Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015)

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Research Article

Genus P. Miller s. l. () In Maharashtra (India): Diversity and Ecological Status

Garad K. U. 1*, R. D. Gore2, S. P. Gaikwad3

1 Taxa Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shankarrao Mohite Mahavidyalaya, Akluj, Solapur- 413 101 (MS), India. 23 Life Science Research Laboratory, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur- 413 006 (MS), India. *[email protected]

Article Info Abstract

Received: 03-09-2015, Present taxonomic revision on the genus Acacia P. Miller is provided based on Revised: 26-09-2015, critical field studies, and examination of specimens deposited in various herbaria Accepted: 30-09-2015 such as Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI); Blatter Herbarium, Mumbai (BLAT); and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Herbarium, Keywords: Aurangabad (BAMUA); Walchand College Herbarium, Solapur (WCAS. The Acacia, Ecology, Maharashtra, genus Acacia P. Miller comes under 34 species and 5 subspecies in Maharashtra. Phylogeny, Revision, A. concurrens Pedly, is newly recorded from Maharashtra. This revision provides Socioeconomic. an artificial key to species, updated nomenclature, citations, detailed morphological descriptions, notes on identity, present ecological status, and socioeconomic relevance within political boundaries of Maharashtra state (India).

INTRODUCTION mid-19th century, following a series of paper The cosmopolitan genus Acacia comprises in excess between 1842 to 1875 by the George Bentham. The of 1380 species (Maslin et al., 2003). grow genus was first described by Philip Miller in 1754 in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate parts of and until 1842, when Bentham clearly defined it‟s the World and are found in the Africa region (144 limits (by restriction of name Acacia to mimosoid species), Asia (89 species), the Americas (185 having numerous free stamens), number of species) and the Australian region (993 species). species which are now referable to genera within However, many uncertainties exist with definition, this tribe Ingeae and Mimoseae, had been referred classification and phylogeny of Acacia itself. to it. In 1875 Bentham published his final (World) Recent studies of the phylogeny and generic status classification and this remained placed for 100 of Acacia using cladistic analyses of morphological years. The first major rearrangement of Bentham‟s and chloroplast DNA sequence data have been scheme was undertaken by French botanist Jaques especially informative in developing a better Vassal in 1972. Vassal divided Acacia into three understanding of the group Chappill & Maslin subgenera Acacia, Aculeiferum and Heterophyllum (1995), Grimes (1995; 1999), Robinson & Harris (=Phyllodineae) and this work assisted in providing (2000), Miller & Bayer (2000; 2001) and Miller et the conceptual framework for Pedley‟s (1986) al. (2003a; 2003b). These new data clearly shows formal split of the genus into three genera. Initially, that the genus at presently defined (i.e. Acacia s.l.) Pedley viewed Acacia comprising three large is not monophyletic and most likely will be split subgenera, as Vassal had done previously. into number of separate genera at some future date However, in 1986 Pedley raised the rank of these (Miller et al., 2003a). The circumscription of group to that of genus, Acacia, Senegalia and Acacia has been relatively stable since about the Racosperma respectively. Although, it was http://jsrr.net 153 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., generally accepted at the time that Acacia revision of the genus Acacia for Maharashtra state comprised number of desperate group. Pedley‟s to aid in diversity, simplifying overview framework proposal was not widely accepted by the botanical on the identification, nomenclature, floristic, community. Of primary concern was the conservation, evolutionary studies, and present widespread nomenclature disruption that would ecological status together with an overview in the ensue from splitting this enormous cosmopolitan direction of identifying them in favor of generating genus. It was considered that more comprehensive currency for local farmers, by their economic and information was needed in order to make correct socioeconomic relevance. decision, and in particular, the need for broad based for comparative studies of Acacia that included MATERIALS AND METHODS genera from tribes Ingeae and Mimoseae was Study site identified. Discussion of the reasons for not Maharashtra State is fundamentally a part of accepting Pedley‟s generic classification is outlined western India, which covers a large Indian in Maslin (1987; 1988). Pedley published his Peninsula region. It is the third largest state with 35 defence of his scheme in 1987 and 1989. Since district, of Indian union and covers an area of 1986, there has been an accumulation of much new 3,07690 sq. km. It lies between the latitude 220 1‟ to data derived from both morphological and 160 4‟ N and longitude 720 6‟ to 8009‟ E. It is about molecular genetic studies and this has led to a better 800 km East to West and 700 km North to South understanding of the classification and phylogeny of surrounded by irregular boundary. In the West state Acacia. A summary of new data is given in Maslin is bounded by the Arabian Sea, which has a long et al. (2003). This new work has confirmed that coast line of about 720 km, resting on the North– subgenus Acacia and subgenus phyllonideae are West it is bounded by Gujarat, on the North by monophyletic and subgenus Aculeiferum is not Madhya Pradesh, on the South–East by Andhra monophyletic. Maslin et al. (2003) recognize three Pradesh and on the South by Karnataka and Goa. monophyletic assemblages within this last subgenus Physiographically the state is divided in to five and suggest at least five genera can be recognized divisions viz. Kokan, Deccan (Desh), Khandesh, within Acacia s.l. Marathwada and Vidarbha. In Kokan Sahyadri Acacia s.l. is represented by 89 species in range runs from North to South parallel to the coast. India. Indian Acacia can be divided into two main The Western edge forms the Sahyadri escarpment groups, one group includes species with fernlike while the rest of plateau slopes gently towards the pinnate leaves divided into small leaflets and East and South-East, it entirely covers the5district another group includes species bearing phyllodes of the state also it receives high rainfall (250-440 (broadened leaf petiole functioning like leaf blade). cms) and are densely forested. Ghat region goes Most species with fernlike pinnate leaves are native across 11 districts and are densely forested with of Indian subcontinent while phyllode bearing high rainfall (250-440 cms), also covers the main species are native of and planted in water-shade for Deccan (Desh) region by flowing modern social-forestry throughout India. rivers of the Godavari and the Krishna with their Present taxonomic revision records 34 numerous tributaries.A major part of Maharashtra is species and 5 subspecies of Acacias.l.in physically an undulating plateau, Desh or Deccan is Maharashtra. They are dominant shrubs and mainly receives flat land and comprise 7 district. mainly in dry deciduous forests and scrub jungles in Moreover, Khandesh lies in valley of the Tapi river, the State. Acacias are key species in bushland and Marathwada and Vidarbha or estern Maharashtra savannah habitat, providing food and other stands on uplands plateaus. recourses for an enormous diversity of mammals, The climate of Maharashtra is monsoonal birds, and invertebrates, as well stabilize the and controlled by Arabian Sea due to its cooling microclimate by given that gloom under which effects and by the altitude of Sahyadri mountains. grasses grows and farm animals feed. Species of Also there is a diurnal fluctuation in rainfall and Acacia have ability to thrive under adverse temperatures which varies in all the divisions by conditions. Its value is in high quality of animal year to year. Because of such physiographical and fodder, fuel wood, timber, gums etc., as well as climatic conditions floristic pattern in state differs contributing to soil stabilization and improvement greatly. The forests state are broadly classified in to through nitrogen fixation (Springuel & Mekki, 3 main types along with subtypes 1) Moist tropical 1993). Given this importance, we herein provide a forests, 2) Dry tropical forests, and 3) Montane

http://jsrr.net 154 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) subtropical forests (Champion & Seth, 1968). The taxonomic identity confirmed with the help of Among these types dry tropical forests includes the available literature Cooke (1901), Ahmedullah & „Babul (Acacias) forests‟ which mainly came across Nayar (1986), Kamble & Pradhan (1988), Sanjappa 7 district of the Deccan (Desh) division in the state (1991), Lakshminarasimhan & Sharma, (1991), and most likely to be the „residence of Acacias‟ in Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay (1996), Almeida Maharashtra. (1998), Naik (1998), Matthew (1999), Singh & Data collection Karthikeyan (2000), Yadav & Sardesai, (2002), Initially, a preliminary list of Acacia species for Garad (2013), Gaikwad et al.(2014a; 2014b), Ali Maharashtra was prepared by referencing to all (2014), Gore (2015), Gaikwad & Gore (2015), available literature. Intensive and extensive field Gaikwad & Garad (2015), and also by comparisons explorations to different vegetation nooks and and examinations of the authentic specimens pockets of Maharashtra with field trips of 1-4 days deposited in Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI); were undertaken for their collections. More Blatter Herbarium, Mumbai (BLAT); and Dr. importance was mainly given to dry tropical forests Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University type of vegetation in the state. During the field Herbarium, Aurangabad (BAMUA). Binomial and visits, observations were made on distribution, author citation of collected taxa were verified with phenology, present status, reproductive behavior The List a working list of all known plant and habitat of the Acacia species. Later the species (2010), International Plant Name Index collected specimens were processed properly for (IPNI) (2012), and Tropicos (2013). All taxa in the herbarium specimen by using standard herbarium present work have been arranged alphabetically techniques (Santapau, 1955; Jain & Rao, 1960; Rao within respective sections. The sections and keys & Sharma, 1990) and after processing and (dichotomous bracketed) provided for the taxa are poisoning, the specimens mounted on herbarium artificial and are largely based on exomorphic sheets, were deposited in the herbarium of characters. Walchand College (WCAS), Solapur (Maharashtra). Systematic enumeration Key to sections- 1. Leaf phyllodes present...... Section-III 1. Leaf phyllodes absent...... 2 2. Thorns straight axillary...... Section- I 2. Thorns prickly recurved-claw shaped...... Section- II Section- I Key to species- 1. Flowers in globose heads...... 2 1. Flowers in spikes...... 10 2. Pods moniliform, constricted between seeds...... A. nilotica 2. Pods flat or cylindric, turgid, not moniliform...... 3 3. Heads on terminal panicles...... A. leucophloea 3. Heads on axillary peduncles...... 4 4. Pods turgid...... 5 4. Pods flat...... 6 5. Spines thick, swollen, leaflets 8-10 pairs...... A. sphaerocephala 5. Spines thin, not swollen, leaflets 10-20 pairs...... A. farnesiana 6. Flowers yellow, pink, reddish...... 7 6. Flowers white...... 9 7. Flowers yellow...... A. jacquemontii 7. Flowers pink or red-purple...... 8 8. Young thorns white, straight...... A. eburnea 8. Young thorns brown-scurfy, curved...... A. campbellii 9. Pods cylindric, circinate...... A. planifrons 9. Pods ligulate, straight...... A. tomentosa 10. Pinnae 1-10 pairs, leaflets 15-25 pairs...... A. cornigera 10. Pinnae 2-5 pairs, leaflets 6-15 pairs…...... A. horrid

http://jsrr.net 155 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Acacia campbellii Arn., in Nov. Act. Phys.-Med. leaflets 15-25 pairs, linear, oblong, 7-10 mm long, Acad. Caes.Leop. -Carol. Nat. Cur. 17: 333. 1836; 1-2mm wide, inequilateral, glabrous, apiculate. Ahmedullah & Nayar, Endemic Pl. Indian Reg. 1: Flowers sessile, 2 mm long, on cylindrical axillary 91. 1986; Sanjappa, Legumes India 38. 1991; Naik, spikes, 5 cm long, yellow. Bracteoles filiform. Fl. Marathwada 1: 341. 1998; Almeida, Fl. Calyx tubular, angular. Corolla tubular, light rose Maharashtra 2: 200. 1998; Londhe in Singh & colored. Stamens many. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous, 1 Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 807. 2000. mm long. Styles exerted, entire. Pods 5-10 cm long, Small , upto 5 m tall; branches spreading; flat, brown, slightly moniliform. Seeds 4-6, branchlets brown, pubescent. Stipular spines paired, blackish-brown. straight, 2-3 cm long, brown-scurfy and curved Phenology: Flowering and Fruiting: January- when young, white and straight at maturity. Leaves February. 2-4 cm long, main rachis brown pubescent; pinnae Distribution: A native of Mexico. INDIA: 4-9 pairs, 1-1.5 cm long; leaflets 6-12 pairs, linear- MAHARASHTRA: Cultivated in gardens Mumbai. oblong, 2 x 0.5 mm, truncate at base, acute, pubescent beneath. Flowers in axillary, globose Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1081. 1806; peduncle heads; peduncles 1-1.5 cm long, hairy, 2- Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 293. 1878; Witt, bracteate below the middle; bracts ovate, acute, List 35. 1908; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 474. pubescent. Calyx red (pink in transmitted light), 1958 (Repr.); Sanjappa, Legumes India 39.1991; 1.5- 2 mm long, divided nearly ½ way down, Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. pubescent outside; teeth deltoid, acute. Corolla 20(3): 609. 1996; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 202. yellow; petals 2-3 times longer than calyx, 1998; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. oblong.Pods linear oblong 6-10 x 1-1.5 cm, flat, Maharashtra 1: 809. 2000. Mimosa eburnea L.f., glabrous, brown. Seeds 6-8, compressed. Suppl. Pl. 437. 1781. Acacia roxburghii Wight & Phenology: Flowering: January-February& Arn., Prodr. 276, 1834. Fruiting: March-May. Small trees; young branches purplish-brown. Distribution: Endemic to Indian Deccan plateaus Stipular spines straight, varying 3-6.5 cm long, (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986); Andhra Pradesh, gradually tapering from a broad base to a very sharp Tamil Nadu, MAHARASHTRA: Aurangabad, point, ivory white, polished. Leaves c. 2.5 cm long; Beed, Jalna, Osmanabad, Sangli and Solapur. pinnae upto 7 pairs, 1.5 cm long; sessile or nearly Ecology: It grows in open scrub jungles, along river so; leaflets 5-8 pairs, upto0.4 cm long, linear, sub- banks and bunds of fields. obtuse, pubescent on both sides. Flowers bright Note: Acacia campbellii Arn., is readily yellow with a disagreeable odor, in globose heads 9 distinguished by its blood red colored buds and mm in diameter; peduncles axillary, pubescent; brownish spines. bracts about the middle of the peduncle. Calyx 1.5 Specimen Examined: Naik 1274 (BAMU, Herb.); mm long, campanulate; teeth short, deltoid. Corolla Rothe 6998 (BAMU, Herb.); garden 3 mm long, lobes ovate-oblong, acute. Ovary (Mumbai), Blatter- 12092 (BLAT); Kondi (Solapur stalked, glabrous. Pods stalked 6-10 x 0.5-1 cm, dist.), 17.11.2010, KUG 327 (WCAS, Herb. flat, slightly curved, indented on both sutures, Solapur); Tuljapur (Osmanabad dist.), 05.11.2010, longitudinally veined, glabrous. Seeds 6-10. RDG 426 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). Phenology: Flowering: November-February & Fruiting: March-May. Acacia cornigera (L.)Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1080. 1806; Distribution: World: Afghanistan, Arabia, Pakistan, Sanjappa, Legumes India 46. 1991; Almeida, Fl. Sri Lanka and INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra 2: 201. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 825. Mimosa and MAHARASHTRA: Osmanabad, Solapur and cornigera L., Sp. Pl. 52. 1753. Acacia spadicigera Yavatmal. Schlecht in Chan. & Schlecht., Linnea 5: 594. 1830. Ecological Note: Frequent in open scrub jungles, Small trees up to 3.5 m tall. Spines stipulate, and bunds of field in Solapur region in state. swollen, hollow, 4-5 cm long, fused at the base with Note: Acacia eburnea (L. f.) Willd., is very similar gland at the point of fusion. Leaves bipinnate, to Acacia campbellii Arn., but distinct by white alternate, rachis 2.5-13 cm long, with pyramidal or thorns. cylindrical glands on the upper surface; pinnae 1-10 Specimen Examined: Dharwad, 1889, W. A. Talbot pairs, upto 5 cm long, unequal, lower ones smaller; 3969 (BSI, Pune); Ganesh Khind (Pune),

