Safety Reports Series No

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Safety Reports Series No This publication focuses on the medical management Safety Reports Series of individuals involved in radiation emergencies, especially those with deterministic effects due Safety Reports Series to exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation. Its primary objective is to provide practical information to be used for treatment decisions by No. 101 medical personnel during a radiation emergency. 101 No. It also provides general and specific measures for the medical handling of individuals who have been internally contaminated with radionuclides. This publication complements other IAEA publications on the medical response to radiation emergencies. Medical Management of Radiation Injuries Medical Management of Radiation Injuries Jointly sponsored by PAHO OPS OPAS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–107019–7 ISSN 1020–6450 Atoms for Peace RELATED PUBLICATIONS Atoms for Peace IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1 IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS STI/PUB/1273 (21 pp.; 2006) Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt ISBN 92–0–110706–4 Price: €25.00 standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. GOVERNMENTAL, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the FOR SAFETY IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 1 (Rev. 1) safety and waste safety. The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, STI/PUB/1713 (42 pp.; 2016) Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. ISBN 978–92–0–108815–4 Price: €48.00 Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available on the IAEA Internet LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY site IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 2 https://www.iaea.org/resources/safety-standards STI/PUB/1750 (26 pp.; 2016) The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts ISBN 978–92–0–104516–4 Price: €30.00 of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES: further information, please contact the IAEA at: Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, INTERNATIONAL BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS 1400 Vienna, Austria. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their STI/PUB/1578 (436 pp.; 2014) use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the ISBN 978–92–0–135310–8 Price: €68.00 purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by email to [email protected]. SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 4 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/1714 (38 pp.; 2016) RELATED PUBLICATIONS ISBN 978–92–0–109115–4 Price: €49.00 The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating PREDISPOSAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 5 purpose. STI/PUB/1368 (38 pp.; 2009) Reports on safety in nuclear activities are issued as Safety Reports, which provide ISBN 978–92–0–111508–9 Price: €45.00 practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. DECOMMISSIONING OF FACILITIES Other safety related IAEA publications are issued as Emergency Preparedness and Response publications, Radiological Assessment Reports, the International Nuclear Safety IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 6 Group’s INSAG Reports, Technical Reports and TECDOCs. The IAEA also issues reports STI/PUB/1652 (23 pp.; 2014) on radiological accidents, training manuals and practical manuals, and other special safety ISBN 978–92–0–102614–9 Price: €25.00 related publications. PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR A NUCLEAR OR Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises informational publications to encourage IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 7 and assist research on, and the development and practical application of, nuclear energy for STI/PUB/1708 (102 pp.; 2015) peaceful purposes. It includes reports and guides on the status of and advances in technology, ISBN 978–92–0–105715–0 Price: €45.00 and on experience, good practices and practical examples in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and decommissioning. REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, 2018 EDITION IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/1798 (165 pp.; 2018) ISBN 978–92–0–107917–6 Price: €49.00 www.iaea.org/publications MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIATION INJURIES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PAKISTAN ALBANIA GHANA PALAU ALGERIA GREECE PANAMA ANGOLA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARGENTINA GUYANA PERU ARMENIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE POLAND AUSTRIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY QATAR BAHAMAS ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAINT LUCIA BELIZE ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ITALY THE GRENADINES BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SAN MARINO STATE OF JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKMENISTAN CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EGYPT MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA ERITREA NEPAL URUGUAY ESTONIA NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN ESWATINI NEW ZEALAND VANUATU ETHIOPIA NICARAGUA VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NIGER REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NIGERIA VIET NAM FRANCE NORTH MACEDONIA YEMEN GABON NORWAY ZAMBIA GEORGIA OMAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PAKISTAN SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 101 ALBANIA GHANA PALAU ALGERIA GREECE PANAMA ANGOLA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARGENTINA GUYANA PERU ARMENIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE POLAND AUSTRIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY QATAR BAHAMAS ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAINT LUCIA BELIZE ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ITALY THE GRENADINES MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SAN MARINO STATE OF JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL RADIATION INJURIES BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE JOINTLY SPONSORED BY THE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA AND PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND ENDORSED BY THE CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY, CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE, CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALI TUNISIA EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKMENISTAN ONCOLOGY, CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UKRAINE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPATHOLOGY, OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SOCIETIES OF DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED
Recommended publications
  • RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What Is Radiation? What Does Radiation Do to Us? Where Does Radiation Come From?
    RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What is radiation? What does radiation do to us? Where does radiation come from? United Nations Environment Programme RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What is radiation? What does radiation do to us? Where does radiation come from? United Nations Environment Programme DISCLAIMER This publication is largely based on the findings of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly and for which the United Nations Environment Pro- gramme provides the secretariat. This publication does not necessarily r epresent the views of the Scientific Committee or of the United Nations Environment Programme. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. The United Nations Environment Programme promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication was printed on recycled paper, 100 per cent chlorine free.
    [Show full text]
  • General Guidelines for the Estimation of Committed Effective Dose from Incorporation Monitoring Data
    Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaftt Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 7243 General Guidelines for the Estimation of Committed Effective Dose from Incorporation Monitoring Data (Project IDEAS – EU Contract No. FIKR-CT2001-00160) H. Doerfel, A. Andrasi, M. Bailey, V. Berkovski, E. Blanchardon, C.-M. Castellani, C. Hurtgen, B. LeGuen, I. Malatova, J. Marsh, J. Stather Hauptabteilung Sicherheit August 2006 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 7243 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF COMMITTED EFFECTIVE DOSE FROM INCORPORATION MONITORING DATA (Project IDEAS – EU Contract No. FIKR-CT2001-00160) H. Doerfel, A. Andrasi 1, M. Bailey 2, V. Berkovski 3, E. Blanchardon 6, C.-M. Castellani 4, C. Hurtgen 5, B. LeGuen 7, I. Malatova 8, J. Marsh 2, J. Stather 2 Hauptabteilung Sicherheit 1 KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary 2 Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, (formerly National Radiological Protection Board), Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom 3 Radiation Protection Institute, Kiev, Ukraine 4 ENEA Institute for Radiation Protection, Bologna, Italy 5 Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium 7 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France 8 Electricité de France (EDF), Saint-Denis, France 9 National Radiation Protection Institute, Praha, Czech Republic Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe 2006 Für diesen Bericht behalten wir uns alle Rechte vor Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe Mitglied der Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ISSN 0947-8620 urn:nbn:de:0005-072434 IDEAS General Guidelines – June 2006 Abstract Doses from intakes of radionuclides cannot be measured but must be assessed from monitoring, such as whole body counting or urinary excretion measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Considerations Before, During, and After Radiological Or Nuclear Emergencies
    TECHNICAL REPORT Pediatric Considerations Before, During,Martha S. Linet, MD, MPH, and a, b Ziad Kazzi, After MD, c, d Jerome A. RadiologicalPaulson, MD, FAAP, e COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH or Nuclear Emergencies Infants, children, and adolescents can be exposed unexpectedly to ionizing abstract radiation from nuclear power plant events, improvised nuclear or radiologic dispersal device explosions, or inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy equipment. Children are likely to experience higher external and internal radiation exposure levels than adults because of their smaller body and aRadiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; bAgency for organ size and other physiologic characteristics as well as their tendency to Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control pick up contaminated items and consume contaminated milk or foodstuffs. and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; cNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; This technical report accompanies the revision of the 2003 American dDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and eDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on pediatric radiation emergencies Sciences, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, by summarizing newer scientific data from studies of the Chernobyl and the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant events, use of improvised radiologic Drs Linet and Kazzi contributed much of the technical information in dispersal devices, exposures from inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy this report, and Dr Paulson was responsible for drafting the document; equipment, and potential health effects from residential proximity to and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolomics in Radiation Biodosimetry: Current Approaches and Advances
