Practical Cardiology Review

Practical Cardiology Review Practical Cardiology Review: A Self-assessment Tool Edited by Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl and Majid Haghjoo Practical Cardiology Review: A Self-assessment Tool Edited by Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl and Majid Haghjoo This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Haghjoo and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3729-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3729-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 1 Evaluation of Patients with Cardiovascular Problems Majid Maleki, MD Chapter 2 .................................................................................................... 6 Electrocardiography Mohammad Javad Alemzadeh-Ansari, MD and Mohammadali Sadrameli, MD Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 66 Exercise Stress Testing Sedigheh Saedi, MD Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 75 Echocardiography A. Sadeghpour, MD and A. Alizadeh asl, MD Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 84 Chest Radiography in Cardiovascular Disease Hamidreza Pouraliakbar, MD Chapter 6 .................................................................................................. 91 Cardiac Computed Tomography Hamidreza Pouraliakbar, MD Chapter 7 .................................................................................................. 96 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hamidreza Pouraliakbar, MD Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 104 Nuclear Cardiology Hadi Malek, MD vi Table of Contents Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 109 Catheterization and Angiography Ali Zahed Mehr, MD and Seyfollah Abdi, MD Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 115 Hemodynamic Study Nasim Naderi, MD Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 119 Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension Nasim Naderi, MD Chapter 12 .............................................................................................. 129 Tachyarrhythmias Majid Haghjoo, MD Chapter 13 .............................................................................................. 137 Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Majid Haghjoo, MD Chapter 14 .............................................................................................. 142 Bradyarrhythmias M. Haghjoo, MD Chapter 15 .............................................................................................. 148 Preventive Cardiology Zahra Hoseini, MD and Majid Maleki, MD Chapter 16 .............................................................................................. 153 Hypertension Ali Zahed Mehr, MD and Mohamad Mahdi Peyghambari, MD Chapter 17 .............................................................................................. 158 Dyslipidemia Reza Kiani, MD Chapter 18 .............................................................................................. 160 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial infarction Bahram Mohebbi, MD and Ahmad Mohebi, MD Practical Cardiology Review: A Self-assessment Tool vii Chapter 19 .............................................................................................. 166 Percutaneous Coronary Ata Firouzi, MD Chapter 20 .............................................................................................. 169 Transcatheter Therapies for Structural Heart Disease Hamidreza Sanati, MD Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 173 Aortic Disorders and Their Management Omid Shafe, MD Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 185 Peripheral Artery Disease Jamal Moosavi, MD and Hoseinali Bassiri, MD Chapter 23 .............................................................................................. 191 Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis Nasim Naderi, MD Chapter 24 .............................................................................................. 197 Valvular Heart Disease Feridoun Noohi, MD, Anita Sadeghpour, MD and Azin Alizadeh Asl, MD Chapter 25 .............................................................................................. 206 Infective Endocarditis Azin Alizadeh Asl, MD and Anita Sadeghpour, MD Chapter 26 .............................................................................................. 216 Pericardial Disease Anita Sadeghpour, MD and Azin Alizadeh Asl, MD Chapter 27 .............................................................................................. 223 Congenital Heart Disease Zahra Khajali, MD and Sedigheh Saedi, MD Chapter 28 .............................................................................................. 237 Venous Thromboembolism Farshad Shakerian, MD and Parham Sadeghipour, MD viii Table of Contents Chapter 29 .............................................................................................. 252 Cardiovascular Genetics Nejat Mahdieh, PhD and Majid Maleki, MD Chapter 30 .............................................................................................. 257 Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Nasim Naderi, MD and Samira Tabiban, MD Chapter 31 .............................................................................................. 261 Endocrine Disorders and the Cardiovascular System Zahra Ghaemmaghami, MD Chapter 32 .............................................................................................. 271 Heart and Pulmonary Diseases Hasan Allah Sadeghi, MD Chapter 33 .............................................................................................. 278 Cardiovascular Drugs and Hemostasis Fariborz Farsad, PharmD, PhD Chapter 34 .............................................................................................. 304 Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Mohammad Javad Alemzadeh-Ansari, MD, Majid Kyavar, MD, and Mahmoud Momtahen MD Chapter 35 .............................................................................................. 330 Non-ST- Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Mohammad Javad Alemzadeh-Ansari, MD Chapter 36 .............................................................................................. 358 Anesthesia and Sedation in Cardiac Patients Rasoul Azarfarin, MD Chapter 37 .............................................................................................. 362 Principles of Cardiovascular Surgery Alireza Alizadeh Ghavidel, MD and Saeid Hoseini, MD PREFACE Practical Cardiology Review contains more than 400 multi-choice questions and detailed answers regarding various cardiology cases. This book should appeal to a wide range of colleagues, from practicing professionals to residents and fellows preparing for higher qualifications, thanks to its informative chapters on such mainstays of cardiology as physical examinations, electrocardiography, echocardiography, electrophysiology, intervention, and pharmacological treatment, as well as such commonly confronted issues as cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and cardiac surgery. Practical Cardiology Review is a learning tool to complement the previously printed books on practical cardiology. The authors each have contributed original questions and meticulous answers in their particular field of expertise. As cardiologists, we feel a responsibility to be at the cutting edge of the ever-advancing cardiology so as to be able to manage the vast array of cardiac diseases, many of which are life-threatening. We have had the immense pleasure of collaborating with Cambridge Scholars Publishing in the preparation of this book and wish to express our heartfelt thanks to its editorial and printing departments. Majid Maleki, MD Azin Alizadeh Asl, MD Majid Haghjoo, MD CHAPTER 1 EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS MAJID MALEKI, MD RAJAIE CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER, IRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, TEHRAN, IRAN 1. What is your diagnosis? A. Hyperkinetic pulse in a high output state B. Bisferiens pulse in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy C. Dicrotic pulse D. Pulsus alternans in heart failure Answer: D 2 Chapter 1 The pulse pressure waveform shows the variation in pressure between the beats in pulsus alternans. Pulsus alternans is a physical finding, with the arterial pulse waveform presenting alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a very poor prognosis. 2. Which phrase is incorrect about V waves? A. They start

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