USHB Nationals Bee 2015-16 Bee Final Round Bee Final Round Regulation Questions

(1) In his memoirs, the losing general of this battle claimed he “always regretted that the last assault at [this battle] was ever made.” One general on the winning side called this battle “murder, not war.” For several days, the losing side refused to ask for a truce to collect the wounded, who suffered to death in the June heat. After this battle, the losing side retreated to cross the James River, then completed the Overland Campaign and began the siege of Petersburg. For the point, name this battle that climaxed on June 3, 1864, when Robert E. Lee’s fortified army killed thousands of advancing Union troops. ANSWER: Battle of Cold Harbor

(2) Curt Gentry alleges these documents were taken away by John Mohr and James Jesus Angleton, who claimed they were merely transporting “spoiled wine.” In 1972, Helen Gandy was instructed to begin destroying these documents, although several of them ended up with their owner’s subordinates, like Mark Felt. These documents contained information about the sexual lives of men like John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. For the point, name these incriminating documents used by a powerful director of the F.B.I. to blackmail and control much of . ANSWER: the personal files of J. Edgar Hoover (or Hoover’s Official and/or Confidential File; prompt on FBI files)

(3) This work’s frontispiece features a quote reminding an audience “that obloquy is a necessary ingredient” in forming true glory. Theodore Sorensen may have ghostwritten this work, which was written while its author was bedridden due to back surgery. This book contains chapters on George Norris, Thomas Hart Benton, and Edmund G. Ross, who voted for acquittal in Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial. For the point, name this Pulitzer Prize-winning series of biographies of Senators, written by then-Senator John F. Kennedy. ANSWER: Profiles in Courage

(4) Thomas Ince’s film Civilization supported this specific goal. A man in favor of this goal chartered a ship called the Oscar II and invited numerous intellectuals to accompany him to Europe. Support for this goal fizzled after events like the Preparedness Day Bombing, but politicians who formally voted in favor of it anyway included Nebraska’s George Norris and Montana’s Jeannette Rankin. This specific goal was aided by the success of the song “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier”. For the point, name this ultimately fruitless goal, referenced in ’s successful 1916 campaign slogan, “He Kept Us Out of War.” ANSWER: keeping the United States out of World War I (or pacifism about World War I; or peace instead of World War I; or opposition to World War I; accept obvious synonyms)

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(5) One of this man’s works depicts Blackjack, Traveller, and Little Sorrel, three horses, with their riders. On Thanksgiving 1915, William Simmons went to the future site of that work by this artist and reformed the Ku Klux Klan. In one film, Eva Marie Saint and Cary Grant’s characters dangle from another of this man’s works; that work, finished after this man’s 1941 death by his son Lincoln, is part of a National Park west of Badlands National Park in the Black Hills. For the point, name this sculptor of ’s Stone Mountain memorial and South Dakota’s . ANSWER: Gutzon Borglum

(6) Linguist Geoff Nunberg called this statement “a string of syllables.” George T. Balch wrote an early version of this statement, which was then written for the 400th anniversary of Columbus Day by Francis Bellamy. The Supreme Court case ¡i¿Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow¡/i¿ was about this statement, after an atheist sued that it was an state endorsement of theism. For the point, name this statement, whose use of the words “under God” has led to legal challenges to remove its recital in public schools. ANSWER: Pledge of Allegiance

(7) While trying to stop this event, soldiers consumed “jimson weed,” causing them to spend a week in a drug-induced haze. This event resulted in the execution of former Governor William Drummond. This event was prompted after a man was not allowed to legally attack the Doeg and Pamunkey tribes. Many historians believe the preponderance of indentured servants participating in it convinced colonial authorities of the need for slaves. During this event, insurgents chased Governor William Berkeley out of Jamestown. For the point, name this 1676 rebellion in the colony of . ANSWER: Bacon’s Rebellion

(8) The Clarion-Ledger reported that “the vile old thing is as dead as its author” after Mississippi did not ratify this amendment; Mississippi ultimately did not ratify it until 1984. Aaron Sargent introduced the language of this amendment to Congress, though it was not passed until over 40 years later. The Night of Terror targeted supporters of this amendment; those “Silent Sentinels” picketed the White House daily hoping to convert Woodrow Wilson to their side. Minor v. Happersett was overturned by, for the point, what Susan B. Anthony-supported amendment which gave women the right to vote. ANSWER: 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

(9) During this event, Engine 31’s firehouse was knocked off of its foundation. Sailors from the USS Nantucket performed rescue operations in the aftermath of this event, during which X horses drowned. An investigation by Hugh Ogden cleared anarchists from any blame for this event, which occurred when a rapid change in temperature caused the riveted structure of a storage tank to fail. For the point, name this January 1919 incident in which a tide of a sticky dark brown substance swept down to the Charles River through the streets of . ANSWER: Boston Molasses flood (accept Great Molasses Flood or any description of a disaster involving molasses; accept the Boston Molassacre)

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(10) This man mocked his opponent’s criticism by sarcastically saying the light bulb was “a risky anti-candle scheme.” This man noted that the new ethic of the U.S. was “let’s roll.” While speaking into a bullhorn to a crowd of fire fighters, he proclaimed “I can hear you! The rest of the world hears you!” In 2003, this man flew to an aircraft carrier to give a speech claiming “the United States and our allies have prevailed.” For the point, what President made the ill-advised speech “Mission Accomplished” speech during the Iraq War? ANSWER: George Walker Bush (accept Bush the Younger, Bush the 43rd, or Dubya; prompt on (George) Bush; do not accept “George Herbert Walker Bush” or other references to his father)