http://jsrr.net 156 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) 17.06.1902, L. D. Garade 470 (BSI, Pune); mesocarp pulpy. Seeds 2-seriate, oval, 5-6 mm Kodlayadgir, 11.02.1975, N. P. Singh 123691 (BSI, long, dark brown, compressed. Pune); Murmatti, 14. 02.1975, N. P. Singh 229577 Phenology: Flowering: August-October & Fruiting: (BSI, Pune); Anantpur (Badami), 17.02.1975, N. P. November-March. Singh 129769 (BSI, Pune); Thumankari, Distribution: a native of tropical America. World: 04.11.1975, N. P. Singh 141324 (BSI, Pune); China and INDIA: Throughout naturalized but often Swarnmukhi (Karnataka), 11.01.1976, N. P. Singh planted, MAHARASHTRA: Mumbai, Nasik, 142321 (BSI, Pune); Khandesh, Blatter 12684 Osmanabad, Pune, Satara, Solapur, Ratnagiri, (BLAT); Gakak (Belgum Dist.) 22.11.1989, W. A. Thane and Yavatmal. Talbot 3968 (BSI, Pune); Chincholi (Solapur dist.), Ecological Note: Species is naturalized in some 01.05.2011, KUG 462 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); region and also planted in hedges. Dewsinga (Osmanabad dist.), 02.03.2011, RDG 555 Specimen Examined: Ambewani (Nasik), (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). 16.15.1957, K.B. Gangurde 18287 (BSI, Pune); Osmanabad town, 23.11.1963, Naik 596 (BAMU, Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1083. Herb.); Osmanabad town, 08.01.1964, Naik 608 1806; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 52. 1870; Baker in Hook. (BAMU, Herb.); Vada-Jar near Deogad (Ratnagiri), f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 292. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. 27.02.1970, B. G. Kulkarni 120323 (BSI, Pune); Bombay 1: 473. 1958 (Repr.); Sanjappa, Legumes Umarkhed, 11.02.1977, S. Karthikeyan148593(BSI, India 39.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Pune); Kinwat, 03.02.1981, B. R. Zate 1724 Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 610. 1996; Naik, Fl. (BAMU, Herb.); Ambadi, 13.03.1981, B. R. Zate Marathwada 1: 342. 1998; Almeida, Fl. 1801 (BAMU, Herb.); Kazi-kadmas (Solapur dist.), Maharashtra 2:201. 1998; Londhe in Singh & 11.11.2010, KUG 296 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 809. 2000; Jin Apsinga (Osmanabad dist.), 11.11.2010, RDG 433 He Huan Shuin Delin Wu & Ivan C. Nielsen, Fl. (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). China 10: 59. 2010. Mimosa farnesiana L., Sp. Pl. 521.1753. Acacia pedunculataWilld., Sp. Pl. 4: Acacia horrida (L.)Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1082. 1806; 1084. 1806.Mimosa acicularis Poir., Encyclop. Hillcoat & Brenan, Kew Bull. 19: 40. 1958; Suppl. 5: 529. 1817. Acacia indica Desv. in DC., Sanjappa, Legumes India 40.1991; Chakrabarty & Prodr. 2: 462. 1825. farnesiana Wight & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 613. 1996; Arn., Prodr. 272. 1834; Nairne, Fl. Pl. West. India Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 202. 1998; Londhe in 103. 1894; Kosterm in Dassan & Fosberg, Rev. Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 811. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1:478. 1980. 2000. Mimosa horrida L., Sp. Pl. 521. 1753. M. A shrub or low tree 2-5 m tall; bark rust brown; latronum L.f., Suppl. Pl. 438. 1781. M. cornigera branches slender, zigzag, glabrous, marked with L.f., Suppl. Pl. 438. 1781. Acacia latronum (L. f.) grey or plain-brown dots. Spines stipular only. Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1077. 1806; Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Leaves 2-pinnante, 2-6 cm long; main rachis more Brit. India 2: 296. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: or less pubescent; petioles usually furnished with a 478. 1958 (Repr.). minute gland about the middle; stipular spines up to A glabrous shrub or small tree forming an umbrella 1 cm long, hard and sharp, divaricate, sometimes like top when old, 4-6 m tall; branches brown, wanting; pinnae 4-8 pairs, 2-3 cm long; leaflets 10- glabrous, slender. Spines stipular in pair, unequal, 20 pairs, 3-6 x 1-2 mm long, sessile, rigidly smaller, upto 2.5 cm long, larger 5-6 cm long, coriaceous , linear-oblong, acute, green, sub- connate at the base with gland at the point of fusion, glabrous, base oblique, rounded. Flowers in globose conical, hollow in side, straight, sharp, ivory- white heads, upto 1 cm in diameter, fragrant, deep yellow; or rarely brown, shining, polished. Leaves 2- peduncles 2-3 cm long, crowded on axillary nodes, pinnate, often fasciculate, 2.5-3.5 cm long; main slender, terete, pubescent, with a ring of small rachis slightly pubescent; pinnae 2-5 pairs, 1.8-2.5 deflexed ciliate bracts at or near the apex; bracteole cm; leaflets 6-15 pairs, 3-6 x 0.8-1 mm, inner solitary, deltoid, on a long slender stalk, ciliolate. rigidly sub-coriaceous, glabrous; petiole with a Calyx 1.5 mm long, membranous; teeth short, gland about the middle. Flowers in lax spikes, 2.5- triangular, acute. Corolla 2.5 mm long; lobes very 3.7 cm in long, subsessile often fasciculate, short, obtuse; ovary glabrous. Pods 3-8 x 1 cm fragrant, white, after maturity turns to yellow. Calyx across, subcylindric, turgid, slightly curved, campanulate, up to 1 mm long, glabrous; teeth conspicuously straightly veined, glabrous, brown; shorts, ciliolate. Corolla 2-3 mm long, divided 1/4

http://jsrr.net 157 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., the way down; lobes triangular. Pods shortly Ecological Note: Found along gullies in the hill stalked, 2.5- 4.0 x 1. 5- 2.0 cm, flat, obtuse at the forests; confined to Amravati (Mlghat region) only both ends, falcate, reticulately veined, dark brown in the state. or nearly black, finally dehiscent. Seeds 2-5, Specimen Examined: Bhujmola (Gujarat), orbicular, compressed yellowish brown. 18.04.1960, S. K. Jain 61884 (BSI, Pune). Phenology: Flowering: June-September & Fruiting: September-March. Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd.,Sp. Pl. 4: 1083. Distribution: World: Burma and INDIA: Delhi, 1806; Bedd, Fl. Sylv.t.48. 1870; Baker in Hook. f., Rajasthan, Western Peninsula and Fl. Brit. India 2: 294. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. MAHARASHTRA: Pune, Osmanabad, Satara and Bombay 1: 475. 1958 (Repr.); Kosterm in Dassan & Solapur. Fesberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 486. 1980; Ecological Note: Common in barren tracts of Sanjappa, Legumes India 41.1991;Chakrabarty & Solapur district and relatively adjoining regions Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 615. 1996; only, in the state. Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 343. 1998; Almeida, Fl. Specimen Examined: Jeur to Wangi road, Maharashtra 2: 204. 1998; Londhe in Singh & 03.01.1903, R. K. Bhide 1286 (BSI, Pune); Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 811. 2000. Mahabaleshwar (Satara), 17.03.1908, H. M. Mimosa leucophloeaRoxb., Pl. Cor. 2:27, t. 150. Chibbers.n. (BSI, Pune); Gokar (Belgaum), July 1800.Acacia alba(Rottl.) Willd., Enum. Pl. 1926, W. A. Talbot 3935 (BSI, Pune); Anantpur Berol.Suppl. 68. 1803. Mimosa alba Rottl., Nov. (Badami), 17.02.1975, N. P. Singh 129766 (BSI, Act. Ber. 208. 1803. Pune); Tulsagiri (Bagalkot), 17.01.1976, N. P. A small tree with yellowish or white-ash colored Singh 1242559 (BSI, Pune); Malewadi (Solapur bark, 4-8 m height; branches dense, spreading, dist.) 28.06.2011, KUG 507 (WCAS, Herb. young part pubescent. Spines variable in length, Solapur); Sina-Kolegaon (Osmanabad dist.), stipular ones short, 1-4 cm long, straight. Leaves 2- 15.07.2011, RDG 638 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). pinnate, sub sessile, 6-8 cm. long; main rachis pubescent, usually with 1-3 glands near the base Acacia jacquemontii Benth. London J. Bot. 1: 499. and a cup shaped gland between each pair of 1842; Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 293. 1878; pinnae; pinnae 4-15 pairs, sub sessile, 1.8-3.8 cm, Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 446. 1958 (Repr.); long, their rachises pubescent; leaflets 12-30 pairs, Sanjappa, Legumes India 40.1991; Chakrabarty & crowded, 3- 6 mm long, linear-oblong, subsessile, Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 614. 1996; obtuse, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers in large Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 203. 1998. Londhe in terminal tomentose panicles; heads numerous, Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 974. globose, 6-9 mm in diameter; pedicels of head stout, An erect shrub, 1.2-2.5 m tall, twigs zigzag, bark downy, with a toothed ring of bracts above the grayish brown, young shoots slightly puberulous. middle. Calyx about 1 mm long, teeth short. Corolla Spines stipular, straight, white, connate at the base, dull white, twice as long as the calyx; lobes oblong, 1.5-5 cm long. Leaves 0.8-5 cm long, glabrous, sub acute. Pods oblong, sessile, thin flat, 10-20 x usually with a gland between the upper pair of 0.6-0.8 cm, sub indehiscent, slightly curved with pinnae; pinnae 1-4 pairs, 5-15 cm long; leaflets 5-10 clothed with pale brown, tomentose, thickened on pairs, sessile, 2.5-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm broad, sutures. Seeds 10-20, ob-ovoid, 5-7 mm long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. pedunculate glabrous, pale brow colored. heads in axillary fascicles of 2-8, rarely shortly Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: August- racemose or umbellate, flowers yellow, aromatic, February. peduncle 1.2-2.5 cm long, bracts 2-3, about the Distribution: World: Burma, Indo-China, Indonesia, middle of the peduncle. Calyx 1 mm long, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand campanulate. Corolla 2.5 mm long. Pod 4-6 x 1-2 and INDIA: Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya cm, glabrous, reticulately veined, 5-6 seeded. Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: December-April. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Distribution: World: Pakistan and INDIA: Delhi, MAHARASHTRA: Common throughout in forests Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar and open scrub jungles. Pradesh and MAHARASHTRA: Amravati: Melghat Ecological Note: Commonly distributed throughout wild life sanctuary. in scrub forests of the state.

