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From the Bas-Relief to the 3D Model. a Hypothesis for the Reconstruction of an Armenian Fortress

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From the Bas-Relief to the 3D Model. a Hypothesis for the Reconstruction of an Armenian Fortress DISEGNARECON volume 10/ n.19 - dicember 2017 ARCHAEOLOGIC DRAWING ISSN 1828-5961 Adriana Rossi, summa cum laude degree in Archi- tecture. PhD, currently Full Professor (Drawing) and Vice Director of the Civil Engineering, Design, Building and En- vironment Department at Unicampania “Vanvitelli”. Visiting Professor at UPV (2014, 2015, 2016) and visiting researcher at Nany Yung University in Singapore (2017). From the bas-relief to the 3D model. A hypothesis for the reconstruction of an Armenian fortress. Dal bassorilievo al modello 3D. Ipotesi ricostruttiva di una fortezza armena. The study examines three artifacts, found in the Si esaminano tre reperti rinvenuti nel territorio Urartu area, which show depictions of the exter- urartreo, figurazioni dell’esterno di una dimora nal shape of a fortified building (VIII century BC) fortificata (VIII sec. a.C.). which is assumed to be the same in all three. Buil- Le osservazioni di carattere castellologico insi- ding typology considerations suggest the possibi- stono sulla possibilità di compiere a distanza ac- lity of carrying out accurate metric investigations curate indagini metriche per studi comparativi. from remote for the purpose of comparative stu- Alla luce delle fonti iconografiche e dei testi della dy. The floor plans were obtained in bi-univocal trattatistica militare, si ricostruisce un’ipotesi- or correspondence to the different heights using ganizzativa dello spazio interno. observations of active and passive. Le piante si sono ottenute mediante una corri- A hypothesis of the internal space organization spondenza biunivoca in relazione ad altezze dif- is formulated based on iconographic sources and ferenti utilizzando osservazioni di difesa militare military treatises. attive e passive. The 3D model broadens the traditional operati- Il modello 3D, ampliando i tradizionali scenari Key words: ve/cognitive scenario and highlights the need for operativi/cognitivi, invita all’opportunità di un Image-based technologies, architectural ele- a holistic approach capable of addressing critical approccio olistico capace di superare alcune cri- ments of military defense, Armenian fortresses, issues such as the lack of interoperability, data ticità quali la mancanza di interoperabilità, la re- Archaeological drawings. retrieval, visualization adaption and interfaces peribilità di dati, la possibilità di adattare visualiz- Parole chiave: suitable to divulge, protect and enhance cultural zazioni ed interfacce adatte a divulgare, tutelare tecniche Image based, elementi architettonici di heritage. e valorizzare i beni ereditati. difesa; fortezze armene, disegno archeologico http://disegnarecon.univaq.it DISEGNARECON volume 10/ n.19 - december 2017 ARCHAEOLOGIC DRAWING ADRIANA ROSSI 12.2 ISSN 1828-5961 From the bas-relief to the 3D model. A hypothesis for the reconstruction of an Armenian fortress. Fig.1 1.INTRODUCTION a) Basalt stone column pinth, VIII century BC Museum of Anatolian The evolution of digital technologies and the advent Civilization, Ankara (Turkey. In the fo- of image based optic sensors have changed the way refront Haldi, the warrior god, in the small and medium size objects are surveyed. Softwa- background a fortified wall; re solutions, many of which low cost and open source, b) Fused bronze (28x36x 16 cm) found broaden the traditional operative scenario and allow in Toprakkale, ancient Rusahinili, end to use photographs taken with non professional came- of VIII century BC British Museum, London (Great Britain). In evidence the ras. The reconstruction algorithms are programmed to projectiong apparatus and the crenel- recognize homologous points between adjacent and, lated crowning; to a certain percentage, juxtaposed images which is a key feature for the automatic computation of the inter- c) Copper votive plaque (h 14 cm), VIII century BC, Louvre, Paris, France. The nal image orientation. With minimum user interaction, superior edge is crenellated just like image matching recording offers many opportunities the top of a fortification; such as the observation of high and ultra resolution d) Map of the region bordering Asia pixels and the modeling of non structured point clouds Minor, Mesopotamia and Caucasus. recorded via automatic triangulation. Digital catalo- Comparison between the extension of guing is therefore the first step toward ‘seeing clearly’. the Urartu kingdom (743-700, shades At the different levels of the analysis the acquired data of grey) and state boundaries until transform the symbolic into the geometric so as to 2008. examine what is hidden, to guide interpretation and to enhance scientific enquiry. The alphanumeric -de notation system allows to manipulate the outcome for analytical and design purposes. The sequence of bits, codified in structured form, manages the inserted or elaborated models and as a result the applications be- come innovative and the data flexible. The operative procedure and the investigation modes improve the b) A bronze