Index

Afghanistan, 1 oil seep discovery in, 116 Agnew, Spiro, 123 Outer Continental Shelf and, Airline industry, 162–163 141 Alabama, 59 Point Barrow, 116–117 Alaska, 138, 166–167, 184 Prince William Sound, 37, 154, ARCO and, 118 156 BP and, 118, 165 Prudhoe Bay, 3, 43, 118–119, Bush (George W.) and, 2 174 coastal residence and, 133–134 public domain and, 117 Deadhorse, 123 U.S. Department of the Interior energy independence and, and, 117–118, 120–121, 123, 115–127 125–128 Exxon Valdez and, 17 (see also Valdez, 36, 38–39, 122, 175 Exxon Valdez oil spill) Yukon River, 123 Gravel Amendment and, 123 Alaska Marine Highway, 134 Hickel (Walter) and, 118–121 Alaska Native Claims Settlement highways and, 133–134 Act (ANCSA), 121 Humble and, 118 Alaskan Federation of Natives, Klondike gold rush in, 116 117 limited resources of, 175–176 Alaskan pipeline litigation by State of, 140 Prudhoe Bay and, 43 logistics of drilling in, 116 rupture of, 41 Native protests in, 117–119, Trans-Alaskan Pipeline Autho- 121 rization Act, 123 North Slope, 33, 43, 115–117, Trans Alaska Pipeline System 119, 174 (TAPS), 3, 102, 118, 120, oil leases in, 116–119, 122–123 124–126 Valdez and, 36 226 Index

Alyeska Pipeline Service Com- U.S. Department of the Interior pany, 39, 120, 123 and, 172–173 Amerada-Hess, 118–119 Aspheron Peninsula, 66 “American oil,” 64 Associated Press, 43, 56, 59 American Planning Association, ASTM (American Society for 109–110 Testing and Materials) Inter- Amoco Caldiz spill, 156 national, 66 Anadarko Petroleum, 57–58, Astor, John Jacob, 76 165 Atchafalaya River, 135 Andrus, Cecil, 127 Atrophy of vigilance, 35–39, Andry, Albert III, x–xi 41–42, 159 Anglo-American Petroleum Automobiles, 20, 37, 143 Company, 78 advantage of oil and, 72 Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Com- American “love affair” with, pany, 103 107 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, dependency on, 85–86 103, 106, 114 Federal-Aid Highway Acts and, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 90, 110–111 102–103 General Motors and, 88, Angola, 18 109–111 Antitrust laws, 197n24 Great Depression and, Justice Department and, 109 106–107 Sherman Antitrust Act and, housing and, 108–110 78–79, 84, 177 Model T Ford and, 79 Texas and, 80, 82 National Interstate and De- Arabian Light crude oil, 114 fense Highways Act and, Arabian Peninsula, 103 111–112 Arab-Israeli war, 114 oil consumption and, 106–107 Arab Oil Embargo of 1973, required parking for, 109–110 113–114, 143, 183 streetcar removal and, 109 Archbold, John, 80 World War II era and, 107 ARCO (Atlantic Richfield Com- pany), 118 Baku, 66 Arctic Circle, 115 Bankruptcy, 17, 111 Arctic Ocean, 2–3 Barab, Jordan, 169–170 Arctic Slope Native Association, Barge-mounted draglines, 96 117 Barrel unit, 71 Area-wide leasing Barron, Daniel, III, 192n5 environmental issues and, 139– Barry, Dave, 97 140, 144–149, 172–173, 186 Barton, Joe L., 19, 58, 60, 194n41 Index 227

Bayous, 94, 97, 134–135 casing installation decisions of, Bea, Bob, 162 47–49 Benzene, 41 casual approach to safety by, “Beyond Petroleum” slogan, 40 34–61, 161–162 Bird migration, 11–12 cement bond log and, 49 Bligh Reef, 36–37, 51 centralizers and, 48–49 Blowout preventers, 15, 29, 45, clean-ups and, 153, 155–166, 55, 93, 196n2 169 clean-ups and, 159–161 drilling mud removal and, development of, 93 50–51 explanation of, 29 environmental issues and, previous success of, 10–11 xii (see also Environmental Sepulvado (Ronald) and, 44 issues) shear ram and, 159–161, 164 exclusion (debarring) and, 43, Blowouts. See also Deepwater 164–166 Horizon (drilling rig) fines of, 41–42 backups and, 50 Hayward (Tony) and, xii, 12, cement bond log and, 49 40–42, 46, 58, 152 gushers, 11, 17, 31, 80–83, House Committee on Energy 116, 156 and Commerce and, 46–47 Loop Current and, 11, 54 job cutting by, 40–41 policy for reducing, 158–170 judicial branch and, 59 skimmers and, 14, 53–54, Macondo project and, 9–20, 154–157 25, 29, 41–42, 49, 55, 57, Spindletop and, 80–83 159, 164, 174, 188–189 Bourg, Wes, xi Marianas and, 33 Boycotts, 106 Oil Spill Response Plan of, 53, BP, 2, 74. See also Deepwater 157–158, 194n31 Horizon (drilling rig) public relations strategies of, Alaskan oil and, 118, 165 12–14, 39–40 Anarko Petroleum and, 58 refocusing and, 164, 170 as Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, reform commitments of, 40–41 103, 106, 114 as Renegade Refiner, 42 atrophy of vigilance and, 35– shear ram and, 159–160, 164 39, 41–42, 159 Subcommittee on Oversight Barton’s apology to, 19, 58, 60, and Investigations and, 194n41 46–47 Beyond Petroleum slogan and, Texas City refinery explosion 40 and, 41, 44, 169 as British Petroleum, 39–40 toxic chemical release by, 41 Brown and, 40 228 Index

Blowout preventers (cont.) United States v. California and, Transocean and, 33–34, 43, 100 45–46, 52–53, 58–59, 159, U.S. Minerals Management 165 Service (MMS) and, 130–132 Britain, 90, 102–103, 106, California State Mineral Leasing 196n19 Act, 97 Brower, Charles, 116 Campaign finances, 58–61, 78, Browne, John, 40 195n4 Brunei, 18 Canada, 40, 65, 122 Bullwinkle (oil platform code Cancer, 41 name), 9 Carbon dioxide, 32, 40 Bureau of Land Management, Cartels, 78, 90, 103, 196n20 117–118, 138, 172 Carter, Jimmy, 5, 125–127, 140, Bureau of Ocean Energy Man- 143 agement, Regulation and Casing, 28–30, 45–51, 67 Enforcement (BOEMRE), 57, Catalytic converter, 89 167–168 Cement, 32, 59 Burning off natural gas, 14, bond logs and, 49 32–33 casing and, 28–29, 45, 48–50 Bush, George H.W., 6, 141–142 centralizers and, 48–49 Bush, George W., 2–3, 6, 53, 56, sealing with, 32, 43, 48 142, 178 sediment and, 22 Census of Marine Life, 11 Caddo Lake field, 92, 92–94, Center for American Progress, 196n2 150 California Central Intelligence Agency Fall, Albert, and, 116 (CIA), 106 Guadalupe, 13 Centralizers, 48–49 Montecito, 124 Chadman, John, 90 Oakland, 110 Chandeleur Islands, 94 Outer Continental Shelf and, Chandler, William U., 113 125–127 Cheney, Richard, 56 Santa Barbara channel and, 97, Chevron, 177 124, 131 Chicago, 76 Santa Barbara oil spill and, 10, China, 66, 177–178 91, 123–126, 153–154, 173, China National Offshore Oil 198n14 Corporation (CNOOC), 177 Summerland, 91–92, 124 Chumash people, 63 Tidelands Controversy and, Civil War, 75–76 98–101 Clark, William (explorer), 76 Clark, William P., Jr., 139 Index 229