http://jsrr.net 158 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) Note: It has whitish yellow flowers in terminal paniculate heads. Acacia nilotica (L.)Willd. ex Del.Desir. Egypte Specimen Examined: Poona, 06.02.1957, S. K. Jain Hist. Nat. 2: 79. 1813; Chakrabarty & 9783 (BSI, Pune); Katraj, 06.03.1957, G. S. Puri Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 619. 1996; 12238 (BSI, Pune); Raver (Khandesh), 13.03.1957, Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 205. 1998; Londhe in S. D. Mahajan 13273 (BSI, Pune); Changrala Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 812. (Cutch), 14.02.1958, G. S. Puri 31506 (BSI, Pune); 2000. Mimosa nilotica L., Sp. Pl. 521. 1753. M. Kondeshwar hills (Khed taluka), 25.01.1961, K. P. arabica Lamk., Encycl. 1: 19. 1783. Acacia arabica Janardhanan 66466 (BSI, Pune); Kharpudi hills, (Lamk.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1085, 1806; Nairne, Fl. 05.08.1961, K. P. Janardhanan 71830 (BSI, Pune); Pl. West. Ind. 102. 1894. Mul Nagpur road, 13.09.1963, S. R. Rolla 91584 A small trees upto 10 m tall, with dark brown or (BSI, Pune); Near Bharasar lake (Bhoj), black longitudinally-fissured bark; branchlets 28.09.1964, S. R. Rolla 103054X (BSI, Pune); slender, terete, pubescent when young. Stipular Kunthalgiri (Osmanabad), 05.09.1965, V. N.Naik spines very variable 0.5-6 cm long, smooth, usually 1054 (BAMU, Herb.); Khedshingi (Tadoba), whitish, straight, sharp, often absent. Leaves 2- 15.10.1972, Wadhwa 130047 (BSI, Pune); pinnate, 5-8 cm long; main rachis downy, often Kayegaon (Gangapur), 14.12.1977, Pardeshi 2968 furnished with glands; petioles 2-5 cm long; pinnae (BAMU, Herb.); Patur (Akola Dist.), 19.02.1978, S. 4-9 pairs, 2-4 cm long, shortly stalked; leaflets Y. Kamble 152630 (BSI, Pune); Karmad, subsessile, 10-25 pairs, 3-6 x 1-2 mm, and linear- 27.08.1978, Pardeshi 3974 (BAMU, Herb.); oblong, sub-obtuse, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers Chikalthana, 28.08.1978, Pardeshi 3973 (BAMU, yellow, in globose head; peduncles axillary, in Herb.); Shahagad, 19.11.1978, Pardeshi A072 fascicles of 2-6, terete, pubescent; bracteoles 2, (BAMU, Herb.); Ambad, Dec. 1978, Pardeshi 4144 above the middle of the peduncle, broadly ovate, (BAMU, Herb.); E. Blatter 12617 (BLAT); acute, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 mm Sindkhedraja (Buldhana Dist.), 25.09.1982, P. G. long; teeth very short. Corolla bright yellow, 4 mm Diwakar 164045 (BSI, Pune); Bodrai road long; lobes short, triangular, acute. Pods stalked, 6- (Navegaon Sanct.), 24.01.2002, S. N. Patil 183227 15 cm long, moniliform, compressed, constricted at (BSI, Pune). Budhyal (Solapur dist.), 17.10.2010, the sutures between the seeds, densely and KUG 240 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur); Apsinga persistently grey downy. Seeds 6-12, discoid, 6-8 (Osmanabad dist.), 11.09.2011, RDG 712 (WCAS, mm across, margined, brown, polished. Herb.Solapur).

Key to subspecies- 1. Bark much fissured; crown formed of twisted angular interlocking branches...... subsp. astringens 1. Bark less fissured; crown not as above...... 2 2. Young parts puberulous or densely tomentose...... 3 2. Young parts glabrous or nearly so...... 4 3. Young branches and pods pubescent...... subsp. subulata 3. Branches, Petioles and peduncle tomentose...... subsp. tomentosa 4. Branches closing up to trunk...... subsp. cupressiformis 4. Branches not as above...... subsp. indica ssp. astringens (Schum. & Thonn.) Roberty, Bombay 1: 444. 1903; Cooke, F. Pres. Bombay 1: Candollea 11:150. 1948; Ali in Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. 473. 1958 (Repr.).A. nilotica Willd. var. vediana Pakistan 36: 12. 1973; Chakrabarty & (Cooke) Naik, comb. nov.; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 620. 1996; 345. 1998. Sanjappa, Legumes India 41. 1991; Londhe in Bark more deeply cracked and exfoliating; crown Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 812. formed of twisted angular interlacing branches; 2000. Mimosa astringens Schum & Thonn., Beskr. spines usually white, stout, up to 7 cm long. Pods Guin. Pl. 327. 1827.Acacia nilotica Willd. var. flat, shortly stalked 1.5 cm broad, little constricted vediana (T. Cooke) Vajrav. & Kamble, in J. between the seeds. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79: 708.(1982) 1983.A. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: August- arebica (Lam.) Willd., var. vediana Cooke, Fl. Pres. December.

http://jsrr.net 159 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Distribution: World: Arabia, Gambia, Ghana, linear oblong. Flowers yellow, in globose heads. Guinea, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Somaliland, Pods 3.2-13.0 x 0.5- 1.5 cm, green, flat, beaked, Sudan and INDIA: MAHARASHTRA: Dhule, shortly stalked. Seeds 2-12 per pod. Jalgaon, Marathwada, Pune, Satara and Solapur. Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: More or less Ecological Note: Found usually mixed population throughout the year. of other subspecies. Distribution: World: Africa, Arabia, Egypt, Nepal, Specimen Examined: Surah, 03.07.1981, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa and INDIA: G.A.Gammie s.n. (BSI, Pune); Siddheshwar-van- Throughout plains and hills, MAHARASHTRA: vihar (Solapur), 28.03.2012, KUG 887 (WCAS, Common throughout in scrub and plains, also Herb. Solapur);Naldurg (Osmanabad dist.), planted. 25.11.2011, RDG 894 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). Ecological Note: Very common subspecies, distributed around fields, along river-banks, along ssp. cupressiformis (Stewart) Ali & Faruqui, Pak. J. road sides etc. Bot. 1: 4. 1969; Sanjappa, Legumes India 42.1991; Specimen Examined: Surat, 02.05.1957, A. K. Jain Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 17231 (BSI, Pune); Barmer (Rajasthan), 20(3): 620. 1996; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan 08.03.1959, K. C. Kanodia 51123 (BSI, Pune); (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 813. 2000. Acacia arabica Nawa (Rajasthan), 26.07.1959, W. J. Stower A84 Willd. var. cupressiformis Stewert, Punjab Pl. 51. (BSI, Pune); Osmanabad town, 15.12.1965, Naik 1869; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1:473. 1958 481 (BAMU, Herb.); Adesar (Gujrat), 12.09.1968, (Repr.).A. nilotica ssp. indica var. cupressiformis R. S. Raghvan 114700 (BSI, Pune); Central Forest (Stewart) Vajrav.& Kamble, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Nursery, Vada (Thane), 13.09.1968, K. C. Billore Soc. 79: 708. (1982) 1983; A. nilotica ssp. indica 116688 (BSI, Pune); Changlare (Bidar road), var. cupressiformis (Stewart) Naik, com. nov. Naik, 21.01.1976, N. P. Singh 142743 (BSI, Pune); Sindgi Fl. Marathwada 1: 345. 1998. (Indi road), 10.05.1977, N. P. Singh 147049 (BSI, Trees, branches closing up to the trunk like a Pune); Badnapur, 13.12.1977, Pardeshi 2903 cypress; stipular spines very short up to 4 cm long. (BAMU, Herb.); Ambajogai, 28.08.1984, S. P. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: August- Rothe 6823 (BAMU, Herb.); Phulambri, Pokle 3230 February. (BAMU, Herb.); University Campus, 01.01.2003, Distribution: World: Pakistan and INDIA: Deccan M. A. Kare 7903 (BAMU, Herb.); Univ. Campus, plateau, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan and 10.02.2003, M. A. Kare 7904 (BAMU, Herb.); MAHARASHTRA: Mumbai, Marathwada, Sangli, Nannaj Sanct. (Solapur), 19.09.2010, J. Jayanthi Satara and Solapur. 198140 (BSI, Pune); Bhopale (Solapur dist.), Ecological Note: Frequently distributed in dry 12.10.2010 KUG 219 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); region of the state. Kunthalgiri (Osmanabad dist.), 25.10.2010, RDG Specimen Examined: Aundha dam, 16.09.1980, S. 414 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). Y. Kamble 154077 (BSI, Pune); Padsali (Solapur dist.), 28.03.2012, KUG 888 (WCAS, Herb. ssp. subulata (Vatke) Brenan, Kew Bull. 1957; Ali Solapur); Bori (Osmanabad dist.), 12.08.2010, RDG & Qasir, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 (1): 70. 1980; Londhe 172 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 813. 2000. Acacia subulata Vatke in Oosterr., Bot. ssp. indica (Benth) Brenan, Kew Bull. 12: 84.1957; Zeitschr 30: 276. 1880. Ali & Qasir, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 70. 1980; Trees, small; young branches pubescent.Pods Sanjappa, Legumes India 42. 1991; Londhe in pubescent, margins straight or slightly crenate. Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 813. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: July-December. 2000.A. arabica auct. non (Lam.) Willd., 1806; Distribution: INDIA: Deccan, MAHARASHTRA: Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 293. 1878; Osmanabad, Satara and Solapur. Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1:472. 1958 (Repr.).A. Ecological Note: Found occasionally in mixed arabica (Lam.) Willd., var. indica Benth. in Hook., population of other subspecies, in dry region. London J. Bot. 1: 500. 1842. A. indica ssp. indica Specimen Examined: Kiniwadi (Solapur dist.), var. ndica Naik, loc. cit.; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 24.10.2010, KUG 266 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); 344. 1998. Ramling Wild life Sanctuary (Osmanabad dist.), Trees, 4.5-6.0 m high; bark longitudinally cracked. 28.09.2011, RDG 741 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). Pinnae 4-7 pairs; leaflets 10-25 pairs, 0.4 x 0.1 cm,

http://jsrr.net 160 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) ssp. tomentosa (Benth.) Brenan, Kew Bull. 1957: Ecological Note: Planted in barren tracts, by forest 84.1957; Sanjappa, Legumes India 42.1991; department and also naturalized. Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. Note: Small tree with an umbrella-like appearance. 20(3): 620. 1996; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2; 206. It has two kinds of stipular spines, one short 1998; Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra downwardly curved & other long straight divaricate 2: 975. A. arabica (Lamk.)Willd., var. tomentosa spine. Benth. in Hook., London J. Bot. 1: 500. 1842. A. Specimen Examined: Parel, Blatter 11176 (BLAT); nilotica (L.) Dalile var. tomentosa (Benth.) A. F. Apsinga road (Osmanabad Dist.), 17.05.2011, RDG Hill, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 8: 98. 1940. 488 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Narkhed (Solapur Typical subspecies in having hairy branches, dist.), 24.08.2010, KUG 120 (WCAS, petioles and peduncles. Herb.Solapur); Apsinga Road (Osmanabad dist.), Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: October- 17.05.2011, RDG 488 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). December. Distribution: INDIA: Punjab and Acacia sphaerocephala Cham. & Schl., Linnaea 5: MAHARASHTRA: Solapur. 594. 1830; Sen & Naskar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 32. Ecological Note: Reported from Solapur district 1968; Sanjappa, Legumes India 53.1991; only from state. Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Specimen Examined:D. K. Patels. n. (BLAT). 20(3): 633. 1996; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 209. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Acacia planifrons Wight & Arn., Prodr.Fl. Ind. Maharashtra 2: 976. 2000. Orient.1: 276.1834; Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. A small tree, upto 3 m tall. Spines stipular, thick India 2: 293. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 474. (swollen), cream colored, 4 cm long, 7 mm thick, 1958 (Repr.); Sanjappa, Legumes India 43.1999; slightly fused at base. Leaves 2-pinnate, alternate; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. rachis 1-2 cm long with pyramidal and cylindrical 20(3): 622. 1996; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan gland on upper surface; pinnae 4-5 pairs, 1-3 cm (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 826. 2000. Mimosa horrida long; leaflets 8-10 pairs; oblong, inequilateral, acute Sm., Ress. Cyclop. 23. 1813. non Linn. 1753. or obtuse topped by an acicular or ovate, deciduous Acacia roxbuburghii Wight. &Arn., Prodr. 276. gland. Inflorescence globose heads, yellow, 6 mm 1834. Mimosa eburneaRoxb., Cor. Pl. t199. 1798 across, axillary or in clusters, often elongated (non L.f. 1781). panicles. Flowers sessile, 2 mm long with caducous A small armed tree, 5-8 m height, with an erect bracts. Calyx tubular hyaline, 4-lobed.Corolla stem; branches spreading so as to form an tubular, ovate, acute.Pods turgid, red colored. umbrella-like head; bark thick, dark grey on the Phenology: Flowering &Fruiting: January- older, purplish on the younger branches. Stipular February. spines of two kinds, either, very short and curved Distribution: Native of Mexico. INDIA: Cultivated downwards or 4-6 cm long, straight, divaricate, MAHARASHTRA: (Victoria garden and Ruia white with a brown point. Leaves 2- pinnate, small; College) Mumbai. petioles without glands; pinnae 3-6 pairs,.5-15 mm Ecological Note: Found under cultivation in long ,closely place near the end of the rachis; gardens. leaflets 5-10 pairs 3-6 mm long, linear, obtuse. Specimen Examined: Ruia College, R. R. Fernandez Flowers in globular heads, 6-10 mm in diam, 3798 (BLAT). peduncles in axillary fascicles, filiform, 12-25 mm long; bracteoles erect, below the middle of the Acacia tomentosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1087. 1806; peduncle. Calyx 1-2 mm long; funnel shaped; teeth Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 294. 1878; very shot. Corolla 2-3 mm long; lobes very short, Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 475. 1958 (Repr.); obtuse; ovary glabrous. Pods about 4-6 mm long Kosterm.in Dassan. & Fosberg, rev. Handb. Fl. and 6-12 mm wide, subcylindric, turgid, acute, Ceylon 1: 492. 1980; Sanjappa, Legumes India circinate, glabrous. 44.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: August-March. Tax. Bot. 20(3): 626. 1996; Londhe in Singh & Distribution: World: Sri Lanka and INDIA: Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 814. 2000. Western Peninsula and MAHARASHTRA: Mimosa kleinii Poir, Lamk. Dict. Supp. 1: 82. 1817. Osmanabad, Pune, Satara and Solapur. M. tomentosa Roxb., Fl. India 2: 558. 1832. Acacia chrysocoma Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: 6. 1855.