fragment (28x36x16 cm) from the same mining economy protected by a powerful defensive processes linked to the conservation, enhancement historical period, now in the British Museum in London systemv. Among the structures intended to ensure the and documentation of heritage. (England), providing greater details than contemporary safety of the people built in the IX c. B.C., near the Van A case in point is the reconstruction of the Urartu Pala- defense architecture notwithstanding its small size; and Biainili lakes (Fig.2), the lightly fortified palace is an ce (8th century BC): the palace was represented on th- c) A votive tablet in bronze, of the same era, about 14 innovative type of structure of great historical interest: ree different and physically distant artifacts, therefore cm high, currently in the Louvre in Paris (France) that, like the Greek tetrapirgos of the future or the Roman the possibility of visualizing them on a single computer even if only symbolically, provides identifying elements. quadriburgium, or those built a millennium later along monitor allowed for a survey accuracy which would The similar features of all three items provide a sort of the boundaries of the Empire, the turreted structure not have been possible otherwise due to the fragility view or elevation, a ‘straight’ design to use the words that was certainly capable of protecting its residents and preciousness of the archaeological relics. of Vitruvius1, deriving from the much older custom of from the sackings of marauders was not as effective sketching something while advancing in the direction of in preventing sieges by an armed force. The differen- 2. FIELD OF INQUIRY the object, invalidating its depth. Comparative studies ces between the relics used for the analysis seem to can therefore be carried out on the bas reliefs, repre- be slight in light of their principal ornamental function: This comparative study analyses three relics depicting senting the façade of the palace of Kef Kalesi2 for some the squared block of stone is destined to act as the fortresses in relief (Fig.1): scholars while for others the palace of Risakhinili3, both plinth for a column; the fragment of bronze sculptu- a) A volume of approximately 1m3 in stone, repre- conquered by the Assyrians in the VII century B.C. re, found damaged and broken judging from the traces senting the god Teisheba standing on a lion, dating to The relics of Tuspa, the Urartian capital, of Altinte- along its borders, immortalized the features of the go- the reign of Rusa II (685-645 B.C.), currently in the Mu- pe, Toprakkale, Patmos and Cavustepe, testify, in the vernment residence; the votive tablet, like the faces of seum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara (Turkey), to ‘country of mountains’, or Urartu in the original lan- the plinth of basaltic stone with the depiction in relief be considered as a tri-mensional model in scale; guageiv, to the existence of a prosperous farming and of the god Haldi standing on a lion, in the background, http://disegnarecon.univaq.it DISEGNARECON volume 10/ n.19 - december 2017 ARCHAEOLOGIC DRAWING ADRIANA ROSSI 12.3 ISSN 1828-5961 From the bas-relief to the 3D model. A hypothesis for the reconstruction of an Armenian fortress. Fig.2. Ruins of Urartu fortresses. a) Kef caste (625 m sea level), north of the city of Adilacevaz, capital of the first Urartu Kingdom in the IX century BC before Sarduri transferred the capital to Tushpa; b) Van Tushpa Castello urar- treo (VIII sec. a.C.); c)-d) Van Fortress (sec. IX-VII a.C.), the biggest epitome of its kind; the aid of complex sets of multidimensional informa- tion oriented the study and offered a way to penetrate what was hidden and as a result enhanced the process of scientific discovery. The high geometric objectivity characteristics entail that the reference system provide information on materials and details. As a result a two- fold description is required on the one hand the mea- surable geometry which in alignment with the scienti- fic idea method and the concept of space posited by Merleau-Ponty is exclusively referred to man and his work, and on the other hand real geometry which as claimed by Fermat is set in a specific historical process and is never fixed as an a priori and timeless category. It is, in fact, true that according to the way analogical information is perceived, used and communicated, the models do no longer simply prefigure but become data management systems capable of integrating hetero- geneous and fragmentary sources of information, of connecting different subjects/objects (private or pu- blic) and of governing an entire product lifecycle which in our case is referred to conservation and safeguard of a fortified structure, celebrates the god of war Khal- med at measurement investigations. The sequence of projects and therefore museum exhibitions aimed at di (or Haldi, also known as Hayk) who, together with views were acquired with “shape from video” software divulging and communicating specific contents. Teisheba (god of storms) and Shiwini (god of the sun) which was preferred to stereoscopic photogrammetry There are several digital tools available for aided de- identifies the frequently invoked trinity.
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