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HISTORIA 4º AÑO-La Cuestión Política Entre 1930 Y 1943

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HISTORIA 4º AÑO-La Cuestión Política Entre 1930 Y 1943 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Temas y Actividades Historia Historia 4° año secundario La cuestión política entre 1930 y 1943 Durante el período 1916 – 1930 gobernó el país la Unión Cívica Radical. A pesar del cambio que significó la llegada de los radicales al gobierno, siguieron persistiendo viejas prácticas que impedían la consolidación de un verdadero sistema democrático. El golpe de 1930 permitió que las elites conservadoras recuperaran el poder. Entre 1931 y 1943 controlaron los destinos políticos del país, gracias a la proscripción del radicalismo, principal fuerza opositora, o a través de la aplicación del fraude electoral. Observá la siguiente línea de tiempo: 1930 1932 1938 1942 1943 Golpe de Presidencia del Gral. Presidencia de Presidencia Golpe de Agustín Pablo Justo Roberto Marcelino de Ramón Estado Estado Castillo Grales Ortiz Gral. José Arturo Félix Rawson y Pedro Uriburu Pablo Ramírez En la línea podrás observar los nombres de los presidentes que ocuparon la primera magistratura durante el período 1930 – 1943. Este período es conocido con el nombre de Década Infame . Te preguntarás ¿por qué?... porque se caracterizó por: la ausencia de la participación popular, la persecución a la oposición, la tortura a los detenidos políticos, la creciente dependencia de nuestro país y la proliferación de los negociados. Servicio de Educación a Distancia MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Temas y Actividades Historia En la medida en que avances en el estudio de este período podrás conocer por qué, sólo Agustín Pablo Justo gobernó los seis años que marcaba la Constitución Argentina en ese momento. Averiguá: ¿Cada cuántos años se renuevan las autoridades del poder ejecutivo en la actualidad? ¿En qué momento se produce el cambio? La política, cuestión de unos pocos… Luego del Golpe de 1930, el Gral. Uriburu no llegó a gobernar dos años completos. El período fue difícil, ya que la Argentina sufría las consecuencias de la crisis económica de los Estados Unidos (1929). Por otra parte, Uriburu pretendía llevar adelante, un proyecto nacionalista que incluía la reforma de la Constitución Nacional. Sus aspiraciones no tuvieron buena recepción y Uriburu fue perdiendo apoyos. Esta situación lo llevó a buscar una salida electoral que le permitiera retirarse de la presidencia. Los conservadores, los radicales antipersonalistas y los socialistas independientes se aliaron para sostener la candidatura de Justo. Estos partidos formaron entonces La Concordancia y obtuvieron el triunfo en las elecciones de 1932. Los radicales se abstuvieron luego de que el gobierno vetara a su candidato, Alvear, y encarcelara a sus principales dirigentes. ¿Quiénes eran los opositores? La Alianza alcanzó el La Unión Cívica Radical : hacia fines de 1930 triunfo a través de la práctica surgió un sector intransigente que se oponía del fraude electoral , no a realizar alianzas con otros partidos respetando la voluntad popular. opositores y criticaba la postura conciliadora de Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear con el gobierno. A esta práctica se la Partido socialista : sus líderes más denominó fraude patriótico . destacados fueron Juan B. Justo y Nicolás De esta forma se garantizaba Repetto . Desde el Congreso impulsaron la que los gobiernos no cayeran sanción de leyes sociales. en manos de la oposición. Partido Demócrata Progresista : su líder el senador Lisandro de la Torre , se enfrentó al gobierno conservador de Justo. Hacia fines de los años treinta fue perdiendo poder frente al UCR. Partido Comunista : fue duramente reprimido. Sus principales dirigentes fueron Victorio Codovilla y Rodolfo Ghioldi . Servicio de Educación a Distancia MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Temas y Actividades Historia Actividades Actividad 1 A partir de lo trabajado respondé a las siguientes preguntas: a) ¿Porqué Uriburu debió llamar a elecciones? b) ¿Quiénes conformaron La Concordancia? c) ¿Porqué el radicalismo se abstiene? d) ¿A qué práctica recurrían los conservadores para mantenerse en el poder? e) Reflexioná: ¿Porqué la democracia es considerada el mejor sistema de gobierno? Podés consultar la clave de respuestas que encontrarás al final de la etapa. Los recién electos Justo (Presidente) y Julio Argentino Roca (Vicepresidente) representaban los intereses de los sectores conservadores y permitieron el retorno al poder de los grupos que lo habían controlado hasta antes de 1916. El gobierno tomó importantes medidas, especialmente en el área económica, como la firma del pacto Roca Runciman. Por otra parte el rol de estado se transforma y se toma mucho más activo e interventor . Frente a la crisis, el gobierno intentó que el estado se convirtiera en una herramienta que permitiera la regulación de la economía. Gracias