http://jsrr.net 161 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., A small tree up to 5 m tall; bark grey-black or shortly stalked. Seeds 5-10, oval, flat, brownish- yellowish, with large lenticels; young parts green, aerolate. tomentose. Stipular spines straight or rapidly Phenology: Flowering: July-September & Fruiting: tapering from a broad base, brown (often absent). November-May. Leaves crowded on axillary branches, 2-pinnate, 4-9 Distribution: World: Burma, Java, Indo-China, Sri cm, long; main rachis densely pubescent or Lanka, Thailand and INDIA: Bengal, Orissa, tomentose; pinnae 6-12 pairs, 2.5-5 cm long, Peninsula, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and sessile, their rachis densely pubescent; leaflets 20- MAHARASHTRA: Osmanabad, Pune, Raigad and 30 pairs, 0.3-0.4 by 0.1- 0.1 cm, linear-oblong, Solapur. obtuse, sessile, pubescent on both sides. Flowers in Ecological Note: Restricted to drier part of the globose heads 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter; peduncles region, occurrence rare. axillary, 1.8-3.2 cm long, stout, densely downy; Note: This species is readily distinguished by its flat bracts a little above the middle of the peduncle. ligulate (tongue like) pods. Calyx 0.2 cm long, pubescent; teeth rounded, Specimen Examined: Jeur (Solapur Dist.) R. K. ciliolate. Corolla 0.3 cm long, greenish- white, Bhide 1292 (BLAT); Kandar (Solapur dist.), oblong, subacute, ciliolate. Ovary very shortly 01.05.2011, KUG 461 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur); stalked, glabrous. Pods 8-18 x 2-4 cm, ligulate, Ramling (Osmanabad dist.), 08.05.2011, RDG 591 compressed, slightly falcate, at first pubescent, (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). afterwards glabrous, dehiscent along both sutures,

Section- II Key to species- 1. Scandent or climbing shrubs...... 2 1. Erect shrubs or trees...... 7 2. Leaflets 40-50 pairs...... A. pennata 2. Leaflets 12-30 pairs...... 3 3. Main rachis armed with hooked prickles...... 4 3. Main rachis not armed with hooked prickles...... A. caesia 4. Pods thick, fleshy, wrinkled when dry...... 5 4. Pods thin, flat, coriaceous...... 6 5. Leaflets more than 15 pairs, ovary glabrous...... A. concinna 5. Leaflets upto 15 pairs, ovary pubescent...... A. gamblei 6. Pods velvety tomentose...... A. torta 6. Pods glabrous...... A. canescens 7. Pinnae 10-30 pairs...... 8 7. Pinnae 1-6 pairs...... 10 8. Bark white...... A. polyacantha 8. Bark brownish...... 9 9. Calyx, petals, rachis glabrous...... A. chundra 9. Calyx, petals, rachis villous...... A. catechu 10. Stipular spines ternate (3)...... A. senegal 10. Stipular spines not ternate...... 11 11. Leaflets 10-25 pairs...... A. ferruginea 11. Leaflets 3-12 pairs...... 12 12. Pods 15-20 cm long...... A. lenticularis 12. Pods upto 10 cm long...... 13 13. Pinnae 3-5 pairs, leaflets 4-10 pairs...... A. burkei 13. Pinnae 2-3 pairs, leaflets 3-5 pairs...... A. modesta

http://jsrr.net 162 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) Acacia burkei Benth., Hook. London J. Bot. 5: 98. edge, obliquely mucronate, glabrous, (sometimes 1846;Sanjappa, Legumes India 45. 1991; Almeida, pubescent on both surface) truncate at base. Fl. Maharashtra 2: 199. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Flowers in terminal panicles of globose heads; Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 825. 2000. heads 10-12 mm in diameter, peduncles in fascicles, Medium to large deciduous tree upto 25 m height. 1-4 together, pubescent; bracts linear-oblong, 3- Stipular spines strongly hooked, blackish-brown, in 6mm long, falcate, acute. Calyx campanulate, 2-2.5 pairs just below the nodes. Leaves 2-pinnate 6-10 mm long, divided about 1/3 way down; teeth ovate, cm long; pinnae 3-5 pairs, 8-12 cm long; leaflets in triangular, acute-subacute. Corolla dull white, 3 mm 4-10 pairs, loosely set on rachis, obliquely-linear, long, divided 1/2 way down; lobes lanceolate, acute. oblong, obtuse, sessile, pale green, glabrous. Pods strap-shaped, 10-15 x 2-2.5 cm, flat, thin, dry, Flowers in white spikes, 6-8 cm long. Calyx reticulately veined, mucronate, shortly stalked, campanulate, 1-1.5 mm long, hairy out side; teeth glabrous at maturity. Seeds compressed, brown, short, deltoid. Corolla 4-5 mm long, dull white, 2-3 polished, 6-12. times as long as calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: April-September. pubescent. Pods straight, flat with conspicuous Distribution: World: Malaysia, Shri Lanka, veins, 6-10 cm long, apiculate, blackish-brown, Thailand and INDIA: Karnataka, Orissa and dehiscent. Seeds 4-6, blackish brown. MAHARASHTRA: Marathwada, Kolhapur, Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: October- Nanded, Pune, Ratnagiri and Solapur. November. Ecological Note: Common in deciduous forests, on Distribution: Native of Africa. World: Africa and hill slopes, throughout the stste. INDIA: MAHARASHTRA: cultivated in gardens Specimen Examined: Cartte rock (Poona), Pune. M. R. Almeida opt. cit. 29.10.1902, G. A. Gammie 15789 (BSI, Pune); Note: This species is very variable especially in Shepuna hathu (Mysore Dist.), 21.04.1962, A. S. leaflet size and number, both big and small leaflet Rao 80893 (BSI, Pune); Someshwar tank vicinity forms found, although given intermediates these are (Mysore Dist.), 25.04.1962, A. S. Rao 80318 (BSI, not formerly recognized as infraspecific categories. Pune); Bhokar, W. Khan 727 (BAMU, Herb.); Ukkadgaon (Solapur dist.), 03.10.2011, KUG 682 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1090. 1806; (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Ukkadgaon (Osmanabad Kosterm in Dassan & Forsberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. dist.), 03.10.2011, RDG 749 (WCAS, Herb. Ceylon 1:481. 1980; Sanjappa, Legumes India Solapur). 37.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 604. 1996; Naik, Fl. Acacia canescens Graham Numer. List n. 5256. Marathwada 1: 341. 1998; Almeida, Fl. 1831; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 199. 1998; Maharashtra 2:199. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 807. 2000; Jin Maharashtra 2: 974. 2000. A. pennata (L.) Willd., He Huan Shuin Delin Wu & Ivan C. Nielsen, Fl. var. heyneana Benth. in Hook., Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: China 10: 57. 2010. Mimosa caesia L., Sp. Pl. 522. 515. 1842. A. tomentella Zipp. ex Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. 1753 (pro parte).Acacia intsiaauct.non. (L.) Willd., 1: 13. 1855 (non Willd., 1906). A. pennata Willd., 1806; Wight & Arn., Prod. 278. 1834. Acacia intsia var. canescens Grah. ex Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. (L.) Willd., var. caesia (L.) Wight & Arn ex Baker India 2: 98. 1876. in Hook. f., Brit. India 2: 297. 1878. Acacia A large climber armed with numerous hooked or columnaris Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. 1915: 410.1915. straight prickles. Branches and leaf rachis densely A large scandent shrub armed with numerous pubescent. Leaves 2-pinnate, 15-20 cm long; main hooked prickles; branches grooved, yellowish rachis densely pubescent, prickly with a gland on brown. Leaves 2-pinnate, 8-15 cm long; main rachis petiole and one between each of the 2-4 uppers pubescent, unarmed (occasionally armed) with pairs of pinnae; pinnae 8-18 pairs4.5-6.5 cm long, hooked prickles on the lower side, with a convex subsessile, their rachis densely pubescent; leaflets gland on the petiole below the leaflets and glands up to 30 pairs, slightly overlapping, sessile, linear, between the 2-4 uppermost pairs of pinnae; pinnae hairy bellow, rounded or truncate. Heads globose, 8-15 pairs. 3-6 cm long, rachis densely pubescent; 8-12 mm in diam. white to cream white or pale- leaflets 10-25 pairs crowded, sometimes yellow, in a terminal panicles; peduncles densely overlapping, subsessile, linear-oblong, 2.5-3 x 1 pubescent, bracts linear. Flowers stalked (1-3 mm). mm, very unequal-sided, the midrib near the upper Calyx glabrous, 2 mm long, divided

http://jsrr.net 163 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., 1/3 of the way down, lobes linear-lanceolate, acute. South India, Sikkim and MAHARASHTRA: Ovary shortly stipitate, minutely villous. Pods Throughout State. glabrous, thin, flat, dry, rounded or shortly Ecological Note: Common in deciduous forests and apiculate, brown. Seeds 8-15 compressed, dark also planted by social forest department. brown. Note: Acacia catechu is very similar to Acacia Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: September- chundra but distinguished by its villous leaf rachis, October. calyx and petals. Distribution: MAHARASHTRA: Thane (Bassein). Specimen Examined: Kota Shahagad, 28.10.1957, Note: Pairs of leaflets appears to be very variable. S. K. Jain 28855 (BSI, Pune); Parvati Mandir Specimen Examined: Burma, December 1902, Shaik (Poona), 09.09.1960, M. Y. Ansari 64223 (BSI, Mokim 983 (BSI, Pune); Bassine, Blatter 12597 Pune); Lahor-Dadri road (Punjab), 14.03.1962, N. (BLAT). C. Nair 20098 (BSI, Pune); Choral Balwada road (Indore), 21.10.1962, A. S. Rao 84002 (BSI, Pune); Acacia catechu (L. f.)Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1079. 1806; Low hills, 21.05.1963, U. R. Deshpande 87137 Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 295. 1878; (BSI, Pune); Brahman wada (Vardha), 03.09.1963, Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 476. 1958 (Repr.); Sheshagiri Rao Rolla 91140 (BSI, Pune); Ambadi Sanjappa, Legumes India 38.1991; Chakrabarty & (Nanded), 28.06.1979, B. R. Zate 664 (BAMU, Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 606. 1996; Herb.); Bamnoli (Satara), 20.01.1984, S. D. Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 342. 1998; Londhe in Deshpande 166657 (BSI, Pune); Mankeshwar Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 808. (Parbhani), 26.02.1985, Madhukar 7062 (BAMU, 2000. Mimosa catechu L.f., Suppl. Pl. 439. 1781. Herb.); Navegaon National Park, 31.05.2002, D. N. Acacia polycantha Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1079. 1806; Patil 182693 (BSI, Pune); Tembhurni (Solapur Brenan, Kew Bull.1956: 195. 1957. A. wallichiana dist.), 12.10.2010, KUG 218 (WCAS, Herb. DC., Prod. 2: 458. 1825. Mimosa catechoides Solapur); Apsinga (Osmanabad dist.), 12.10.2010, Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 562. 1832. Acacia suma (Roxb.) RDG 352 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). Buch.- Ham. ex Voight., Hort. Subur. Calc. 260.1845; Baker in Hook.f., opt. cit. 294. Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: A moderate sized tree, 5-7 m tall, bark dark brown, 1078. 1806; Kosterm in Dassan & Forsberg, Rev. rough; young shoot dark brown or purplish with Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 482. 1980; Sanjappa, dense spreading hairs or some time glabrous. Legumes India 38. 1991; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: Stipular spines short, broad from a triangular base, 342. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), polished. Leaves 2- pinnate, 10-15 cm. long; main Fl. Maharashtra 1: 808. 2000. Mimosa sundraRoxb. rachis pubescent, white- villous with glands ex Rottl., in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schr. f. 4: between many of each pair of pinnae and a large 207. 1803. Acacia sundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) DC., conspicuous glands at or near the middle of Prodr. 2: 458.1825; Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India petioles; pinnae 20-30 pairs, 3-5 cm long, nearly 2: 295. 1878 „sandra‟.Acacia catechu var. sundra sub-sessile, their rachis pubescent; leaflets 30-50 (Roxb.)Prain, in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66: 508. pairs, 4-6 x 1 mm, linear, sub-acute, sessile, and 1897; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 477. 1958 often ciliate. Flowers in axially, sessile, pale- (Repr.). yellow, in peduncles 1-4-nate spikes, 5-10 cm long; A glabrous, small tree, 5-7 m tall; bark brownish- rachis densely white pubescent. Calyx campanulate, white; young shoots downy; branches purple dense. 1-1.5 mm long, hairy out side; teeth short, deltoid, Stipular spines short, straight or slightly hooked, ciliate. Corolla 4-5 mm long, dull white, 2-3 times from a broad triangular base, polished. Leaves 2- as long as calyx; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, pinnate, 7.5-15 cm. long; main rachis pubescent, pubescent. Stamens much excreted. Pods stalked 6- more or less glabrous, with glands between each 10 x 1.5cm, flat, thin, brown, tapering at both ends, pair of pinnae and a large conspicuous glands at or glabrous. Seeds 3-10, compressed, brown, and near the middle of petioles; petioles 2.5-3.5 cm polished. long. pinnae 15-30 pairs, 4-5 cm long; leaflets 20- Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: June - 40 pairs, 3-6 x 1 mm, closely set on rachis, February. obliquely-linear, oblong, sub acute, sessile, pale Distribution: World: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, green, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so. Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Shri Lanka, South Flowers in axially, sessile, whitish, in China, Thailand and INDIA: Bihar, Central and

