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DREDGE CINCINNATI (Dredge Kanawha) Pittsburgh Vicinity Allegheny County Pennsylvania HAER Ho. PA-345 PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN

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DREDGE CINCINNATI (Dredge Kanawha) Pittsburgh Vicinity Allegheny County Pennsylvania HAER Ho. PA-345 PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN DREDGE CINCINNATI (Dredge Kanawha) HAER Ho. PA-345 r- Pittsburgh Vicinity Allegheny County Pennsylvania 4- PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD rr*t DREDGE CINCINNATI (DREDGE KANAWHA) -2-P/TBi/V. HAER NO. PA-345 Location: Docked on the Ohio River at the foot of Lighthill Street, North Side, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County Pennsylvania. (Since the completion of the project, the dredge has been sold and is reportedly docked near Sewickley, Pennsylvania). Date of Construction; 1915 Builder: M.A. Sweeny Shipyard of Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Cincinnati District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Owners: 1915-1941, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1941-1943, Zubik Towing Company, Pittsburgh, PA; 1943-1993, Monongahela & Ohio Dredging Company, Pittsburgh, PA; Ron Grimm, Sewickley, PA Present Use: Vacant/Not in use Significance: The Cincinnati is a "dipper dredge," particularly suited to the shallow, rocky conditions of American inland waterways. The dredge operated for 78 years on the Ohio River and its tributaries. The Cincinnati was part of federally funded waterways improvement projects developed to enhance the economic viability of American rivers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Project Information: The Dredge Cincinnati Project was sponsored in the summer of 1993 by the Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The project was assisted by Martin Reuss, Senior Civil Works Historian, Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Don Frankenberry, M&O Marine Construction, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Harry Young, and the Historical Construction Equipment Association, of Canfield, Ohio. Historian: Francie Robb DREDGE CINCINNATI HAER No. PA-345 (Page 2) Dredging, the act of deepening a water channel, is hardly a glamorous endeavor. This specialized activity, however, performs an invaluable service to navigation. The distinctive conditions of American waterways, including shallow, rocky ground, created a need for a new type of excavation machine in the nineteenth century, the dipper dredge. The work of these dredges dramatically changed American waterways. The dredge Cincinnati, built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1915, was typical of numerous dipper dredges built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.1 Although this boat was conventional in its style, it remained in service for an extraordinary length of time. Throughout its existence, first owned by the Army Corps of Engineers and later by a private company, excavation by the dredge Cincinnati enhanced the commercial value of the Ohio River system. Although the Ohio River and its tributaries present a natural transportation system, travel was hampered by the shallow depths of the river. Between Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cincinnati, Ohio, the Ohio River varied in depth from one foot to occasional pools thirty feet deep. The average low water depth limited the size of boats that could be used on the river. Seasonal low water stages also severely constrained the river shipping season. Developing ways of deepening the shipping channel was of primary importance to residents along the rivers who depended upon the steady flow of goods. Despite this interest, however, river dredging in America remained a major engineering obstacle until the nineteenth century.2 In the nineteenth century the U.S. federal government financed numerous waterway improvement projects under the supervision of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In order to execute this new responsibility the Corps increased the size of its fleet. Dredge boats were an important component of this expanded fleet. Among the new ships was the dredge Cincinnati. commissioned by the Cincinnati District of the Army Corps of Engineers in 1915. This dredge operated on the Ohio River system from 1915 until the 1970s, first under Corps management and later owned by a private dredging Originally named the Cincinnati, the dredge was renamed the Kanawha when owned by the Monongahela and Ohio Dredging Company. For clarity in the paper, the dredge is referred to as the Cincinnati except for the specific section detailing its history with the Monongahela and Ohio Company, when it is referred to as the Kanawha. 2Leland R. Johnson, The Headwater District: A History of the Pittsburgh District. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Washington, D.C.: GPO), 79. DREDGE CINCINNATI HAER NO. PA-345 (Page 3) company, and renamed the Kanawha. In its lifetime the dredge Cincinnati helped to increase the depth of the Ohio River, build the locks and dams of the Ohio River, and maintain the river channel. The dredge also worked for private companies aiding their use of the river by digging harbors, clearing out landings, and building wharfs. Furthermore, the dredge allowed companies to bury gas pipelines and telephone wires underneath the river. All of these jobs helped to make the rivers more useful to the development of the regional industrial economy. The dredge Cincinnati was a dipper dredge, an American invention designed to meet the conditions presented by American rivers and lakes. In general, underwater excavation mandated the invention of new machinery to accomplish the task. Although the earliest dredging machines were invented by the Romans and Phoenicians, new improvements in dredges were invented in Europe after 1400. Most of these designs were made for harbor work. Dredges differ in how material is raised from the bottom and in their suitability to different bodies of water. The two main classifications are hydraulic and mechanical dredges. The hydraulic group includes the suction dredge, draghead, cutterhead, and hopper dredge. Mechanical dredges include the bucket dredge, ladder dredge, grab bucket, and dipper dredge.3 By the 1600s, the ladder or bucket dredge was readily used in Europe. Typically, a bucket dredge employs a chain of buckets raising silt, which is dumped onto a chute and into an accompanying barge. The grab bucket dredge employs a grab crane, such as a clamshell bucket, placed on the vessel. This type of dredge was particularly well suited to digging accurately, in narrow corners and along walls.4 S ince the state f inanced most European dredging projects, typically for harbor maintenance and improvements, the ladder or bucket dredge was suitable to this type of dredging. It was well- adapted to the soft bottom of most harbors, and state governments 3Rolt Hammond, Introduction to Dock and Harbour Engineering (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1958), 57-58; Ir. A. Roorda, Floating Dredges (Haarlem, The Netherlands: The Technical Publishing Company H. Stam N.V., 1963), 13-23; "Dredges and Dredging Operations," International Marine Engineering 20 (June 1915), 238; John Huston, Hydraulic Dredging: Theoretical and Applied (Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, Inc., 1970), 3-5, 15, 21. 4Roorda, Floating Dredges, 13-15. DREDGE CINCINNATI HAER No. PA-345 (Page 4) could afford the high cost of the large, stationary dredging plants used in harbor work.5 Although the technical means to dig underwater had been mastered in Europe, these dredges were inappropriate as river dredges in the United States. A dredging machine suited to American waters required a shallow draft, so it could be used on shallow inland waterways. It also had to be easily moved from location to location for river dredging, be able to dredge a variety of material, and, since much river dredging was done by private companies, the machine had to be reasonably priced. For many years Americans met dredging needs by modifying land excavation techniques to aquatic situations. While early attempts included the use of horse and ox to pull plows in shallow water, by the 1820s the Army Corps of Engineers was experimenting with "scraper" dredges, used primarily in harbor dredging. Designed to stir-up sediment in order to allow the current to wash it down stream, these "drags" as they were often called, were pulled behind steamboats. These attempts had serious limitations, including limited digging depth, limited range, and the need for a low bank.6 By the late 1820s American civil engineers were designing steam powered bucket dredges which acted like giant shovels capable of moving up to 300 cubic yards of material a day. Usually attached to steamboats, flat bottom barges, and even schooners, these machines often malfunctioned and were underutilized due to their exorbitant cost.7 Over time, this type of dredge, called a dipper dredge, evolved into a more complex machine, and by the 1870s it was the most common dredge type in the United States. This dredge was popular because it was particularly well-suited to 5(Untitled) International Marine Engineering 16 (1911), 208. 6Johnson, The Headwater District, 79; "Dredges: Their Construction and Performance," Congress Paper 38, in Transactions. International Engineering Congress. (NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1905), 271-272, 278-279; John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra, The Tule Breakers: The Storv of the California Dredge (Stockton, CA: The Stockton Corral of Westerners, University of the Pacific, 1983), 36; "15-Yard Dipper Dredge," International Marine Engineering. 15 (May 1910), 179-183. 7 For a discussion of early dredging technology see: Walter McGehee Lowrey, "Navigational Problems at the Mouth of the Mississippi River, 1698-1880" (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1956), 131-184; and Ronald B. Hartzer, To Grant and Useful Purpose: A History of the Wilmington District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Washington, DC: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1984). DREDGE CINCINNATI HAER No. PA-345 (Page 5) rocky, hard bottom digging, and could operate in a confined space. Furthermore, its versatility and low draft made the dipper dredge well-suited to use on the inland river system.8 The large civil engineering projects undertaken in the early twentieth century demanded a larger and improved dipper dredge. Steel hulls replaced old wooden or iron hulled vessels and wire rope replaced chains.
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