Assessment of Doses to the Public from Ingested Radionuclides
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Dr. A.A. El-Mohty Dr. Shoukar T.M. Atwa
Benha University Faculty of Science Chemistry Department RADIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE SEPARATION OF IODINE- 131 AND RADIOIODINATION OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A Thesis Submitted by MAHMOUD ABBAS ISMAIL MOHAMED Isotopes and Radioactive Generators Dep., Hot Labs. Center Atomic Energy Authority To Faculty of Science – Benha University Presented as partial fulfillment of The Degree of M.Sc In chemistry Supervised by Prof .Dr .H .A. Dessouki Prof . Dr .S .A .El -Bayoumy Prof. of Inorganic and Prof. of Radiochemistry Analytical Chemistry Isot. and Radio Generators.Dept, Faculty of Science Benha Univ. Atomic Energy Authority Dr. Shoukar T.M. Atwa Dr. A.A. El-Mohty Lect. of Physical Chemistry Pro Ass it. Prof.of Radiochemistry Faculty of Science Benha Univ. Isot. and Radio Generators.Dept, Atomic Energy Authority 2010 آ ام اء درات آ إ اد- ١٣١و اآت ا د ا ر ــــد س ا ا واات ا – آ ا ارة ه ا ار ا آــ اــــ ــم – ــ ل در ا اء اـــــــــاف أ.د/ ا ا أ.د/ د اذ اء ا و ا أذ اــء اـــ آ ام - ـــ ا واات ا هــــ اـــ ارــــــــ د/ ر أ.م.د / أ ا رس اء ا أذ اــء اـــ آ ام - ـــ ا واات ا هــــ اـــ ارــــــــ ٢٠١٠ List of abbreviations Abbr. Referent CAT Chloramine-T H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide HPLC High performance liquid chromatography TLC Thin layer chromatography Temp. Temperature Conc. Concentration min Minute NCA No Carrier Added Rf Relative front Rt Retention time CNS Central nervous system Y-indole 4-[2-hydroxy-3- (isopentylamino)propoxy] indole Epidepride N-[(1-ethyl-2- pyrrolidyl)methyl]-2,3- dimethoxy-5-(tributylstannyl) benzamide -
Laser Spectroscopy of Neutron Rich Bismuth Isotopes
CERN LIBRARIES, GENEVA new lllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll SC00000267 CD [L] Q D K,Q/pm lO CERN/ISC 94-7 P60 scP GEM} »- emit 1=·1>.o1=·osAL TO THE rsotos COMMITTEE 9 Le-? Laser Spectroscopy of Neutron Rich Bismuth Isotopes CERN1 — Mainz? — Manchester3 — Stony Brook4 Collaboration J. Behr4, J. Billowes3, P. Campbell3, T.G. Cooperg, U. Georg2, I.S. Grant3, G. Gwinner4, G. Huber], M. Keimz, J. Kilgallon3, A. Kleinz, R. Neugart2, M. Neurothz, G.D. Sprouse‘*, P.D. Wheelera, F. Xu‘* and the ISOLDE Collaboration] Spokesman: J. Billowes Contactman: G. Huber Summary The aim of the proposed experiment is to measure the optical isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of bismuth isotopes in the region 21°'2“Bi which lie above the N=126 shell closure. The change in nuclear mean square charge radii and static moments can be deduced. These will be the first isotones of lead to be measured immediately above the shell closure. This will provide new information on the systematics of the kink in the charge radii change with neutron number seen in the Pb isotopic chain, and will represent the first measurement of the odd proton hg/2 moment in the region above the closed 2°8Pb core. Laser resonance fluorescence will be used on the isotopic bismuth samples as they are released into a gas cell trap. This is a method that has been applied very successfully at SUNY, Stony Brook to the neutron deficient bismuth isotopes and it makes efficient use of the small samples available. The bismuth samples of 212Bi and 213Bi will be prepared by catching intense beams of 22°Fr and 2"Fr on thin lead foils. -
WO 2014/138594 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/138594 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: ue, Unit 1, Somerville, Massachusetts 02143 (US). PA- C12P 7/52 (2006.01) POULIS, Andrew; 186 Turnpike Street, Canton, Mas sachusetts 02021 (US). KORYABKINA, Natalya A.; (21) International Application Number: 6214 Avalon Drive, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887 PCT/US20 14/02 1796 (US). (22) International Filing Date: (74) Agents: MORRELL, Dennis G. et al; 271 Salem Street, 7 March 2014 (07.03.2014) Unit L, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 (US). (25) Filing Language: English (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (26) Publication Language: English kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (30) Priority Data: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, 61/774,684 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, 61/774,773 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 61/774,73 1 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, 61/774,735 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, 61/774,740 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, 61/774,744 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, 61/774,746 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, 61/774,750 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) us ZW. -
Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 562: Bibliography of Research on Deuterium and Tritium Compounds 1945 and 1952
NBS CIRCULAR 562 Bibliography of Research on Deuterium and Tritium Compounds 1945 to 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS PERIODICALS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (Published monthly) The National Bureau of Standards is engaged in fundamental and applied research in physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Projects are conducted in fifteen fields: electricity and electronics, optics and metrology, heat and power, atomic and radiation physics, chemistry, mechanics, organic and fibrous materials, metallurgy, mineral products, building technology, applied mathematics, data process¬ ing systems, cryogenic engineering, radio propagation, and radio standards. The Bureau has custody of the national standards of measurement and conducts research leading to the improvement of scientific and engineering standards and of techniques and methods of measurement. Testing methods and in¬ struments are developed; physical constants and properties of materials are determined; and technical processes are investigated. Journal of Research The Journal presents research papers by authorities in the specialized fields of physics, mathematics, chemistry, and engineering. Complete details of the work are presented, including laboratory data, experimental procedures, and theoretical and mathematical analyses. Annual subscription: domestic, $4.00; 25 cents additional for foreign mailing. Technical News Bulletin Summaries of current research at the National Bureau of Standards are published each month in the Technical News Bulletin. The articles are brief, with emphasis on the results of research, chosen on the basis of their scientific or technologic importance. Lists of all Bureau publications during the preceding month are given, including Research Papers, Handbooks, Applied Mathematics Series, Building Mate¬ rials and Structures Reports, Miscellaneous Publications, and Circulars. -
Capabilities of Detecting Medical Isotope Facilities Through Radioxenon Sampling
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Matthew R. MacDougall for the degree of Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering presented on June 23, 2015. Title: Capabilities of Detecting Medical Isotope Facilities through Radioxenon Sampling Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Andrew C. Klein Medical Isotopes are a necessity in modern medicine for cancer treatments and medical imaging. In order to ensure that the needs and demands are met for the medical procedures, facilities are put in place to produce these isotopes. There are over 25 different isotopes of interest being produced by more than 35 research reactors across the United States. A key component in medical isotope production is the isotope separation process. During this process, several types of radioactive gases are released that would otherwise not leave the nuclear fuel component. One of these radioactive gases is radioxenon. The release of radioxenon into the environment is of concern to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) as one of the key critical sampling techniques utilized to detect a nuclear detonation is the presence of radioxenon. As more facilities release radioxenon, background levels increase, desensitizing the equipment, and making it more difficult to detect. For this purpose, the detection of a medical isotope facility through the use of radioxenon is an interest to the CTBTO as an attempt to reduce the background levels of radioxenon and ensure that the detonation capabilities remain unaffected. This thesis will investigate the capabilities of detecting these medical isotope facilities through the use of radioxenon detection. Additionally, probabilities of detection will be determined in order to accurately identify these facilities. -
1. Public Health Statement
AMERICIUM 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT This public health statement tells you about americium and the effects of exposure. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. Americium has been found in at least 8 of the 1,636 current or former NPL sites. However, the total number of NPL sites evaluated for americium is not known. As more sites are evaluated, the sites at which americium is found may increase. This information is important because exposure to americium may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. When a substance is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. This release does not always lead to exposure. You are normally exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact. However, since americium is radioactive, you can also be exposed to its radiation if you are near it. External or internal exposure to radiation may occur from natural or man-made sources. Naturally occurring sources of radiation are cosmic radiation from space or naturally occurring radioactive materials in our body or in soil, air, water, or building materials. Man-made sources of radiation are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent, from hospital waste and nuclear reactors. -