http://jsrr.net 164 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) peduncles 1-4-nate spikes, 7-9 cm long, rachis colored, dotted with white. Leaves 2- pinnate, 5-10 glabrous. Calyx campanulate, downy, 2 mm long; cm. long; main rachis armed with sharp hooked teeth short, deltoid, ciliate. Corolla 0.1-0.3 cm long, prickles, with a large conspicuous glands at or divided about 1.2 cm way down; lobes narrow- below the middle of petioles, and one between the oblong, sub-acute. Pods 7.5-12.5 x 1.2-1.8 cm upper most or two upper most pair of pinnae; reticulately veined, glabrous. Seeds 4-8, flat, oval, stipules ovate, cordate; pinnae 4-8 (10) pairs, 2.5-5 greenish or brownish. cm long, their rachis slender, grooved, ending in a Ecological note: Common in deciduous forest on week spine; leaflets sub sessile, sensitive, 12-25 hill slopes. pairs, 0.5-1.0 x 0.1-0.2 cm, linear, acute or Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: August- mucronate, sub-acute, unequal sided, glabrous, base November. rounded or truncate. Flowers in globose head, on Distribution: World: Burma, Myanmar, Sri Lanka peduncles 2.5-3.8 cm long, which are fascicled, at and INDIA: Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan and the nodes or forming racemose, panicles at the ends MAHARASHTRA: Throughout dry deciduous of the branches; bracts oblique, membranous, forests. conspicuous. Calyx funnel-shaped, 2 mm long, Ecological Note: Common on hill slopes in divided nearly ½ way down; teeth lanceolate. deciduous forests and in open scrub jungles. Corolla 3-5 mm long; lobes lanceolate. Ovary Note: This is better treated as variety of A. catechu glabrous. Pods shortly stalked 8-12 x 2-3 cm, linear- Willd. as was done by Prain loc. cit. oblong, thick and fleshy when immature becoming Specimen Examined: Devgad, 18.09.1957, G. S. wrinkled when dry, somewhat depressed between Puri 27305 (BSI, Pune); Top of Kharpudi hills the seeds, and with broad sutures which are (Khed Taluka), 05.08.1961, K. P. Janardhanan sometimes more or less deeply in dented. Seeds 6- 71837 (BSI, Pune); Usgao (Goa), 08.10.1964, R. S. 10. Raghavan 103396 (BSI, Pune); Shahapur Research Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: More or less Garden (Thane), 22.09.1968, K. V. Billore 115317A throughout the year. (BSI, Pune); Baragaon (Goa), 08.10.1970, N. P. Distribution: World: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Singh 125165 (BSI, Pune); Netrawadi (Goa), China, Nepal, New Guinea and INDIA: In all states. 14.10.1970, N. P. Singh 125452 (BSI, Pune); MAHARASHTRA: Akola, Kolhapur, Nasik, Saudir-Bellary (Madras), July J. S. Gamble 16062 Osmanabad, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara and (BSI, Pune); Ramling, Naik 186 (BAMU, Herb.); Solapur. Parali Ghat, Rothe 5384 (BAMU, Herb.); Piliv Ecological Note: Occurs on hill slopes, also (Solapur dist.), 01.08.2010, KUG 76 (WCAS, Herb. cultivated in medicinal plant gardens. Solapur); Yedshi (Osmanabad dist.), 21.08.2010, Specimen Examined: Mount Abu lake, 15.04.1960, RDG 201 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). K. C. Kanodia 62186 (BSI, Pune); near Bhimashankar temple, 25.02.1961, K. P. Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2.464. 1825; Janardhanan 69283 (BSI, Pune); Hills near Vanak Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 296. 1878; village (Mulshi), 21.03.1963, Sheshagiri Rao Rolla Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1:479. 1958 (Repr.); 87308 (BSI, Pune); Chaukul near Amboli (Ratnagiri Sanjappa, Legumes India 38. 1991; Londhe in Dist.) 09.11.1965, B. G. Kulkarni 107959 (BSI, Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 809. Pune); Markandey top (Nasik Dist.), 16.09.1966, J. 2000. Mimosa concinna Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1039 Cherian 108895 (BSI, Pune); Kumbharli Ghat, 1806. M. sinuta Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 653. 1790. 09.04.1978, M. P. Nayar 153019 (BSI, Pune); Acacia concinna (Willd.) Candolle, Prodr. 2: Amboli, S. M. Almeida 1122 (BLAT); Parli Ghat 464.1825; Jin He Huan Shu in Delin Wu & Ivan C. (Beed), 22.11.1982, S. P. Rothe 5385 (BAMU, Nielsen, Fl. China 10: 58. 2010. A. rugata Buch.- Herb.); Kelghar Ghat (Satara), 22.09.1983, S. D. Ham. ex Benth. inHook., London J. Bot. 1: 514, Deshpande 162541 (BSI, Pune); Sautada, 1842. Acacia sinuata (Lour) Mer., Trans Amer. 19.10.1984, S. P. Rothe 6960 (BAMU, Herb.). Phil. Soc. N. S. 24: 186. 1935; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 346. 1998; Chakrabarty & Acacia ferruginea DC., Prodr. 2:458.1825; Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 625. 1996; Beddome, Fl. Sylvat. t. 51. 1870; Baker in Hook. f., Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 209. 1998. Fl. Brit. India 2:295. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. An extensive climbing shrub, armed with numerous Bombay 1: 477. 1958 (Repr.); Kosterm in Dassan & small hooked prickles; branches dark brown Forsberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 484. 1980;

http://jsrr.net 165 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Sanjappa, Legumes India 39, 40.1991; Chakrabarty A scandent shrub, abundantly covered with minute & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 611. hooked prickles. Branchlets and leaf rachis finely 1996; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 343. 1998; Almeida, grey downy. Petiole with a large gland near the base Fl. Maharashtra 2: 201. 1998; Londhe in Singh & and the uppermost pinnae. Pinnae upto 6 cm long; Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 811. 2000. leaflets upto 15 pairs, 8-12 x 2-3 mm broad, pale Mimosa ferruginea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 561. 1832 green above, glaucous beneath, sub-glabrous, with a (non Rottl. 1803). very oblique midrib. Panicles with densely downy Moderate sized trees, 5-12 m tall; bark rough, rusty branches, lower springing from the axils of the brown. Young parts glabrous, sometimes prickly. leaves, the upper subtended by conspicuous oblique Stipular spines short, hooked, in pairs. Leaves 2- membranous sub-persistent bract. Heads yellow, 9- pinnate, pinnae 3-6 pairs, 5-10 cm long, main rachis 12 mm broad. Calyx funnel-shaped, 2-mm long. slender, glabrous, with a large gland on the petiole Corolla little exerted. Ovary pubescent. Pods strap- and another between the uppermost pair of pinnae; shaped, straight, 8-10 x 1-2 cm. seeds 6-10, with petioles 2-5 cm long, thickened at the; leaflets 10- broad sutures narrowed to short stalk, depressed 25 pairs, 0.5-1.5 x 0.1-02 cm, linear oblong, between them. unequal sided, obtuse, glaucous above, paler Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: February-April. beneath, rigidly sub-coriaceous, glabrous, petiolules Distribution: World: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, very short. Flowers sessile, densely arranged in China, Nepal, New Guinea and INDIA: throughout, spikes 5-7 cm long; peduncles often numerous, MAHARASHTRA: Amravati and Melghat wild life glabrous.Calyx campanulate, 1.5 mm long, sanctuary. glabrous; teeth distinct, deltoid.Corolla creamy- Ecological Note: It grows on bushes in hill forests. white or pale-yellow, 3-4 mm long, lobes oblong- Specimen Examined: Goregaon, M. R. Almeida lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube. Pods oblong, 2854 (BNHS); Bedshi, B. G. Kulkarni 120001 7-15 x 1.5-2.0 cm, straight, flat, thin, brown, (BSI). reticulately veined; the upper suture narrowly winged. Seeds 4-8, ovoid-orbicular, 10-12 mm Acacia lenticularis Buch.-Ham.ex Hook., Lond. J. across, pale brown. Bot. 1: 508. 1842; Baker in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: May-October. 2: 296. 1878; Sanjappa, Legumes India 40-41. Distribution:World: Sri Lanka and INDIA: Delhi, 1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Orissa, Peninsula, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Bot. 20(3): 614. 1996; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: MAHARASHTRA: Aurangabad, Dhule, Kokan, 203. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Nanded, Nasik, Pune and Yavatmal. Fl. Maharashtra 2: 975. 2000. Ecological Note: Planted along the road side of A Small tree with grey or reddish branchlets, Marathwada region of the state. glabrous. Stipular spines small, hooked. Leaves Specimen Examined: Katraj Ghat, 25.03.1956, G. S. bipinnate, long petioled, without any gland on the Puri 109 (BSI, Pune); Nimgaon ka ran (Khed), rachis; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets much larger than 28.10.1961, K. P. Jananrdhanan 72632 (BSI, any other species, 6-12 pairs, 2-5 cm. long, oblong, Pune); Khanapur (Haweli taluka), 20.03.1964, M. Y. obtuse, pale glaucous green, glabrous, rigidly sub- Ansari 88047 (BSI, Pune); Khandesh, E. Blatter coriaceous, sessile, reduced on upper side towards 27242 (BLAT); Wakad, 28.03.1980, Wadood Khan the base. Flowers yellowish-white, in axillary short 673 (BAMU, Herb.); Kharbi (Nanded), peduncled spikes, 8-10 cm long, 1 bracteate. Calyx 121.03.1981, B. R. Zate 1783. (BAMU, Herb.); and petals glabrous; corolla 3 mm. long deeply Kharbi (Nanded), 16.08.1981, B. R. Zate 1838 toothed, petals twice as long as calyx. Pods 15-20 x (BAMU, Herb.); Palsan (Nasik), 20.10.1983, P. L. 1-2 cm with thickened sutures furnished with Narsimhan 166128 (BSI, Pune). narrow wing with a few spines, 6-9 seeded. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: April-May. Acacia gamblei Bahadur & Gaur., Acta Bot. 4 (1): Distribution: World: Nepal and INDIA: Bihar, 66-7, 1976;Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 208. 1998. Orissa, West to East Himalayas and Mimosa rugataLamk., Encycl. 1: 20. 1783. Acacia MAHARASHTRA: Amravati, Dhargad, Chorkund rugata (Lamk.) J. Voight., Hort. Sub. Calc. 263. and Gugalmal ranges of Melghat wild life 1845 (non.Benth., 1842); Subramanian & Rao, Bull. sanctuary. Bot. Surv. India 22: 5. 1980. A. concinna DC. var. Ecological Note: Occurs along streams of hill rugata Baker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 297, 1878. forests in between thick vegetational pockets.

