Seas of Change

S EA OF CHANGE Text and design by Chris M. Cerino, M.T. Vice President, Sultana Projects, Inc. This publication funded by a generous grant from the National Park Service’s Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Sultana on the Chesapeake Bay September 1769 - August 1770 fras R P assa a S ta ps c r o e R iv ive R r r te s e h C r e v i R 6 k n a t p o h C r e iv R P e at k u o x c en ti t R n i a R ve N co r i om ic W P ot om R ac a R p i p v a er h a 5 n n o c k R iv e r 4 Y o rk Ri v 3 e r J ame s Ri ver 2 1 Areas where Sultana patrolled the Chesapeake Bay included: 1. Norfolk/Hampton 2. Williamsburg/Jamestown 3. Yorktown 4. Cape Charles/Hungars Creek/Cherrystone Inlet 5. Mouth of the Potomac River 6. Mount Vernon/Alexandria Special thanks to the artists who donated their work to this publication: Marcy Dunn Ramsey Michael Wootton C. Keith Wilbur, M.D. Lucian Neimeyer John Poicus Darby Hewes ON THE COVER: Photograph of Sultana courtesy Lucian Neimeyer. All other photographs courtesy Michael Wootton. Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere, 1770. Engraving of British troops landing at Boston Harbor by Paul Revere, 1768, courtesy Winterthur Museum. S EA OF CHANGE Colonial History Unit for Classroom Teachers An Educational Initiative of SULTANA PROJECTS, INC. Copyright ©2005 by Sultana Projects, Inc. Any teacher, school, or school district may reproduce this for class use without written permission. This publication may not be sold for profit. The text cannot be reproduced for use in other publications without written consent from Sultana Projects, Inc. ISBN 0-9707200-2-5 S EA OF CHANGE Sultana, the Tea Taxes, and the Dawn of the American Revolution Table of Contents TOPIC PAGE KWL Chart 3 Life in the British Colonies Before 1755 4 The Seven Years War: 1755 - 1763 6 The Stamp Act of 1765 9 The Townshend Duties of 1767 11 Sultana Joins the Royal Navy 13 Sultana’s Commander: Lieutenant John Inglis 15 A Day in the Life of a Sultana Crew Member 19 Food on Sultana 23 Armaments on Sultana 26 Medical Practices on Sultana 28 Navigation: Latitude and Longitude 30 Navigation: Depth and Speed 39 Prince Gould and the African American Experience at Sea 42 Parts of a Ship - the Basics 47 Sultana’s Sails 49 Sultana’s Spars and Standing Rigging 51 Sultana Patrols the Chesapeake Bay, 1769 - 1770 53 The HMS Gaspee Incident - June 9, 1772 55 Sultana Returns to England, October 1772 57 The Boston, Chester Town, and Annapolis Tea Parties, 1773 - 1774 59 Lexington, Concord, and the Start of the American Revolution 62 Sources for Additional Research 64 3 Brainstorming Activity: KWL Chart NAME: ____________________________________________ DATE: ____________ DIRECTIONS: Use the KWL Chart to brainstorm things you already know about Sultana and what you would like to find out. After you have finished learning about Sultana in class and have visited the ship, fill in the L column which indicates what you learned about the vessel and colonial history. K W L What do I already What do I What have I Know about Sultana? Want to find out? Learned? 4 Life in the Colonies Before 1755 Prior to the Seven Years War, the Colonists in Maryland Were Faithful Subjects of the King and Lived Under the Protection of the British Military In 1754, Maryland was a colony of Great Britain. People living in Maryland were English citizens, they obeyed British laws and were ruled by a Royal Governor that reported directly to the King. The colonists depended upon British merchants to supply them with many important items in their daily lives including tools, clothing, furniture and weapons. These goods were sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in large ships and sent to ports such as Annapolis, Baltimore and Chester (now Chestertown). In return, colonial merchants sailed raw materials such as corn, grain, tobacco and lumber to England. Daily life in Maryland often centered around the water. Since nearly all trade goods traveled by boat, most of Maryland’s homes were located within easy walking distance of a major river. Rivers also provided the colonists with food. In the spring, striped bass, shad and herring were netted by the thousands as the fish traveled up the Bay’s rivers and streams to spawn. The Bay’s oyster bars also added a valuable source of protein to the colonists’ diets. In the fall, migrating ducks and geese arrived by the thousands and were easily hunted. One of the greatest benefits to being an English colony was receiving protection from the British military. This