General Guidelines for the Estimation of Committed Effective Dose from Incorporation Monitoring Data
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaftt Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 7243 General Guidelines for the Estimation of Committed Effective Dose from Incorporation Monitoring Data (Project IDEAS – EU Contract No. FIKR-CT2001-00160) H. Doerfel, A. Andrasi, M. Bailey, V. Berkovski, E. Blanchardon, C.-M. Castellani, C. Hurtgen, B. LeGuen, I. Malatova, J. Marsh, J. Stather Hauptabteilung Sicherheit August 2006 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 7243 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF COMMITTED EFFECTIVE DOSE FROM INCORPORATION MONITORING DATA (Project IDEAS – EU Contract No. FIKR-CT2001-00160) H. Doerfel, A. Andrasi 1, M. Bailey 2, V. Berkovski 3, E. Blanchardon 6, C.-M. Castellani 4, C. Hurtgen 5, B. LeGuen 7, I. Malatova 8, J. Marsh 2, J. Stather 2 Hauptabteilung Sicherheit 1 KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary 2 Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, (formerly National Radiological Protection Board), Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom 3 Radiation Protection Institute, Kiev, Ukraine 4 ENEA Institute for Radiation Protection, Bologna, Italy 5 Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium 7 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France 8 Electricité de France (EDF), Saint-Denis, France 9 National Radiation Protection Institute, Praha, Czech Republic Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe 2006 Für diesen Bericht behalten wir uns alle Rechte vor Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe Mitglied der Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ISSN 0947-8620 urn:nbn:de:0005-072434 IDEAS General Guidelines – June 2006 Abstract Doses from intakes of radionuclides cannot be measured but must be assessed from monitoring, such as whole body counting or urinary excretion measurements. -
Neutron Deficient Isotopes of Tellurium and Antimony
UCRL,_.1---,--'_ ~ /t>/,.f oW c-, ( UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FOR REFERENCE NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA , • ENG-48 INDEX ITO. ~e:~ -.;;:y ~ This document contains ? pgs, and . plates of figures .-- I: i:BJ·~-;:'--CQPY_.&t.. of' // • Series~ '. e~j" .~ DO NOT RET'40VE LlIS PAGE ----------.._- ~r['N'" '?~,." 1'HIS IS A CLA':'" '-'~~'::::::"".'STF I','P ':i}P~.\'rl.RI=~i1i.3i6TED,.;"-;,- . , ~~~~~-0" .:~.. ",.~. ~~ ---'-clas S":r.iI; ~ i~·nt::6otte'oe;l;"J.m.D.. edhEJre \\ --&~t:' ~l :..'J' ". e}- /; .~ ,s,sWIC-'\l' ti-I'{.t},l J.: li!/er ,.. 'l'bis document contains restrj.cted data within the meaning of ~Rt! ~~ic~rll!¥GY Act of 1946 and/or information affecting the national defense of the :ut~d States within the meaning of the Espionage Act U. S. C. 31 & 32, as amended. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in an'! manner to an unauthor- ized person is prohibited''';;:na may' r.esult in' severe crimi;,al penalti. Before thisdocument ca.nbei,ivenfoa. person toroad,~his namernust be on the Reading List of those authorized to read material on chis subject, or permissicr must be obtained from the Information Division or the E:l'Zecutive Office. :'i. A SECRET or CONnDENTIAL document is t(') he kept only :I,n a guarded area. 'iVhen stored;-it must be ke'pt-'in a :\.ocked safe or in a lock~d filing case with a twnb ler lock. 4. A SECRIi;T or COnFIDENTIAL document is n('lt tC'l be copied or ctherwise duplicated with0ut ·pormis·s ionOf the originatir..goffice . -
Carbon-14 Radiological Safety Guidance Revision Date: 09/27/18
Carbon-14 Radiological Safety Guidance Revision Date: 09/27/18 Physical Data BETA ENERGIES • 156.4 keV (maximum) • 49.5 keV (average) (100%) Physical Half-Life 5730 years Biological Half-Life 10 days (Whole Body) Effective Half-Life 10 days (Bound/Whole Body) Effective Half-Life 40 days (Unbound/Bone) Specific Activity 4460 millicuries/gram Maximum Beta Range in Air 25.400 cm = 10.0 inches Maximum Beta Range in Water/Tissue* 0.030 cm = 0.012 inches Maximum Range in Plexiglas/Lucite/Plastic 0.025 cm = 0.010 inches *Fraction of C-14 beta particles transmitted through dead layer of skin (0.007 cm) = 17% Shielding None required (≤ 3 mm plexiglass) Half-Value Layer (Water) 0.005 cm = 0.05 mm Tenth-Value Layer (Water) 0.017 cm = 0.17 mm Volatility • Inherent Volatility (STP) is Not Significant Exposure: Radiological Safety Information There are three main classes of carbon compounds which may be inhaled: organic compounds, gases (CO or CO2), and aerosols of carbon containing compounds such as carbonates and carbides. Carbon- 14 Data Sheet Page 1 of 4 Revision Date: 09/27/18 Exposure Rates Dose Rate from a 1.0 millicurie isotropic point source of C-14: DISTANCE RAD/HOUR 1.0 cm 1241.4 2.0 cm 250.4 15.2 cm 0.126 20.0 cm 0.0046 Exposure Prevention • Always wear a lab coat and disposable gloves when working with C-14. • Possibility of organic C-14 compounds being absorbed through gloves. Administrative Controls • Care should be taken not to generate CO2 gas that could be inhaled. -