http://jsrr.net 166 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) Acacia modesta Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2:27, t. 130. prickly with a large gland above the middle of the 1831; Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 296. 1878; petiole and one between each of the 2-4 upper pair Sanjappa, Legumes India 41.1991; Chakrabarty & of pinnae; pinnae 8-18 pairs, 3-6 cm long, sub- Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 618. 1996; sessile, usually curved, their rachis densely Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. pubescent; leaflets 40-50 pairs, slightly overlapping, Maharashtra 1: 812. 2000. Mimosa dumosaRoxb., 4-6 x 1-1.5 mm, obtuse or acute, sessile, linear, and (Hort. Beng. 40. 1814, nom. nud.) Fl Ind. 2: 559. often ciliate on margin, unequal-sided, glabrous, 1832. Mimosa obovata Roxb.,loc. cit. 561. 1832. base oblique, rounded or truncate. Flowers in large A small or medium sized deciduous tree, young terminal panicle, white or pale-yellow, heads shoot glabrous to subglabrous, bark brownish or globose, 10-12 mm in diameter; peduncles greenish grey, rough. Stipular spines in pairs, below pubescent, 2-4-nate; bracts linear, lanceolate, acute. the petiole, compressed, recurved, dark brown, Calyx glabrous, 2-2.5 mm long, divided 1/3 way shining, 4-5 mm long, sometimes prickles absent. down. Corolla 4-5 mm long, dull yellow or white; Leaves 1.2-5 cm long, with a small gland near the lobes linear lanceolate, acute. Pods stalked, strap- base and sometimes one between the uppermost shaped, 10-15 x 2-3 cm, flat, thin, apiculate, brown, pair of pinnae. Pinnae generally 2-3 pairs rarely in glabrous. Seeds 7-14, ovoid, oblong, compressed, 1-pair, 1.2-2.5 cm long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, about 4- dark brown. 10 mm long, broadly ovate or obovate, oblique, Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: August- obtuse, glaucous, veins prominent. Inflorescence a March. pedunculate spike, 3.7-7.5 cm long, peduncle about Distribution: World: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, 1.3-2.5 cm long. Pedicel upto 1 mm long. Calyx 1- China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand and INDIA: 1.5 mm long, broadly campanulate, glabrous. Andaman Islands, Assam, Bihar, Central to Eastern Corolla 2-2.5 mm long. Stamens indefinite, Himalaya, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Peninsula, filaments upto 5 mm long. Pod stipitate, stipe 5-6 Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and mm long, pod 5-7 cm long, upto 1 cm broad, thin, MAHARASHTRA: Common throughout state on flat, straight, glabrous, apex deltoid, mucronate, late hill slopes. dehiscing. Seeds 3-5. Ecological Note: Population study shows, common Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: April-August. to occasional distribution in various geographical Distribution: World: Afghanistan, Baluchistan, regions of the state. Pakistan and INDIA: Delhi, Himalaya (Terai), Note: Number of leaflets appears to be very Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan (often planted) and variable, so are the glands between the leaflets. MAHARASHTRA: Gadchiroli, Nagpur and Pune. Specimen Examined: Burma, April 1902, Shaik Ecological Note: Rare in occurrence in the state. Mokim 587 (BSI, Pune); Burma, Jan. 1903, Shaik Mokim 1103 (BSI, Pune); Mount Abu (south of Acacia pennata (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1090. 1806; town, 4000 ft.), 30.07.1952, S. K. Jain 5305 (BSI, Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 297. 1878; Pune); Mount Abu, 16.07.1957, G. S. Puri 56706 Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 480. 1958 (Repr.); (BSI, Pune); Nanapani - Amboli Ghat (Ratnagiri), Sanjappa, Legumes India 42.1991; Chakrabarty & 26.08.1965, B. G. Kulkarni 106336 (BSI, Pune); S. Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 620. 1996; M. Almeida- 4454 (BLAT); Ambadi, 05.01.1970, Naik, fl. Marathwada 1: 345. 1998; Londhe in Naik 655 (BAMU, Herb.); near Phonda Ghat Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 813. (Ratnagiri), 04.10.1970, B. G. Kulkarni 121430 2000; Jin He Huan Shuin Delin Wu & Ivan C. (BSI, Pune); Kanji Forest, 22.09.1977, S. Nielsen, Fl. China 10: 58-59. 2010. Mimosa Karthikeyan 149201 (BSI, Pune); Bhokar town, pennata L., Sp. Pl. 522.1753 (pro. parte). Acacia 08.02.1981, Wadood Khan 1585 (BAMU, Herb.); caesia Wall., Cal. 52.53A. 1831 - 32 (nom. nud.); Nimkhedwadi village (Buldhana), 26.06.1982, P. G. non Willd. A. pennata var. heyneana Benth.in Diwakar 162841 (BSI, Pune); Gandhali Forest Hook., London J. Bot. 4: 515-16. 1842; Subhedar, J. (Buldhana), 26.06.1982, P. G. Diwakar 162997 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86: 271. 1889. (BSI, Pune); Bori-Pada Ground (Nasik), A scandent shrub, armed with numerous stout 21.09.1984, P. L. Narsimhan 167566 (BSI, Pune); slightly hooked or straight prickles; young branches Ukkadgaon (Solapur), 22.09.2011, KUG 655; pubescent. Leaves 2- pinnate, reaching up to 15 cm. Ramling Sanctuary (Osmanabad dist.), 22.09.2011, long; main rachis densely pubescent, grooved often RDG 733 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur).

http://jsrr.net 167 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Acacia polyacantha Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1079. 1806; dist.), 07.12.2011, RDG 875 (WCAS, Brenan in Kew Bull. 1956: 195.1956; Santapau, Herb.Solapur). Rec. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 16 (1).ed. 3:84. 1967. Naik, fl. Marathwada 1: 346. 1998; Almeida Fl. Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1077. 1806; Mah.2; 207. 1998. Acacia suma Buch-Ham. ex Baker in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 295. 1876; Voight, Hort. Sub. Calc. 260.1854; Baker in Hook. Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 449. 1958 (Repr.); f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 294. 1878; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Sanjappa, Legumes India 44.1991; Chakrabarty & Bombay 1: 476. 1958 (Repr.). Mimosa suma Roxb., Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 624. 1996; Fl. Ind. 2: 653. 1832. Acacia catechu Wight & Arn., Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 208. 1998; Londhe in Prodr. 272. 1834 (non Willd. 1806); Beddome, Fl. Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 976. Sylv. t. 49. 1870. Senegalia suma Britton & Rose, 2000. Mimosa Senegal L. Sp. Pl. 521. 1753. Fl. North. Amer. 23: 113. 1928. Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton in Britton & Wilson, Small tree, 5-10 m tall; bark white or yellowish- Bot. Porto Rico.6: 538. 1930. white. Stipular spine short, straight or hooked from A small tree 10-20 ft. height; stem prickly; branches a broad triangular base polished. Leaves pubescent, flexuous, glaucous-gray; young shoot pubescent. with glands between many of the pairs of pinnae Stipular spines usually 3, the 2 lateral nearly and large gland about the middle of the petiole; 2-3 straight or slightly curved upward, the middle one cm long; pinnae 10-30 pairs, 3-6 cm long, shortly curved down word, all dark- brown, polished. stalked; leaflets 30-50 pairs, linear, 3-6 x 1 mm, Leaves 2- pinnate, 1.8-3.1 cm. long; main rachis sessile, subacute, glabrous but ciliate on margins. pubescent with a gland on the petiole below the Flowers sessile in 1-4nate axillary spikes, 6-10 cm lowest pair and one uppermost pair of pinnae; long; rachis densely pubescent. Calyx campanulate, pinnae 3-5 pairs, 1.2-1.8 cm long, very shortly downy, 2-2.5 mm long; teeth short, deltoid, ciliate. stalked, their rachises pubescent; leaflets 8-15 pairs, Corolla dull white, 2-3 mm long, divided ½ way 2-4 x 1 mm, liner sub obtuse, glabrous, pale down; lobes narrow, oblong subacute. Pods elliptic- glaucous-green; petiolules very short. Flowers oblong, 10-15 x 1.5-2 cm, tapering at both ends, fragrant, in spikes 5-10 cm long; peduncles axillary, glabrous; stalk 1-2 cm long. Seeds 6-8 ovoid, 7-8 1-3-nate.Calyx campanulate, 2 mm long, divided mm long, compressed, black. about 8 mm of the way down; teeth distinct, deltoid. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: July-February. Corolla white, twice as long as the calyx, divided Distribution: World: Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, about 1.2 cm way down; lobes lanceolate, acute. Pakistan, South-China and INDIA: Arunachal Filaments white. Anthers yellow. Pods shortly Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Himalaya upto stalked 7.5 x 1.8 cm. linear-oblong; thin, flat, 1700m, Orissa, Punjab, South India, west Bengal flexible, attenuated at both ends, articulately veined, and MAHARASHTRA: Common in deciduous pale-brown and glabrous when ripe, dehiscent. forests. Seeds Pale brow colored, 5–6. Ecological Note: Planted in forests and along road Phenology: Flowerings and Fruiting: November- side. March. Note: Very similar and difficult to distinguish from Distribution: World: Arabia, Pakistan, Tropical Acacia catechu(L. f.) Willd.it has densely pubescent Africa and INDIA: Delhi, Gujarat, Punjab, branches, rachis and calyx lobes. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and MAHARASHTRA: Specimen Examined: College Garden (Poona), Amravati, Pune, Osmanabad and Solapur. 07.06.1902, L. D. Garade 365 (BSI, Pune); College Ecological Note: Planted by forest department, also Garden Pune, 16.06.1902, L. D. Garade 442 (BSI, found naturally along canals in dry region. Pune); Junnar hill basin (Thane), 19.10.1907, N. M. Note: The tree furnishes the true gum-arabic of Chibber 145 (BSI, Pune); Satara, 23.08.1973, commerce which is largely exported from the Pardeshi 660 (BAMU, Herb.); Karhol, 23.09.1977, French colony of Senegal on the west coast of Pardeshi 2129 (BAMU, Herb.); Jalna, 18.12.1977, Africa. Pardeshi 3087 (BAMU, Herb.); Kharbi, Specimen Examined: Bhujiya hill (Bhuj), 16.08.1981, B. R. Zate 1837 (BAMU, Herb.); North 01.02.1957, S. K. Jain 11619 (BSI, Pune); Vasad Kanara, 15.05.1985, W. A. Talbot s.n. (BSI, Pune); Soil Conservation Farm, 15.06.1958, S. K. Jain Nannaj (Solapur dist.) 11.09.2011, KUG 625 38676 (BSI, Pune); Daushi hills (Punjab), (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Ukkadgaon (Osmanabad 22.01.1959, M. Y. Ansari 47247 (BSI, Pune);

http://jsrr.net 168 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) Vasad farm (Gujrat), 21.06.1959, J. B. Shah 54542 long. Calyx campanulate, 2 mm long, divided 1/3 (BSI, Pune); Shatranja hills (Gujrat), 19.08.1960, way down; teeth lanceolate or sub-deltoid. Corolla Sheshagiri Rao Rolla 63762 (BSI, Pune); Jhoor ki dull white, 3 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, as ghanti (Pasad, Udaypur), 29.09.1962, K. C.Kauodia long as the tube. Pods linear, shortly stalked, 12-15 (BSI, Pune); Rosi Bundar, Jamnagar (Gujrat), x 2 cm, straight, strap shaped, flat, thin, dry, obtuse 25.09.1964, Sheshagiri Rao Rolla 102981 (BSI, at apex, narrowed at base, brown/velvety Pune); Nakhatrana, 14.09.1968, R. S. Raghvan tomentose when young, afterwards glabrous, 114796 (BSI, Pune); Nakhatrana-Lakhpeth, obscurely veined, dehiscent. Seeds 6-8, discoid, 15.09.1968, R. S. Raghvan 114850 (BSI, Pune); brown polished. Ramling Wild Life Sanctuary (Osmanabad), Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: February- 08.05.2011, RDG 491 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); October. Wadwal-nagnath (Solapur dist.),17.12.2010, KUG Distribution: World: Pakistan, Thailand and 368 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur); Ramling Wild Life INDIA: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Peninsula, Punjab, Sanctuary (Osmanabad dist.), 08.05.2011, RDG 491 Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). MAHARASHTRA: Common on bushes hill forests. Ecological Note: Commonly occur on bushes in hill Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. forests throughout state. 1915(9):410. 1915; Sanjappa, Legumes India 44. Specimen Examined: Nagfanimal (Bhimashankar), 1991; Naik, Fl. Marathwada 1: 347. 1998; Londhe 10.10.1962, K. P. Janardhanan 81797 (BSI, Pune); in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: Colem - on way to Kanangol, old Station (Goa), 814. 2000. Mimosa torta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 566. 09.05.1963, K. C. Kanodia 88501 (BSI, Pune); On 1832. Acacia caesia Wight. & Arn., Prodr. 278. way Bhiwadikund, Durga killa (Junnar), 1834. A. intsia auct.non Willd. 1806; Baker in 15.05.1964, K. Hemadri 9949 (BSI, Pune); Dhak Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 297. 1878; Cooke, Fl. fort range (Junnar), 13.01.1965, K. Hemadri 104435 Pres. Bombay 1: 479. 1958 (Repr.). (BSI, Pune); Gautala, 11.06.1970, Naik 737 Large scandent shrubs, branches grooved, dark (BAMU, Herb.); Taranga hills (Nagar Dist.), brown, armed with small hooked prickles; young 10.10.1970, B. M. Wadhwa 128398 (BSI, Pune); parts densely grey tomentose. Leaves 2-pinnate, 10- Gond wakadi forest (Yelambra), 17.02.1977, S. 15 cm long; main rachis pubescent, usually armed Karthikeyan 149119 (BSI, Pune); Mahur (Nanded), with hooked prickles beneath; petioles 2-3 cm long, 29.06.1979, B. R. Zate 678 (BAMU, Herb.); with a gland below the lower pair of pinnae and a Mahadeogad, 08.02.1980, Wadood Khan 617 gland between each of the 1-4 uppermost pairs of (BAMU, Herb.); Wakad, 28.03.1980, Wadood pinnae; pinnae 5-10 pairs, 5-8 cm long, their Khan 668 (BAMU, Herb.); Sitakhandi, 03.08.1980, rachises more or less pubescent; leaflets 10-25 Wadood Khan 982 (BAMU, Herb.); Sautada pairs, not closely crowded, subsessile, linear- (Beed), 25.08.1984, S. P. Rothe 6692 (BAMU, oblong, 6-10 x 3-4 mm, very unequal sided, shortly Herb.); Mankeshwar (Parbhani), 26.02.1985, and obliquely mucronate, dark green and shining Madhukar Reddy 7048 (BAMU, Herb.); Mandur above, paler beneath, glabrous on both surface, base (Shirala Taluka), 04.10.1989, A. N. Londhe 170244 truncate. Flowers in globose heads 10-12 mm in (BSI, Pune); Ukkadgaon (Solapur dist.), diameter, arranged in terminal panicles; peduncles 06.06.2011, KUG 489 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); 1-4-nate, finely downy; bracts at the base of Ramling (Osmanabad dist.), 02.05.2010, RDG 874 peduncles, linear oblong, acute, falcate, 3-4 mm (WCAS, Herb. Solapur).

