbreviated ALS—is a degenerative disease of the motor neurons in which the patient becomes progressively weaker until completely paralyzed amyotrophic means pertaining to muscular atrophy lateral means pertaining to the side scler/o means hard -osis means condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis apathy (ap’ a the) means indifference or lack of emotion a- means without -pathy means feeling apathy aphasia (a fa’ ze a) is the absence or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech a- means without phasia means to speak or speech aphasia apraxia (a prak’ se a) is the inability to perform purposive movements although there is no sensory or motor impairment a- means without praxia refers to action apraxia arachnoid membrane (a rak’ noyd) is the second layer of the meninges and it resembles a spider web arachn/o means spider web oid means resembling or like arachnoid membrane athetosis (ath e to’ sis) is a condition in which irregular, slow, twisting, snakelike movements occur in the upper extremities (usually) athet/o means uncontrolled -osis means condition athetosis autonomic nervous system (aw to nom’ ik)--abbreviated ANS--consists of ganglia (gang’ gle a) on either side of the spinal cord autonomic nervous system axon (ak’ son) is the neuron process that conducts impulses away from the cell body axon Bell’s palsy is a paralysis of the seventh cranial or facial nerve, causing a unilateral drooping of the side of the face affected by the paralysis Bell’s palsy brainstem is the stalklike portion of the brain that connects cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord brainstem central nervous system—abbreviated CNS—consists of the spinal cord and brain central nervous system cephalalgia (sef a lal’ je a) is pain in the head or a headache; may also be called cephalodynia (sef” a lo din’ e a) cephal/o means head -algia means pain cephalalgia cerebellum (ser e bel’ um) is located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebrum (ser’ e brum, ser e’ brum). It coordinates muscle activity for smooth and steady movements. cerebellum cerebral palsy (ser e’ bral pawl’ ze) is a nonprogressive paralysis that has resulted from brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after birth cerebral means pertaining to the brain palsy means paralysis cerebral palsy cerebral contusion (ser e’ bral kon too’ shun) is bruising of the brain tissue due to a head injury cerebral means pertaining to the brain contus/o means bruise cerebral contusion cerebrospinal fluid (ser” e bro spi’ nal) —abbreviated CSF—is a colorless, clear, watery fluid produced by special capillaries within the brain ventricles cerebr/o means brain spinal means pertaining to the spine cerebrospinal fluid cerebrum (ser’ e brum, ser e’ brum) is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for the highest level of thought cerebr/o means brain cerebrum coma (ko’ ma) is a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, response to stimuli, and/or vocalization coma concussion (kon kush’ un) is a head injury resulting from impact with an object concuss/o means violently shaken concussion conscious (kon’ shus) means being awake and aware of surroundings conscious convolution (kon” vo loo’ shun)--also known as gyrus--means a turn, fold, or coil of anything that is rolled, as a scroll convolution demyelination (de mi’ e lin a’ shun) is the destruction or loss of the myelin (mi’ e lin) sheath from the myelinated (mi’ e li nat’ ed) fibers due to disease demyelination dendrite (den’ drit) is the part of the neuron that conducts impulses to the cell body dendr/o means branching dendrite dura mater (du’ ra ma’ tur) is the outermost membrane of the meninges dur/o means pertaining to the dura mater dura mater dysphasia (dis fa’ ze a) is the impairment of speech resulting from a brain lesion dys- means bad, labored, painful, difficult -phasia means to speak or speech dysphasia electroencephalography (e lek tro en sef a lo gra fe) —also known as EEG—is the process of recording brain-wave activity electr/o means electric encephal/o means brain -graphy means the procedure of recording or writing electroencephalography electroshock therapy—also known as electroconvulsive therapy (abbreviated ECT) produces a controlled convulsion as an electric current passes through the brain electroshock therapy encephalogram (en sef’ a lo gram) is the record made from an EEG encephal/o means brain gram means record or image encephalogram encephalopathy (en sef” a lop’ a the) is any degenerative disease of the brain encephal/o means brain -pathy means disease or feeling encephalopathy epidural (ep i doo ral) means outside the dura mater epi- means upon, over dural means pertaining to the dura mater epidural epilepsy (ep’ i lep” se) is a group of disorders that are characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures epilepsy fissure (fish’ ur)—also known as sulcus—is a groove or natural division, cleft, or slit fissure frontal lobe consists of the four main convolutions in front of the cerebrum that control motor functions frontal lobe ganglion (gang’ le on) is a mass of nervous tissue mainly composed of nerve-cell bodies and lying outside the brain or spinal cord ganglion grand mal epilepsy is one of two types of epilepsy that is characterized by tonic-clonic (klon’ ik) seizures grand mal epilepsy gray matter is what nerves are called that do not have myelin sheath protective coverings on them gray matter homeostasis (ho” me o sta’ sis) refers to the state of equilibrium or the process of maintaining a constant internal environment in the body home/o means likeness -stasis means standing homeostasis hydrocephalus (hi dro sef’ a lus) is an abnormally increased amount of fluid within the brain hydr/o means fluid cephalus means referring to the brain hydrocephalus hypothalamus (hi” po thal’ a mus) is the portion of the diencephalon comprising the ventral wall of the third ventricle. It is located below the thalamus and controls vital body functions. hyp/o means under, below hypothalamus innervation (in” er va’ shun) is the nerve supply to a body part and also the stimulation of a body part innervation lethargy (leth’ ar je) is a lowered level of consciousness where the patient is listless, drowsy, and apathic lethargy lobectomy (lo bek’ to me) means surgical removal of a lobe of the brain lob/o means lobe
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