a la práctica sistemática del “fraude patriótico”, en 1938 llega a la presidencia Roberto Marcelino Ortiz , ex radical antipersonalista, como presidente y Ramón S. Castillo , conservador, como vicepresidente. Es importante destacar que Ortiz creía que la solución a la situación crítica e irregular que se manifestaba en la política, debía realizarse dentro del régimen liberal y la Ley Saénz Peña ; pero, en contraste con Justo, sus moderadas ambiciones políticas le permitían imaginar la salida al fraude como una drástica apertura electoral. “La declaración de guerra al fraude se produjo (…) en abril de 1939, cuando decidió la anulación de los comicios en San Juan, luego de una elección plagada de irregularidades. El conflicto abierto estalló a partir de febrero de 1940 con la intervención a Catamarca, particularmente significativa por ser el territorio Servicio de Educación a Distancia MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Temas y Actividades Historia del vicepresidente Castillo, y sobre todo con la intervención de la provincia de Buenos Aires.” 1 La única garantía de equilibrio político y militar, frente a las medidas de apertura electoral y finalización del fraude, era la presencia del presidente Ortiz en el gobierno. Sin embargo su salud se deterioró, sufría de diabetes muy aguda, y debió tomar algunas licencias hasta que en 1942 murió . La presidencia fue ejercida entonces por Castillo quien dio marcha atrás con la política de Ortiz respecto del fraude y buscó alentar la política de los conservadores. Actividad 2 Leé con atención y respondé a las preguntas: Un afiche de campaña política de la época decía: “Castillo necesita mayoría en el Congreso para afianzar el orden y la prosperidad . ¡Impóngala! Partido Demócrata Nacional (PDN) Parece que la sigla PND era la base de un chiste que circulaba en todo el país que traducía PDN como: Pobres de nosotros. a) ¿Cuál era el objetivo, según el afiche, del PDN? b) ¿Qué sectores interpretarían, el nombre del partido PDN, en forma chistosa? c) ¿Por qué? Podés consultar la clave de respuestas que encontrarás al final de la etapa. La situación internacional repercute en la Argentina La Guerra Civil española (1936-1940) y la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) tuvieron gran repercusión en la política argentina. La política exterior de la Argentina frente a la Guerra, fue la neutralidad . Esta decisión llevó a que los opositores acusaran al gobierno de apoyar indirectamente a Hitler (líder del Nazismo en Alemania que dio inicio a la segunda guerra mundial). La política de los Estados Unidos (a partir de su ingreso al conflicto en 1941) fue de hostigamiento hacia nuestro país, pues pretendía que la Argentina 1 Privitellio, Luciano, “La política bajo el signo de la crisis”, en: Nueva Historia Argentina, Crisis económica, avance del estado e incertidumbre política (1930-1943), Bs. As.,Sudamericana, 2001. Servicio de Educación a Distancia MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Temas y Actividades Historia se uniera a los aliados 2 y analizaba su neutralidad como signo de simpatía por el Eje 3. Por lo tanto, la guerra era un tema preocupante, pero su finalización y quién obtuviera el triunfo definitivo también generaba ondas preocupaciones. Pensá… ¿En qué situación quedaría la Argentina, frente al mundo, luego de su decisión de mantener la neutralidad? Si querés obtener información sobre la guerra civil española y la segunda guerra mundial podés consultar las siguientes páginas de Internet: http://www.historiasiglo20.org/IIGM/index.htm http://www.historiasiglo20.org/HE/14.htm Camino al golpe de 1943 Castillo retomó las prácticas fraudulentas y se ocupó de preparar el camino para quien sería su futuro sucesor. Apoyaba la candidatura de Robustiano Patrón Costas , un político conservador hacendado de la provincia de Salta (considerado seguidor de los aliados ) para las próximas elecciones presidenciales. Esta candidatura no fue bien recibida por sectores nacionalistas del ejército que observaban con preocupación las inclinaciones políticas de Patrón Costas. Por otra parte, la situación de efervescencia social, la creciente actividad sindical y la posible extensión de ideologías de izquierda, los alentó a preparar un Golpe de Estado . 2 Integrado por: Gran Bretaña, Francia (exceptuando el período de su ocupación por Alemania 1940-1944), la URSS (desde la agresión alemana en junio de 1941), Estados Unidos (desde la agresión japonesa en diciembre de 1941) y China, que ya peleaba contra Japón desde 1937, antes del estallido de la guerra general. De una forma más amplia se denomina aliados a todos los firmantes de la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas el 1 de enero de 1942. 3 El Eje fue la coalición encabezada por la Alemania nazi, la Italia fascista y Japón que lucha contra los Aliados en la segunda guerra mundial. Poco después Alemania y Japón firmaron el Pacto Antikomintern contra la URSS en noviembre
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