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Expert Answers to Technical Questions About Working with Natural Stone

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Expert Answers to Technical Questions About Working with Natural Stone Expert Answers to Technical Questions About Working with Natural Stone FABRICATION • INSTALLATION • FLOORING • VERTICAL SURFACES • COUNTERTOPS GENERAL TOPICS • EXPLANATIONS • DEFINITIONS • TROUBLESH OOTING Table of Contents I. Installation .............................................................1 Vertical Surfaces ..................................................1 Floors ...................................................................4 II. Fabrication .............................................................9 Marble ..................................................................9 Granite ...............................................................11 Black Granite .....................................................12 Limestone ...........................................................13 Travertine ...........................................................14 III. Countertops & Tabletops ....................................16 IV. General Topics .....................................................21 Sealers & Resins ................................................27 V. Definitions & Explanations .................................28 Finishes .............................................................32 Lippage ...............................................................33 VI. Troubleshooting ...................................................33 VII. Appendix Conversion Tables .............................................36 Disclaimer: The questions in this brochure are among the thousands received each year by the Marble Institute of America (MIA) technical department. They are provided as general information only. While the information and recommendations contained in this document have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable, the Marble Institute of America makes no guarantee or representations as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the correctness, sufficiency or com- pleteness of such information or recommendations, and further shall have no liability to any persons or entities with respect to any loss, liability or damage alleged to be caused by the application of this report or the information contained herein. Those answers followed by the year 2002 were selected from the Q&A published in 2002, featuring advice from Vince Migliore, technical director for the MIA from 1997-2003. The answers followed by dates with month and year were chosen from the “Cutting Edge” newslet- ter column, My Opinion, written by Chuck Muehlbauer, technical director since 2004. ©Marble Institute of America 2008 installation, and the moisture from the spots is still showing I. Installation on the face, although it has dissipated a bit. I have told the customer that the moisture spots will eventually go away, but Q: We are installing granite on a large mausoleum. One they’re starting to doubt me because it is taking so long. Do feature is a thin and narrow horizontal trim strip between the you have any literature concerning this that would put the lowest level crypt shutters and the second row. The architec- customer at ease? tural details require that the stone be attached at both ends with a nut and bolt to a shelf that will support only the last A: There is discussion of this in the Dimension Stone few inches of the length of the stone. The center (most of the Design Manual VII on page 15-8. There you will find docu- stone) is unsupported. Many trim strips are failing about 1/3 mentation that this process has been known to take up to of the distance from an anchor. What could be the cause of the eight months for complete removal of the moisture mark. I problem, and how can we correct it? wouldn’t be concerned about the marks still being visible after six weeks, especially if you’ve noticed improvement A: There are several potential causes for the problem, and more than likely, you’re dealing with more than one, during that time. It can take longer than 6 months; perhaps because these types of failures are generally caused by a year. March 2007 two or more problems. Building movement and/or metal expansion or contraction may have not been properly Vertical Surfaces allowed for in the design; shimming might be performing at a location other than the anchor; or the anchor attach- Q: I am a structural engineer consulting on a project for ment to the structure may be flawed. 