(11) The fallout of this order led to a strong push by John Bell to replace James Polk as Speaker of the House. A cartoon mocking this order shows a glum man possessing “Loco Foco Pledges.” Issued by Levi Woodbury, it was meant to stop out of control speculation and to rein in the President’s so-called “pet banks.” This order was blamed for the rising prices that brought on the Panic of 1837. For the point, what 1836 executive order issued by Andrew Jackson required payment for government land to be in gold and silver? ANSWER: Specie Circular

(12) The perpetrator of this event was executed next to David Herold, who had guided him to this event’s location. At the same time as this event nearly succeeded, George Atzerodt drunkenly wandered the streets of Washington. The victim in this event had, two weeks prior, broken his jaw and arm in a carriage accident; his splint protected his neck from wounds in this event. For the point, name this April 14, 1865 event carried out by Lewis Powell, simultaneous with Booth’s assassination of Lincoln, in which a sitting Cabinet member was stabbed. ANSWER: attempted assassination (or attack, etc.) of William Seward (accept any description that details attempted murder of Seward, so long as it doesn’t say Seward died)

(13) In a speech given in this city, a man downplayed “the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house.” That speaker here also used the metaphorical phrase “separate as the fingers, yet as one as the hand.” This city, the site of the 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition, was where the founder of the Tuskegee Institute urged blacks to “cast down your bucket where you are.” For the point, name this Southern city whose namesake “compromise” was discussed in a Booker T. Washington speech. ANSWER: Atlanta

(14) A report by this man relied on documents made when Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Killian grounded a pilot and recorded a phone conversation in which that pilot asked to be excused from drill. That 2004 report by this man was criticized when those documents turned out to be forged using Microsoft Word, as opposed to being typed in the 1970s. This man’s 24-year stint on his program ended after that investigation into George W. Bush’s National Guard service record was criticized. For the point, name this former anchor of the CBS Evening News. ANSWER: Dan Rather

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(15) Critics of this event noted the undignified behavior of Webster Thayer, who oversaw it, and complained about the incompetence of the cocaine-addicted defense attorney Fred Moore. This event, which took place in Dedham, was declared unfair by Michael Dukakis fifty years after it took place. One subject of this event noted “They are determined to kill us regardless of evidence, of law, of decency, of everything,” as appeals and pleas of innocence were continually denied by the Massachusetts court system. For the point, name this 1921 murder trial of two Italian anarchists. ANSWER: the Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti trial (accept in either order; prompt if only one name is given)

(16) John Randolph led a failed attempt to impeach a man with this , after the mishandling of the trial of John Fries. As a lawyer, that man with this surname was nicknamed “Old Bacon Face.” Another man with this surname proposed adding “In God We Trust” to coins and is depicted on the $10,000 bill. That man with this surname coined the slogan “Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men,” and, as Chief Justice, oversaw the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. For the point, give this surname shared by two Supreme Court Justices, Samuel and Salmon. ANSWER: Chase (accept ; accept Salmon Chase)

(17) An investigation into this event noted a “strange use of the engineer’s term ‘safety factor,’” noting that “erosion was a clue that something was wrong.” In 2016, NPR listeners wrote hundreds of supportive letters to Bob Ebeling, who retired from Morton Thiokol shortly after Thiokol was unable to convince superiors that rubber seals would fail to work in the cold. During the Rogers Commission investigation of this event, Richard Feynman demonstrated that issue by dunking a sample O-ring into ice water. For the point, name this January 1986 event in which teacher Christa McAuliffe and six other astronauts were killed. ANSWER: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (or equivalent descriptions)

(18) The colony’s Plundering Time was partially caused by William Claiborne’s dispute over Kent Island. Puritans in this colony clashed with its government in the Battle of the Severn, which occurred at Anne Arundel Town. This colony was the site of the Chestertown Tea Party. It fought Cresap’s War against as part of the larger Penn-Calvert boundary disputes. For the point, name this American colony, which was founded as a Catholic haven by the 2nd Baron of Baltimore. ANSWER: Province of

(19) Donald Trump has argued that competition with China would cause this company would close its plant near Charleston, South Carolina. Bernie Sanders labeled this company, which produced the Stratoliner and Stratofortress, a “tax cheat” for receiving a net tax refund from 2008-13 while earning billions in profits. Hillary Clinton has been criticized for her role in promoting this company’s products overseas, which compete with the A320 and A380. For the point, name this defense contractor and competitor of Airbus, an American aviation company headquartered in Seattle. ANSWER: The Boeing Company

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(20) This law was labeled corrupt by the Meriam Report in the late 1920’s. This law was amended by the “Forced Free Patenting Act,” which required individuals to be labeled “competent and capable.” This law was attacked by Henry Teller, who complained that evil was being done “in the name of humanity.” The Curtis Act expanded this law to include the Five Civilized Tribes. For the point, name this 1887 piece of legislation that tried to assimilate American Indians by granting them individual pieces of land. ANSWER: Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 (or General Allotment Act)