Clarke, Lee, 53, 158, 193n7 Competitive bidding, 87, 101, Clay, Lucius, 110 146 Clean Development Mechanism, Conflicts of interest.See Corrup- 32–33 tion and conflicts of interest Clean-up of oil spills, 13, 124 ConocoPhillips, 42 blowout preventers and, Consumption of oil 159–161 American Way of Life and, BP and, 153, 155–166, 169 185–189 Deepwater Horizon spill and, automobiles and, 106–107 155–156, 159–160, 163–167 depletion rates and, 85, Exxon Valdez spill and, 154– 172–173 157, 166 during World War II, 105 fantasy documents and, 158 energy crisis and, 113, kill operations and, 156–157, 122–123 161 future and, 178–184 lack of technology for, Naval Petroleum Reserves and, 153–156 86–87 management issues and, oil shortages and, 85–86, 88, 158–164 115–116, 123, 143 National Research Council overadaptation and, 73 and, 154 remaining oil estimates and, policy recommendations for, 174–175 158–164 stretching of resources and, recovery rates of, 156 182–183 Santa Barbara spill and, United States’ lead in, 84–85, 153–154 106, 179–180 shear ram and, 159–160, 164 U.S. Fuel Administration and, skimmers and, 14, 53, 84–85 154–157 Containment efforts, 13–14, 39, staging of, 154–155 157 transparency and, 162–163 Cooper, Anderson, 33 Cleveland, Grover, 78 Corruption and conflicts of Cleveland, Ohio, 75–77 interest CNN, 33, 44, 51 bribed politicians and, 57–61 Coal, 71–72, 84, 86, 104, 181 (see also Politics) Coalition forces, 2 depletion allowance and, 84 Code names for oil platforms, 9 judicial branch and, 59 Cognac (oil platform code McKinley (William) and, name), 9 78–79 Colorado, 18, 24, 116, 150 National Recovery Administra- tion and, 89–90 230 Index

Corruption and conflicts of in- drilling mud removal and, terest (cont.) 50–51 Pact of Achnacarry and, 90, drilling operations of, 33–36 103, 196n20 estimating size of spill at, reform and, 40, 77, 87, 164 12–14 regulators and, 59–60 (see also explosion of, xi–xii, 7, 43, 47, Regulation) 55 Standard Oil and, 78–79 false alarms and, 45 Tidelands Controversy and, gas pressure and, 33 98–101 Halliburton and, ix, 48, 59 U.S. Minerals Management location and, 33 Service (MMS) and, 51–57, Macondo project and, 9–20, 61 25, 29, 41–42, 49, 55, 57, War Revenues Act and, 85 159, 164, 174, 188–189 Cost-cutting, 15, 37, 42, 169, as nightmare well, 47 193n12 physical description of, ix–x Cox, Archibald, 125 policy recommendations from, Cracking (in oil refining), 71 166–167, 174 Crawford, Truitt, 43 public awareness and, 93 Cullinan, Joseph, 82 public relations strategies and, Curzon, Lord, 85 12–14 Cuttings, 30 record-setting status of, ix–x, Cyprus, 103 15, 33 recovery plans and, 13–14, 53 Dallas Morning News, 58 shear ram and, 159–160 D’Arcy, William Knox, 102–103 sinking of, xii Deepwater Horizon (drilling surviving members of, 33–34 rig), ix–xiii, 6–7, 35, 80, 129, technology of, ix–x, 15, 19 192n5 thrusters of, x casing installation decisions Deepwater Horizon Study on, 47–49 Group, 164 casual approach to safety on, Deepwater Horizon United 34, 36, 41–60 Command, 13 cement bond log and, 49 Deep Water Royalty Relief Act, clean-ups and, 155–156, 159– 149, 200n16 160, 163–167 Depletion allowance, 84 containment efforts at spill of, Derricks, 70, 80–81, 91, 95, 124, 13–14 132 crew size of, x Deterding, Henry, 90 deaths on, xi Dinosaurs, 4, 7, 22, 73–74, 175, disabled safety systems on, 45 180–182, 185 Index 231

Draglines, 96 Exclusive Economic Zones Drake, Edwin L., 25, 67–69, 71, and, 2 81–82, 102 Executive Order 9633 and, 99 Drake engine, 69 extraction costs and, 24 Drake’s Folly, 67 fines and, 41–42, 109, 162, “Drill, baby, drill!” slogan, 178 170, 193n13 Drilling bits, 2, 27–29, 67–68 foreign oil and, 5–6, 90, 113– Drilling mud, 28–31, 50–51 114, 121–122 Drilling rights. See Leases frontier regions and, 115, 123– Drill string, 28–30, 159–160 129, 133, 144–145, 149, 173 Drive pipe, 67 future and, 178–184 Drug use, 51–57 Gilded Age and, 76 Dry holes, 31–32, 95, 98 golden parachutes and, 152 Dubai, 160–161 Great Depression and, 89, DuPont, 88 106–107 Iraq and, 1–2, 4, 66, 71, 101– Earth Day, xii, 10, 92, 120, 124, 103, 114 131 junk bond status and, 46 Economic issues Klondike gold rush and, 116 American Way of Life and, lawsuits and, 17, 87, 120 185–189 leases and, 18–19, 53, 55 (see area-wide leasing and, 139– also Leases) 140, 144–149, 172–173, 186 liens and, 17, 192n9 artificially cheap prices and, loss of U.S. petroleum preemi- 183–184 nence, 101–112 bankruptcy and, 17, 111 monopolies and, 75, 77–78, boycotts and, 106 82, 109 budgets and, 33–34, 39, 150– offshore wells and, 95, 98–99 151, 166, 168, 171 (see also Offshore wells) competitive bidding and, 87, oil barons and, 75–90 101, 146 oil consumption and, 2, 75, conflicts of interest and, 51–61 106, 143, 174, 182–183, 186, cost-cutting and, 15, 37, 42, 188 169, 193n12 oil production levels and, cutbacks and, 38 67–68, 81, 83, 89–90, 102, delayed settlements and, 17 104, 107, 114–115, 145, 162, depletion allowance and, 84 173–174, 179 depletion rates and, 172 oil prices and, 18–19, 39, 68, dry holes and, 31–32, 95, 98 89, 102, 143, 150–151, 179, efficiency and, 5, 28, 73, 84, 195n9, 198n3, 199n7 88, 143, 151, 181–183 232 Index