was important because the colonists had no military of their own. As a result, they lived under the threat of invasion by the French and the Spanish, who were In the 18th century, most colonists in Maryland lived within easy walking struggling with England for control of North America. distance of the Chesapeake Bay and its Without the help of the British military, either one of major rivers. these world powers could have easily overtaken the colonists and their lands. In 1755, tensions between England and France led to a conflict known as the Seven Years War. From 1755 to 1762, English and French forces battled each other in the Ohio Valley and Canada for control over the eastern half of North America. After a long struggle, the French were defeated and driven from their lands. However, the cost of paying, feeding, clothing and housing the soldiers had left England with a very large debt. In order to pay off this debt, King George III decided to raise money by taxing the thirteen colonies. Disagreements over how these taxes were created and enforced would soon change the relationship between England and its thirteen colonies forever. 1768 map of the Chesapeake Bay courtesy Maryland State Archives Special Collections (Huntingfield Map Collection) 5 Life in the Colonies Before 1755 NAME: ____________________________________________ DATE: ____________ DIRECTIONS: Use information from the reading to answer each of the following questions in a complete sentence. 1. What were some goods that were brought to the colonists by British merchants? 2. Why was it so important for the colonists to receive protection from the British military? 3. How were the Bay’s major rivers important to the colonists of Maryland? 4. How did the Seven Years War lead to a change in the relationship between England and the thirteen colonies? 6 The Seven Years War: 1755 - 1762 England Defeats France But Is Left with a Huge Debt After the War ne of the most important wars in the history of the O world was the Seven Years War. This war was fought between the French and English for control of North America. Because many Native American tribes allied themselves with armies on both sides, the conflict is sometimes called the French and Indian War. At the end of this war, England had defeated the French and gained control of all land east of the Mississippi River. When the Seven Years War began, France’s North American empire stretched along the Mississippi River and into Canada (for details, see map below). England had thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast. As more and more English colonists arrived, the pressure to expand into In one of the first battles of the western lands increased. Standing in the way were the Seven Years War, a young George French and their Indian allies. Washington and his English troops The first battle between the French and the English were defeated at Fort Necessity. took place in the summer of 1754 at Fort Necessity in the Ohio Valley. Led by 21-year-old George Washington, the English forces were defeated and forced to retreat. This began a series of victories for France in the early stages of the war. In the years that THE SEVEN YEARS WAR followed, the English BRITISH AND FRENCH OUTPOSTS took advantage of their 1754 larger numbers (there were ten times more Englishmen than Frenchmen in North America) and they soon gained the upper hand. In 1757, British troops attacked French forts in Canada. After several N BRITISH FRENCH victories, the English OUTPOST OUTPOST army captured the S important city of Quebec and France was While England established its thirteen colonies along the Atlantic Coast, France established outposts to the west and north. Fort Necessity (circled above), which stood forced to leave Canada right on the border of French and English claims, would become the site of the first true entirely. battle of the Seven Years War. Image of George Washington courtesy Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 7 The Seven Years War: 1755 - 1762 RUSSIAN RUSSIAN U U ENGLISH N N E X E X P L P O L O R E R D E D H H H C S S N S E I I E I L R L F N G G O N N SPANISH L E E O 3 SPANISH C 1 European Presence in European Presence in North America Before 1754 North America After 1763 Before the Seven Years War the presence of the French in After the Seven Years War the French fled from Canada North America posed a serious military threat to the 13 and the Ohio valley. The amount of land controlled by British colonies.

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