(21) This speech discusses a “solitary inventor” who has become overshadowed by “task forces” of laboratory scientists. Malcolm Moos authored this speech, which urges that democracy survive for future generations and not “become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow.” Its speaker warned of “unwarranted influence” and “misplaced power” coming from the “machinery of defense,” and this speech is best known for warning of the “military-industrial complex.” For the point, what January 17, 1961 speech was the final public address of a World War II hero-turned-President? ANSWER: Dwight David Eisenhower’s farewell address (prompt on “military-industrial complex (speech)” before mentioned)

(22) This practice is documented in postcards collected by James Allen in the book Without Sanctuary. This practice was the focus of a failed 1922 bill introduced by Representative Leonidas C. Dyer. A woman opposed to this practice wrote the book The Red Record and urged men to carry Winchester rifles for protection. This practice was the subject of Billie Holliday’s song “Strange Fruit” and was vividly documented by Ida B. Wells in such books as Southern Horrors. For the point, give this term for extralegal mob execution of African-Americans in the post-Civil War South. ANSWER: lynching (prompt on murdering, hanging, etc., of African-Americans)

(23) This man declined a Supreme Court appointment from by saying the court lacked “energy, weight, and dignity.” This man lost a 1792 election for Governor of New York to George Clinton after three counties’ votes were disqualified. He was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs at the end of the Articles of Confederation. This politician was burned in effigy after he negotiated a controversial 1795 treaty with Great Britain, and he joined and Madison in writing . For the point, name this first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. ANSWER: John Jay

(24) Description acceptable. Gore Vidal claimed the “smoking gun” for this theory is a memo sent by Arthur McCollum to Dudley Knox. Evidence for this theory includes the apparent breaking of the codes dubbed “Purple” and “JN-25” by American agents. All official U.S. military inquiries rejected this theory, with its major piece of evidence being a Secretary of War Henry Stimson diary entry pondering “how we should maneuver them into...firing the first shot”. For the point, name this conspiracy theory which suggests Franklin Roosevelt had prior warning about an upcoming “day of infamy.” ANSWER: the theory that the United States knew about Pearl Harbor in advance (accept equivalents)

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(25) Judge James Walsh failed to capitalize on his ownership of this location. The Grosh brothers may have made the original discovery of this location, but died after failing to cross the Sierra Nevadas to advertise it. The Washoe process was invented for use at this location; that process, like other pan amalgamation techniques, uses mercury to extract a precious metal. The announcement of this discovery sparked a rush to the Virginia Range in modern Nevada. For the point, name this large deposit of silver ore that was discovered in 1859. ANSWER: Comstock Lode

(26) This activist used the slogan “No Gods, No Masters” in the newsletter The Woman Rebel. This author of the column “What Every Girl Should Know” purchased a package of Japanese pessaries, leading to a case that struck down certain provisions of the Comstock Act. Jon Kyl claimed that an organization founded by this woman provided services that were “well over 90 percent” related to abortion, though in reality it provides advice and contraceptives. For the point, name this birth control pioneer and founder of Planned Parenthood. ANSWER: Margaret Sanger

(27) A leader in this movement had crossed eyes and was mocked as “Dr. Squintum.” Three leaders of this movement founded what became , including the father of Aaron Burr. Adherents to this movement were known as “New Lights,” who contrasted with the “Old Lights.” During this movement, Benjamin Franklin published the complete speeches of George Whitefield. It was promoted by such texts as “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” a sermon by Jonathan Edwards. For the point, name this early 1700’s evangelical religious movement in the colonies. ANSWER: First Great Awakening [prompt on Great Awakening]

(28) This man argued that antitrust laws allow unfit businesses to remain in competition in his book The Antitrust Paradox. Ted Kennedy described this man’s America as “a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions.” The Video Privacy Protection Act was passed after this man’s rental video history was leaked. This man actually fired Archibald Cox when Richardson and Ruckelshaus refused during the Saturday Night Massacre, a task for which this man was promised a nomination to the Supreme Court. For the point, name this man whose eventual Supreme Court nomination - by Reagan, not Nixon - was blocked by the Senate in a 1987 hearing. ANSWER: Robert Heron Bork

(29) An account of this event says that William Paul revealed details of it after being kept in the so-called “Crane of Pain.” Several historians have claimed that Mayor James Hamilton exploited it to crack down on institutions like the local AME Church. Its leader changed his name from “Telemaque” after winning $1500 in a city lottery and buying his freedom. This event was set to take place on Bastille Day, with conspirators such as Gullah Jack sailing to Haiti afterwards. For the point, name this failed 1822 slave revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. ANSWER: Denmark Vesey’s revolt (or rebellion or other synonyms for revolt)

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(30) After this event, Lester Maddox claimed he would personally raise the state flag from its half-mast position. In response to this event, one man quoted Aeschylus [ess-kuh-luss] in saying “against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.” The day before this event, its subject noted “I would like to live a long life” but that “I’ve been to the mountaintop.” A wave of riots broke out after this event took place at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. For the point, name this April 4, 1968 event in which a civil rights activist was shot by James Earl Ray. ANSWER: assassination (or murder, killing, etc.) of Martin Luther King, Jr.