    H OH metabolites OH Review Metabolomics in Radiation Biodosimetry: Current Approaches and Advances Merriline M. Satyamitra 1,*, David R. Cassatt 1, Brynn A. Hollingsworth 1, Paul W. Price 2, Carmen I. Rios 1, Lanyn P. Taliaferro 1, Thomas A. Winters 1 and Andrea L. DiCarlo 1 1 Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; [email protected] (D.R.C.); [email protected] (B.A.H.); [email protected] (C.I.R.); [email protected] (L.P.T.); [email protected] (T.A.W.); [email protected] (A.L.D.) 2 Office of Regulatory Affairs, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-240-669-5432 Received: 1 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 11 August 2020 Abstract: Triage and medical intervention strategies for unanticipated exposure during a radiation incident benefit from the early, rapid and accurate assessment of dose level. Radiation exposure results in complex and persistent molecular and cellular responses that ultimately alter the levels of many biological markers, including the metabolomic phenotype. Metabolomics is an emerging field that promises the determination of radiation exposure by the qualitative and quantitative measurements of small molecules in a biological sample. This review highlights the current role of metabolomics in assessing radiation injury, as well as considerations for the diverse range of bioanalytical and sampling technologies that are being used to detect these changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon-14 Radiological Safety Guidance Revision Date: 09/27/18
    Carbon-14 Radiological Safety Guidance Revision Date: 09/27/18 Physical Data BETA ENERGIES • 156.4 keV (maximum) • 49.5 keV (average) (100%) Physical Half-Life 5730 years Biological Half-Life 10 days (Whole Body) Effective Half-Life 10 days (Bound/Whole Body) Effective Half-Life 40 days (Unbound/Bone) Specific Activity 4460 millicuries/gram Maximum Beta Range in Air 25.400 cm = 10.0 inches Maximum Beta Range in Water/Tissue* 0.030 cm = 0.012 inches Maximum Range in Plexiglas/Lucite/Plastic 0.025 cm = 0.010 inches *Fraction of C-14 beta particles transmitted through dead layer of skin (0.007 cm) = 17% Shielding None required (≤ 3 mm plexiglass) Half-Value Layer (Water) 0.005 cm = 0.05 mm Tenth-Value Layer (Water) 0.017 cm = 0.17 mm Volatility • Inherent Volatility (STP) is Not Significant Exposure: Radiological Safety Information There are three main classes of carbon compounds which may be inhaled: organic compounds, gases (CO or CO2), and aerosols of carbon containing compounds such as carbonates and carbides. Carbon- 14 Data Sheet Page 1 of 4 Revision Date: 09/27/18 Exposure Rates Dose Rate from a 1.0 millicurie isotropic point source of C-14: DISTANCE RAD/HOUR 1.0 cm 1241.4 2.0 cm 250.4 15.2 cm 0.126 20.0 cm 0.0046 Exposure Prevention • Always wear a lab coat and disposable gloves when working with C-14. • Possibility of organic C-14 compounds being absorbed through gloves. Administrative Controls • Care should be taken not to generate CO2 gas that could be inhaled.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Glossary
    Radiation Glossary Activity The rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are Curie (Ci) and the Becquerel (Bq). Agreement State Any state with which the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. Under the agreement, the state regulates the use of by-product, source, and small quantities of special nuclear material within said state. Airborne Radioactive Material Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. ALARA Acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken. It takes into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of radioactive materials and licensed materials in the public interest. Alpha Particle A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus, with a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) Annual intake of a given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems to an organ or tissue. Attenuation The process by which radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through some material.
