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This publication focuses on the medical management Safety Reports Series of individuals involved in radiation emergencies, especially those with deterministic effects due Safety Reports Series to exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation. Its primary objective is to provide practical information to be used for treatment decisions by No. 101 medical personnel during a radiation emergency. 101 No. It also provides general and specific measures for the medical handling of individuals who have been internally contaminated with radionuclides. This publication complements other IAEA publications on the medical response to radiation emergencies. Medical Management of Radiation Injuries Medical Management of Radiation Injuries Jointly sponsored by PAHO OPS OPAS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–107019–7 ISSN 1020–6450 Atoms for Peace RELATED PUBLICATIONS Atoms for Peace IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1 IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS STI/PUB/1273 (21 pp.; 2006) Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt ISBN 92–0–110706–4 Price: €25.00 standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. GOVERNMENTAL, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the FOR SAFETY IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 1 (Rev. 1) safety and waste safety. The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, STI/PUB/1713 (42 pp.; 2016) Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. ISBN 978–92–0–108815–4 Price: €48.00 Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available on the IAEA Internet LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY site IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 2 https://www.iaea.org/resources/safety-standards STI/PUB/1750 (26 pp.; 2016) The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts ISBN 978–92–0–104516–4 Price: €30.00 of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES: further information, please contact the IAEA at: Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, INTERNATIONAL BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS 1400 Vienna, Austria. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their STI/PUB/1578 (436 pp.; 2014) use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the ISBN 978–92–0–135310–8 Price: €68.00 purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by email to [email protected]. SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 4 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/1714 (38 pp.; 2016) RELATED PUBLICATIONS ISBN 978–92–0–109115–4 Price: €49.00 The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating PREDISPOSAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 5 purpose. STI/PUB/1368 (38 pp.; 2009) Reports on safety in nuclear activities are issued as Safety Reports, which provide ISBN 978–92–0–111508–9 Price: €45.00 practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. DECOMMISSIONING OF FACILITIES Other safety related IAEA publications are issued as Emergency Preparedness and Response publications, Radiological Assessment Reports, the International Nuclear Safety IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 6 Group’s INSAG Reports, Technical Reports and TECDOCs. The IAEA also issues reports STI/PUB/1652 (23 pp.; 2014) on radiological accidents, training manuals and practical manuals, and other special safety ISBN 978–92–0–102614–9 Price: €25.00 related publications. PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR A NUCLEAR OR Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises informational publications to encourage IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 7 and assist research on, and the development and practical application of, nuclear energy for STI/PUB/1708 (102 pp.; 2015) peaceful purposes. It includes reports and guides on the status of and advances in technology, ISBN 978–92–0–105715–0 Price: €45.00 and on experience, good practices and practical examples in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and decommissioning. REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, 2018 EDITION IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/1798 (165 pp.; 2018) ISBN 978–92–0–107917–6 Price: €49.00 www.iaea.org/publications MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIATION INJURIES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PAKISTAN ALBANIA GHANA PALAU ALGERIA GREECE PANAMA ANGOLA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARGENTINA GUYANA PERU ARMENIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE POLAND AUSTRIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY QATAR BAHAMAS ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAINT LUCIA BELIZE ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ITALY THE GRENADINES BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SAN MARINO STATE OF JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKMENISTAN CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EGYPT MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA ERITREA NEPAL URUGUAY ESTONIA NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN ESWATINI NEW ZEALAND VANUATU ETHIOPIA NICARAGUA VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NIGER REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NIGERIA VIET NAM FRANCE NORTH MACEDONIA YEMEN GABON NORWAY ZAMBIA GEORGIA OMAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PAKISTAN SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 101 ALBANIA GHANA PALAU ALGERIA GREECE PANAMA ANGOLA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARGENTINA GUYANA PERU ARMENIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE POLAND AUSTRIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY QATAR BAHAMAS ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAINT LUCIA BELIZE ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ITALY THE GRENADINES MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SAN MARINO STATE OF JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL RADIATION INJURIES BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE JOINTLY SPONSORED BY THE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA AND PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND ENDORSED BY THE CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY, CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE, CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALI TUNISIA EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKMENISTAN ONCOLOGY, CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UKRAINE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPATHOLOGY, OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SOCIETIES OF DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED
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  • Personal Preparedness Guide Radiological: Nuclear Explosion

    Personal Preparedness Guide Radiological: Nuclear Explosion

    PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS GUIDE RADIOLOGICAL: NUCLEAR EXPLOSION What It Is: Nuclear explosions occur when two subcritical masses of highly processed radioactive material are thrust together suddenly, triggering a violent chain reaction and release of energy. Nuclear weapons are designed to cause catastrophic damage to people, buildings and the environment. Special highly guarded materials and expertise are required to construct and detonate a nuclear weapon. Damage from nuclear weapons fall into several categories. The explosion itself can demolish buildings and structures over a large area. The extent of the damage depends on the power of the bomb. Once the bomb explodes, it releases a fireball. This form of radiation can melt and burn some objects and skin, but clothing and opaque objects can provide some protection. However, the heat from thermal radiation is also the source of most of the post-blast fires. The intense heat of the fire causes an updraft, pulling oxygen in, making it difficult to breathe in the surrounding area. One of the unique effects of a nuclear blast is the electromagnetic pulse, which also emanates from the center of the blast. It disables all electrical devices in its path, rendering anything with a computer chip essentially dead. This poses an escape problem; newer cars with chips would not be able to start. Perhaps the most widely known effect of a nuclear attack is the fallout. When the bomb or missile explodes near the earth's surface, it pulls soil and water into a mushroom cloud, contaminating it with radiation. This matter settles back to the ground generally within a day and can be spread over a wider area by wind.