Section- III Key to species- 1. Flowers in globose heads...... 2 1. Flowers in spikes...... 3 2. Bark furrowed...... A. melanoxylon 2. Bark not as above...... A. richii 3. Phyllodes falcate or slightly curved, 10-18 cm long...... 4 3. Phyllodes not as above, 1-2 cm long...... A. verticillata 4. Spike 1-5 cm long, pods straight or cylindrical...... A. longifolia 4. Spike more than 6 cm long, pods contorted or coiled...... 5

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5. Flowers white...... A. mangium 5. Flowers yellow...... 6 6. Phyllodes lanceolate, branchlets 3- angled...... A. concurrens 6. Phyllodes falcate, branchlets not as above...... 7 7. Spikes usually in pairs, rarely solitary...... A. moniliformis 7. Spikes solitary or clustered, not in pairs...... 8 8. Phyllodes glaucous, with prominent mucro, spike uninterrupted...... A. holosericea 8. Phyllodes green, without apical mucro, spike interrupted...... A. auriculiformis

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn.ex Benth. London J. Solapur city, 27.08.2011, KUG 604 (WCAS, Herb. Bot. 1: 377. 1842; Sen & Naskar, Bull. Bot. Surv. Solapur); Osmanabad (Osmanabad dist.), India. 7: 31. 1968; Sanjappa, Legumes India 17.11.2011, RDG 874 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). 45.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 603. 1996; Almeida, Fl. Acacia concurrens Pedley, Contr. Maharashtra 2:198. 1998; Londhe in Singh & Herb.15: 9.1974; Matthew, Fl. Palni Hil.1: 403. Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 824. 2000. Jin 1999. Acacia cunninghamiiHook., Ic. Pl. He Huan Shuin Delin Wu & Ivan C. Nielsen, Fl. t.165.1837, non Sweet 1830; Matthew, Rec. Bot. China 10: 56. 2010. Racosperma auriculiforme Surv. India 20 (1): 85. 1969. (Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley, J. Linn. Soc. London Bot. Racosperma concurrens (Pedley) Pedley, Bot. J. 92: 247. 1986. Linn. Soc. 92: 248. 1986. Glabrous tree upto 30 m high. Bark fissured, grey to Single-stemmed, glaucous, glabrous tree upto 10 m black. Branchlets flattened towards apices, high. Bark longitudinally fissured, fibrous, grey- glabrous. Phyllodes linear to very narrowly elliptic, black. Branchlets angular (3-angled), stout, brown, falcate, 10-20 cm long, 12-30 mm wide, with 3 scurfy. Phyllodes obliquely very narrowly elliptic to conspicuous, green, longitudinal veins confluent narrowly elliptic, flat, the upper margin curved, the with or near lower margin at base, the minor veins lower straight, 10.5-17 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, 3-5 per mm, anastomosing; gland 1, basal, to 3 mm coriaceous, scurfy when young, with 3 or 4 above pulvinus. Mature spikes 5-8.5 cm long, longitudinal veins more prominent, the lower 2 interrupted, yellow. Flowers 5-merous.Calyx 0.9- confluent with each other near base, the minor veins 1.3 mm long, glabrous. Corolla 1.7-2.4 mm long, 3 or 4 per mm, strongly anastomosing; gland 1, cut for about 1/2, glabrous. Ovary densely basal, to 2 mm above pulvinus. Mature spikes 3.5- pubescent. Pods very narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 11 cm long, pale yellow. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx flat, 3.2-16 cm long, woody, distinctly undulate, 0.6-1 mm long, with a few hairs near base. Corolla glaucous, glabrous, transversely veined. Seeds 1.8-2 mm long, glabrous. Ovary pubescent. Pods transverse, elliptic to broadly elliptic, flattened, 3.6- linear, slightly moniliform, circular to semicircular, 5.6 mm long, dark brown to black; pleurogram 5–10 cm long. Seeds longitudinal, elliptic, 3.5-4.5 dark; areole open; funicle encircling seed. mm long, brownish black; pleurogram without halo; Penology: Flowering & Fruiting: August –June. areole open, oblong. Distribution: Native of Australia. World: New Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: November- Guinea, Indonesia, China and INDIA: Cultivated February. throughout. MAHARASHTRA: In all districts. Distribution: MAHARASHTRA: Osmanabad Ecological Note: Planted by Social Forestry (Kalamb) and Solapur (Barshi). Department on wasteland and road side. Ecological Note:It is exotic species and planted by Specimen Examined: G. B. Garden, 21.09.1921, M. social forest department in some part of this region. W. Kaduskar s.n. (BSI, Pune); Waghai (Dang), Specimen Examined: Dhamangaon (Solapur dist.), 01.09.1958, S. K. Jain 43584 (BSI, Pune); Studio 24.12.2010, KUG 380 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Ter Compound Poona, 27.08.1960, K. N. Subramanian (Osmanabad dist.), 25.12.2010, RDG 499 (WCAS, 64624(BSI, Pune); Patur (Akola), 19.02.1978, S. Y. Herb.Solapur). Kamble 152643 (BSI, Pune); Rasati (Satara), Acacia holosericea A. Cunn.ex. G. Don, Gen. Hist. 07.10.1983, S. D. Deshpande 166636(BSI, Pune); 2: 407. 1832; Sanjappa, Legumes India 49.1991; M. R. Almeida 2352 (BNHS); Navegaon garden, Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20.11.2002, D. N. Patil 182856 (BSI, Pune);

http://jsrr.net 170 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) 20(3): 613. 1996; Matthew, Fl. Palni Hil.1: 405. Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 825. 2000. 1999. A. holoserecia var. glabrata Maiden., Proc. Mimosa longifolia Andrews, Bot. Repos. 3: t.207. Roy. Soc. Queensland 30: 48. 1918. A. holosericea 1802. M. macrostachya Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 61. var. multispireaDomin., Biblioth. Bot. 89: 270. 1810, nom. illeg. Acacia longifolia var latifolia 1926. A. holosericea var. typica Domin., Bilblioth. Sweet., Hort. Brit. 2nd edt. 165. 1830. Phyllodoea Bot. 89: 270. 1926, nom. inval.Acacia mangium var. longifolia (Andrews) Link., Handbuch 2: 133. 1831. holosericea (A. Cunn. ex G.Don) C.T.White, Contr. Acacia longifolia var. typica Benth., Fl. Australia 2: Arnold Arbor. 4: 42. 1933. Racosperma 398. 1864, nom. inval. holosericeum (A.Cunn. ex G.Don) Pedly, Spreading shrub or erect tree, 1.5-10 m high, 1-25 Austrobaileya 2: 349. 1987. m wide.Stipules deltate, less than 1 mm long or Shrub or tree 3-8 m high. Branchlets acutely angled obscure. Phyllodes linear to elliptic, 5-25 cm long, but normally terete by 20-30 cm below apex, 10-35 mm wide, acute or rounded-obtuse, usually sericeous, sometimes glabrous. Young sometimes abruptly contracted at apex into mucro, shoots silvery sericeous, sometimes glabrous. with 2-4 prominent primary veins, the secondary Phyllodes obliquely narrowly elliptic, 10-20 cm veins frequently anastomosing, prominent; gland long, normally 2-5 cm wide, with unequal base, the basal or almost so; pulvinus present. mucro 1-3 mm long, usually sericeous, glaucous usually without peduncles. Mature spikes solitary or with prominent apical mucro, the normally 3 twinned, 1-5 cm long; peduncles mostly absent; prominent veins per face confluent and contiguous bracteoles caducous, cucullate, 0.3-0.5 mm long, with abaxial margin at base, the minor veins with ciliate margins. Flowers 4-merous; sepals forming a somewhat open, longitudinally orientated united. Pods cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, reticulum; glands basal and at base of mucro on at sometimes moniliform, 5-15 cm x 4-10 mm, least some phyllodes. Inflorescences rudimentary commonly firmly coriaceous. Seeds elliptic, racemes with axes to 0.5 mm long; peduncles 3-7 sometimes irregularly shaped, 4-6 mm long, shiny; mm long, sericeous, sometimes glabrous; spikes funicle folded several times into a thickened lateral normally 2-4 cm long, uninterrupted, golden; skirt-like aril. bracteoles linear-spathulate, 1-1.5 mm long. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: October-April. Flowers 5-merous; sepals united. Pods tightly and Distribution: A native of Australia. World: often somewhat irregularly coiled, 2.5-4 mm wide, Australia and INDIA: cultivated in gardens, thinly crustaceous to coriaceous-crustaceous, MAHARASHTRA: Planted in gardens. glabrous, remaining as entangled clumps following Ecological Note: Introduced by state social forestry. dehiscence. Seeds longitudinal, oblong-elliptic, 3.5 Specimen Examined: Victoria garden (Mumbai), mm long, shiny, dark brown; aril bright yellow. 17.07.1921, Sup.G314A (BSI, Pune); Marathwada Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: September- Univ. Campus, 25.12.1973, A. S. Barkul 71 March. (BAMU, Herb.); Osmanpura, 11.08.1977, V. N. Distribution: A native of Australia. World: Pardeshi 1759 (BAMU, Herb.); K. M. Matthew Australia and INDIA: Cultivated in gardens, 1642 (K); A. Sauliere 282 (CAL). Kolhapur, M. M. MAHARASHTRA: Kolhapur, Osmanabad and Sardesai. 2419 (SUK); Solapur city, 05.04.2012, Solapur. KUG 895 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Tuljapur Ecological Note: It is exotic species and planted by (Osmanabad dist.), 25.10.2011, RDG 879 (WCAS, social forest department in some part of this region. Herb.Solapur). Specimen Examined: RHT 43766 (RHT); Siddheshwar-van-vihar (Solapur dist.), 07.04.2012, Acacia mangium Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1053. 1806; KUG 899 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur); Kamtha Sanjappa, Legumes India, 50.1991; Chakrabarty & (Osmanabad dist.), 28.04.2011, RDG 589; Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 631. 1996; Osmanabad (Osmanabad dist.), 12.11.2011, RDG Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. 773 (WCAS, Herb. Solapur). Maharashtra 2: 975. 2000. Rachosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley, Austrobaileya 2: 352. 1987.A. Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: holoserecia var. multispireaauct.nonDomin: C. T. 1052. 1806 (subsp. longifolia); Sanjappa, Legumes White loc. cit., pro. syn. Acacia holosericea var. India 49.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. glabrata auct. non Maiden: C. T. White, loc. cit., Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 616. 1996; Naik, Fl. Pro syn. Marathwada 1: 344. 1998; Londhe in Singh &