    [Show full text]
  • ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME: Diagnosis and Treatment
    ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME: Diagnosis and Treatment Badria Al Hatali, MD Medical Toxicologist Department of Environmental and Occupational Health MOH - Oman Objectives Provide a review of radiation basics and acute radiation sickness Discuss diagnostic tools and triage tools for Acute Radiation Syndromes Discuss management of Acute Radiation Syndromes Energy traveling over a distance as Waves Particles • Gamma rays • Alpha • X-rays • Beta • Radio waves • neurons Non-ionizing vs Ionizing Radiation • High energy • Low energy • Removes orbital electrons • Does not remove orbital from atoms > DNA electrons from atom damage Radioactive Decay Process to Remove excess energy from atomic nuclei Nuclei emit rays or particles to decrease nuclear energy Radioactive materials have unstable nuclei with excess energy Ionizing Radiation Dose • Radiation absorb dose (RAD): the amount of energy absorbed by the body. 1 cGy = 0.01 J/kg (USA) • Gray (Gy): expressed as absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue. 100 rad =100 cGy =1 J/kg (SI) • Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM) relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation (USA) • Sievert (Sv): the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation (SI) Radioactivity Biological And Effective Half-lives Biological half-life is the time to remove half of radioactive element from body Effective half-life is the combined effect of radioactive decay & biological elimination Effective half-life is always shorter than either physical or biological half-lives Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Direct damage Chromosome Other biochemical E.g. alpha and beta particles Indirect damage Chemical changes due to radiolysis of water in cell E.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency and Combat First Aid» Module № 1 Emergency and Combat First Aid Topic 7 Means of Mass Destruction
    Ministry of Health of Ukraine Ukrainian Medical stomatological Academy It is ratified On meeting department Of accident aid and military medicine «___»_____________20 __y. Protocol №_____ Manager of department DMSc ., assistant professor __________К.Shepitko METHODICAL INSTRUCTION FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS DURING PREPARATIONS FOR THE PRACTICAL LESSON Educational discipline «Emergency and Combat First Aid» Module № 1 Emergency and Combat First Aid Topic 7 Means of Mass Destruction. First Aid. Weapons of mass destructions. Lesson 10 Radiations chemical accidents .First Aid Сourse ІІ Foreing students training dentistry Faculty Training of specialists of the second (master) level of higher of education (название уровня высшего образования) Areas of knowledge _______ 22 «Health protection»_________ (шифр и название области знаний) Specialty ________222 «Medicine», 221 «Stomatology»________________ (код и наименование специальности) Poltava 2019 The relevance of the topic: Military action in modern warfare will be carried out with high activity and limit tension. They cause great losses in the army and among the population, the destruction of potentially dangerous objects, energy centers, waterworks, the formation of large zones of destruction, fires and floods. The main form of countering in the war, is armed struggle - the organized use of armed forces and weapons to achieve specific political and military objectives, a combination of military actions of varying scales. To conventional weapons, the application of which may cause losses among the population are missiles and aerial munitions, including precision munitions volumetric detonation of cluster and incendiary. Have the greatest efficiency high precision conventional weapons, which provide automatic detection and reliable destruction of targets and enemy targets with a single shot (trigger).
    [Show full text]
  • Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1
    Exposure Routes Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1 External exposure Internal exposure Body surface From outer space contamination and the sun Inhalation Suspended matters Food and drink consumption From a radiation Lungs generator Radio‐ pharmaceuticals Wound Buildings Ground Radiation coming from outside the body Radiation emitted within the body Radioactive The body is equally exposed to radiation in both cases. materials "Radiation exposure" refers to the situation where the body is in the presence of radiation. There are two types of radiation exposure, "internal exposure" and "external exposure." External exposure means to receive radiation that comes from radioactive materials existing on the ground, suspended in the air, or attached to clothes or the surface of the body (p.25 of Vol. 1, "External Exposure and Skin"). Conversely, internal exposure is caused (i) when a person has a meal and takes in radioactive materials in the food or drink (ingestion); (ii) when a person breathes in radioactive materials in the air (inhalation); (iii) when radioactive materials are absorbed through the skin (percutaneous absorption); (iv) when radioactive materials enter the body from a wound (wound contamination); and (v) when radiopharmaceuticals containing radioactive materials are administered for the purpose of medical treatment. Once radioactive materials enter the body, the body will continue to be exposed to radiation until the radioactive materials are excreted in the urine or feces (biological half-life) or as the radioactivity weakens over time (p.26 of Vol. 1, "Internal Exposure"). The difference between internal exposure and external exposure lies in whether the source that emits radiation is inside or outside the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiological Information
    RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION Frequently Asked Questions Radiation Information A. Radiation Basics 1. What is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy. It is all around us. It is a type of energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic rays that are given off by atoms. The type of radiation we are concerned with, during radiation incidents, is “ionizing radiation”. Radiation is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and invisible. 2. What is radioactivity? It is the process of emission of radiation from a material. 3. What is ionizing radiation? It is a type of radiation that has enough energy to break chemical bonds (knocking out electrons). 4. What is non-ionizing radiation? Non-ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that has a long wavelength. Long wavelength radiations do not have enough energy to "ionize" materials (knock out electrons). Some types of non-ionizing radiation sources include radio waves, microwaves produced by cellular phones, microwaves from microwave ovens and radiation given off by television sets. 5. What types of ionizing radiation are there? Three different kinds of ionizing radiation are emitted from radioactive materials: alpha (helium nuclei); beta (usually electrons); x-rays; and gamma (high energy, short wave length light). • Alpha particles stop in a few inches of air, or a thin sheet of cloth or even paper. Alpha emitting materials pose serious health dangers primarily if they are inhaled. • Beta particles are easily stopped by aluminum foil or human skin. Unless Beta particles are ingested or inhaled they usually pose little danger to people. • Gamma photons/rays and x-rays are very penetrating.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionizing Radiation in Earth's Atmosphere and in Space Near Earth May 2011 6
    Federal Aviation Administration DOT/FAA/AM-11/9 Office of Aerospace Medicine Washington, DC 20591 Ionizing Radiation in Earth’s Atmosphere and in Space Near Earth Wallace Friedberg Kyle Copeland Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Federal Aviation Administration Oklahoma City, OK 73125 May 2011 Final Report OK-11-0024-JAH NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents thereof. ___________ This publication and all Office of Aerospace Medicine technical reports are available in full-text from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s publications Web site: www.faa.gov/library/reports/medical/oamtechreports Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AM-11/9 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Ionizing Radiation in Earth's Atmosphere and in Space Near Earth May 2011 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Friedberg W, Copeland K 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute P.O. Box 25082 11. Contract or Grant No. Oklahoma City, OK 73125 12. Sponsoring Agency name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Office of Aerospace Medicine Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20591 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplemental Notes 16. Abstract The Civil Aerospace Medical Institute of the FAA is charged with identifying health hazards in air travel and in commercial human space travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Preparedness Guide Radiological: Nuclear Explosion
    PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS GUIDE RADIOLOGICAL: NUCLEAR EXPLOSION What It Is: Nuclear explosions occur when two subcritical masses of highly processed radioactive material are thrust together suddenly, triggering a violent chain reaction and release of energy. Nuclear weapons are designed to cause catastrophic damage to people, buildings and the environment. Special highly guarded materials and expertise are required to construct and detonate a nuclear weapon. Damage from nuclear weapons fall into several categories. The explosion itself can demolish buildings and structures over a large area. The extent of the damage depends on the power of the bomb. Once the bomb explodes, it releases a fireball. This form of radiation can melt and burn some objects and skin, but clothing and opaque objects can provide some protection. However, the heat from thermal radiation is also the source of most of the post-blast fires. The intense heat of the fire causes an updraft, pulling oxygen in, making it difficult to breathe in the surrounding area. One of the unique effects of a nuclear blast is the electromagnetic pulse, which also emanates from the center of the blast. It disables all electrical devices in its path, rendering anything with a computer chip essentially dead. This poses an escape problem; newer cars with chips would not be able to start. Perhaps the most widely known effect of a nuclear attack is the fallout. When the bomb or missile explodes near the earth's surface, it pulls soil and water into a mushroom cloud, contaminating it with radiation. This matter settles back to the ground generally within a day and can be spread over a wider area by wind.
    [Show full text]