(31) A failed rebellion in this country featured insurgents meeting at George Lycurgus’ Sans Souci Hotel. During its existence, a former leader was imprisoned at Washington Place. The Morgan Report defended this country’s legitimacy, even though the earlier Blount Report had urged that it be dissolved, and it ceased to exist after the Newlands Resolution. Its president was appointed by the powerful Lorrin Thurston. An unsuccessful counter-revolution in this country included the Battle of Diamond Head. For the point, name this country led by President Sanford Dole, which was created after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. ANSWER: Republic of Hawaii (or Provisional Government of Hawaii; do not accept Kingdom of Hawaii)

(32) After an attack on a man named Dowd in this location, rations were suspended until its group of “Raiders” were turned in. Father Peter Whelan was named the “angel” of this location. Dorence Atwater kept a list of people who died at this location under the impression it would be sent to the United States. This location, officially named Camp Sumter, was led by Henry Wirz, one of two Confederates to be executed for war crimes. For the point, name this Georgia prisoner-of-war camp where thousands of Union soldiers died. ANSWER: Andersonville (accept Camp Sumter before mention; do not accept Fort Sumter)

(33) This country’s leader was infamously interviewed by James Creelman in 1908 for Pearson’s magazine. U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson plotted a coup in this country, where George Patton shot three people in what is sometimes said to be the first motorized American military action. President Taft backed a coup in this country during the Ten Tragic Days. After a raid on the town of Columbus, the failed Pershing Expedition went into this country to capture a . For the point, name this home country of Pancho Villa. ANSWER: Mexico (or United Mexican States)

(34) Land disputes led to the Fairfax Stone being placed at the source of this river after the Northern Neck Land Grants were provided for the land bound by this river and the Rappahannock. Anne Royall forced an interview with John Quincy Adams by hiding his clothing as he swam in this body of water. The Conference decided that while Maryland had jurisdiction over this body of river, it was to remain open to Virginia. The Union’s largest army was named for, for the point, what river that flows through Washington D.C.? ANSWER: (accept Army of the Potomac after Union is read)

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(35) Two weeks before this event, one participant suffered a staph infection while campaigning in North Carolina. During this event, one participant’s pregnant wife hosted a party at Hyannisport and noted “I think my husband was brilliant.” Richard Daley supposedly remarked “My God! They’ve embalmed him before he even died!” on seeing one participant’s gray suit and pale skin, in stark contrast to his tanned opponent. Radio listeners and TV viewers disagreed on the outcome of, for the point, what political event that may have decided the 1960 Presidential election, the first time such an event had been broadcast on TV? ANSWER: the Presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy (accept additional information; accept 1960 Presidential debate before 1960 is mentioned; prompt on partial answers; prompt on descriptions of “the first televised Presidential debate” by asking the player “Prompt: between whom?”)

(36) In response to this event, Matthew Clarkson called a meeting of his city’s Council of Physicians and Bush Hill was transformed into a hospital to treat victims. As a result of this event, moved an annual meeting of Congress to the nearby Germantown. Members of the Free African Society acted as nurses during this event, as it was believed they held partial immunity to it. Many victims of this event were harmed by Dr. Benjamin Rush’s insistence on bloodletting as a remedy. For the point, name this 1793 event in which a large Pennsylvania city battled a mosquito-borne disease. ANSWER: 1793 yellow fever outbreak

(37) Juan Antonio Samaranch’s last ditch conference failed to prevent multiple nations from taking this action. was Time’s Man of the Year for successfully organizing an event in spite of multiple participants choosing to perform this action. Zbigniew Brzezinski [z’big-nee-ev br’zhin-skee] debated if a grain embargo would be a smarter course of action than this. Two instances of this action resulted in the creation of the Liberty Bell Classic and the . For the point, name this action that the United States performed in 1980 after the invaded Afghanistan, leading to the Soviets doing the same thing in 1984. ANSWER: boycotting the (1980 Summer and/or 1984 Summer)

(38) In response to Martin Luther King, this man noted that “in order for nonviolence to work, your opponent has to have a conscience.” This man described integration as a “thalidomide drug” that ignored the fight against white supremacy. This man succeeded John Lewis as chair of an organization that led numerous voter registration drives in the South, largely driven by young volunteers. For the point, name this Pan-African activist who led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC [snick], which transitioned toward Black Power ideology under his leadership. ANSWER: Stokely Carmichael (or Kwame Tour´e)

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(39) Description acceptable. This text notes that “our heroes are epic men of flesh and blood.” It closes by referencing Rupert Brooke’s “The Soldier,” noting that “there is some corner of another world that is forever mankind,” then directs the speaker to commend souls to “the deepest of the deep.” This text was delivered via memo to H.R. Haldeman by its author, William Safire, who prepared it in case the Eagle failed to liftoff. The phrase “Fate has ordained” opens, for the point, what speech that Richard Nixon did not have to give in July 1969? ANSWER: In Event of Moon Disaster (or the Fate has ordained speech before mentioned; accept generous descriptions of “the planned speech to be given by Richard Nixon in case the Apollo 11 astronauts (or Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin) were stranded on the Moon”)

(40) Stax Records held a 1972 concert to benefit the victims of this event. Former CIA director John McCone led a commission investigating this event, during which Police Chief William Parker was criticized for commenting people were acting like “monkeys in the zoo.” This event was sparked after Rena Price was shoved by police officers who were attempting to arrest Marquette Frye. Thirty-four people died and over three thousand people were arrested during, for the point, what week-long race riot in 1965 Los Angeles? ANSWER: Watts Riot(s)