http://jsrr.net 171 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Tree upto 30 m high, with branches spreading from ribbed, glabrous, rarely puberulous. Phyllodes near ground level or with bole to 4.5 m high. Bark narrowly elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, often corrugated or coarsely cracked, grey to dark brown. inequilateral, straight to falcate, 4-16 cm long, 6-25 Branchlets stout, acutely angled, brown, fawn or mm wide, obtuse to acute, coriaceous, dark green, green, glabrous, sometimes scurfy. Phyllodes glabrous, with 3-5 main nerves and prominently obliquely narrowly elliptic to elliptic, normally 11- reticulate in-between (nerve islands rectangular). 27 cm long, 30-95 mm wide, thinly coriaceous or Inflorescences comprising mostly 3-5 headed papery, glabrous, with 3 or 4 main prominent nerves racemes; raceme axes 0.5-4 cm long; peduncles 0.5- (confluent at base of phyllodes near lower margin), 1.5 cm long, glabrous, rarely puberulous; heads the minor nerves strongly anastomosing to form a globular, 6 mm diam., cream colored. Flowers 5- fine reticulum, with elongated interstices; gland 1, merous; sepals 3/4 or more united. Pods openly basal, to 4.5 mm above pulvinus. Mature spikes 5- coiled and often twisted, upto 15 x 0.5-1 cm, 12 cm long, loosely arranged, white to cream- coriaceous to sub-woody, glabrous. Seeds coloured. Flowers 5-merous.Calyx 0.6-0.8 mm longitudinal, broadly elliptic, 3-5 mm long, glossy, long, pubescent. Corolla 1.8-2 mm long, with black; funicle fleshy, pink to deep red, twice- glabrous petals. Ovary densely hairy.Pods linear, encircling seed. openly coiled and twisted or sometimes tightly Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: December-June. spirally coiled, 3-5.5 mm wide, coriaceous to sub- Distribution: A native of Australia. World: woody, glabrous. Seeds longitudinal, oblong-elliptic Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and INDIA: cultivated in to slightly reniform, 3.5-5 mm long, black, minutely Tamil Nadu and MAHARASHTRA: Thane. pitted; areole almost closed; aril bright orange. Ecological Note: Cultivated as garden plant. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: Jun-July. Specimen Examined: no. locality, Oct. 1885, Cooke Distribution: A native of Moluccas. World: New 19 (BSI, Pune); Nilgiri hills, 17.05.1907, G. A. Guinea, Aroe Island and INDIA: cultivated in Gammie 441 (BSI, Pune); Wellington, April 1923, gardens. MAHARASHTRA: Osmanabad and W. Brand 257 (BSI, Pune); K. M. Matthew 198 Solapur. (RHT); A. Saulier 544 (CAL). Dang-s-Waghai Ecological Note: Recently introduced by state 11.06.1958, S. K. Jain 38492 (BSI, Pune). social forestry as fast growing tree in some part of the region. Acacia moniliformis Griseb. Abh. Konigl. Ges. Specimen Examined: Siddheshwar-van-vihar Wiss. Gottingen 19: 136. 1874; Sanjappa, Legumes (Solapur dist.), 10.03.2011, KUG 443 (WCAS, India 281.1991; Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 204 Herb. Solapur); Osmanabad (Osmanabad dist.), 1998.Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. 17.06.2011, RDG 882 (WCAS, Herb.Solapur). Maharashtra 2: 975. 2000. An unarmed, ever green trees upto 6 m tall. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. in W. A. Ait. f., Branches green, terete, flat when young. Leaves Hortus. Kew 2 ed., 5: 462. 1813; Baker in Hook. f., simple, with minute free-lateral stipular bud scales, Fl. Brit. India 2: 292. 1878; Sanjappa, Legumes phyllodes laterally flattened, semilunate or sickle India 50.1991; Matthew, Fl. Palni Hil.1: 408.1999; shaped or obliquely-elliptic, obtuse at apex, Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. Econ.Tax. Bot. coriaceous, 10-13 x 1.5-2 cm, often broader, 20(3): 617. 1996; Londhe in Singh & Karthikeyan narrowed below into a 0.5 cm long stripe, which (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 1: 825. 2000. A. bears a sessile gland near the apex; lamina minute, arcuata Sieber ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 16th edn, 3: apparent when leaf is young. Inflorescence of 135. 1826. A. melanoxylon forma frutescens Hochr., spikes, axillary, usually in pairs, rarely solitary, Candollea 2: 376. 1925. A. above 7 cm long, often the spikes racemosely melanoxylon var. arcuata (Sieber ex Spreng.) arranged on short leafless branches, peduncles Ser., Fl. Jard. 3: 497. 1849. A. melanoxylon var. thick. Flowers scented yellow, bracteoles caducous. obtusifolia Ser., Fl. Jard. 3: 496. 1849. Calyx copular, 1 mm. long, 5-dentate green, slightly Rachosperma melanoxylon (R. Br.) Pedley, Bot. J. shorter than tube, valves reflexed. Stamens 3 mm Linn. Soc. 92: 240. 1986. long, yellow anthers minute, didymus. Pistils Tree 6-30 m high, sometimes a shrub 1.5-3 m high, creamy-white; ovary oblong, sessile, 0.7 mm long, may spread by root suckers; bipinnate leaves often exerted, entire. Pods 1 cm broad, coiled. persist on young plants. Bark hard, furrowed and Phenology: Flowering: July-October & Fruiting: somewhat scaly. Branchlets angular at extremities, January-February.

http://jsrr.net 172 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176, (Oct. - 2015) Distribution: A native of Argentina. World: 1825. Racosperma verticillatum var. latifolium Argentina and INDIA: cultivated in North India and Pedley, Austrobaileya 2: 358. 1987, non DC. 1825. MAHARASHTRA: Mumbai. R. verticillatum (L‟Hnr.) Mart., Hort. Reg. Monac. Ecological Note: Cultivated as a garden plant. 188. 1829. Phyllodoce verticillata (L‟Hnr.)Link., Specimen Examined: Victoria garden (Mumbai), Handbuch 2: 133. 1831. Rachosperma verticillatum Blatter 2380 (BLAT); Hort. Bot. Calcutta, var. verticillatum, fide L. Pedley, Austrobaileya 2: 07.02.1903, s.n. (BSI, Pune). 358. 1987. Spreading shrub or erect tree upto 10 m high. Acacia richii A. Grey, Bot. Amer. Stipules, if present, setaceous, 0.5-2 mm long. Expl.Exped.Phan.1: 482, t. 53.1854;Isley, Mem. N. Phyllodes fascicled or whorled, alternate, sessile, Y. Gard. 25(1): 55. 1973; Sanjappa, Legumes India readily disarticulating, acicular-quadrangular, linear 52.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. or lanceolate, 5-25 mm long, 0.2-7 mm wide, Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 632. 1996; Almeida, Fl. pungent, rigid, mostly glabrous, with 1 vein, rarely Maharashtra 2: 208. 1998; Londhe in Singh & more; gland small. Inflorescences with peduncles 2- Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 976. 2000. 15 mm long, glabrous or pubescent; spikes to 4.5 Perennial, trees, woody throughout, nodules cm long or heads ovoid or spherical; bracteoles present, stems erect or ascending, solid. Leaves ovate-navicular, sometimes sharply pointed, 1-3 alternate, stipules inconspicuous, absent or mm long, minutely ciliate below. Flowers usually caducous, leaves simple, or appearing so, margins densely packed, 4-merous; sepals united. Pods entire, alternate or sub-opposite, leaflets 1, glabrous linear, compressed, hardly constricted between or nearly so. Inflorescences racemes, globose heads, seeds, 2-8 cm x 3-5 mm, with thin valves. Seeds capitate or sub-capitate, axillary, bracts very small, elliptic, 3-4 mm long; funicle filamentous for 2 mm caducous. Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat and then folded and thickened into an oblique, irregular, calyx 5-lobed, glabrous, petals united, turbinate aril. valvate, white, stamens numerous, more than 10, Phenology: Flowering: July-December & Fruiting: completely free, separate, long exserted, filaments November-January. glabrous; style terete. Pods unilocular, freely Distribution: Native of Australia. World: Australia, dehiscent, elongate, straight, oblong or ellipsoidal, Melbourne and INDIA: Cultivated in gardens on glabrous or glabrate. Seeds 3-10, with elliptical line hill stations of Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and or depression, ovoid to rounded in outline, surface MAHARASHTRA: Mumbai. smooth, olive, brown, or black, with appendage-aril, Ecological Note: Reported under cultivation, in caruncle, funiculus, or strophiole. gardens. Phenology: Flowering & Fruiting: January- February. Results and Discussion Distribution: Native of Pacific Islands. World: In present taxonomic revision a total of 34 Pacific island and INDIA: Cultivated in Karnataka, species and 5 subspecies of Acacia have been Tamil Nadu, and MAHARASHTRA: Mumbai. recorded from Maharashtra state, of which 26 taxa Ecological Note: Found under cultivation in indigenous remaining ones (13) are cultivated or gardens and avenue tree. naturalized in the state. The proportion of Specimen Examined: Victoria garden, Blatter 11341 indigenous taxa to cultivated ones is of 2:0.5; these (BLAT). cultivated species contribute to the metropolitan components for state. Out of 39 taxa 30 are trees, 8 Acacia verticillata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1049. 1806 shrubs and 1 is of climbing habit respectively. subsp. verticillata; Sanjappa, Legumes India Within the life forms Acacias grouped under 53.1991; Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay, J. phanerophytes and consequently they play a vital Econ.Tax. Bot. 20(3): 633. 1996; Almeida, Fl. role in stabilizing the eco-friendly environment. In Maharashtra 2: 210 1998; Londhe in Singh & indigenous taxa Acacia nilotica [ssp. astringens; Karthikeyan (ed.), Fl. Maharashtra 2: 976, 977. ssp. cupressiformis], Acacia catechu, Acacia 2000. Mimosa verticillata L‟Hnr., Sert. Angl. 30. chundra, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia pennata, 1789. Acacia verticillata var. angusta DC., Prodr. 2: Acacia torta are dominant species in the study area. 453. 1825. nom. illeg. A. verticillata var. latifolia Acacia campbellii, Acacia canescens, Acacia Benth., Linnaea 26: 611. 1825. Nom. illeg., non DC. horrida, Acacia jacquemontii, Acacia modesta, 1825. A. verticillata var glabra DC., Prodr. 2: 453. Acacia senegal, Acacia tomentosa,

http://jsrr.net 173 ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online) Garad et al., Acacia eburnea, are rare in occurrence. Remaining used in local Ayurvedic preparations and medicines. ones are scarce and infrequent in occurrence within Also some lianas species (Acacia caesia, Acacia study area. Acacia campbellii Arn. is endemic to concinna, Acacia torta etc.) are the important Peninsular India (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986). resources for the local communities providing In Maharashtra state forests types can be medicine, and may be especially important in largely classify as 1. Moist tropical forests, 2.Dry remote areas for insects, birds and arboreal animals tropical forests, and 3) Montane subtropical forests in hill forests (Bokhad & Rothe, 2015). (Champion & Seth, 1968). Of which, Moist tropical Along with such valuable uses Acacia can forests and Montane subtropical forests composed provided various vital services in dryer regions of of evergreen or semi-evergreen plant taxa, and the state, they provide shade or shelter within that found in Kokan and some of Vidarbha region in the live stock is persevered, which also helpful for state, which calmed for only a few taxa of Acacia preventing destroy of grazing land from excessive (Acacia caesia, Acacia concinna, Acacia temperature in the dryer parts. Furthermore Acacias ferruginea, Acacia torta). Being a robust species, has been used for desertification control, and Acacias can survive under harsh conditions, and reestablishment of vegetation cover in despoiled exists to be the pioneer species of dry tropical areas. Species of Acacia are suitable as firebreak forests type. Out of 39 taxa, of about 30 taxa are and fire resistance. Being a leguminous plant they strictly restricted in the dry tropical type of forest. fix the atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic This covers the Deccan (Desh), Khandesh, relationship with Rhizobium bacteria and enable it Marathwada, and Vidharbha division of the state. to survive on infertile sites. Of 30 taxa, 26 are exclusively occurs to the Deccan (Desh) division, and for the reason Deccan (Desh) Acknowledgements is most likely „residence of Acacias‟ in the state. Authors are thankful to the Principal Dr. A. L. At the same time as, because of their Deshmukh, Shankarrao Mohite Mahavidyalaya, robustness, and capacity to survive under adverse Akluj, Tehsil- Malshiras, Dist. Solapur; Director, conditions Acacias offers great potential in areas of Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI); Head, dense populations and livestock, together with the Department of Botany, Dr. BAMU Aurangabad natural calamities such as drought, deforestations, (BAMUA) and the Curator of Blatter Herbarium, and land degradation etc. Species of Acacia are St. Xavier‟s college, Mumbai (BALT) for providing capable of colonization in such conditions and herbarium services and to RGSTC, Government of rapidly act as “repair kits” for the region. As Maharashtra for financial assistance. concern with their ecological and socio-economic relevance most of the species of Acacia are in REFERENCES multifunctional values and used for obtaining the Ahmedullah M and Nayar MP, 1986. Endemic products such as: a) food- the germinated seeds are plants of the Indian region.vol. 1.Botanical Survey cooked and eaten as vegetable; b) fodder- Acacia of India, Calcutta, India. pp. 91. leucophloea, Acacia nilotica are important dry Ali SI, 2014. The Genus Acacia s.l. in Pakistan season fodder (pods) species almost throughout the Pakistan Journal Botany 46 (1): 1-4. state; c) Fuel- most of the species, such as Acacia Almeida MR, 1998. Flora of Maharashtra. vol 2. catechu, Acacia chundra, Acacia farnesiana, Balatter Herbarium, St. Xavier‟s College, Mumbai, Acacia nilotica etc. are used for firewood and also India. pp. 197-210 suitable for charcoal production; d) Fiber- The inner Bokhad MN and Rothe SP, 2015. An Overview of bark of Acacia leucophloea is used for making fish Medicinally Important Lianas from Dry Deciduous nets and rough rope; e) Timber- Due to less Forest of West vidarbha Region (M.S) India. Biosci. moisture content (15-20%) the wood of some Discov., 6 (2):117-120. species of Acacia is heavy and hard, so it is good Chakrabarty T and Gangopadhyay M, 1996. The source of timber, and also used for making the Genus Acacia P. Miller (Leguminosae: decorative purpose; f) Gum or resin- a good quality ) in India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20 (3): gum can be obtained from stem of Acacia senegal, 599-633. Acacia leucophloea, Acacia nilotica, Acacia Champion HG and Seth SK, 1968. A Revised campbelli, Acacia farnesiana etc. and it could be a Survey of Forests Types of India. Government Press good source for currency to local famers; g) India, Nasik. pp. 404. Medicine- Gum and pods of several species are

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How to Cite this Article: Garad K. U., R. D. Gore, S. P. Gaikwad, 2015. Genus Acacia P. Miller s. l. (Fabaceae) In Maharashtra (India): Diversity and Ecological Status. Science Research Reporter, 5(2): 153-176.

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