Creative Interface for Constructing Earthbag Resource Objects
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Earthbag Technology - Simple, Safe and Sustainable
EARTHBAG TECHNOLOGY - SIMPLE, SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE Dr. Owen GEIGER1, Kateryna ZEMSKOVA2 1 Director of the Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Building, USA Nepal Engineer's Association [email protected] Earthbag Technology - Simple, Safe and Sustainable 2 Co-Founder and President of Good Earth Nepal, a New York based non-profit organization, USA [email protected] Dr. Owen GEIGER Kateryna ZEMSKOVA Director of the Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Co-Founder and President of Good Earth Nepal, Building, USA a New York based non-profit organization, USA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Earthbag technology is an inexpensive, simple and sustainable method for building structures. Having evolved from military bunker construction and flood control methods, Earthbag buildings are notable for their ability to endure fire, flood, wind, earthquake and vermin, and are used in disaster-prone zones all over the world. In Nepal, all 55 Earthbag buildings survived a 7.8 magnitude earthquake with no structural damage. Because Earthbag technology makes minimal use of cement, concrete, steel and timber, and the fuel needed to transport them. This technique is easy on the environment, and doesn’t deplete scarce natural resources. Earthbag technology also requires less expertise than other traditional building methods, and only the simplest of tools. I. INTRODUCTION Earthbag technology is a wall system with structures composed primarily of ordinary soil found at the construction site. The soil is stuffed inside polypropylene bags, which are then staggered like masonry and solidly tamped. Barbed wire is used between the layers of bags and serves as mortar. For seismically active zones reinforcements like buttresses, vertical rebars and bond beams are recommended. -
Plastic Limit Analysis of Earthbag Structures
Plastic Limit Analysis of Earthbag Structures Student: Ralph Pelly Supervisor: Dr Andrew Heath Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering The University of Bath 2009 AR40223 MEng dissertation 1 Abstract In this paper, a detailed experimental analysis is carried out of the strength and structural performance of earthbag construction. An attempt at modelling the behaviour of earthbag arches using masonry arch plastic limit analysis is made, and conclusions drawn regarding its applicability to this method of construction. The relatively short history of earthbag construction is reviewed, and particular reference made to a planned earthbag dome project in the Namib Desert, Namibia. Constituent materials of polypropylene bags and sandy fill material are used to match expected conditions on this project, and material properties are defined in a series of tests. The compression strength, stiffness and friction coefficient of the earthbags are determined and used in further analysis on the structural system. Earthbag arches are tested, and it is shown that earthbag structures undergo large plastic deformations before ultimate collapse, and that properties can be improved significantly through the stabilisation of fill material. It is concluded that plastic limit analysis is appropriate only where stabilised fill material is employed. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to give my sincerest thanks and appreciation for all the support and advice I have received from so many people, not just in writing this paper but in studying for my degree over the last four years. It would not have been possible without them: Will Bazeley, Neil Price, Brian Purnell and Sophie Hayward, for their tireless and enduringly positive support through the entire experimental programme. -
Simulating Self Supporting Structures
Simulating Self Supporting Structures A Comparison study of Interlocking Wave Jointed Geometry using Finite Element and Physical Modelling Methods Shayani Fernando1, Dagmar Reinhardt2, Simon Weir3 1,2,3University of Sydney, Australia 1,2,3{shayani.fernando|dagmar.reinhardt|simon.weir}@sydney.edu.au Self-supporting modular block systems of stone or masonry architecture are amongst ancient building techniques that survived unchanged for centuries. The control over geometry and structural performance of arches, domes and vaults continues to be exemplary and structural integrity is analysed through analogue and virtual simulation methods. With the advancement of computational tools and software development, finite and discrete element modeling have become efficient practices for analysing aspects for economy, tolerances and safety of stone masonry structures. This paper compares methods of structural simulation and analysis of an arch based on an interlocking wave joint assembly. As an extension of standard planar brick or stone modules, two specific geometry variations of catenary and sinusoidal curvature are investigated and simulated in a comparison of physical compression tests and finite element analysis methods. This is in order to test the stress performance and resilience provided by three-dimensional joints respectively through their capacity to resist vertical compression, as well as torsion and shear forces. The research reports on the threshold for maximum sinusoidal curvature evidenced by structural failure in physical modelling methods and finite element analysis. Keywords: Mortar-less, Interlocking, Structures, Finite Element Modelling, Models INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT OF RESEARCH used, consideration of relative position of each block Self-supporting stone or masonry architecture is the within the overall geometry, and joints of a block as- arrangement of modular elements that are struc- sembly become the driving factor that determine the turally performative and hold together through ver- architecture. -
