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DOI: 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.64.2001.159-170 Records of the Western Australian Mllsellm Supplement No. 64: 159-170 (2001). New lycosoid spiders from cave and surface habitats in southern Australia and Cape Range peninsula (Araneae: Lycosoidea) Michael R. Gray! and Judith A. Thompson2 'Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia 222 Warrnambool Street, Trinity Park, Queensland 4879, Australia Abstract - Two new genera of Iycosoid spiders (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from Australian cave and surface habitats are described. The monotypic genus Bengalla gen. novo is erected for B. bertmaini sp. nov., a blind troglobite from Cape Range peninsula, Western Australia. Htmtia gen. novo is erected for H. deepensis sp. nov., an epigean species from south-western Australia; and H. murrindal sp.nov., a troglobite with reduced eyes from south-eastern Australia. The relationships of both these genera and Janusia Gray, a putative Iycosoid troglobite from the Nullarbor Plain, are discussed. INTRODUCTION microscopic examination. Specimen preparations The ecribellate spiders examined here are for scanning electron microscopy were air dried associated with the tengellid-zorocratid-Iycosoid from 100% acetone. complex of Griswold (1993) and Griswold et al. (1999). This is a large assemblage of both cribellate Terminology and abbreviations and ecribellate spiders whose Australian The term "plicate" is used to describe the pleat- representatives are numerous but contain many like transverse ridges on the trichobothrial bases. groups that are poorly known or understood. CL carapace length; CW carapace width; STC Among the structural features that characterise superior tarsal claw; ITC inferior tarsal claw; RTA representatives of this complex are the subtegular/ retrolateral tibial apophysis; ALS anterior lateral tegular locking lobes, made up of opposing lobes spinnerets; PMS posterior median spinnerets; PLS on the subtegulum and tegulum of the male palp; posterior lateral spinnerets. and the tibial crack, an annular suture at the base of the leg tibiae in males. Another significant Repository institutions character, the presence of a grate-shaped tapetum AMS, Australian Museum, Sydney; SAM, South in the indirect eyes, could not be resolved for the Australian Museum, Adelaide; WAM, Western material available in this study. Australian Museum, Perth. Two of the species described here are obligate cave dwellers, while the epigean species is known only from forests in south-western Australia. They SYSTEMATICS are of importance faunistically as short range endemic species of conservation and zoogeo- Bengalla gen. novo graphic significance. Their relationships are of considerable interest, including possible affinities Type Species to ]anusia Gray, an enigmatic troglobitic species Bengalla bertmaini sp. novo from the Nullarbor Plain (Gray, 1973), currently placed provisionally in the family Ctenidae. The Description recognition of new genera here is deemed Ecribellate hunting spiders. Body length 6-9.5 appropriate given the difficulty of assigning the mm. The only known species is an eyeless, species described to available genera. unpigmented troglobite. Fovea a deep slit. Labium moderately long, with deep basal notches. Lateral maxillae margins weakly MATERIALS AND METHODS concave. Cheliceral groove margins with three to Specimen examinations, measurements and four teeth. Legs long. Trochanters deeply drawings were made using a Wild MS microscope notched. Anterior tibiae with four to six pairs of with graticule and drawing attachment. Epigynal ventral spines. Tibial crack absent. Tarsal organ preparations were cleared in 8% potassium subdistal, with a triangular, "keyhole derivative hydroxide before mounting in glycerol for type" orifice. Trichobothria of similar length, in 160 M.R. Gray, J.A. Thompson a c d b e Figure 1 Bengalla bertmaini sp. nov., tarsus I: a, scopula setae; b, serrate setae; c, tarsal organ; cl, trichobothriurn base; e, tarsal claws. two rows on tarsi and metatarsi; bases apophysis long, prolateral surface concave, transversely plicate. Claw tufts absent, tarsi and longitudinally oriented. Embolus an elongate, metatarsi finely scopulate. ITC reduced on legs I, slender spine. Conductor a gently curved process 2 and absent on legs 3, 4. Setae simple and arising proapically, base fleshy, becoming a plumose (sensu Lehtinen, 1975); tarsi and hyaline lamina distally. Epigynum with a broad, metatarsi with flattened, recumbent, lanceolate, 'wing-like' scape, narrowest basally; sides concave serrate setae, serrations on one side only; feathery anterolaterally. Lateral lobes with a pair of lobules hairs absent. Prolateral and retrolateral femora that extend to the epigastric groove. Six spinnerets. with pink to mauve iridescence. Male palpal tibia ALS 2-segmented with 2 major ampullate spigots long, with an apical, plate-like retroventral and 15-17 piriform spigots. PMS I-segmented, apophysis and a widely bifid retrolateral spigots interpreted as 3 cylindrical, 4 aciniform apophysis. Cymbium short, ovoid, with marked and 1 minor arnpullate, plus 3 other medium sized retrobasal groove. Subtegular/ tegular locking spigots. PLS 2-segmented, apical area only visible lobes present, but weakly developed. Median with 1 cylindrical and several aciniform spigots. New cave and surface dwelling lycosoid spiders 161 Relationships present in Bengalla, but putative leg scopulae in Monotypic genera like Bengalla, that are Janusia are limited to the distal tarsi); and most represented by highly cave-adapted species, can notably, by the possession of a slender embolus. pose particular difficulties in the assessment