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Биология Илимдери Жана Биотехнология Биологические Науки И Биотехнология Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Тимирханов С.Р., Карабекова Д.У

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Биология Илимдери Жана Биотехнология Биологические Науки И Биотехнология Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Тимирханов С.Р., Карабекова Д.У НАУКА, НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ИННОВАЦИИ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА № 4, 2015 , 2014 БИОЛОГИЯ ИЛИМДЕРИ ЖАНА БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ И БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Тимирханов С.Р., Карабекова Д.У. ГОЛЫЙ ОСМАН (Gymnodiptychus dybowskii (KESSLER, 1874)) ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ: ОБЗОР И СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА Тимирханов С.Р., Карабекова Д.У. БОРБОРДУК АЗИЯ КӨК ЧААР БАЛЫГЫ (Gymnodiptychus dybowskii (KESSLER, 1874): СИСТЕМАТИКАЛЫК СТРУКТУРАСЫ ЖАНА ЖАЛПЫ ОБЗОРУ S.R. Timirkhanov, D.U. Karabekova NAKED OSMAN (Gymnodiptychus dybowskii (KESSLER, 1874)) IN THE CENTRAL ASIA: REVIEW AND SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURE УДК: 597.551.2 Ф.А. Турдаковым [2]. Для исключения ошибки опе- На основе анализа общего хабитуса, окраски, морфо- ратора морфометрический анализ всех рыб был логии, кариотипа, биологии и структуры ДНК пересмот- произведен одним оператором на живом материале, рена систематическое положение голого османа из водое- так же как и определение возраста. мов Центральной Азии и предложена внутривидовая Для сравнения различных популяций были ис- структура. пользованы материалы по описанию хабитуса, Ключевые слова: голый осман, популяция окраска окраске, данные полного морфометрического анали- тела, меристические признаки, кариотипы, геномы. за, данные по биологии, кариотипу как собственные Борбордук Азия сууларындагы көк чаар балыгынын так литературные и фондовые материалы, данные по хабитусун, түсүн, морфологиясын, кариотибин, биология- гибридизации ДНК. сын жана ДНК структурасын анализдөөнүн негизинде алардын систематикалык абалы кайрадан каралып, түр- Результаты исследований дүн ички структурасы сунушталган. В фауне Центральной Азии описано два вида: Негизги сөздөр: көк чаар, популяция, түсү, өлчөнүү- Diptychus micromaculatus Turdakov – таласский го- чү белгилери, кариотип, геном. лый осман (р. Талас) и D.dybowskii Kessler – голый осман с 4 подвидами: D.d.dybowskii Kessler – типич- Based on analysis of general habitus, coloring, mor- phology, karyotype, biology, and DNA structure, systematic ный подвид (реки басс. Балхаша, Алаколя, Зайсана, position of naked osman from the Central Asia water bodies Иссык-Куля); D.d.bergianus Turdakov – чуйский го- has been reviewed and internal structure of the species has лый осман (басс. р. Чу); D.d.lansdelli Gunter – иссык- been proposed. кульский голый осман (оз. Иссык-Куль); D.d.kessleri Key words: naked osman, population, colorin, karyotype, Russky – чирчикский голый осман (басс. р. Сырда- genome. рья) [2]. Голый осман является одним из наиболее Таласский голый осман отличается от обычного распространенных обитателей предгорной и горной окраской, так называемый «таласский» тип окраски зон гор Центральной Азии. Несмотря на это не много (темные пятна мельче по размерам и вдоль боковой работ посвящено различным сторонам биологии или линии концентрируются в черную полоску на фоне изучению систематического статуса отдельных которой боковая линия выглядит светлой полосой), у групп популяций и в научных статьях продолжает него наименьшее количество чешуй в боковой использоваться систематические предложения, выс- линии, наибольшие размеры головы и всех ее частей казанные Ф. А. Турдаковым в 1955-1963годах [1, 2]. и усиков, а также антедорсальное и пектовентарль- За прошедшее время появилось много работ по ное расстояния и размеры плавников. Постдорсаль- морфологии, биологии османа водоемов Нагорной ное расстояние наоборот меньше, чем у D.dybowskii Азии. Получили развитие молекулярные методы в [2, 3]. систематике. Все это привело к необходимости со- Чирчикский голый осман отличается от других вершить ревизию этой небольшой группы абори- подвидов высоким хвостовым стеблем, наименьшим генных карповых рыб. антедорсальным расстоянием и диаметром глаза. Основное отличие – большее число мягких лучей в Материалы и методы исследований спинном плавнике. Иссыккульский голый осман Для проведения анализа таксономической отличается размерами и темпом роста [2]. структуры голого османа нами были собраны мате- Как видно, в качестве дифференцирующих риалы из водоемов, населенных представителями признаков для видов и подвидов использовались различных систематических групп, выделенных морфометрические признаки и окраска тела. 119 НАУКА, НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ИННОВАЦИИ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА № 4, 2015 , 2014 Результаты анализа морфометричексих данных С увеличением размеров у османа во всех показали следующее. По морфологическим призна- популяциях уменьшается диаметр глаза и у самок кам можно выделить 3 группы популяций голого увеличивается