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Earthbag Housing: Structural Behaviour and Applicability in Developing Countries

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Earthbag Housing: Structural Behaviour and Applicability in Developing Countries EARTHBAG HOUSING: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLICABILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES by Bryce Callaghan Daigle A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2008 Copyright © Bryce Callaghan Daigle, 2008 Abstract Global awareness of environmental issues such as climate change and resource depletion has grown dramatically in recent years. As a result, there has been a surge of interest in developing alternative building techniques and materials which are capable of meeting our structural needs with lower energy and material consumption. These technologies are particularly attractive for housing. Much of the global demand for housing is currently being driven by economic growth in developing countries. Additionally, natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami have destroyed houses in many countries where limited economic wealth makes reconstruction a challenge. This has resulted in shortages of permanent housing in these areas. This thesis explores the structural behaviour of earthbag housing under vertical compressive loading, in an attempt to broaden our quantitative understanding of this alternative building technique. Furthermore, this technique is assessed, along with other alternative construction techniques, for suitability in southern Sri Lanka, an area heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It was determined that the compressive strength of unplastered earthbag housing specimens meets or exceeds the vertical compressive strength of conventional stud-frame housing technology using a variety of fill materials, with the greatest strength being observed for soil- filled bags. Furthermore, the results of observational research from a site visit to Sri Lanka in 2006, combined with resource availability data and interviews with Sri Lankan citizens, suggest that earthbag housing is a very promising technique for housing construction in the southern coastal region. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Kevin Hall and Dr. Colin MacDougall, for their help throughout my time as a graduate student. They provided a great deal of insight, support, encouragement, and an almost frightening amount of freedom, all of which was greatly appreciated. The RESTORE Project partners were incredibly helpful in teaching me the realities of international development, as well as the finer points of the situation in post-tsunami Sri Lanka. In particular, Dr. Jana Janakiram (University of Guelph) and Dr. Brent Doberstein (University of Waterloo) were both very helpful. The Civil Engineering department technical staff was also very helpful. In particular, Paul Thrasher and Dave Tryon were instrumental in getting the earthbag specimens fabricated and tested. I would also like to thank Steve Vardy for being a wealth of information on everything from straw bale houses to data acquisition. I was very fortunate to have had the help of a number of research assistants, including Heather Munro, Jasper Boychuk, and Tommy Perley (whose inexhaustible work ethic helped keep the earthbag tests on track through their final days). I would also like to thank the many great people at Queen’s currently engaged in the discussion of humanitarian engineering, whose insights have greatly broadened my perspective on the issue. Finally, I would like to thank my family, whose love and support has made my education possible. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Earthbag Construction ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Straw Bale Housing ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Earthen Construction (clay bricks, rammed earth) .............................................................. 20 2.4 Bamboo ................................................................................................................................ 28 2.5 Comparison of Known Material Properties ......................................................................... 41 2.6 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 3 The RESTORE Project - Opportunities and Challenges for Humanitarian Engineering in the Context of Conflict ...................................................................................... 44 3.1 The RESTORE Project ........................................................................................................ 45 3.2 Results of Observational Research ...................................................................................... 48 3.3 Potential Problems Associated with Development from “Outside” .................................... 52 3.3.1 Dependence ................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.2 Imbalance ...................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.3 Irrelevance ..................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.4 Disconnectedness .......................................................................................................... 55 3.4 Strategies for Increasing the Likelihood of Project Success ................................................ 55 3.5 Problems Arising Due to Conflict ........................................................................................ 58 3.6 Discussion and Lessons Learned from the RESTORE Project ............................................ 59 Chapter 4 Test Program and Methodology ............................................................................... 62 4.1 Testing Program ................................................................................................................... 62 4.2 Experimental Methodology ................................................................................................. 63 4.2.1 Compressive Tests of Unplastered Earthbags ............................................................... 63 4.2.2 Soil Characterization ..................................................................................................... 76 4.2.3 Tensile Testing of Polypropylene Bag Fabric ............................................................... 78 iv Chapter 5 Results and Analysis .................................................................................................. 80 5.1 Ancillary Tests - Soil Particle Size Analysis Results........................................................... 80 5.2 Correction of Earthbag Test Results .................................................................................... 82 5.3 Granite-filled Earthbag Results ............................................................................................ 90 5.3.1 Small Granite-filled 3-Bag Stacks ................................................................................ 90 5.3.2 Medium Granite-filled 3-Bag Stacks .......................................................................... 100 5.3.3 Small Granite-filled 6-Bag Stacks .............................................................................. 103 5.3.4 Small Granite-filled 9-Bag Stacks .............................................................................. 104 5.4 Topsoil-Filled Earthbag Results......................................................................................... 105 5.5 Sandy Soil-Filled Earthbag Results ................................................................................... 107 5.6 Effects of Fill Type ............................................................................................................ 108 5.7 Effects of Stack Height ...................................................................................................... 111 5.8 Effects of Bag Size ............................................................................................................. 113 5.9 Ancillary Tests - Polypropylene Tensile Test Results ....................................................... 114 Chapter 6 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 117 6.1 Earthbag Testing Results - Comparison with other earthbag studies ...............................
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