(41) This man once criticized a representative by saying that he didn’t “understand the theory of five- minute debate.” This man used his namesake rules to pass a bill strengthening the Fifteenth Amendment, the Lodge “Force Act.” Though this man attempted to become the Republican nominee for president, Mark Hanna opposed him in favor of William McKinley. This man ended the habit of Democrats not responding to roll call by marking them as present anyway, ending the “disappearing quorum”. For the point, name this Speaker of the House during the Billion Dollar Congress whose powerful presence led him to be nicknamed “Czar.” ANSWER: Thomas Brackett Reed (accept Czar Reed)

(42) This policy resulted in the appointment of Josephus Daniels as ambassador. This policy resulted in a propaganda office, the OCIAA, being created under the leadership of Rockefeller, who was given the power to censor films. As part of it, Walt Disney’s studios created the character “Jose Carioca” in the film Saludos Amigos. This policy was specifically affirmed by Cordell Hull in Montevideo in December 1933, and it ended the Marines’ occupation of Nicaragua. For the point, name this FDR implemented foreign policy which pledged non-intervention in Latin America. ANSWER: Good Neighbor Policy

(43) In an e-mail, one employee of this company wrote “The whole building is about to collapse now...only potential survivor, the fabulous Fab!” This company employed Fabrice Tourre, who was charged with fraud for his role in creating Abacus, an instrument that allowed one of this company’s managers, John Paulson, to earn over $1 billion by “shorting” the housing market. Another former employee of this company, the unrelated Henry Paulson, became Secretary of the Treasury under George W. Bush. Lloyd Blankfein is the current CEO of, for the point, what investment bank that, like Morgan Stanley, Bank of America, and others, received significant government assistance during the 2008 financial crisis? ANSWER: Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.

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(44) Santa Fe ISD v. Doe ruled one form of this action to be unconstitutional. One of these actions authorized by the Board of Regents of New York included the phrase “we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee” until it was ruled unconstitutional by Engel v. Vitale, which decided that even non-mandatory, non-denominational forms of this action violate the . The First Amendment restricts, for the point, what form of religious expression that cannot be required by teachers or led by students? ANSWER: prayer in public schools (prompt on prayer alone)

(45) This man signed a namesake agreement with Francisco Peynado that would end U.S. control of the Dominican Republic. This man was the chair of the Washington Naval Conference while serving as Warren Harding’s Secretary of State. As Chief Justice, he authored the majority opinions of the Butler and Schechter Cases, weakening the New Deal. As a presidential candidate, he lost an election to a man whose slogan was “He kept out of war!” For the point, name this Chief Justice who lost the 1916 Presidential election to Woodrow Wilson. ANSWER: Charles Evans Hughes

(46) This man was described as having “great fortune and piddling genius” in a letter written by John Adams. This man was the only person to vote against his election as President of . This chairman of the Annapolis Convention wrote the “Fabius Letters” advocating Constitutional ratification. He revised Thomas Jefferson’s drafts of both the “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms” and the . For the point, who wrote a series of arguments against the in his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania? ANSWER:

(47) The perpetrator of this event critically did not stop at the Dike House or use a telephone at Lawrence Cottage. This event is often the reason cited for why its survivor did not run for President in the following decade, though he did finish second in the 1980 Democratic primary. This event took place during a party for the “Boiler Room Girls” near Martha’s Vineyard, and its victim was found in a position that indicated she may have suffocated from lack of air, rather than drowning. For the point, name this July 1969 event in which campaign worker Mary Jo Kopechne died after Senator Ted Kennedy drove off of a bridge. ANSWER: Chappaquiddick incident (prompt on descriptions of Mary Jo Kopechne’s death and/or Ted Kennedy’s car accident before her name is mentioned)

(48) This party nominated a gubernatorial candidate obsessed with state lotteries named Solomon Southwick. This party was co-founded by Thurlow Weed, who may have shaved a dead body to advance its aims. It received support amid a scandal involving Batavia resident William Morgan. This party convened the first presidential nominating convention in U.S. history when it nominated William Wirt in 1832. It was formed amid conspiracy theories surrounding the death of a former New York lodge member. For the point, what early U.S. third party opposed a secretive fraternal organization? ANSWER: Anti-Masonic Party

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(49) A leader of these people, Miantonomi, was executed by Wawequa after leading a campaign against Uncas. After being sent snakeskin by these people, William Bradford returned it, filled with bullets and gunpowder. Along with the Mohegan, members of this tribe aided in committing the Mystic Massacre. Land belonging to these people was bought by Roger Williams, eventually becoming Providence. For the point, name this Algonquin tribe native to Rhode Island. ANSWER: Narragansett tribe

(50) In one work, this man described how the Swamp Angels escaped through “big vaulted sewers” to Cherry Street. In one of this man’s works, a hat-wearing man rests his hand on a wooden beam as nearly a dozen people look at the viewer from an alley called the “Bandit’s Roost.” Many people captured in this man’s works look shocked or haunted, possibly because this man’s use of magnesium flash powder startled them. For the point, name this Danish-American journalist and photographer whose images of Lower East Side tenements are collected in How the Other Half Lives. ANSWER: Jacob Riis