Economic issues (cont.) Endorfin (boat), ix–xiii OPEC and, 114–115, 123, 125 Energy crisis (of 1970s), 113, Outer Continental Shelf Deep 122–123 Water Royalty Relief Act and, Energy Efficiency, 151, 183 19, 149 Carter policy and, 5 overadaptation and, 73 drill string and, 28 pipelines and, 71–72 fuel, 143 profit concerns and, 18, 38, organisms and, 73, 181–182 40, 42, 73, 77, 81, 83, 144, tetraethyl lead and, 88 150–151, 169–170, 182 U.S. Fuel Administration and, railroads and, 76 84 royalties and, 18–19, 52, 56, Energy independence, 4, 20, 128, 59, 121, 148–150, 171, 186 180, 183 sabotage and, 71 Alaska and, 115–127 Sherman Antitrust Act and, American Way of Life and, 78–79, 84, 177 185–189 social multiplier effect and, area-wide leasing and, 139– 137, 166 140, 144–149, 172, 186 speculation and, 66, 70, 81 changing administrations and, Spindletop and, 80–81 5–6 subsidies and, 150–151, energy crisis and, 113, 182–184 122–123 sunk costs and, 95 foreign oil and, 5–6, 90, 113– taxes and, 18–19, 83–85, 111, 114, 121–122 145–152 loss of U.S. petroleum preemi- War Revenues Act and, 85 nence, 101–112 water depth and, x, 2, 6, 11, Nixon and, 5, 113, 115, 119, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30–33, 50, 57, 122–123, 125, 172 66, 68, 93, 116, 149 oil shortages and, 85–86, 88, Ehrlich, Paul, 73 115–116, 123, 143 Einstein, Albert, 7 Project Independence and, 113, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1, 100– 115, 123 101, 106, 110 solar energy and, 5 Embargoes, 199n7 Environmental impact state- Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 ments (EISs), 97, 120–122, and, 113–114, 143, 183 172 of 1959, 113, 198n2 Environmental issues production control and, 114 Alaskan pipeline and, 120–122 Project Independence and, 113 area-wide leasing and, 139– Emergency Response Team, 140, 144–149, 172, 186 38–39 Index 233 atrophy of vigilance and, 35– tidal exchange and, 97 39, 41–42, 159 timing of BP oil spill and, bayous and, 94, 97, 134–135 11–12 bird migration and, 11–12 toxic chemicals and, 41, 168 Census of Marine Life and, 11 Vanity Fair and, 40 clean-ups and, 153–170 waste and, 3–4, 38, 83 depletion rates and, 172 Watt (James) and, 51, 54, 128– Earth Day and, xii, 10, 92, 129, 137–138, 172–173 120, 124, 131 wetlands and, 12, 94, 96–97, Everglades and, 97 115 extraction and, 73, 82–83, 136, Environmental Protection 153, 174, 177, 182, 185 Agency (EPA), U.S., 43 flaring and, 32–33 Euphrates River, 66 frontier regions and, 115, 123– Everglades, 97 129, 133, 144–145, 149, 173 Exclusion, 164–166 future and, 178–184 Exclusive Economic Zones, 2 General Land Office and, Executive Order 9633, 99 92–93 Exploratory wells, 32–33, 57, greenhouse gases and, 32–33, 95–96, 116 40 Explosions Hawyard (Tony) on, xii Deepwater Horizon and, xi– Loop Current and, 11–12, 54 xii, 7, 43, 47, 55 Louisiana’s awareness of, seismic technology and, 26 136–137 Texas City refinery, 41, 44, 169 marshes and, 94, 96–98, 133, Exxon, 79, 118 156 ExxonMobil, 79, 98 National Environmental Policy Exxon Valdez oil spill, 10, 13, Act (NEPA) and, 120, 123 59, 122, 175, 192n9, 193n7 Obama on, xii atrophy of vigilance and, oil consumption and, 2–4, 75, 35–39 106, 143, 174, 182–183, 186, Bligh Reef and, 36–37, 51 188 casual approach to safety and, Process Safety Management for 60 Highly Hazardous Chemicals cutbacks and, 38 and, 168 delayed legal payments from, recovery efforts and, 13–14, 17 53, 89 environment of non-concern required parking and, 109–110 with, 36–39 skimmers and, 14, 53–54, policy recommendations from, 154–157 166 Spindletop and, 81, 83 risk management and, 34–35 234 Index

Exxon Valdez oil spill (cont.) Fossils, 4, 20–21, 72–74, 117, staged clean-up of, 154–157, 149, 185 166 France, 103 technology of, 36 Franklin, Benjamin, 183 volume of, 53 Frontier regions for oil production Fail-safe conditions, 15–16 Alaska and, 115 Fall, Albert, 87–89, 116 energy independence and, 115, False alarms, 45 123–129, 133, 144–145, 149 Fantasy documents, 158 Nixon and, 122–123, 125 Federal-Aid Highway Acts, Fuel 110–111 coal, 71–72, 84, 86, 104, 181 Federal Housing Administra- energy independence and, tion, 108 113–128 Federal Register, 138 kerosene, 65, 79 Federal Trade Commission, 90, military needs of, 84, 86–87, 196n20 116, 118, 122 Feldman, Martin, 59 oil’s energy quality as, 71 Financial disclosure reports, 59 tetraethyl lead and, 88–89 Fines, 41–42, 109, 162, 170, U.S. Fuel Administration and, 193n13 84–85 Fish, ix–x, 132–133 Flaring, 14, 32–33 Gahdhi, Sima J., 150 Floating hotels, 98 Gasoline, 7, 18, 41, 104 Florida, 11 Arab embargo and, 114–115 energy independence and, 126 energy independence and, Everglades and, 97 114–115 judicial conflicts of interest oil barons and, 79, 82 and, 59 tetraethyl lead and, 88–89 Loop Current and, 54 General Land Office, 92–93 offshore experimentation and, General Motors, 88, 109–111 99, 130–133 Geology Submerged Lands Act and, 101 cost-cutting and, 50 U.S. Minerals Management Drake well and, 68 Service (MMS) and, 130–131 exploratory wells and, 32–33, Watt (James) and, 140–141 57, 95–96, 116 Flow Rate Technical Group, 12 hard substrate and, 135 Ford, Gerald, 5, 125–126 igneous rock and, 21 Foreign oil, 5–6, 90, 113–114, improved understanding of, 89 121–122 limited oil resource and, 144, 177, 180, 188 Index 235

oil formation and, 21–25 moratorium on deepwater leas- rock oil and, 64–66, 176 ing in, 57, 59, sedimentary rock and, 21–26 number of production facilities Spindletop and, 79 in, 171–172 Geophones, 26 Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Germany, 104–105 and, 101, 126–127, 131–134, Gesner, Abraham, 65 136, 172–173 Gibbons, John H., 113 pipelines in, 171 Gilded Age, 76 Gulf Oil, 82, 92 Giliasso, Louis, 95 Gushers, 11, 17, 31, 80–83, 116, Giliasso (barge), 95–96 156 Gingrich revolution, 149 Global positioning technology, x Halliburton, ix, 48, 59 Golden parachutes, 152 Handbook of Texas Online, The, Good Friday, 1989, 37 81, 83 Gordon, Steve, 34 Harding, Warren, 87, 89 Gould, Jay, 76 Hard substrate, 135 “Government fears Deepwater Harrell, Jimmy, 50–51 Horizon well could become Harriman, Edward Henry, 76 Unchecked Gusher” report, Harrison, Benjamin, 78 11 Hay, Mark, 45 Graham, Bob, 130 Hayward, Tony, xii, 12, 40–42, Gravel Amendment, 123 46–47, 58, 152 Great Depression, 89, 106–107 Heather (oil platform code Great Plains, 24–25 name), 9 Greenhouse gases, 32–33, 40 Hickel, Walter, 118–121 Groat, Chip, 172 HMS Bounty, 37 Gulf of Mexico, 59, 115, 143, Hogg, James Stephen, 80, 82 158, 177 Holland, 103, 114 area-wide leasing and, 139– Holly (oil platform code name), 140, 144–149, 172, 186 9 bird migration and, 11–12 Home Oil, 118 “Gulf war” in, 2 Hoover, Herbert, 89 hurricanes and, 10–11 House Committee on Energy Loop Current and, 11–12, 54 and Commerce, 46–47 Macondo project and, 9–20, Housing, 108–110, 187 25, 29, 41–42, 49, 55, 57, Hughes, Howard, 82 159, 164, 174, 188–189 Humble Oil, 118 moratoria in other offshore re- Hunt, H.L., 82 gions and, 142, 172–173, 178 Hurricane Andrew, 10–11 Hurricane Ferdinand, 10 236 Index

