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The Problem of Dustphthisis in the Granite-Stone

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ •■■■ {No. 293 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE SERIES THE PROBLEM OF DUST PHTHISIS IN THE GRANITE-STONE INDUSTRY By FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN, LL.D. / v \ ygfegf *1 U p H s j M A Y , 1922 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PREFACE. In continuation of previous investigations into the dust hazard of certain trades/ the present investigation was originally undertaken in behalf of a committee appointed by the National Tuberculosis Association, and while the writer was chairman two preliminary reports were published during 1918 and 1919. It was found imprac­ ticable* however, on the part of the writer to continue his work as chairman of the committee and the investigation was therefore brought to a conclusion entirely on his own responsibility, the strictly medical and radiological work of the inquiry having been assumed by Dr- Edward R. Baldwin, whose report, dated June 11, 1921, is published in Appendix G. This report did not come to my attention until after my own investigations had been completed and on account of its brevity much of the material required for a conclusive opinion is for the time being not available.2 It is to be hoped that sometime in the future the National Tubercu­ losis Association will publish in full detail the results of this investi­ gation, which represents 427 physical and X-ray examinations of stone workers in the Barre district. Of particular interest is the statement that “ expensive silicosis might exist with little or no impairment of health and no manifest physical signs,” a conclusion suggestive of the great practical value of periodical X-ray examina­ tions as a means of disclosing the earliest possible indications of lung damage. My own investigations would have been quite impossible but for the whole-hearted cooperation of the Granite Cutters’ International Association of America and the correlated experience data obtained bulletins Nos. 79, 82, and 231 of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C., 1908-1918. 2 Since this report was completed the Barre branch of the Granite Cutters’ International Association has made an agreement with the Presbrey-Leland Co. of Barre, V t., to go into effect Apr. 1,1922, and con­ tinue in force until Apr. 1, 1925. Article VI of this agreement provides as follows: S e c t io n 1. All dust-creating machines must be adequately equipped with dust-removing devices when proven practical, the practicability of such devices to be passed upon in accordance with provisions laid down in Article X X of this agreement [providing for an adjustment committee]. Sec. 2. Within one month from the signing of this agreement a body of six members, to be known as the ‘‘ health committee/’ shall be created. Of the committee three members shall be appointed by the employer and three by the local branch G. C. I. A. It shall be the duty of this committee to investigate, to assist in the development, the perfecting, and the introduction of dust-removing devices; to consider insurance against sickness and improve in every possible way general working conditions. Sec. 3. Funds for the development and experimental work of this committee shall be provided in the following manner: One-hal i o 11 per cent to be deducted weekly from the wage of each member of the local branch G. C. I. A. The employer to set aside each week an amount equal to the total sum derived from the above source. This fund shall be placed in the hands ofa treasurer elected by a majority of the health committee. Should the funds thus provided be either inadequate or more than sufficient for the desired purpose, any necessary modification may be made by mutual agreement. S e c . 4. The health committee shall make a written progress and financial report on or about Apr. 1 and Oct. 1 of each year to the employer and thel ocal branch G. C. I. A. Sec. 5. Should the members of the health committee be unable to agree, any subject in controversy shall be submitted to the adjustment committee in accordance with Article X X of this agreement. This provision is in entire accordance with the results of the present investigation suggesting similar action on the part of other firms or employers desirous of avoiding labor conflicts as the results of prevent­ able conditions affecting the health hazard in particular industries or occupations. The agreement is likewise applicable to other dusty trades subject to an excessive sickness or mortality rate. Ill Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV PREFACE. through the courtesy and liberality of the Journeymen Stone Cutters’ Association and the Glass Bottle Blowers’ Association. The field investigations were made by an experienced sanitary engineer, thoroughly familiar with occupational disease problems, and I am also obliged to Mr. Sylvester Schattschneider for the results of his corresponding investigations in the limestone districts of Indiana. Every possible opportunity for investigation was extended to me by the manufacturers of the Barre and Bedford districts, who readily granted permission for a complete inspection of their plants, at the same time giving much valuable advice in the furtherance of the inquiry. I am especially indebted to the United States Bureau of Mines, and particularly to Mr. E. A. Holbrook, assistant director, and to Mr. A. C. Fieldner, supervising chemist at the Pittsburgh Experimental Station, for their invaluable cooperation in technical matters largely outside of the plan and scope of my own investiga­ tions. Preliminary results of the work of the Bureau of Mines are included under Appendix E. It is not claimed for the present in­ vestigation that it has been exhaustive or final upon many important matters, which will require further consideration. But it may be questioned whether any corresponding industry has ever before been subjected to an equally extended inquiry, not only into the medical but also into the correlated social and economic facts affecting the welfare of the employees concerned. The results are certainly extremely suggestive 01 the direction in which it will be necessary to initiate radical reforms if a material reduction in mortality and a consequential improvement in health and longevity are to be brought about through the combined action of the employer, the employee, and the State. Frederick L. Hoffman. East Orange, N. J., April 17, 1922. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS. Page. Introduction and summary............................................................................................. 1-10 Summary of conclusions.......................................................................................... 1-6 Nonrecognition of the nature of problem............................................................. 6 - 8 Results of investigation of Miners’ Phthisis Bureau of South Africa............. 8 Recommendations of British Medical Research Committee............................ 8 Investigations of Yale Medical School................................................................. 8 , 9 Investigations of United States Public Health Service.................................... 9 Unrealized promises of prevention........................................................................ 9, 1 0 Importance of occupational disease recognition................................................. 10 Scope of inquiry................................................................................................................ 10-14 Method of inquiry..................................................................................................... 11,12 Occupational diseases of the stone industry........................................................ 12 Importance of occupational segregation............................................................... 12,13 Pathology of dust inhalation................................................................................... 13,14 Previous investigations in the stone industry............................................................. 14-22 Ancient origin of the stone industry..................................................................... 14,15 Aberdeen mortality investigations........................................................................ 15-22 Age incidence in dust phthisis....................................................................... 18,19 Effect of pneumatic tools................................................................................. 19-21 Racial and social influences............................................................................ 21 Problem of family infection___ . ............................................ ...................... 21 Importance of stone dust analysis................................................................. 21, 22 Mortality among granite stone workers......................................................................... 22-59 Analyses of Vermont granites................................................................................. 22, 23 Sanitary topography of Barre district, Vermont............................................... 24 Death certificates analyzed......................................................................
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