Earthbag Housing: Structural Behaviour and Applicability in Developing Countries
EARTHBAG HOUSING: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND APPLICABILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES by Bryce Callaghan Daigle A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2008 Copyright © Bryce Callaghan Daigle, 2008 Abstract Global awareness of environmental issues such as climate change and resource depletion has grown dramatically in recent years. As a result, there has been a surge of interest in developing alternative building techniques and materials which are capable of meeting our structural needs with lower energy and material consumption. These technologies are particularly attractive for housing. Much of the global demand for housing is currently being driven by economic growth in developing countries. Additionally, natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami have destroyed houses in many countries where limited economic wealth makes reconstruction a challenge. This has resulted in shortages of permanent housing in these areas. This thesis explores the structural behaviour of earthbag housing under vertical compressive loading, in an attempt to broaden our quantitative understanding of this alternative building technique. Furthermore, this technique is assessed, along with other alternative construction techniques, for suitability in southern Sri Lanka, an area heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It was determined that the compressive strength of unplastered earthbag housing specimens meets or exceeds the vertical compressive strength of conventional stud-frame housing technology using a variety of fill materials, with the greatest strength being observed for soil- filled bags. Furthermore, the results of observational research from a site visit to Sri Lanka in 2006, combined with resource availability data and interviews with Sri Lankan citizens, suggest that earthbag housing is a very promising technique for housing construction in the southern coastal region. -
2020.06.04 Lecture Notes 10Am Lecture 3 – Estereostàtic (Stereostatic: Solid + Force of Weight Without Motion)
2020.06.04 Lecture Notes 10am Lecture 3 – Estereostàtic (stereostatic: solid + force of weight without motion) Welcome back to Antoni Gaudí’s Influence on the Contemporary Architecture of Barcelona and Bilbao. Housekeeping Items for New Students: Muting everyone (background noise) Questions > Raise Hand & Chat questions to Erin (co-host). 5 to 10 minute break & 10 to 15 minutes at end for Q&A 2x (Calvet chair) Last week, 1898 same time Gaudí’s finishing cast figures of the Nativity Façade. Started construction on Casa Calvet (1898-1900) influence of skeletons on chair, bones as props/levers for body movement, develops natural compound curved form. Gaudí was turning toward nature for inspiration on structure and design. He studied the growth and patterns of flowers, seeds, grass reeds, but most of all the human skeleton, their form both functional and aesthetic. He said, these natural forms made up of “paraboloids, hyperboloids and helicoids, constantly varying the incidence of the light, are rich in matrices themselves, which make ornamentation and even modeling unnecessary.” 1x (Calvet stair) Traditional Catalan method of brickwork vaulting (Bóvedas Tabicadas), artform in stairways, often supported by only one wall, the other side open to the center. Complexity of such stairs required specialist stairway builders (escaleristas), who obtained the curve for the staircase vaults by hanging a chain from two ends and then inverting this form as a guide for laying the bricks to the arch profile. 1x (Vizcaya bridge) 10:15 Of these ruled geometries, one that he had studied in architectural school, was the catenary curve: profile resulting from a cable hanging under its own weight (uniformly applied load)., which five years earlier used for the Vizcaya Bridge, west of Bilbao (1893), suspension steel truss. -
Analysis of Structural Components During Cyclical Loading of Steel Reinforced Earthbag Construction Noah Strong Santa Clara University
Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Civil Engineering Senior Theses Engineering Senior Theses Spring 2018 Analysis of Structural Components During Cyclical Loading of Steel Reinforced Earthbag Construction Noah Strong Santa Clara University Emil Huebner Santa Clara University Ethan Jensen Santa Clara University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/ceng_senior Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Strong, Noah; Huebner, Emil; and Jensen, Ethan, "Analysis of Structural Components During Cyclical Loading of Steel Reinforced Earthbag Construction" (2018). Civil Engineering Senior Theses. 63. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/ceng_senior/63 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering Senior Theses at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil Engineering Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 12 S H 613.2018 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS DURING CYCLICAL LOADING OF STEEL REINFORCED EARTHBAG CONSTRUCTION by Noah Strong Emil Huebner Ethan Jensen SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT REPORT Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Santa Clara, California Spring 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank our Faculty Advisors, Dr. Tonya Nilsson and Dr. Mark Aschheim. Dr. Nilsson has guided, motivated, and assisted this design project the entire school year. Dr. Nilsson is an expert in alternative building methods and alternative building materials. Dr. Mark Aschheim designed and built the Three Degree-of-Freedom Test Frame and was vital in the testing success and data analysis. -
Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of an Earthbag Building in Mediterranean Continental Climate: Monitoring and Simulation
energies Article Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of an Earthbag Building in Mediterranean Continental Climate: Monitoring and Simulation Lídia Rincón, Ariadna Carrobé, Marc Medrano * , Cristian Solé, Albert Castell and Ingrid Martorell y SEMB Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Pere de Cabrera s/n, 25001 Lleida, Spain; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (I.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Serra Húnter Fellow, Generalitat de Catalunya. y Received: 7 November 2019; Accepted: 24 December 2019; Published: 30 December 2019 Abstract: Nearly 30% of humanity lives in earthen dwellings. Earthbag is a sustainable, cheap, feasible and comfortable option for emergency housing. A comparative monitoring-simulation analysis of the hygrothermal behavior of an Earthbag dwelling in Mediterranean continental climate, designed under bioclimatic criteria, is presented. The dome shape Earthbag dwelling has a net floor area of 7.07 m2, a glass door facing south and two confronted windows in the east and west facades. A numerical model (EnergyPlus v8.8) was designed for comparison. Twenty-four hour cross ventilation, night cross ventilation, and no ventilation in free floating mode and a controlled indoor temperature were the tested scenarios. Comparisons between experimental data and simulation show a good match in temperature behavior for the scenarios studied. Reductions of 90% in summer and 88% in winter, in the interior thermal amplitude with respect to exterior temperatures are found. Position of the glazed openings was fundamental in the direct solar gains, contributing to the increase of temperature in 1.31 ◦C in winter and 1.37 ◦C in the equinox. -
Earthbag Building in the Humid Tropics
1 Earthbag Building in the Humid Tropics Earthbag Building in the Humid Tropics: Simple Structures 2nd edition Patti Stouter June 2011 Online version available at www.EarthbagBuilding.com and at www.Scribd.com/patti_stouter. Please share these free self-help guidelines and let us know how to improve them. 2 Earthbag Building in the Humid Tropics TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 About Earthbag 5 Types of Earthbag 7 ‘Raw’ Earth Versus Cement 11 Exterior Finishes STEP BY STEP: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 14 Soil Tests 15 Materials LAYOUTS FOR NON-HAZARDOUS AREAS 16 Buttress Corners 17 Piers at Corners, Straight Walls 18 Circles, Corrugated Walls, Wall Height & Thickness 19 Window & Door Openings, Window & Door Sizes, Windows without Arches 20 Roof INSTRUCTIONS 20 Placing Bags 22 Base Course, Openings 24 Bond Beam, Roof, Floor 26 Finishes 25 A Note About Working Across Cultures 28 Acknowledgements, About the Author, 29 Bibliography 3 Earthbag Building in the Humid Tropics In many parts of the world buildings must be extra strong for earthquakes or hurricanes and tsunamis. Other publications can help you plan for this.1 West Africa, northeastern South America and some parts of China and India do not have many earthquakes. Check the global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP) maps to be sure that your area is not at risk for earthquakes. If you live far enough inland where cyclones are not strong and tsunamis can't reach, these guidelines can help you try a new way of building simple structures with earth. Your buildings must resist termites and mold as well as be right for the climate, and for how people live. -
Building with Earth in Auroville Vaulted Structures
BUILDING WITH EARTH IN AUROVILLE VAULTED STRUCTURES The research in Auroville with this kind of roofing aims to revive and integrate in the 21st century the techniques used in past centuries and millennia, such as those developed in ancient Egypt or during the period of Gothic architecture in Europe. This R&D seeks to increase the span of the roof, decrease its thickness, and create new shapes. Note that all vaults and domes are built with compressed stabilised earth blocks which are laid in “Free spanning” mode, meaning without formwork. This was previously called the Nubian technique, from Egypt, but the Auroville Earth Institute developed it and found new ways to build arches and vaults. The traditional Nubian technique needed a back wall to stick the blocks onto. The vault was built arch after arch and therefore the courses were laid vertically. The binder, about 1 cm thick, was the silty-clayey soil from the Nile and the blocks used were adobe. The even regularity of compressed stabilised earth block produced by the Auram press 3000 allows building with a cement-stabilised earth glue of 1-2 mm only in thickness. The free spanning technique allows courses to be laid horizontally, which presents certain advantages compared to the Nubian technique which has vertical courses. Depending on the shape of vaults, the structures are built either with horizontal courses, vertical ones or a combination of both. All vault shapes are calculated to develop catenary forces in the masonry. Their thickness and span can therefore be optimised. Building -