(51) The opinion in this case defined “among” as “intermingled with” as it applied in the phrase “among the several states.” A monopoly granted to Robert Livingston and Robert Fulton by the New York legislature was overturned after this case because New York lacked the authority to grant it. The plaintiff in this case hired Cornelius Vanderbilt as a ferry captain. William Wirt and Daniel Webster successfully argued this case before Chief Justice John Marshall, for the point, name this 1824 Supreme Court case that acknowledged the right of Congress to regulate interstate trade, including navigation, via the . ANSWER: Gibbons v. Ogden (accept in either order; prompt on partial answer)

(52) In 1998, a bank at this complex was robbed of over one million dollars by Ralph Guarino. This location is where the family of missing physician Sneha Anen Philip believes she was last seen. It’s not a park, but a sculpture called The Sphere was displayed here. Over 600 employees of the investment services firm Cantor Fitzgerald died at this location, which is the setting of the photograph The Falling Man. In February 1993, a Ryder truck carrying a bomb exploded at this location. For the point, name this complex whose Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks. ANSWER: World Trade Center (prompt on Twin Towers until mentioned)

(53) This work was sent to every member of Congress with the quote, “Look upon your hands, they are stained with the blood of your relations.” This work urges for “cheating, robbing, and breaking promises to stop, while “time, statesmanship, philanthropy, and Christianity” will help ease the troubles that the government and white settlers have caused. A speech given by Standing Bear inspired, for the point, what Helen Hunt Jackson work that examined the hardships of American Natives in the 19th century? ANSWER: A Century of Dishonor

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(54) The UNRC Pickering captured numerous ships during this conflict. It was ended by the Convention of 1800, which annulled the previous 1778 Treaty of Alliance. Under the command of Thomas Truxtun, the Constellation captured the L’Insurgente [lahn-surge-ahnt]. One source of this conflict was the refusal of the United States to pay debt owed to the Ancien Regime, while another cause of this conflict was the XYZ Affair. For the point, name this undeclared conflict between the United States and France. ANSWER: Quasi-War (prompt on Franco-American War)

(55) The primary speaker of this event noted that “with each escalation, the world comes closer to the brink of cosmic disaster” before urging rejection of both the optimists and pessimists. Before bidding good night, the speaker at this event urged rational negotiation as the only real solution. Bill Moyers claimed, perhaps apocryphally, that Lyndon Johnson said he had “lost Middle America” after watching this broadcast. For the point, name this February 27, 1968 editorial report delivered by a distinguished CBS News anchorman about the increasing futility of a certain foreign war. ANSWER: Walter Cronkite’s commentary on the Vietnam War (or Report from Vietnam: Who, What, When, Where, Why?; accept Walter Cronkite’s commentary on the Tet Offensive; accept any description of a news broadcast by Walter Cronkite discussing Vietnam)

(56) In this movie, a character is arrested for shooting a litter of puppies, and another character becomes scared after seeing a planetarium presentation on the end of the Earth. This movie’s protagonist becomes angry when he sees his father wearing a kitchen apron and, while in a police station, shouts “you’re tearing me apart” at his parents. This film’s protagonist wears a red windbreaker and engages in a “chickie run” that kills Buzz. For the point, name this 1955 film in which James Dean plays the title juvenile delinquent. ANSWER: Rebel Without a Cause

(57) This proposal called for the ban on “personal liberty laws,” which were used to circumvent the Fugitive Slave Act. A controversial part of this proposal banned Congress from amending the terms of it in the future. Another part of this proposal sought to reverse the Nebraska-Kansas Act and guarantee the ban of slavery above the 36-30 line. Abraham Lincoln was the main force behind the rejection of, for the point, what last attempt at a compromise before slave states seceded from the Union, proposed by a Kentuckian member of the Know Nothing Party? ANSWER:

(58) Eugene Hale threatened to withhold funding for the creation of this group, which helped recovery efforts in the aftermath of an earthquake centered on the city of Messina. Alfred Deakin invited this group to , whose visit prompted Australia to buy two River-class torpedo-boat destroyers. The USS Connecticut served as the flagship for this group, a major component of the “big stick” diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt. For the point, name this military force that demonstrated American naval power by circumnavigating the globe in the 1900s. ANSWER: Great White Fleet

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(59) This man’s second voyage was funded by Jean Ango and Philippe de Chabot and brought back several crates of brazilwood. While sailing aboard La Dauphine, this man discovered an area he labeled New Angouleme. While exploring the island of Guadeloupe, this man was killed and eaten by the Carib natives. This man’s first voyage resulted in the discovery of New York Bay. For the point, name this explorer and namesake of a bridge that connects Staten Island and Brooklyn. ANSWER: Giovanni da Verrazzano

(60) After this event, Ars`ene Pujo investigated the role of the “Money Trust” in ending it. Nelson Aldrich’s National Monetary Commission made unpopular recommendations to prevent a recurrence of this event which were, nonetheless, adopted into the Federal Reserve Act. This event was triggered by a failed shorting of United Copper’s stock by the Knickerbocker Trust, and like in 1893, J. P. Morgan led forces in controlling it. For the point, name this American financial panic that crippled the economy during Theodore Roosevelt’s second term in office. ANSWER: Panic of 1907 (accept Knickerbocker Panic before Knickerbocker is mentioned)

(61) This book claims that Marx enlisted more disciplined beliefs than Mohammed and describes the “Marxian pall.” This book asks if the “bill collector” can be a central figure in the United States. It outlines the “tradition of despair” created by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus, and argues that a balance between public and private spending must be achieved. The term “conventional wisdom” was coined by, for the point, what 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith describing income disparity in postwar America? ANSWER: The Affluent Society

