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Programa De Magister En Ciencias Forestales UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCIÓN Dirección de Postgrado Facultad de Ciencias Forestales – Programa de Magister en Ciencias Forestales CRECIMIENTO, SUPERVIVENCIA E INTERCAMBIO GASEOSO DE DOS CLONES DE Paulownia elongata × fortunei AL PRIMER AÑO DE DESARROLLO VEGETATIVO EN TRES SITIOS DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE Tesis para optar al grado de Magister en Ciencias Forestales DAVID MOISÉS SALGUERO AVILA CONCEPCIÓN-CHILE 2015 Profesor Guía: Fernando Edgardo Muñoz Sáez Departamento de Silvicultura Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción CRECIMIENTO, SUPERVIVENCIA E INTERCAMBIO GASEOSO DE DOS CLONES DE Paulownia elongata × fortunei AL PRIMER AÑO DE DESARROLLO VEGETATIVO EN TRES SITIOS DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE Comisión Evaluadora: Fernando Muñoz Sáez (Profesor guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Dr. _________________________ Jorge Cancino Cancino (Profesor co-guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Dr. _________________________ Eduardo Acuña Carmona (Comisión evaluación) Ingeniero Forestal, Dr. _________________________ Rafael Rubilar Pons (Comisión evaluación) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph. D. _________________________ Jorge Jara Ramírez (Comisión evaluación) Ingeniero Agrónomo, Ph. D. _________________________ Director de Postgrado: Regis Marcelo Teixeira Mendonca Ingeniero Químico, Dr. _________________________ Decano Facultad de Ciencias Forestales: Manuel Sánchez Olate Ingeniero Forestal, Dr. _________________________ A Dios A Ana, mi esposa A Hannah, Kahylina, Michelle y Yelka, mis hijas A mis padres Moisés y Esthela y mis hermanos… Agradecimientos Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a todas las personas e instituciones que de una u otra forma hicieron posible que esta tesis se haya llevado a cabo y haya llegado a su fin, logrando alcanzar así mis estudios de magister. En primer lugar, la realización del siguiente trabajo ha sido posible gracias a la beca otorgada por la Agencia de Cooperación Internacional de Chile (AGCI), convocatoria 2011, y al financiamiento y logística del proyecto FONDEF B09I 1008: “Introducción y evaluación del cultivo de Miscanthus y Paulownia como fuente de biomasa lignocelulósica para la generación de energía renovable en la zona centro sur de Chile”. Al profesor guía Dr. Fernando Muñoz S., por su permanente apoyo, confianza, paciencia y amistad, por la entrega de conocimientos y consejos indispensables para haber finalizado esta memoria. Al profesor co-guía Dr. Jorge Cancino C., por su incondicional apoyo, amabilidad, conocimientos y certeros consejos y comentarios que contribuyeron de manera significativa en la elaboración de este trabajo. Del mismo modo, mis agradecimientos se extienden para los profesores Ph. D. Rafael Rubilar P., Ph. D. Jorge Jara R. y Dr. Eduardo Acuña C., quienes me brindaron amistad y apoyo en la realización de este trabajo. A Dios por darme, salud, fuerza, conocimientos y por brindarme la posibilidad de concluir una vez más una etapa importante en mi vida. A mi inseparable esposa Ana, y a mis hijas, por ser mis grandes soportes y por sus infinitas paciencias que han sobrellevado mis arrebatos e irritable malhumor que frecuentemente me aquejó. A mis padres y hermanos que son pilares fundamentales en mi vida, por sus consejos, ayuda y energía entregada para culminar hermosa labor. Sin ellos, nada de esto se habría concretado, GRACIAS. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN ______________________________________________________________ 1 ABSTRACT _____________________________________________________________ 2 ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS ______________________________________________ 3 I. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ___________________________________________ 4 ANTECEDENTES CIENTÍFICOS GENERALES DE LA ESPECIE ______________ 6 Historia Taxonómica. __________________________________________________ 7 Descripción del Árbol __________________________________________________ 7 Distribución __________________________________________________________ 8 Aspectos Genéticos ____________________________________________________ 9 Requerimientos edafoclimáticos y aspectos biológicos _______________________ 10 Producción de plantas _________________________________________________ 16 Establecimiento y manejo de la plantación _________________________________ 19 Crecimiento y rendimiento de la plantación ________________________________ 22 Prácticas Agroforestales _______________________________________________ 22 Enfermedades y Plagas ________________________________________________ 24 Propiedades y uso de la madera _________________________________________ 25 REFERENCIAS _________________________________________________________ 27 Hipótesis General ________________________________________________________ 35 OBJETIVOS ____________________________________________________________ 35 Objetivo General _______________________________________________________ 35 Objetivos específicos ___________________________________________________ 35 II. CRECIMIENTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA DE DOS CLONES DE Paulownia elongata × fortunei AL PRIMER AÑO DE DESARROLLO VEGETATIVO EN TRES SITIOS DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE ________________________________________________ 36 RESUMEN ___________________________________________________________ 36 INTRODUCCIÓN _____________________________________________________ 37 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ____________________________________________ 39 Descripción de los sitios de estudio ______________________________________ 39 Material vegetal y establecimiento de los ensayos ___________________________ 40 Diseño experimental __________________________________________________ 41 Mediciones de parámetros de crecimiento y supervivencia ____________________ 41 Medición de características físicas y químicas del suelo ______________________ 42 Medición de características climáticas y estado hídrico del suelo _______________ 44 Análisis y modelo estadístico ___________________________________________ 46 RESULTADOS _______________________________________________________ 46 Crecimiento y supervivencia ____________________________________________ 46 DISCUSIÓN __________________________________________________________ 48 Crecimiento _________________________________________________________ 48 Supervivencia _______________________________________________________ 51 CONCLUSIÓN ________________________________________________________ 52 REFERENCIAS _________________________________________________________ 53 III. INTERCAMBIO GASEOSO DE DOS CLONES DE Paulownia elongata × fortunei AL PRIMER AÑO DE DESARROLLO VEGETATIVO EN TRES SITIOS DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE ________________________________________________ 57 RESUMEN ___________________________________________________________ 57 INTRODUCCIÓN _____________________________________________________ 58 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ____________________________________________ 60 Descripción de los sitios de estudio ______________________________________ 60 Material vegetal y establecimiento de los ensayos ___________________________ 60 Diseño experimental __________________________________________________ 60 Medición de intercambio gaseoso ________________________________________ 60 Medición de características físicas y químicas del suelo ______________________ 62 Medición de características climáticas y estado hídrico del suelo _______________ 62 Análisis y modelo estadístico ___________________________________________ 65 RESULTADOS _______________________________________________________ 66 Intercambio gaseoso __________________________________________________ 66 Tasa fotosintética en función de PPFD ____________________________________ 68 DISCUSIÓN __________________________________________________________ 72 Intercambio gaseoso __________________________________________________ 72 Tasa fotosintética en función de PPFD ____________________________________ 73 CONCLUSIÓN ________________________________________________________ 75 REFERENCIAS _________________________________________________________ 77 CONCLUSIÓN GENERAL ______________________________________________ 82 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Morfología general de Paulownia elongata × fortunei. Cultivo establecido en sitio Chaimávida (A) y en sitio La Isla (B), ambos localizados en la región del Biobío, Chile ..................................................................................................................................6 Figura 2. Distribución geográfica de las especies precursoras del clon híbrido P. elongata × fortunei (zonas resaltadas) (Barton et al., 2007). .............................................................9 Figura 3. Daño causado por heladas en árboles jóvenes de Paulownia sp., a nivel de tallo (A), ápice (B) y rebrote (C). Imagen (A), tomada en ensayo de Paulownia en Chile; imágenes (B) y (C), tomada en ensayos en la provincia de Albacete, España (Barja 2009). ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Figura 4. Crecimiento de Paulownia elongata × fortunei en un sitio de ensayo en Chile, con presencia de vientos fuertes. (a) Rotura y caída de ramas, (b) daños en las hojas, y (c) arquitectura de copa irregular (ramas basales de mayor tamaño). Foto de la izquierda corresponde a planta de un año de edad y de la derecha, dos años de edad. ...................... 15 Figura 5. Método de propagación in vitro de Paulownia elongata, P. fortunei y el híbrido P. elongata × fortunei: (A) etapa de iniciación, (B) preparación de micro esquejes de brotes para ser utilizados en la etapa de multiplicación, (C) etapa de multiplicación, (D) proliferación y multiplicación
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