2002 which the client would like to edge-anchor some existing stone panels. The stone has been cut much thinner than the Q: I’m an architect designing a pool house in the Washington quarry recommends. The stones are roughly 5/8” thick and the D.C. area. We’re thinking of using a limestone tile wainscot pieces measure 1-1/2 feet by 5 feet. The quarry recommends on the interior of the building. It will be thinset to a scratch a 1” minimum thickness, with a maximum height or width of coat over CMU walls. It will be protected from the weather, 2 feet. The client tells me the quarry’s recommendations are but the building envelope is not heated in the winter months overly conservative, and the edge anchoring of panels in these as it will be unoccupied. A local dealer told us that the freeze/ dimensions is commonplace. Is this safe to do? I don’t want thaw cycles will blow it apart. this stone to break apart and fall on someone’s head. Not all freeze/thaw cycles are equally damaging. A A: A: You did not identify the stone type or anchor devise, but significant consideration is the saturation level when freezing. it really doesn’t matter. There is seldom a better opinion A saturated cycle will create far more trouble than a dry available on the performance and behavior of a particular cycle. Your region can expect something in the neighbor- stone than that of the quarrier. They have daily experience hood of 70 freeze/thaw cycles per year, but that’s outdoors. Within the pool house there will be significantly less fre- in handling the product and are intimately aware of its quent cycles, and more importantly, the stone and instal- limitations and inherent variability. One cannot circumvent lation components will not be saturated when the cycles the quarry’s recommendations without assuming a large occur. I would expect this system to perform satisfactorily as amount of liability in creating a public safety issue. described. The design must include frequent expansion and Therefore, it is in everyone’s best interest to consult with movement joints, as there will be a rather broad range of an engineer. April 2005 temperatures within the enclosure. April 2005 Q: We’re preparing a bid for a sandstone project in San Q: We’re specifying a dolomite for some coping and cladding Antonio. The bid drawings show the sandstone in 1-1/4” on a chapel project. We are also specifying an “equal” as an thickness in a conventionally anchored “stacked” system with approved alternate to the material, but the second stone has a cavity behind the stone. We generally think of 2” being the an abrasion resistance of only 6.0. Should we be removing it minimum thickness for most sandstone set in this manner and from our spec? have advised the architect of this. Is there any industry document available to support our opinion? A: Abrasion resistance of stone is measured via ASTM C 241. This test procedure was specifically designed to test stones A: Yes there is: ASTM C1528. On page 6 of this document for their resistance to the abrasion from foot traffic. If the you will find a discussion of the common thickness for application was for pavement or step treads which would various sandstone applications, and 2” is listed as the general be subject to foot traffic, I would probably remove the stone minimum to consider for exterior sandstone cladding. from my list of candidates due to its low abrasion resistance. Since you are using the material for cladding and coping May 2005 only, the low abrasion resistance should not be a factor. December 2005 Q: I’m working with an architect for a Phoenix project. They want to use sandstone cladding in piece sizes ranging Q: I installed 2 cm limestone on interior columns with plaster from 12” x 24” to 18” x 30”. The thickness is 3”. Do we spots and anchor wire. It has been about 6 weeks since the need mechanical anchors for this application? www.marble-institute.com 1 15 pounds per square foot. The pieces are 12” x 18” – if we Yes, mechanical anchors would be required for this A: cut them in half, to 12” x 9”, they would weigh less than 17 lbs. application. Because you have 3” thick beds available to Would that satisfy the code? you and because you are working with sandstone, which normally provides a good mechanical lock with the mortar A: The limitation is the weight per area, not per piece. If bedding, you can likely satisfy the anchorage requirement you cut the pieces in half, they will still be 17 pounds per by using simple “brick-tie” type anchors. This will eliminate square foot, and will still exceed the maximum allowed. the cost and coordination that would be required to cut February 2007 preparations in the stone to receive bent-strap or dowel type anchors. I would recommend mocking up a simple Q: We have a customer who wants us to install a 12-story test panel with the proposed anchor installed and verify- high building façade using 10 millimeter thick granite tiles ing the pull-out strength of the assembly. Bond strength is adhered to aluminum extrusions with structural silicone. very subjective (depending upon size and proportion of The material they are proposing is Dow Corning 795. The stone units, thermal environment, skill of the mason, and granite tiles are 800 mm x 500 mm x 10 mm (±31-1/2” x 20” etc.) whereas the use of positively engaged anchorage pro- x 3/8”). I checked the DC 795 data sheet and they do approve vides immediate redundancy and forgiveness of some sins. its use as a structural bonding element not only for glass but September 2005 also for other panels including stone. We have never heard about façades being installed this way, and even though the Q: We’re bidding a project where the designer has selected Dow Corning data sheet approves of it, as MIA members we a dark, honed marble for the elevator lobby walls.
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