(62) These two men both at one time employed real estate investor Arthur Brisbane. Albert, the brother of one of these men, sold an institution to the other. One of these men alleged that the other stole the services of Richard Outcault, the creator of a feature starring a bald, smocked kid. One of these men was the inspiration for film character Charles Foster Kane, while the other is the namesake of prizes handed out by Columbia University. These two men’s feud while owning the Journal and the World led to many displays of yellow journalism. For the point, name these two feuding New York newspaper publishers. ANSWER: Joseph Pulitzer and (need both answers)

(63) One plank of this proposal would have prevented teenage mothers from receiving welfare. This plan for the 104th Congress was developed by a Georgia representative whose Presidential campaign in 2012 included a scandal regarding a six-figure Tiffany bill. This proposal included the “Taking Back Our Streets” Act and the aforementioned “Personal Responsibility” Act, which was vetoed by President Clinton. For the point, give this three-word name of the 1994 agenda offered by Newt Gingrich in a successful midterm campaign to gain Republican control of Congress. ANSWER: Contract With America (prompt on descriptions of the 1994 Republican platform before “three-word name” is read)

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(64) James Barron was court-martialed for his quick surrender during this event, leading to him fatally wounding Stephen Decatur in a duel. Sir George Berkeley gave the orders for this event to occur, which were carried out by Salusbury Pryce Humphreys. This event, which Jefferson compared to the Battle of Lexington for the public’s reaction, led to the failed Embargo Act. For the point, name this 1807 affair in which a British warship captured an American frigate and impressed four suspected deserters. ANSWER: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

(65) Ronald Ridenhour sent thirty letters urging Congress to investigate this event. After this event, F. Lee Bailey successfully defended Ernest Medina at the latter’s trial. Geoffrey Cowan tipped reporter Seymour Hersh to this event, for which Hersh won a Pulitzer Prize. During this event, Hugh Thompson reported seeing “a ditch full of bodies,” and Lieutenant William Calley Jr. served a brief term of house arrest in its aftermath. For the point, name this March 1968 massacre of hundreds of civilians during the Vietnam War. ANSWER: My Lai massacre

(66) This speech compares one territory to a galleon being raided by pirates. A politician is compared to Don Quixote in this speech, which declares that that politician “has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him.” This speech called a particular practice “a harlot” and insulted Senator Andrew Butler. For the point, name this 1856 speech, a response to violence between Border Ruffians and Free Soilers in a “Bleeding” territory, which incited Preston Brooks’ cane attack on its speaker, Charles Sumner. ANSWER: The Crime Against Kansas

(67) In this modern day state, Esteban the Moor was killed by natives at the Hawikuh Ruins. A revolt in this modern day state was led by Po’pay, who successfully drove out European invaders. The slave Esteban died in this state because he was trying to find Cibola and the Seven Cities of Gold, which he had learned about during the Narvaez expedition. This state contains the ancient ruins of Chaco Canyon, and it was where the Pueblo Revolt primarily took place. For the point, what modern day southwestern state was once a Spanish colony with capital Santa Fe? ANSWER: New Mexico (or Nuevo Mexico)

(68) After being assaulted by a member of Edwin Walker’s National Indignation Committee, this man responded, “Is she animal or human?” This politician was photographed by William Gallagher with a hole in his shoe during a presidential run. He told Valerian Zorin “Don’t wait for the translation” and “I am prepared for an answer until hell freezes over” while serving as UN Ambassador during the Cuban Missile Crisis. For the point, name this “Egghead” Illinois Governor who lost the 1952 and 1956 Presidential elections to Dwight Eisenhower. ANSWER: Adlai Stevenson Jr. or II (no prompt is necessary, but don’t accept Stevenson the first, third, or fourth)

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(69) Elihu Root’s furious opposition to this amendment led him to leave Congress. Support for this amendment grew after David Graham Phillips wrote an article about an institution’s “treason,” in particular attacking Nelson Aldrich. That article helped William Jennings Bryan to support this amendment as a way of fighting against fears of a growing aristocracy in government. This amendment superseded the earlier constitutional system in which state legislatures held elections. For the point, what amendment established the popular election of U.S. Senators? ANSWER: 17th Amendment

(70) When James Schlesinger was fired in the Halloween Massacre, this man replaced him and, in turn, was replaced as Chief of Staff by Dick Cheney. One of this man’s notable quips was a commentary on “reports that say that something hasn’t happened.” In Hamdan v. [this man], the Supreme Court ruled that this man’s boss did not have the authority to create war tribunals. This man’s autobiography, Known and Unknown claims he opposed the use of waterboarding. For the point, name this Secretary of Defense under Presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush. ANSWER: Donald Rumsfeld

(71) Public displays of this attitude led to Mark Clark failing to earn a political position in 1951. It is the underlying sentiment in “The American River Ganges,” a cartoon by Thomas Nast showing people that resemble crocodiles threatening Americans. Maria Monk’s sensationalist writings fueled this attitude, which culminated in an 1834 riot in Massachusetts. James G. Blaine lost support after Samuel Burchard paired this bigoted sentiment with jabs about “Rum” and “Rebellion.” For the point, name this prejudice in the United States directed against those who supposedly practice “popery.” ANSWER: anti-Catholic sentiments [accept equivalents, accept things like anti-Ursuline sentiments or anti-parochial school sentiments, accept anti-popery until mentioned; prompt on anti-religion or anti-Christianity; prompt on nativism]