Hurricane Ida, 33 Kerosene, 65, 79 Hurricane Ike, xi Kerr-McGee, 172 Hurricane Ivan, 10 Kicks (from natural gas pres- Hurricane Katrina, xi, 10, 184, sure), 30–31, 47–48, 55 186 Kier, Samuel, 64–66 Hurricane Lily, 187 “Kill” operations on oil blow- Hurricane Oil, 187–188 out, 156, 161 Hurricane Rita, xi, 10 Klondike gold rush, 116 Hussein, Saddam, 1, 13 Kuwait, 4, 13, 102–103, 114 Kyoto Protocol, 32–33 Ickes, Harold, 99, 104–105 Igneous rock, 21 Lago Petroleum Company, 93 Illinois, 94 Lake Erie, 93 Interstate Commerce Law, 78 Lake Maracaibo oil field, 93–95 Inupiat, 3 Lawsuits, 17, 87, 120 Iran, 105 Leaded gasoline, 88–89 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Leases, 55, 58, 70, 157, 103, 106, 114 200nn15,16 boycott of, 106 Alaska and, 116–119, 124–126 nationalized holdings and, 114 area-wide leasing policy and, shah of, 106 139–140, 144–149, 172, 186 Iraq bribery and, 87–88, 116 coalition forces in, 2 federal law and, 87 Euphrates River and, 66 first Federal sale, 139 Hussein and, 1, 13 Louisiana and, x, 9–12, 25, 33, invasion of, 1–2, 4 53, 92, 98–101, 130, 132, Oassem and, 114 161, 165 oil and, 1–2, 4, 66, 71, 101– Magnolia Petroleum Company 103, 114 and, 98 Powell (Colin) on, 2–3 Outer Continental Shelf and, Iraq Petroleum Company, 103 19, 101, 149 Ixtoc I oil spill, 13, 156 politics and, 138–149 rates, by region, 18 Japan, 104, 109, 177 royalties and, 18–19, 52, 56, Joe Griffin (ship), xii 59, 121, 148–150, 171, 186 Jordan, 103 taxes and, 18–19 Judicial branch, 59, 79 Texas and, 98–99 Junk bonds, 46 U.S. Congress and, 18–19 U.S. GAO and, 18 Kansas, 94 Lebanon, 103 Kazakstan, 18 Legal issues, 1, 171 Index 237

Alaskan Natives and, 117–119, geographic differences from 121 other regions, 133–135 drilling rights and, 18 (see also Grand Isle, 155 Leases) Groat (Chip) and, 172 energy independence and, hard substrate and, 135 123–124 Hurricane Lily and, 187 Executive Order 9633 and, 99 judicial conflicts of interest federal ownership issues and, and, 59 99–101 land prices and, 119 international cooperation and, limited resources of, 175–176 103–104 marginal sea and, 99 lawsuits and, 17, 87, 120 marshes and, 94, 96–98, 133, marginal sea and, 99 156 offshore wells and, 96–100 Morgan City, 98, 132 oil barons and, 79–81, 84, 90 number of production facilities Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) near, 171–172 and, 101, 125–127, 131–134, oil leases in, x, 9–12, 25, 33, 136, 172–173 53, 98–101, 130, 132, 161, Submerged Lands Act and, 101 165 Summerland, California mob offshore wells and, 91–99, and, 124 171–172 United States v. California and, Outer Continental Shelf and, 100 131–134, 136, 172 Lewis, Meriwether, 76 public education programs Libya, 114 and, 137–138 Liens, 17, 192n9 shrimp industry and, 132 Lloyd’s Register, 46, 52 social characteristics of, his- Lobbyists, 60, 100, 110, 151, torically, 135–138 168 tax revenue of, 18 Loop Current, 11–12, 54 Tidelands Controversy and, Louisiana, 54, 150, 173, 98–101 199nn4,6 U.S. Minerals Management bayous and, 94, 97, 134–135 Service (MMS) and, 130– bust of, 174 137, 140, 142–143 Caddo Lake field and, 92–94, Watt (James) and, 129, 172 196n2 Louisiana Geological Survey, coastal residence and, 133–134 172 Eugene Island, 98 Louisiana Land Oil and Gas, exploratory/development wells 55–56 in, 96–97 Lucas, Anthony, 79–80 Lutz, Peter, 54 238 Index

Macondo project, 41–42, 49, 57, Mining Law, 87 164, 174, 188–189. See also Mississippi Canyon, x, 9–12, 25, Deepwater Horizon (drill- 33, 53, 161, 165 ing rig) Mississippi River, 25, 94, 135 beginning of, 9–10 Missouri River, 76 BP propaganda and, 12–14 Mobil, 79, 98, 118 clean-ups and, 159 Mobile Press-Register, 11 drilling rights and, 18 Moby Dick (Melville), 64 lawsuits over, 17 Model T Ford, 79 One Hundred Years of Solitude Monopolies, 75, 77–78, 82, 109 and, 9–10, 188 Montana, 25 origin of code name, 9–10 Moody’s Investors Service, 46 ownership of oil from, 18 Moratoria, 142, 172–173, 178 riser length of, 29 Alaska and, 117–119 safety and, 15–16 Bush and, 142, 178 sediment and, 25 Gulf of Mexico and, 57, 59 terrible timing of spill, 11–12 Morton, Rogers, 120–122 U.S. Minerals Management Mossadeq, Mohammed, 106 Service (MMS) and, 55–56 Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, Magnolia Petroleum Company, Shah, 102 98 Muckrakers, 78, 195n4 Marginal sea, 99 Mud diving, 135 Marianas (drilling rig), 33 Marlin (oil platform code name), National Academy of Sciences, 9 129, 141, 142 Márquez, Gabriel García, 9, 188 National City Lines, 109 Marshall Islands, 15 National Emphasis Program Marshes, 94, 96–98, 133, 156 (NEP), 169 Martinez, Bob, 130 National Enquirer, 143 Masters, Ian, 54–55 National Environmental Policy Maximum likelihood estima- Act (NEPA), 120, 123 tion, 35 National Housing Act, 108 McKinley, William, 78–79 National Interstate and Defense McNutt, Marcia, 12 Highways Act, 111–112 Mellon, Andrew, 82 National Park Service, 64 Melville, Herman, 64 National Public Radio, 12, 52 Mid-Atlantic Governors Coastal National Recovery Administra- Resource Council, 126 tion, 89–90 Mineral Policy Act, 87 National Research Council, 129, Mining industry, 67, 83–84, 87, 142, 154 102 Natural gas, 149, 151, 162, 166 Index 239

advantages of, 71–72 Occupational Safety and Health energy independence and, 116– Administration (OSHA), 118, 126 41–42, 167–170, 193n13, extraction of, 24–27 201n13 flaring and, 14, 32–33 Odyssey spill, 156 geology of, 21–25 Offshore wells Louisiana and, 130, 132 barges and, 93–96 migration of, 25 bayous and, 94, 97, 134–135 offshore wells and, 91, 96, 101 blow-out preventers and, pressure of, 30–31, 33, 55, 74, 10–11, 15, 29, 44–45, 55, 93, 80 159–161, 164 politicians’ investments in, Caddo Lake field and, 92–94, 57–59 196n2 production wells and, 32 decayed vegetation and, 95 safety and, 43, 45, 47–50 draglines and, 96 Naval Petroleum Reserves, 86– Eisenhower (Dwight) and, 1 87, 116, 118 Executive Order 9633 and, 99 Netherlands, 103, 114 federal ownership issues and, New Orleans Magazine, 144 99–101 New York City, 76 floating hotels and, 98 New York Times, 1–2, 46, 151 Ickes (Harold) and, 99, Nixon, Richard M. 104–105 Alaskan oil and, 115, 119, Lake Maracaibo field and, 122–123, 125 93–95 energy independence and, 5, legal issues and, 96–100 113, 115, 119, 122–123, 125, Louisiana and, 91–99, 172 171–172 Hickel (Walter) and, 119 marginal sea and, 99 offshore wells and, 115, 172 Mississippi Canyon block 252 Project Independence and, 113, and, 9, 25, 33, 53, 161, 165 115, 123 Nixon (Richard) and, 115, Watergate and, 125, 198n15 123, 125, 172 Nobel family, 77–78 pilings and, 92–95, 98 North Atlantic, 93 power supply for, 93–94 North Dakota, 25 pressure issues and, 92–93 North Sea, 93 salt domes and, 92, 94 Norway, 18 shear ram and, 159–160, 164 shipworm (terredo) and, 93 Oassem, General, 114 steel decks and, 93 Obama, Barack, xii, 6, 19, 53, Stevenson (Adlai) and, 100 56–59, 147, 150, 178 Submerged Lands Act and, 101 240 Index