Soil and Health Library
Soil and Health Library This document is a reproduction of the book or other copyrighted material you requested. It was prepared on Friday, 23 March 2012 for the exclusive use of Homestead 101, whose email address is [email protected] This reproduction was made by the Soil and Health Library only for the purpose of research and study. Any further distribution or reproduction of this copy in any form whatsoever constitutes a violation of copyrights. PAULINA WOJCIECHOWSKA THE REAL GOODS SOLAR LIVING BOOKS This Organic Life: Confessions of a Suburban Homesteader by Joan Gussow The Beauty of Straw Bale Homes by Athena and Bill Steen Serious Straw Bale: A Home Construction Guide for All Climates by Paul Lacinski and Michel Bergeron The Natural House: A Complete Guide to Healthy, Energy-Efficient, Environmental Homes by Daniel D. Chiras The New Independent Home: People and Houses that Harvest the Sun, Wind, and Water by Michael Potts Wind Energy Basics and Wind Power for Home & Business by Paul Gipe The Earth-Sheltered House: An Architect's Sketchbook by Malcolm Wells Mortgage-Free! Radical Strategies for Home Ownership by Rob Roy A Place in the Sun: The Evolution of the Real Goods Solar Living Center by John Schaeffer and the Collaborative Design/Construction Team The Passive Solar House: Using Solar Design to Heat and Cool Your Home by James Kachadorian Independent Builder: Designing & Building a House Your Own Way by Sam Clark The Rammed Earth House by David Easton The Straw Bale House by Athena Swentzell Steen, Bill Steen, and David Bainbridge with David Eisenberg Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook: The Complete Guide to Renewable Energy Technologies and Sustainable Living, 10th Edition, edited by Doug Pratt and John Schaeffer REAL GOODS TRADING COMPANY in Ukiah, California, was founded in 1978 to make available new tools to help people live self- sufficiently and sustainably. -
Either in Depth Or on a Hillside
TRAINING COURSES TRAINING OUTCOME WITH PHOTOS Trainees are coming from all over the world for getting theoretical and practical knowledge on earth architecture and other appropriate building technologies. They enjoy working with their hands for building various things. Please note that when the information below does mention the location of the training course, it means that the training course was in Auroville. ****************************************************************************************************** 2010 SEPTEMBER 13th to 25th – TWO WEEK COURSE ON ARCHES, VAULTS AND DOMES 29 trainees from 4 countries (23 Indians, 4 French, 1 Saudi Arabian, 1 American) First week: studying the stability of arches and vaults Teaching how to build an arch Group photo of AVD September 2010 batch ****************************************************************************************************** 2010 AUGUST 30th to SEPTEMBER 4th – TWO WEEK COURSE ON PRODUCTION AND USE OF CSEB 37 trainees from 6 countries (28 Indians, 1 British, 4 French, 2 Germans, 1 Italian, 1 Ugandan) Production of CSEB with the Auram Press 3000 Steel mat preparation for composite column Group photo of CSEB September 2010 batch ****************************************************************************************************** 2010 JUNE 28th to JULY 3rd – ONE WEEK COURSE ON PRODUCTION AND USE OF CSEB 21 trainees from 3 countries (17 Indians, 1 French, 1 Spanish, 2 Egyptians) Preparation for plinth beam Casting of plinth beam Identification of soils ****************************************************************************************************** -
Optimal Forms of Two-Pin Arches
7th International Conference on Modern Research in Civil Engineering, Architectural & Urban Development October 19-21, 2018 Munich - Germany Optimal forms of two-pin arches Asal Pournaghshband PhD graduate Warwick University [email protected] Abstract A comprehensive review of the response of two-pin arches including catenary, parabolic and circular form to loading is presented. The effects of form on the arch structural response for static loading and span-to- height ratios (L:h) ranging from 2 to 8 are presented using finite element solution provided by the GSA software. Results have shown that circular arches represent least optimal shape, exhibiting high combined stresses and bending moments, particularly for the L:h ratio of 2 (semi-circular arch). The optimum L:h ratio for a circular rib arch is between 4 and 6, but the stresses that develop in it are still higher than in parabolic or catenary arches. This is with regard to the pure arch behavior for L:h≤5. The minimum of the combined compressive stresses in parabolic and catenary arches are observed at L:h ratio between 2 and 4. The parabolic arch demonstrated lower structural action effects when the uniformly distributed load (UDL) is greater than the self-weight (SW). Overall, the findings demonstrate that the response of 2-pin arch forms to applied loading is critically dependent on the arch form and its shape governed by the L:h ratio. Keywords: form; span-to-height; combined stress; bending moment; optimal 100 7th International Conference on Modern Research in Civil Engineering, Architectural & Urban Development October 19-21, 2018 Munich - Germany 1.