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Campylobacter-Like Organisms and Candida in Peptic Ulcers and Similar Lesions of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: a Study of 247 Cases

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Campylobacter-Like Organisms and Candida in Peptic Ulcers and Similar Lesions of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: a Study of 247 Cases J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.41.10.1093 on 1 October 1988. Downloaded from JClin Pathol 1988;41:1093-1098 Campylobacter-like organisms and Candida in peptic ulcers and similar lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract: a study of 247 cases N K KALOGEROPOULOS, R WHITEHEAD From the Department ofPathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia SUMMARY Campylobacter-like organisms were detected by light microscopy in association with 57 of 102 (56%) of gastric ulcers, all the gastric erosions associated with gastritis, three offive (60%) of gastric erosions without gastritis, five of 13 (39%) ofmild superficial gastritis and two of 36 (6%) of normal gastric mucosa. They were also seen in four of 20 (20%) of duodenal ulcers, but not in duodenal erosions with duodenitis or normal duodenal biopsy specimens. They were seen in association with 12 of 64 (19%) of cases of Barrett's oesophagus. Moniliasis was seen in nine of78 (12%) ofthe gastric ulcers in which campylobacter-like organisms were found, and the incidence ofmoniliasis was three of 15 (20%) in association with duodenal ulcers when ulcer debris was present in biopsy material, and in association with six of 25 (24%) of cases of Barrett's oesophagus. These findings do not support the hypothesis that campylobacter-like organisms cause inflam- matory and ulcerative lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract. copyright. The presence of spiral or curved bacilli in close in peptic ulcers of duodenum, stomach, and oeso- association with human gastric mucosa was described phagus. Candidiasis is generally regarded as an oppor- as early as 1896' and noted subsequently on several tunistic infection in peptic ulcers, and it has no occasions.2"7 Recently Marshall and Warren cultured aetiological role.'4 them and drew attention to their similarity to Cam- pylobacter species.89 Subsequently they and others Material and methods proposed that these organisms produce acute inflam- http://jcp.bmj.com/ mation of the gastric mucosa and are causally related Biopsy tissues were selected from our records of to peptic ulceration. This is plausible in cases ofgastric patients investigated for various gastrointestinal ulcer and duodenal ulcer when other organisms are symptoms. They were classified according to the present. Doubt is raised, however, because they are usually accepted histological criteria'6 as being not present in some gastric ulcers, and they are only normal, or showing acute gastric erosion with or seen in association with duodenal ulcers if antral type without gastritis, superficial gastritis, peptic ulcer duodenal mucosa is seen""'2 even though they may be associated with chronic gastritis, normal duodenal on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected present in the antral mucosa.'3 mucosa, duodenal erosion with duodenitis, and To investigate this possible association further we chronic duodenal ulcer. In cases ofduodenal ulcer the have correlated the presence of campylobacter-like presence of antral type mucosa was noted in all cases. organisms not only with peptic ulcer and associated Biopsy specimens from patients with Barrett's oeso- inflammation ofthe stomach and duodenum, but also phagus with and without ulceration were also with erosion of stomach and duodenum with and examined. without associated inflammation, inflammation The investigation of these tissues for campylobac- (superficial gastritis) unassociated with ulceration, ter-like organisms was undertaken in sections stained normal gastric and duodenal mucosa, and Barrett's with haematoxylin and eosin and for Candida and oesophagus with and without peptic ulcer. We have other diseases by alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff also noted the presence or absence of Candida albicans after diastase digestion. Candida spores and pseudo- hyphae are easily recognised by their size and mor- phology in ordinary sections stained with haematox- Accepted for publication 5 May 1988 ylin and eosin and in all cases their positivity to 1093 J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.41.10.1093 on 1 October 1988. Downloaded from 1094 Kalogeropoulos, Whitehead periodic acid Schiff was shown. Campylobacter-like studies3lo202324 we used this method of identification. organisms as described by others were identified as In the cases of peptic ulceration the presence of haematoxyphilic curved or S shaped bacilli or both,' 'I tissue or debris at the base ofthe ulcer was also noted. depending on the plane of sectioning," in close This was presumed to indicate that all the biopsy association with the surface epithelium distributed in tissues originated in the edge ofor in close proximity to either continuous or focal arrangement. A strict the actual ulcer crater. If the accompanying inflam- definition of Barrett's oesophagus was used and cases mation was characterised by plasma cells and were only included iftheir location