Offshore wells (cont.) geological perspective on, sunk costs and, 95 21–25 technology for, 91–96 Great Plains and, 24–25 tidal exchange and, 97 igneous rock and, 21 Tidelands Controversy and, Iraq and, 1–2, 4, 66, 71, 101– 98–101 103, 114 United States v. California and, kerosene and, 65, 79 100 as limited resource, 175–178 Venezuela and, 91–95 as medicine, 64–65 Oil military needs of, 84, 86–87, clean-up efforts and, 13–14, 116, 118, 122 124, 153–154, 157 new sources of, 4–5 consumption of, 2–4, 75, 106, organic matter and, 22–23 143, 174, 182–183, 186, 188 origins of, 21–25 containment efforts and, 13– overadaptation to, 73 14, 39, 157 photosynthesis and, 21 crude, 11, 13, 37, 41, 53, 66, as power (geopolitically), 68, 70–71, 89, 102–103, 105–106 113–114, 173 production levels of, 67–68, current U.S. reserves of, 180 81, 83, 89–90, 102, 104, 107, depletion rates and, 85, 114–115, 145, 162, 173–174, 172–173 179 “destruction” of, 4 Project Independence and, 113, dinosaur era and, 4, 7, 22, 73– 115, 123 74, 175, 180–182, 185 recovery of, 13–14, 53, 89 disadvantages of, 72–73 reservoirs and, 23–25, 30–33, discovering, 25–27 53, 80, 92, 175 drilling techniques and, 27–33 as rock oil, 64–66, 176 early techniques for obtaining, sandstone and, 22 66–74 sedimentary rock and, 21–26 early U.S. and, 63–66 seeps and, 25, 63–67, 116 energy quality of, 71 shales and, 22, 24 estimate of remaining amounts, shortages of, 85–86, 88, 115– 174–175 116, 123, 143 Exclusive Economic Zones source rocks and, 23 and, 2 as stored sunlight, 21–22 foreign, 5–6, 90, 113–114, submersible rigs and, x, 95–96 121–122 technology and, ix–x (see also as fossil fuel, 4, 20–21, 72–74, Technology) 117, 149, 185 unexplored territories for, future and, 178–184 176–177 Index 241

variations in, 23 policy recommendations for, viscosity and, 23, 31 158–170 voids and, 22 production wells and, 32, 59 wasting of, 3–4 risers and, 29 water depth and, x, 2, 6, 11, rocking horse pumps and, 31 19, 22, 25, 27, 30–33, 50, 57, sealing and, 29, 32, 43, 48, 54, 66, 68, 93, 116, 149 63, 159 as World War II factor, shear ram and, 159–160, 164 104–105 stripper operations and, 83, Oil City, 70 195n10 Oil Creek, 25, 77 U.S. Minerals Management Oil Division, U.S. Fuel Adminis- Service and, 16, 48, 51–52, tration, 84–85 55, 61, 129–130, 139, 141, Oil drilling 167, 200nn15,16 blow-out preventers and, Oil industry 10–11, 15, 29, 44–45, 55, 93, Alaskan oil and, 115–127 159–161, 164 anticompetitive activities and, casing and, 28–30, 45–51, 67 78–90, 103, 196n20 cement use and, 22, 28–29, 32, area-wide leasing and, 139– 42–45, 48–50, 59 140, 144–149, 172–173, 186 centralizers and, 48–49 barons of, 75–90 clean-up and, 153–170 beginnings of, 66–74 code names for, 9 cartels and, 78, 90, 196n20 cost-cutting and, 15, 37, 42, China and, 177–178 169, 193n12 clean-up and, 153–170 cuttings and, 30 damage to U.S. economy from, drilling bits and, 2, 27–29, 171 67–68 depletion allowance and, 84 drilling mud and, 28–31, Drake and, 25, 67–69, 71, 50–51 81–82, 102 drill string and, 28–30, frontier regions and, 115, 123– 159–160 129, 133, 144–145, 149, 173 dry holes and, 31–32, 95, 98 golden parachutes and, 152 exploratory wells and, 32–33, international competition and, 57, 95–96, 116 102–112 kicks and, 30–31, 47–48, 55 Interstate Commerce Law and, Macondo project and, 9–20, 78 25, 29, 41–42, 49, 55, 57, leases and, 18 (see also Leases) 159, 164, 174, 188–189 lobbyists and, 60, 100, 110, moratoria and, 19, 57, 117– 151, 168 119, 142, 178 242 Index

Oil industry (cont.) economic issues and, 18–19, Meadville, Pennsylvania and, 39, 68, 89, 102, 143, 150– 67–68 151, 178–179, 195n9, 198n3, monopolies and, 75, 77–78, 199n7 82, 109 embargoes and, 114 (see also muckrakers and, 78, 195n4 Embargoes) OPEC and, 64, 105, 114–115, engineered cuts in, 113–114 123, 125, 183, 198n2 National Recovery Administra- Pact of Achnacarry and, 90, tion and, 89–90 103, 196n20 new oil field discoveries and, patriotism and, 104–105 68, 80–83, 89 Peter Principle and, 19–20, 164 Project Independence and, 113, Pithole, Pennsylvania and, 69– 115, 123 74, 91, 172–175 quadrupling of, 114–115 policy recommendations for, Spindletop and, 81 158–170 Oil-rush cities Rockefeller (John) and, 75–84, Oil City, 70 102 Oleopolis, 70 royalties and, 18–19, 52, 56, Pithole, 69–74 59, 121, 148–150, 171, 186 Spindletop, 81, 83 Sherman Antitrust Act and, Titusville, 66–69 78–79, 84, 177 Oil shale, 24 social multiplier effect and, Oil Spill Response Plan, 53, 157, 137, 166 194n31 Spindletop and, 79–83, 91–92, Oil Weekly journal, 116, 118, 95, 102, 116, 172–173 122 subsidies and, 150–151, Oklahoma, 25, 89, 150 182–184 Oleopolis, 70 Tidelands Controversy and, One Hundred Years of Solitude 98–101 (García Márquez), 9, 188 Titusville, Pennsylvania and, Operation Ajax, 106 66–67 Oregon, 140 vertically integrated entities Organic matter, 22–23 and, 82 Organization of Petroleum-Ex- War Revenues Act and, 85 porting Countries (OPEC), wildcatters and, 4, 82–83, 152 64, 105, 114–115, 123, 125, Oil leases. See Leases 183, 198n2 Oil prices Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), artificially low, 183–184 101, 125–127, 173 busts in, 68, 69–74, 81, 89–90, area-wide leasing and, 139– 143, 173–74 140, 144–149, 172, 186 Index 243

Louisiana and, 131–134, 136, gas, 32 172 Gravel Amendment and, 123 Outer Continental Shelf Deep miles of in Gulf of Mexico, Water Royalty Relief Act, 19, 171–172 149 at Pithole, Pennsylvania 71 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Reconstruction Finance Corpo- Act (OCSLA), 101 ration and, 105, 197n19 Outer Continental Shelf Lands sabotage of, 71 Act Amendments (OCSLAA), Spindletop and, 81 127 Thomas map and, 116, 122, Overadaptation, 73, 180–183 198n4 Overdesign (as safety measure), underwater, 92 73 world’s first oil, 70–72 Policy Pact of Achnacarry, 90, 103, artificially cheap prices and, 196n20 183–184 Panama, 95 damage to U.S. economy from, Panama Canal, 86 171, 175 Parking Standards, 109–110 energy efficiency and, 5, 28, 73, Patents, 65, 87, 95 84, 88, 143, 151, 181–183 Pearl Harbor, 104 exclusion and, 164–166 Pennsylvania, 25, 27, 65 extraction and, 73, 82–83, 136, Meadville, 67–68 153, 174, 177, 182, 185 Pithole, 69–74, 76, 81, 83, 91, future and, 178–184 172–173, 175 need for new technologies and, Pittsburgh, 76 183 Titusville, 66–69 refocusing and, 164, 170 Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co., reform of, 158–160 66–67 Regional Citizens’ Advisory Perrow, Charles, 162 Councils and, 166 Persia, 102 stretching of resources and, Peter Principle, 19–20, 164 182–183 Petroleum Coordinator for Na- transparency and, 162–163 tional Defense, 105 Politics Phillips (oil company), 118 area-wide leasing and, Pilings, 92–95, 98 172–173 Pipelines Barton (Joe) apology and, 19, Alaskan, 3, 36, 39, 41, 43, 102, 58, 60, 194n41 118, 118–125 Bush (George H.W.) and, 6, corridors for, 96 141–142 economic advantages of, 71–72 244 Index