Radiation Glossary
Radiation Glossary Activity The rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are Curie (Ci) and the Becquerel (Bq). Agreement State Any state with which the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. Under the agreement, the state regulates the use of by-product, source, and small quantities of special nuclear material within said state. Airborne Radioactive Material Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. ALARA Acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken. It takes into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of radioactive materials and licensed materials in the public interest. Alpha Particle A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus, with a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) Annual intake of a given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems to an organ or tissue. Attenuation The process by which radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through some material. -
Discovery of the Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, and Polonium Isotopes
Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes C. Fry, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Currently, forty-two thallium, forty-two lead, forty-one bismuth, and forty-two polonium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables October 6, 2011 Contents 1. Introduction . 2 2. 176−217Tl ............................................................................................. 3 3. 179−220Pb............................................................................................. 14 4. 184−224Bi ............................................................................................. 22 5. 186−227Po ............................................................................................. 31 6. Summary ............................................................................................. 39 References . 39 Explanation of Tables . 47 7. Table 1. Discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes . 47 Table 1. Discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium. See page 47 for Explanation of Tables . 48 1. Introduction The discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium -
Chapter 16 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 16 275 Chapter 16 Nuclear Chemistry Review Skills 16.1 The Nucleus and Radioactivity Nuclear Stability Types of Radioactive Emissions Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Equations Rates of Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay Series The Effect of Radiation on the Body 16.2 Uses of Radioactive Substances Medical Uses Carbon-14 Dating Other Uses for Radioactive Nuclides 16.3 Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission and Electric Power Plants Nuclear Fusion and the Sun Special Topic 16.1: A New Treatment for Brain Cancer Special Topic 16.2: The Origin of the Elements Chapter Glossary Internet: Glossary Quiz Chapter Objectives Review Questions Key Ideas Chapter Problems 276 Study Guide for An Introduction to Chemistry Section Goals and Introductions Section 16.1 The Nucleus and Radioactivity Goals To introduce the new terms nucleon, nucleon number, and nuclide. To show the symbolism used to represent nuclides. To explain why some nuclei are stable and others not. To provide you with a way of predicting nuclear stability. To describe the different types of radioactive decay. To show how nuclear reactions are different from chemical reactions. To show how nuclear equations are different from chemical equations. To show how the rates of radioactive decay can be described with half-life. To explain why short-lived radioactive atoms are in nature. To describe how radiation affects our bodies.. This section provides the basic information that you need to understand radioactive decay. It will also help you understand the many uses of radioactive atoms, including how they are used in medicine and in electricity generation. Section 16.2 Uses of Radioactive Substances Goal: To describe many of the uses of radioactive atoms, including medical uses, archaeological dating, smoke detectors, and food irradiation.