of their Gray (1973) observed the broken distal portion of a relationships. For example, the absence of eyes slender, wire-like embolus in a copulatory duct of removes an important set of features normally used the female type specimen. Within the tenellid- in characterising lycosoids and their kin. The genus zorocratid-lycosoid complex of Griswold (1993) a Janusia, described for an eyeless female spider from slender embolus has been recorded in the the Nullarbor caves of Western Australia, has zorocratids, Acanthoctenus and the 'higher lycosoids'. presented similar problems, further exacerbated by This type of embolus is also seen in the Australian the absence of male specimens. Gray (1973) placed genus Leptoctenus L. Koch (L. agelenoides from Janusia provisionally within the Machadoninae Queensland) and Anahita Karsch (Diana Silva, (sensu Lehtinen, 1967), mainly on the basis of personal communication). Both of these genera are epigynal similarities with the Sri Lankan genus currently referred to the Ctenidae. The other unusual Devendra Lehtinen. Most of Lehtinen's machadonine character in Bengalla is the presence of epigynal genera are now placed within the "ctenoid lobules rather than teeth. However, this feature also complex" of Griswold (1993). Possible affinity of occurs elsewhere and may not necessarily be unique Bengalla with Janusia is suggested by their at generic level. Silva (personal communication) has possession of deeply notched trochanters; reduction noted that either lobules or teeth can be present on or loss of the ITC; absence of claw tufts (the latter the lateral lobes in species of both Anahita and were erroneously noted as present in Janusia by Leptoctenus. The relationship of these genera with Gray (1973); tarsal and metatarsal scopulae are Janusia and Bengalla merits further consideration. a c d Figure 2 Bengalla bertmaini sp. nov., spinnerets (female): a, spinneret field; b, anterior lateral spinneret; c, posterior median spinneret; d, posterior lateral spinneret. 162 M.R. Gray, J.A. Thompson Etymology ovoid, without scopulate hair patch. Subtegular/ Bengalla is an Aboriginal word for "ornament". tegular locking lobes only weakly developed. Here it refers to the striking pink iridescence on the Median apophysis elongate, concave, arising on the femora of these spiders. The gender is male. retrolateral side of the middle tegulum. Embolus a slender, tapering spine, arising retrobasally. Conductor fleshy basally and mildly curved and Bengalla bertmaini sp. novo twisted apically as a hyaline lamina supporting the Figures 1 a-e, 2 a-d, 3 a-f thin distal embolus; apical conductor extends beyond the cyrnbium apex. Other characters similar Material Examined to female. Holotype Female paratype (KS 21585) <3, Cave C65, Cape Range peninsula, Western Body length 9.01. CL 4.94, CW 3.89. Unpigmented Australia, Australia, 22°06'5, ll4°00'E, 18 August spiders. Legs and carapace light amber, somewhat 1992, D. Brooks - BES 683 (WAM 92/1961). darker toward front of caput and on chelicerae. Abdomen cream coloured. Caput profile gently Paratypes arched back to anterior fovea, flattened in foveal Australia: Western Australia: Cape Range region. Fovea a deep, moderately long slit. Chilum ~, peninsula: 1 Cave C126, 1989, S. Eberhard (AMS divided. Eyes absent, lateral ocular area with ridge ~, KS 21585); 1 Cave C167, 22°09'5, ll4°00'E, 20 marking former position of lateral eyes. Chelicerae ~, June 1989, M.S. Harvey (#3994) (WAM 94/22); 1 robust, with a large, lateral boss. Cheliceral Cave C1l8, 22°09'5, ll3°59'E, 21 June 1989, W.F. retromargin and promargin with 3-4 teeth. Labium ~, Humphreys (#3637) (WAM 94/23); 1 Cave C21, longer than wide (1:0.78), flat, with basolateral 22°14'5, ll3°58'E, 10 July 1989, R. Wood and A. grooves opposite long basal notches. Maxillae ~, Humphreys (#3377) (WAM 94/21); 1 Cave moderately
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  • Javier Luque

    Javier Luque

    On the Origin and Evolution of True Crabs: Insights from Tropical America by Javier Luque A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Javier Luque, 2018 Abstract A full understanding of the evolution of novel forms requires inference about their origins through the study of variation in extant taxa and clues from the fossil record. However, the origins of morphological diversity in many groups are obscured by the scarcity of transitional fossils or reliable early occurrences of crown groups near the base of major branches. This is the case for true crabs, or Brachyura, a group whose evolutionary history and internal phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. Although molecular and morphological phylogenetics bring powerful tools to the study of relatedness at the genotypic and phenotypic levels, the fossil record provides a unique glimpse into the origins of such relatedness by revealing a past morphological diversity otherwise inaccessible. Furthermore, fossils are pivotal for understanding the evolution of key traits, and provide geographic and chronologic data critical to the calibration of nodes of interest. Unfortunately, in spite of the overall good crab fossil record in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits worldwide, records of early brachyurans are still poorly known, and a strong collection bias towards modern high latitudes limits our understanding of the origins of the group’s origin and early morphological variation. Here I examine the fossil record of true crabs from the tropical Americas based on newly discovered crustacean-rich assemblages from the Early and ‘mid’ Cretaceous and re- examination of museum specimens, with emphasis on some brachyuran higher taxa (e.g., Raninoida, Eubrachyura, and a new chimaeric lineage described herein).