Politics (cont.) Nixon (Richard) and, 5, 113, Bush (George W.) and, 2–3, 6, 115, 119, 122–123, 125, 172 53, 56, 142, 178 Obama (Barack) and, xii, 6, Carter and, 5, 125–127, 140, 143 19, 53, 56–59, 147, 150, 178 clean-up and, 158–164 oil embargoes and, 90, 113– Cleveland (Grover) and, 78 115, 123, 125, 143, 183, conflicts of interest and, 51–61 198n2, 199n7 drilling rights and, 18 OPEC and, 64, 105, 114–115, Eisenhower (Dwight) and, 1, 123, 125, 183, 198n2 100–101, 106, 110 Outer Continental Shelf Deep energy independence and, 4–6, Water Royalty Relief Act and, 20, 113–128, 144, 180, 183 19, 149 Energy Plan and, 56 Pact of Achnacarry and, 90, Exclusive Economic Zones 103, 196n20 and, 2 Peter Principle and, 19–20 Executive Order 9633 and, 99 Progressive Era and, 87–88 Federal-Aid Highway Acts and, Qaddafi (Muammar) and, 114 110–111 Reagan (Ronald) and, 5–6, Ford (Gerald) and, 5, 125–126 51, 127–128, 136, 138–139, General Motors and, 88, 143–144 109–111 Roosevelt (Franklin) and, 99 Gingrich (Newt) revolution Roosevelt (Theodore) and, 79, and, 149 86–87 Harding (Warren) and, 87, 89 reform and, 40, 77, 87, 164 Harrison (Benjamin) and, 78 Stevenson (Adlai) and, 100 Hickel (Walter) and, 118–121 Taft (William) and, 79, 86–87 Hogg (James) and, 80, 82 taxes and, 18–19, 83–85, 111, Hoover (Herbert) and, 89 145–152 Ickes (Harold) and, 99, Truman (Harry) and, 99 104–105 U.S. Congress and, 18–19 (see judicial branch and, 59 also U.S. Congress) leases and, 138–149 War Revenues Act and, 85 lobbyists and, 60, 100, 110, Watergate and, 125, 198n15 151, 168 Watt (James) and, 51, 54, 128– McKinley (William) and, 78 129, 137–138, 172–173 muckrakers and, 78, 195n4 Wilson (Woodrow) and, 84 National Interstate and De- Powell, Colin, 2–3 fense Highways Act and, Process Safety Management for 111–112 Highly Hazardous Chemi- Naval Petroleum Reserves and, cals, 168 86–87 Produced waters, 32 Index 245

Production levels, 5, 12–14, 145, Qaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 157–158, 162 114 current U.S., 179 Quotas, 89–90 development of offshore meth- Qutar, 114 ods and, 102, 104, 107 energy independence and, Railroads, 71, 95, 109 114–115 Chicago and, 76 extraction and, 73, 82–83, 136, dependency on, 86 153, 174, 177, 182, 185 Interstate Commerce Law and, Lake Maracaibo field and, 93 78 oil barons and, 77, 81 modernizing of, 109 policy issues and, 173–174, Rockefeller (John) and the out- 179 smarting of, 76–80, 83 Project Independence and, 115 Standard Oil and, 79–80 Prudhoe Bay and, 174 Texas Railroad Commission quotas for, 89–90 and, 83 Spindletop and, 83 Rankin, John L., 172 U.S. Fuel Administration and, Razmara, Ali, 106 84–85 Reagan, Ronald, 5–6, 51, 127– Production wells, 32, 59 128, 136, 138–139, 143–144 Profits, 18, 81, 83, 182 Reconstruction Finance Corpo- area-wide leasing and, 139– ration, 105, 197n19 140, 144–149, 172, 186 Records of the Columbia His- BP and, 40, 42, 73 torical Society, 108 fines and, 170 Refineries, 72 frontier regions and, 115, 123– cracking and, 71 129, 133, 144–145, 149, 173 efficiency and, 71 future and, 178–184 first commercial, 65 maximization of, 169 Rockefeller (John) and, 75–77, risk management and, 38 82 royalties and, 18–19, 52, 56, safety and, 41–45, 168–169 59, 121, 148–150, 171, 186 Texas City explosion and, 41, Spindletop and, 81 44, 45, 169 Standard Oil and, 77 Refocusing, 164, 170 subsidies and, 150–151, Reform 182–184 Hayward (Tony) and, 40 tax breaks and, 150 policy recommendations for, Progressive Era, 87–88 158–170 Project Independence, 113, 115, Progressive Era and, 87 123 Standard Oil Trust and, 77 ProPublica, 42 246 Index

Regional Citizens’ Advisory policy recommendations for, Councils, 166 158–170 Regulation. See also Safety Regional Citizens’ Advisory Bureau of Ocean Energy Man- Councils and, 166 agement, Regulation and En- Savings and Loans and, 144 forcement and, 57, 167–168 State Lands Act and, 97 California State Mineral Leas- Subcommittee on Oversight ing Act and, 97 and Investigations and, casual approach to safety and, 46–47 41–51 Submerged Lands Act and, 101 corruption and conflicts of in- Tidelands Controversy and, terest in, 51–61, 78–79 98–101 depletion allowance and, 84 U.S. Coast Guard and, 37–39 Emergency Response Team U.S. Congress and, 18–19 (see and, 38–39 also U.S. Congress) Federal-Aid Highway Acts and, U.S. Department of the Interior 110–111 and, 9, 44, 51, 87, 89, 93, Federal Trade Commission 101, 104, 117–130, 138–141, and, 90, 196n20 144, 165, 172 House Committee on Energy U.S. Government Accountabil- and Commerce and, 46–47 ity Office and, 18–19, 149, lobbyists and, 60, 100, 110, 192n10 151, 168 U.S. Minerals Management Mineral Policy Act and, 87 Service and, 16, 48, 50–57, Mining Law and, 87 61, 129–130, 137–141, 165– moratoria and, 19, 57, 117– 168, 200nn15,16 119, 142, 178 War Revenues Act and, 85 National Housing Act and, Risers, 29 108 Risk management, 88, 129, 138 National Interstate and De- atrophy of vigilance and, 35– fense Highways Act and, 39, 41–42, 159 111–112 BP policies and, 43–51, 55, 60 oil embargoes and, 90, 113– cement bond log and, 49 115, 123, 125, 143, 183, centralizers and, 48–49 198n2, 199n7 clean-up and, 158, 162, 165 Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) cutbacks and, 38 and, 101, 126–127, 131–134, Emergency Response Team 136, 172–173 and, 38–39 Pact of Achnacarry and, 90 Exxon Valdez and, 34–35 Parking Standards and, House Committee on Energy 109–110 and Commerce and, 46–47 Index 247