(72) An eyewitness at this battle recorded a general being told the stars on his helmet were too visible; after changing to an unmarked helmet, he was then hit by artillery and killed. Reporter Ernie Pyle was killed during this battle. The winning side’s goal in this battle was to obtain a base of operations for Operation Downfall. American victory was supposedly followed by numerous civilian “mass suicides,” and the fierceness of the fighting here was possibly a factor in the dropping of the atomic bombs a few months later. For the point, name this bloody battle for a Japanese island that ended in June 1945. ANSWER: Battle of Okinawa (or Operation Iceberg)

(73) This man legendarily claimed “I conquer to save; you to kill” after complaining that Henry Procter was unable to stop a massacre at Fort Meigs. This man led 400 armed men to confront a governor at Grouseland, an estate at Vincennes. Future Vice-President Richard Mentor Johnson claimed to have killed this man. This brother of Tenskwatawa, “the Prophet,” was away when William Henry Harrison defeated his forces at Tippecanoe. For the point, name this Shawnee leader who died at the Battle of the Thames while allied with the British during the War of 1812. ANSWER: Tecumseh

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(74) This person is responsible for the creation of the first building based on the Kirkbride plan. This person’s power, along with Joseph Barnes’, was limited by General Order 351, passed by Edwin Stanton; that bill tried to curb this person’s prejudice in utilizing Catholics and occurred during her official stint as Superintendent of Army Nurses. This woman is best known for raising awareness of state-run locations where naked and chained patients were beaten into obedience. For the point, name this activist who lobbied for the first American mental asylums. ANSWER: Dorothea Lynde Dix

(75) In this state, Andrew Kehoe killed over 30 schoolchildren after detonating several explosives at Bath Consolidated School. Franklin Roosevelt intervened to stop riots in this state that was triggered at an altercation at Belle Isle Park. Wyndham Mortimer organized a sit-down strike in this state which gave workers the right to talk during lunch and legitimized the United Auto Workers union. For the point, name this state, the site of the 1943 Race Riots in Detroit. ANSWER: Michigan

(76) During this event, George Dodd’s successful 7th Cavalry charge later led to his promotion to brigadier general. Its leader later lamented its failure by saying his group was “sneaking home under cover, like a whipped cur with its tail between its legs.” During this event, Lieutenant George Patton strapped three captives to the hoods of his convoy after winning a skirmish against Julio Cardenas. Launched in retaliation for an earlier attack on Columbus, New Mexico, it was led by “Black Jack” Pershing. For the point, name this 1916 to 1917 U.S. military operation that failed to capture a Mexican revolutionary. ANSWER: Pershing Expedition (or Pancho Villa Expedition; or Punitive Expedition; prompt on Mexican Expedition)

(77) This action followed the recommendation of the Watkins Committee, which initially charged the target with abusing General Zwicker. This action passed 67-22, with an absent John F. Kennedy as the only Democrat not to vote in favor, possibly due to his friendship with the target. It officially accomplished what the earlier and less explicit “Declaration of Conscience” speech by Margaret Chase Smith sought: a repudiation of the “Pepsi-Cola Kid” for his abusive behavior. For the point, name this 1954 action in which the Senate voted to condemn a controversial anti-Communist Senator from Wisconsin. ANSWER: censuring Joseph McCarthy (or condemning Joseph McCarthy before condemn is said; do not accept “recalling Joseph McCarthy”)

(78) This commander wrote a treatise advocating for the right of sailors and aided the Duke of Cumberland at the battle of Preston against the Revolt of the 45. In another conflict, this man was aided by the Praying Indian Mary Musgrove. He fought the battle of Gully Hole Creek, which occurred on the same day as the battle of Bloody Marsh. This man governed a colony that originally forbade slavery, alcohol, and Catholicism. For the point, name this man, the founder of the debtor’s colony of Georgia. ANSWER: James Oglethorpe

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(79) Paul Jennings Hill issued the Defense Action Statement after the death of a person with this occupation. LeRoy Carhart, a man with this occupation, sued state Attorney General Don Stenberg in 2000. Operation Rescue distributed fictional “wanted” posters featuring people with this occupation. In 2009, a man with this occupation was shot while ushering at his church in Wichita, Kansas; conservative Randall Terry called that man a “mass murderer”. For the point, name this occupation of George Tiller, who, like several of his colleagues, was killed by a fanatical pro-life advocate. ANSWER: doctor (or physician or abortion provider or synonyms)

(80) Description acceptable. This object was damaged by the Armistead family’s habit of cutting pieces out of it and sending them as gifts. Mary Young Pickersgill was commissioned by Joshua Barney to create this object, which survived a siege by Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane and bombardment by the HMS Erebus, which shot carcass shells and Congreve rockets at it. One man aboard the HMS Tonnant observed that this object had not yet been taken down. For the point, identify this object that, during the Battle of Baltimore, flew above Fort McHenry, illuminated by “the rocket’s red glare.” ANSWER: the Star-Spangled Banner flag (or descriptions of the American flag that inspired Francis Scott Key; accept the American flag above Fort McHenry before Fort McHenry is read; accept the Great Garrison Flag; prompt on flag; prompt on American flag by asking “which one?”; do not accept Old Glory)

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