was precisely noted lymphocytes but no polymorphs it was designated at endoscopy and if the histological characteristics of chronic, but if polymorphs were present it was partial intestinal change were present. A total of 269 regarded as acute. biopsy specimens from 247 patients were examined. Sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were Results screened at a magnification of 40, and verification of suspected campylobacter like organisms was made The results are shown in tables 1 and 2. Campylo- using a magnification of 1000 under oil immersion. bacter-like organisms were detected in 56% of gastric The following stains were used occasionally: Gram, ulcers and there was no significant difference in the modified Giemsa (without differentiation),'8 Cresyl incidence between cases which included ulcer debris fast violet,'9 and Warthin-Starry.' The microscopic and those that did not. When there was no ulcer debris, identification of campylobacter-like organisms in however (table 2), 92% of those with acute inflam- biopsy specimens correlates closely with their isolation mation contained campylobacter-like organisms, on culture,'3 17 20s22So as in most previous whereas in those with a chronic component ofgastritis Table 1 Incidence ofcampylobacter-like organisms and Candida albicans in various gastrointestinal lesions (269 biopsy specimensfrom 247patients)tt Campylobacter-like organisms Candida albicans copyright. No Histology No patients No % No % I Gastric ulcer: 102 57 55 8 NE NE Ulcer debris present* 78 44 56 4 20 25 6 Ulcer debris absent 24 13 54 2 NE NE 2 Gastric erosions with gastritis: 5 5 100 NE NE Gastric erosions without gastritis: 5 3 60 NE NE 4 Mild superficial gastritis: 13 5 38-5 NE NE Acute 2 1 50 Chronic 8 2 25 Acute and chronic 3 2 66-6 http://jcp.bmj.com/ 5 Normal gastric mucosa: 36 2 5-5 NE NE 6 Duodenal ulcer: 20 4 20 NE NE Ulcer debris present 15 4t 26-6 3 20 Under treatment 8 2 25-0 1 12-5 No treatment 7 2 28-5 2 28 5 Ulcer debris absent 5 0 0 NE NE Under treatment 4 0 0 No treatment 1 0 0 7 Duodenal erosionst with duodenitis: 2 0 0 NE NE 8 Normal duodenal mucosa:§ 5 0 0 NE NE on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected 9 Barrett's oesophagus:¶ 64 12 18-7 NE NE Ulcerated** 25 6 24 6 24 Non-ulcerated 35 6 17-1 NE NE Dysplasia 1 0 0 NE NE Candida-ulcerated 1 0 0 1 100 Candida-non-ulcerated 2 0 0 NE NE Totaltt 247 87 35 2 NE NE NE = not estimated. ttTwo patients had three biopsies and another 14 patients had two biopsies. *Coincidence ofcampylobacter-like organisms and Candida albicans was noticed in nine from 78 (11-5%) cases. tThree of the campylobacter-like organisms (+) cases had also campylobacter-like organisms (+) gastritis (the second biopsy specimen is not included in another group). tOne of the cases is also included in gastric ulcer-campylobacter-like organisms (+) group. §One patient is also included in the MSG-chronic campylobacter-like organisms (-) group. ¶Two patients are also included in gastric ulcer-campylobacter-like organisms (+) group, one with campylobacter-like organisms (+) and one with campylobacter-like organisms (-) in oesophageal biopsy specimen. **Coincidence ofcampylobacter-like organism and Candida albicans was noticed in one from 25 cases (4%). + = positive; - = negative. J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.41.10.1093 on 1 October 1988. Downloaded from Campylobacter and Candida in the upper gastrointestinal tract 1095 Tble 2 Incidence ofcampylobacter-like organisms in Discussion gastric ulcers present at endoscopy without ulcer debris in biopsy material "Can these spirochaetes, which exist in man, and in animals commonly employed for experiments and No (%) with are No of campylobacter- which ordinarily harmless, be ignored in Histological appearance patients like organisms physiologic and pathologic studies on the stomach?" This question posed by Doenges3 was addressed 50 Healing ulcer 6 1 (17) years later by Marshall and Warren,9 who Ulcer margins with acute inflammation 12 11 (92) stated that Ulcer margins with chronic inflammation 6 1 (17) campylobacter-like organisms are "aetiologically related to chronic antral gastritis and, probably, to Total 24 13 (54) peptic ulceration also". Since that time it has been claimed in support ofthis only 17% showed campylobacter-like organisms. The statement that campylobacter-like organisms occur in incidence ofthe organisms in gastric erosions with and the antrum in almost all patients with duodenal ulcers without associated gastritis was 100% and 60%, and in up to 90% of those with non-autoimmune respectively. Campylobacter-like organisms were also gastritis.923 In comparison campylobacter-like organ- detected in five of 13 (39%) with associated mild isms are found in only 3-4 to 24% ofnormal subjects9'3 superficial gastritis but no ulcer, and in only two of 36 and in about 21% of patients with type A gastritis.26 (6%) of samples of normal gastric mucosa. Antibodies to campylobacter-like organisms can be Campylobacter-like organisms were not seen in the detected in serum samples"'2728 and gastric juice'8 of biopsy specimens of normal duodenal mucosa, nor patients who harbour the organism, and after inges- were they seen in either of the two erosions associated tion ofcampylobacter-like organisms it is claimed that with duodenitis.
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