Lloyd’s Register, 46, 52 Royalties, 18–19, 52, 56, 59, maximum likelihood estima- 121, 148–150, 171, 186 tion and, 35 Ruckelshaus, William, 125 organizational factors and, 33–39, 41–47, 161–164, Sabotage, 71 165–170 Safety, 166 safety and, 33–51 (see also atrophy of vigilance and, 35– Safety) 39, 41–42, 159 skimmers and, 14, 53–54, benzene and, 41 154–157 BP’s casual approach to, 34– Subcommittee on Oversight 61, 161–162 and Investigations and, bypassing procedures and, 45, 46–47 49 technology and, 14–15, cement bond log and, 49 159–161 centralizers and, 48–49 toxic chemicals and, 41, 168 cost-cutting, cutbacks and, 15, Rockefeller, John D., Sr. 37, 38, 42, 169, 193n12 business acumen of, 75 Emergency Response Team challenges to supremacy of, and, 38–39 102–103 fail-safe conditions and, 15–16 Cleveland location and, 76–77 false alarms and, 45 competitors of, 77–78, 82, 84 fines and, 41–42, 109, 162, cooperative strategies of, 170, 193n13 77–78 House Committee on Energy moral code of, 75 and Commerce and, 46–47 philanthropic causes of, 75 maximum likelihood estima- production phase and, 82 tion and, 35 railroads and, 76–80, 83 OSHA and, 41–42, 167–170, refineries and, 75–77, 82 193n13, 201n13 Standard Oil Company and, Process Safety Management for 77–84 Highly Hazardous Chemicals Texas and, 79–80 and, 168 work ethic of, 75 risk management and, 14–15, as world’s richest man, 75 33–39, 43–51, 55, 60, 88, Rocky (oil platform code name), 129, 138, 158, 162, 165 9 shear ram and, 159–160, 164 Rocking horse pumps, 31 Subcommittee on Oversight Rock oil, 64–66, 176 and Investigations and, Roosevelt, Franklin, 99 46–47 Roosevelt, Theodore, 79, 86–87 technology and, 15–16 Rothschilds, 77–78 tetraethyl lead and, 88–89 248 Index

Safety, 166 (cont.) Shear ram, 159–160, 164 toxic chemicals and, 41, 168 Shell Oil, 90, 103 U.S. Coast Guard and, 37–39 Sherman Antitrust Act, 78–79, U.S. Minerals Management 84, 177 Service and, 16, 48, 51–52, Shipworm (terredo), 93 55, 61, 129–130, 139, 141, Shivers, Allan, 100 167–168, 200nn15,16 Shortages, 85–86, 88, 115–116, Safety Award for Excellence 123, 143 (SAFE) award, 52, 165 Shrimp and Petroleum Festival, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 38 132 Salt domes, 81, 92, 94 Silent Spill, 13 Salt water, 93, 96, 98 Silliman, Benjamin, 65 Salt wells, 27, 67 Silt, 21–22, 94–95 135 Sampson, Anthony, 68 Skimmers, 14, 53, 154–157 Sandstone, 22 Smith, Billy, 68 Santa Barbara Morning Press, Social multiplier effect, 137, 166 124 Solar power, 5 Santa Barbara oil spill, 10, 91, Solberg, Carl, 84 123–126, 153–154, 173 Source rocks, 23 Satellite imaging, 12 South Dakota, 25, 94 Saucier, Michael, 55 Soviet Union, 89, 110–111, 114, Saudia Arabia, 103 150 Schlumberger, 49 Speculation, 66, 70, 81 Scotland, 90 Spindletop, 79, 91, 172–173 Sea bottoms, x, 2, 22, 99, 101 blowout of, 80 Sealing, 29, 32, 43, 48, 54, 63, declining production of, 83 159 derricks of, 81 Sedimentary rock, 21–26 environmental issues and, 81, Seeps, 25, 63–67, 116 83 Seismic technology, 26–27, 94, Gulf Oil and, 92 148 as gusher, 80–83, 116 Semisubmersible rigs, x as largest reservoir discovered Senate Committee on Health, at time, 80 Education, Labor and Pen- limitations of, 83 sions, 169 oil prices after, 81 Seneca Indians, 65 profit and, 81 Seneca Oil Company, 64–67 size of, 82 Sepulvado, Ronald, 44–45 Texas Company and, 95 Sexual promiscuity, 51–57 U.S. Market dominance and, Shah of Iran, 106 102 Shales, 22, 24 Index 249

Spindletop-Gladys City Boom- Teagle, Walter, 90 town Museum, 83 Teamsters, 71 Standard Oil Company, 98 Teapot Dome, 88, 125 Archbold (John) and, 80 Technology, 49, 92, 115, 131– Hogg (James) and, 80, 82 132, 177 Interstate Commerce Law and, blow-out preventers, 10–11, 78 15, 29, 44–45, 55, 93, 159– Nazi Germany and, 104 161, 164 Rockefeller (John) and, 77–84 catalytic converters, 89 Teagle (Walter) and, 90 clean-up and, 153–156 tetraethyl lead and, 88–89 computers, 27 Texas and, 79–80 cost-cutting and, 15, 37, 42, Standard Oil Trust, 77–79, 84 169, 193n12 State Lands Act, 97 Deepwater Horizon and, ix–x, Steam power, 36, 72, 76, 93 15, 19 Stevenson, Adlai, 100 Drake engine, 69 Streetcars, 109 drive pipe, 67 Stripper operations, 83, 195n10 efficiency and, 5, 28, 73, 84, Stupak, Bart, 46 88, 143, 151, 181–183 Subcommittee on Oversight and Exxon Valdez and, 36 Investigations, 46–47 global positioning, x Submarines, 38, 105 management of, 15 Submerged Lands Act, 101 movable, 93–94 Submersible rigs, 95–96 need for new, 183 Subsidies, 150–151, 182–184 offshore drilling methods and, Sunk costs, 95 91–96 Sunlight, 21–22 patents and, 65, 87, 95 Syria, 103 Peter Principle and, 19–20 safety and, 15–16 Taft, William Howard, 79, satellite imaging, 12 86–87 seismic, 26–27, 94, 148 Tariffs, 90 semisubersible rigs, x Taxes skimmers, 14, 53, 154–157 corporate profits and, 18, steam power, 36, 72, 76, 93 83–85 submersible rigs, 95–96 highways and, 111 tetraethyl lead, 88–89 incentives and, 150–152 thrusters, x, 45 injustice to taxpayers and, whale oil and, 63–66, 71 18–19, 145–150 Tethers, x tariffs and, 90 Tetraethyl lead, 88–89 War Revenues Act and, 85 Texas, 117, 150, 152, 169 250 Index

Texas (cont.) Feldman (Martin) and, 59 Barton (Joe) and, 19, 58, 60, Hay (Mark) and, 45 194n41 lawmakers’ holdings in, 58–59 Bush (George W.) and, 56 Moody’s rating of, 46 Hogg (James) and, 80, 82 Safety Award for Excellence inland sea of, 25 (SAFE) award and, 52 judicial conflicts of interest shear ram and, 159–160 and, 59 U.S. Minerals Management marginal sea and, 99 Service (MMS) and, 52 oil prices and, 90 Williams (Mike) and, 45 production restriction and, 89 Transparency, 162–163 Rockefeller (John) and, 102 Transportation, 63, 72, 75, 121, Spindletop and, 79–83, 91–92, 183, 196n14 95, 102, 116, 172–173 Alaska and, 118 Submerged Lands Act and, 101 Chicago and, 76 tax revenue of, 18 Interstate Commerce Law and, Tidelands Controversy and, 78 98–101 modernizing of, 109 wildcatters and, 4, 82–83, 152 Panama Canal and, 86 Texas City refinery explosion, public transit and, 109–110 41, 44, 45, 169 railroads and, 71, 76–80, 83, Texas Company (Texaco), 82, 86, 95, 109 95, 177 roads and, 95 (see also Thomas, Henry, 116, 122 Automobiles) Thrusters, x, 45 Rockefeller (John) and, 76–80, Tidal exchange, 97 83 Tidelands Controversy, 98–101 streetcars and, 109 Titanic (ship), 15, 36 Tropical Storm Isidore, 187 Torrey Canyon spill, 156 Truman, Harry, 99 Toxic chemicals, 41, 168 Tunisia, 18 Train, Russell, 119 Turkish Petroleum Company, Trans-Alaskan Pipeline Authori- 103 zation Act, 123 Trans Alaska Pipeline System Udall, Stewart, 117–119 (TAPS), 3, 102, 118, 120, Union Oil Company of Califor- 122–123 nia, 118, 177 Transocean, 33, 53 United States casual approach to safety by, American Way of Life and, 34, 45–46 185–189 Crawford (Truitt) and, 43 automobile popularity in, 107 exclusion and, 165 Index 251