пектовентральное расстояние. османа [3]. При сравнении разных популяций голого Первая группа: окраска тела – типичная (тем- османа по пластическим признакам отдельно по ные, черные или темно-синие, округлые пятна хао- самкам и самцам получены настолько различные тично разбросаны по телу не образуя никакого результаты, что затруднительно сказать что-либо рисунка) и таласская. Особи могут иметь длинный определенное. или короткий расщеп, всегда есть чешуйки в При сопоставлении самок по пластическим основании брюшных плавников, особи с толстыми признакам резко выделяется озерная популяция, что губами крайне редки. Населяет бассейны оз. Зайсан, вполне закономерно. Несколько обособленное место Балхаша, Алакольских озер, Иссык-Куля и Чу. занимает угамская популяция, отличается она и по В пределах этой группы можно выделить 3 меристическим признакам, по результатам сравнения подгруппы: последних от общей группы отчетливо отстоит 1. Зайсан-Алаколь-Балхашская - окраска только ти- чуйская популяция голого османа [5]. пичная, расщеп у всех длинный, особи var. Популяции голого османа по характерным primitiva составляют до 19% численности особенностям пластических признаков самцов популяции; делятся на две большие группы: 2. Иссык-Кульская – окраска только типичная, рас- популяции бассейна Чарына, Чилика (басс.Или) щеп у 40% особей короткий, особей var. primitiva и Таласа; нет; популяции рек Карагалинка, Коктерек (басс. 3. Чуйская – окраска как типичная, так и таласская, Или), Угам и Чу. расщеп как длинный, так и короткий, особей var. По меристическим признакам выделяется три primitiva нет. группы: Вторая группа: окраска только таласского типа. популяции р.Чу и оз.Нижний Кульсай; Расщеп короткий и длинный. Особей var. primitiva популяции рек из басс.Чарына и Чилика; нет. Характерна большая, чем у других длина усиков популяции рек Коктерек, Карагалинка и Угам. и малая высота анального плавника. Все особи Популяция таласского османа при этом зани- имеют толстые губы. В кариотипе, по сравнению с мает как бы промежуточное положение между 2 и 3 предыдущей группой больше двуплечих и меньше группами, но ближе она ко второй. Из вышепри- акроцентрических хромосом. Населяет басс. р.Талас. веденных данных видно, что по самцам лишь Третья группа: окраска только «таласская». популяции из рек Карагалинка, Коктерек и Угам дос- Расщеп только короткий. Нет чешуй в основании таточно четко обособлены от других, как по плас- брюшного плавника. Нет особей morpha przewalskii. тическим, так и по меристическим признакам [5]. Отличается он и большим числом пластических При попарном сравнении каждого признака в признаков. Населяет басс. р.Чирчик. исследуемых популяциях не отмечено каких-либо Две последние группы довольно гомогенны. В закономерных изменений. Можно отметить, что первой - чуйская подгруппа османа включает в себя османы из басс. р. Чу отличаются наименьшим признаки характерные для всех трех групп популя- заглазничным расстоянием и наибольшим постдор- ций. В этом смысле она является как бы проме- сальным. У таласского османа самые длинные усики жуточной формой, но с первой группой ее объеди- и маленькая высота анального плавника. Наиболь- няет большое количество особей с чешуйками в шие отличия характерны для сырдарьинского осма- основании брюшных плавников и идентичность на. У него самая низкая голова, самый высокий хромосомных наборов [4]. хвостовой стебель, наибольшая длина грудного, По признакам половой и размерной изменчи- брюшного и спинного плавников. Значения боль- вости не отмечено какой-либо закономерности. шинства меристических признаков в разных попу- Половой диморфизм в популяциях голого османа в ляциях колеблются около средних, не отличающихся разных водоемах отмечается по разным признакам. достоверно. Заметна только определенная тенденция У самок чаще больше антедорсальное расстояние и в изменении количества жаберных тычинок. Их промеры брюшной части тела (вентро- и антеаналь- больше у таласского османа, далее по убыванию ное, антевентральное расстояния), у самцов во всех следуют популяции Балхаш-Илийского бассейна, популяциях больше длина основания спинного и р.Чу и минимальное количество жаберных тычинок анального плавников, иногда длина грудных и у особей голого османа из р.Угам [5]. брюшных плавников. По нашим данным не наблю- Голый осман образует ряд экологических форм: дается различий между половой изменчивостью речные, карликовые и озерные, различающиеся таласского и иссык-кульского османов, как это опи- темпом роста, размерами и плодовитостью. Пере- сывает Ф.А. Турдаков [3]. численные морфологические варианты и эколо- гические формы имеют сходную структуру генома. 120 НАУКА, НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ИННОВАЦИИ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА № 4, 2015 , 2014 Обсуждение Проведенный нами анализ морфологии, биоло- В группу расщепобрюхих карповых в мировой гии, кариотипа и структуры ДНК голых османов из фауне включают 11-15 родов [6, 7]. Внутри группы водоемов Центральной Азии, позволил сделать по признакам общей формы тела, наличию или следующее заключение. Отмечаемые ранее [1-3, 11] отсутствию зазубренного шипа в спинном
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