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UC San Francisco Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCSF UC San Francisco Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Internal and External Control of Instinctual Social Behaviors Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/25j1g9z2 Author Fraser, Eleanor Joan Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Interna! and External Control of Instinctnal Social Behaviors by Eleanor Joan Eraser DISSFiRTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPFfY" in Genetics in the Copyright (2012) by Eleanor Joan Fraser ii Abstract In sexually reproducing animals, innate sexually dimorphic behaviors are regulated internally by gonadal steroid hormones and other cues and by sensory cues from the external world, such as pheromones. In mice, pheromones can be sensed by either the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) or the vomeronasal organ (VNO). The relative contribution of these two chemosensory subsystems to sexually dimorphic behaviors is not adequately understood. Using mouse strains genetically engineered to lack odorant-evoked signaling in either the MOE or VNO, we investigated the interaction between these systems in male mating behavior and in several female-typical behaviors. We found that the VNO inhibits aberrant male- typical mounting behavior in both males and females. Pheromonal control of female-typical behaviors is complex, with a different requirement for MOE and VNO input for each behavior studied. While female sexual behavior is redundantly regulated by the MOE and VNO, maternal aggression requires both sensory epithelia to be functional. Maternal care of pups requires MOE function and is redundantly controlled by VNO signaling. While olfactory input is necessary for initiating normal male mating behavior, subsequent steps are highly stereotyped and follow a genetically controlled pattern. Preliminary analysis of wild-type male mating demonstrates that the latency to begin mating predicts the likelihood of successful completion. Taken together with the data on chemosensory control of male mating, this highlights the stereotyped nature of the mating pattern iii between the initiation of mounting and ejaculation as well as the importance of the first mount as the output of the choice to mate. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii Chapter One: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Sexually dimorphic behaviors..................................................................................................................... 1 Hormonal control of sexually dimorphic behaviors ................................................................................... 4 Pheromones ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Main Olfactory Epithelium and Vomeronasal Organs ............................................................................... 8 Role of MOE and VNO in sexually dimorphic behaviors ......................................................................... 11 Behavior-promoting pheromones ............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter Two: VNO inhibition of male mating ......................................................................................... 16 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 17 Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter Three: Complex chemosensory control of reproductive behaviors in female mice ................ 23 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 29 v Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Chapter Four: Analysis of wild-type male mating ................................................................................... 42 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 45 Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 57 References .................................................................................................................................................... 60 Publishing Agreement ................................................................................................................................. 70 vi List of Figures Figure 2-1 Olfactory input affects probability, not pattern of mating. ............................. 20 Figure 2-2 Sniffing is not required for mating. ................................................................. 21 Figure 3-1 Pheromonal input is not necessary for normal puberty onset. ........................ 36 Figure 3-2 Intact estrous cycle but decreased receptivity in Cnga2-/-;Trpc2-/- females. ... 36 Figure 3-3 Diminished maternal behaviors in female olfactory mutants. ........................ 37 Figure 3-4 Mounting of males by Trpc2-/- females does not require Cnga2. ................... 38 Figure 4-1 Wild-type males show variability in mating assays. ....................................... 53 Figure 4-2 Temporal sequence of sniffing, mounting, and intromission .......................... 54 Figure 4-3 Differences between assays with and without ejaculation .............................. 55 Figure 4-4 Controlling for mount latency. ........................................................................ 56 Figure 4-5 Homogenizing testosterone levels does not eliminate assay variability. ........ 57 vii Chapter One: Introduction Sexually dimorphic behaviors All animals exhibit innate social behaviors that are often used to ensure reproductive success. The innate nature of these behaviors makes them useful models for how neural circuits control behaviors. They can be observed in naïve animals with no prior social experience, implying that they are developmentally hardwired. However, display of such innate behaviors is tightly regulated by the internal physical milieu as well as by appropriate sensory cues from the external world. This tight regulation ensures that behaviors such as mating and aggression are displayed at appropriate times and circumstances. In mice, males and females show many differences in behaviors, including mating, territorial behavior, and parenting. Mating Male mating behavior in the mouse begins with olfactory investigation, particularly of the anogenital region. The male then begins mounting the female from behind, thrusting rapidly. Upon penetration (intromission), the thrusting pattern slows and becomes deeper. The mouse requires several bouts of intromission before ejaculating (Hull and Dominguez, 2007). This mating behavior is robustly elicited from naïve males upon introduction of a female in estrus. Males also “sing”, i.e. emit ultrasonic vocalizations to females or female odors but not to males or male odors (Nyby et al., 1977; Whitney et al., 1973). These vocalizations have 1 been compared in structure and complexity to birdsong (Holy and Guo, 2005). Females will choose to spend more time with a male capable
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