Bush (George H.W.) and, 6, Iraq and, 1–2, 4, 66, 71, 101– 141–142 103, 114 Bush (George W.) and, 2–3, 6, judicial branch and, 59 53, 56, 142, 178 loss of petroleum preeminence Carter (Jimmie) and, 5, 125– of, 101–112 127, 140, 143 McKinley (William) and, 78 Civil War and, 75–76 marginal sea and, 99 consumption levels of, 84–85 National Housing Act and, decreased production levels 108 of, 179 National Interstate and De- as dominant-oil producing na- fense Highways Act and, tion, 1–2 111–112 drilling rights and, 18 natural resources of, 63–66, 71 early use of oil and, 63–66 Nixon (Richard) and, 5, 113, Eisenhower (Dwight) and, 1, 115, 119, 122–123, 125, 172 100–101, 106, 110 Obama (Barack) and, xii, 6, energy crisis of, 113, 122–123 19, 53, 56–59, 147, 150, 178 energy independence and, 4–6, oil embargoes and, 90, 113– 20, 85–86, 113–128, 144, 115, 123, 125, 143, 183, 180, 183 198n2, 199n7 Exclusive Economic Zones oil revenue rates of, 18–19 and, 2 Outer Continental Shelf Deep Federal-Aid Highway Acts and, Water Royalty Relief Act and, 110–111 19, 149 Federal Trade Commission ownership of oil from Ma- and, 90, 196n20 condo project, 18 Ford (Gerald) and, 5, 125–126 Pact of Achnacarry and, 90 foreign oil and, 5–6, 90, 113– Project Independence and, 113, 114, 121–122 115, 123 Franklin (Benjamin) and, 183 railroads and, 71, 76–80, 83, future and, 178–184 86, 109 Gilded Age and, 76 Reagan (Ronald) and, 5–6, Great Plains and, 24–25 51, 127–128, 136, 138–139, Harding (Warren) and, 87, 89 143–144 Harrison (Benjamin) and, 78 Roosevelt (Franklin) and, 99 Hoover (Herbert) and, 89 Roosevelt (Theodore) and, 79 housing and, 108–110 Stevenson (Adlai) and, 100 Interstate Commerce Law and, Taft (William) and, 79, 86–87 78 Truman (Harry) and, 99 invasion of Afghanistan by, 1 whale oil and, 63–66, 71 Wilson (Woodrow) and, 84 252 Index

Unocal (Union Oil of Califor- policy recommendations for, nia), 177 173, 178, 185 U.S. Coast Guard, xii poor responses of, 57, 169 atrophy of vigilance and, railroads and, 76 37–39 Senate Committee on Health, Deepwater Horizon spill and, Education, Labor and Pen- 10, 43–44, 50 sions, 169 safety issues and, 37–39 Standard Oil Trust and, 84 U.S. Minerals Management Submerged Lands Act and, 101 Service (MMS) and, 55, Stupak (Bart) and, 46 167–168 Subcommittee on Oversight U.S. Congress and Investigations and, Alaska and, 117, 120–122, 126 46–47 Barton (Joe) apology and, 19, subsidies and, 150–151 58, 60, 194n41 U.S. revenues and, 18 BP’s casual approach to safety Waxman (Henry) and, 46 and, 41, 43–44, 47, 50 U.S. Department of the Interior, clean-up and, 169–170 4, 44, 101, 165 Congressional Budget Office Alaskan oil and, 117–118, and, 150–151 120–121, 123, 125–128 Eisenhower (Dwight) and, 100 area-wide leasing and, Federal-Aid Highway Acts and, 172–173 110–111 Bureau of Land Management House Committee on Energy and, 117–118, 138, 172 and Commerce and, 46–47 Fall (Albert) and, 87 Interstate Commerce Law and, General Land Office and, 78 92–93 Mineral Policy Act and, 87 Ickes (Harold) and, 104 National Interstate and De- leases and, 130 (see also fense Highways Act and, 112 Leases) oil leases and, 89, 141 (see also Mississippi Canyon and, 9 Leases) Naval Reserves and, 87 Outer Continental Shelf Deep offshore wells and, 138–141, Water Royalty Relief Act and, 144 19, 149 Rankin (John) and, 172 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Reagan and, 138–139 Act (OCSLA) and, 101 sanity issues and, 139, 199n6 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Udall (Stewart) and, 117–119 Act Amendments (OCSLAA) Watt (James) and, 51 and, 127 U.S. Department of Defense, 122 U.S. Fuel Administration, 84–85 Index 253

U.S. Geological Survey, 12, 85, Watt (James) and, 51, 129, 138, 172 138–139 U.S. Government Accountability U.S. Navy, 86 Office, 18–19, 149, 192n10 U.S. Supreme Court, 79, 89, U.S. Minerals Management Ser- 99–101 vice (MMS), 16, 48, 50, 166, U.S. Treasury Department, 150– 200nn15,16 151, 171, 173 Alaska and, 138 area-wide leasing and, 139– Vanderbilt family, 76 140, 144–149, 172–173, 186 Vanity Fair, 40 BP and, 51–57 Venezuela, 89 Bureau of Ocean Energy Man- Lake Maracaibo field and, agement, Regulation and En- 93–95 forcement and, 57, 167–168 offshore wells and, 91–95 Bush (George H.W.) and, OPEC and, 114 141–142 Verlger, Philip, 52 Bush (George W.) and, 56 Vermilion Bay, 94 California and, 130–132 Vietnam, 18 Cheney (Richard) and, 56 Viscosity, 23, 31 corruption and conflicts of in- Voids, 22 terest in, 51–57, 61 Energy Plan and, 56 Wall Street, 40, 46 false claimsby, 55 Wall Street Journal, 20 Florida and, 130–131 War Revenues Act, 85 Louisiana and, 130, 131–137, Washington, State of, 140 140, 142–143 Washington Post, 14, 40, 42–43, party-line views within, 142 46, 55–57, 59 offshore wells and, 129–137, Waste, 3–4, 38, 83 140–143 Water cannons, xii public education programs Watergate scandal, 125, 198n15 and, 137–138 Water Pollution Control Act, 41 reform and, 167–168 Watt, James risk perceptions and, 129–130 area-wide leasing and, 139– Safety Award for Excellence 140, 144–149, 172, 186 (SAFE) award and, 52, 165 environmental issues and, safety records of, 52–53, 51, 54, 128–129, 137–138, 165–168 172–173 sex/drug issues at, 51–57 Waxman, Henry, 46 spiral of stereotypes and, 140 Wetlands, 12 as toothless watchdog, 51 bayous, 94, 97, 134–135 U.S. Coast Guard and, 55 marshes, 94, 96–98, 133, 156 254 Index

Whale oil, 63–66, 71 Wildcatters, 4, 82–83, 152 Williams, Mike, 45 Williston basin, 25 Wilson, Woodrow, 84 World Bank, 32 World War I, 84, 105 World War II, 99, 116, 176 oil as reason for, 104–105, 109, 111 Pearl Harbor and, 104 Wyoming, 18, 86, 88, 150

Yellow Coach, 109 Yukon River, 123