Brigham Young's Indian Superintendency (1851-58): a Significant Microcosm of the American Indian Experience
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Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1989 Brigham Young's Indian Superintendency (1851-58): A Significant Microcosm of the American Indian Experience Wayne Miles Eckman Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Eckman, Wayne Miles, "Brigham Young's Indian Superintendency (1851-58): A Significant Microcosm of the American Indian Experience" (1989). Theses and Dissertations. 4660. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4660 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 0 LI L W BRIGHAM YOUNGSyoung7younga S INDIAN superintendency 18515818515841851 58584 A significant MICROCOSM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN experienceXPERIENCEe7ea A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE department OF HISTORY BRIGHAM YOUNG university IN PARTIAL fulfillment OF THE requirements FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS WAYNE MILES ECKMAN AUGUST 1989 this thesis bjby waydemaydemayne eckman is accepted in its present form by the department of bistorhistorhistorys of brigham young universityUniver sits as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts j K ssspassr rr fc ronald koK esplin citteemitteesmitteeMitmmitteetee chaitmanchairmanchaitChair nanman Z va4k4sV fred roR GogowansgowansywansyS committeeE 0 1 member aj7j kru 2 date davidlbsC montgomrymontgommontgome st aduateacuategrdijateG coordinator 11 tadletabletabl1rablepableTADLE OF colcotCONTENTSITENTS introduction Vvii chapter I1 A stjrviSURREYY OF UNITED STATES1 INDIAN POLICY 1 the fiewhiewNPWmew republic 2 the jeffersonianjpffersonianjeffersortian abcaqcage q the jilcksonisnjacksoriian era 9 q the1 h P leho1 E 0 s endandc3 n d 181850s5 0 s reformreform emierationtemigration aindzindnd Freservationss 4 16 q endnolesandriotesendriotesEndemdEndri otesnolesnotes fotfor chapter 12 2A II11 thleTHE NATIVES CFOF rhiphiFHITFII GPLATGREAT BASINDASIN 27 spanish j1oraticnexplorationE t 4 282 6 Ttheh e Iinrii&ncp1 n F 11 e ri c e ofc F ttheh c- h 0 r si e 0onn Ulitet e a hotehore andendc ri d shorhonishoeShorsnoeS h 0 s nonihonih 0 rf i cultureC u 1 t u r e 33J ththee inthanIanthan1 n HJ 3 a n slave trade 335 fxplcners1p1oterstE irsppersftrappers and emirsntsemisirc rits 37 endnotes fotforfo T chapter II11 s 199 iliIII111 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN EARLY UTAH 52 PEtichrrichi c h z m yoY 0 uisn-i n g ecfnencep er i e n c e iinn I1indiann dj j a n afaffairsfisz31 T S j IQPJ 8qaq 9 18113111311.31851sll5 1 A precarious fescefereacereazepeacesceace 5599 185218 5 2 A cshiftsnift3 h i f t ini n phasisehphasisemphasisEhE m p hcasis3sis 65 endnotes for chapter liiIII111 70 M 1 M ipiapi L 11 1IV Ccoyrfnhent0 V E RN EN T adhinistrationadministrationA I1 N I1 S TR T 10 N I1INN earlyEA R Y UUTAHA 0.0 4 73 ththee TErtitcjr3territory of utah 4 73 thelnefhett e utahU t a h indianI1 n rj j a n Ssopersuperii p e r 3j ntenntendencyn t e n dencyd e n c 3 77 superintendentc ip er i rite rident yoiyolyounging and mamajotmajori OT ficileffianholemanileftiemyiemfiannianmlan 79 Endiendnotesnotesmotes for chchspterchapterpter IV 4 4 9922 C j 17 WITH aq V CONFLICT0 l1c1 rithITHpith THE NATIVESNAYUVES 4 4 99q chief alaralkrwaikerwalker ETE irhamdirhamrighambigham yolyotyoongyounging cndandzi nd the indian slave trade 994 wa gi klc the lkerikeraderauerwalker hairnarwair alandid the incisorinnisorcnnisonannisonCnnison massacre1ssacte 4 98 frB T ichmighambigham younasyoungsyounqss adiadladministtnisttnista atlonatlonofor ttheh P Wnailer8-1 V e r W ar v 102 c endnotesEndri otes for chchapterapter 5 4 4 4 1071 0 7 i1 j3 i1 IV TtableTAULLA EL E 0OF17 CONTENFSCONTENTS CONTINUEDCOWTINUED chefch3fct h 3 P ttertorbore r lilliiVI STRAINEDT R A I1 N il D RERELATIONSL A T 10 N S W 11ITH111 1 TrhefheVI e7ea OFFICE 01OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 4 4 4 1091.09Ilog1 09 A newnowmewmow commissionerCOMMIssi oneronor of indian affairs 10 9 treaties alidaridi indian land titles i 111iq aberiabentaqeriaqentt gatlandgariandgarlandhotthorthurtaccomplishmentsaccompiaccompt i 5hmenbs andaridarldanid challenges 4 4 4 117 Endriandriotesendriotesotes for chapter VI 1122 VII misunderstanding AND misrepresentationkiskeMISKE presentation 4 4 4 1251 2 5 corifcorefconflictlictlica with adentarentagent HIhiitthurtitt 4 125 canticcntigentileCc nti officiblstofficialssss mormoristmormonistmormonstMor morisimonstMoriSt and the warOfficialofficials utah arwdrhethat3r 4 4 4 4 1291 A 9 theth e Mmounlsin0 u ntain meadow massacre 133J J endnoteserldErid notes for chapter VII 143lq 3 ulliVIII aftermathaftermarh17termathAFTERA MArH OF BRIGHAM YOUNGS superintendency 116 the settling of brigham youngs accounts 148118 EtighambighamfsrighmtiaTig ham couricyoungsyouric influenreinfluenceirifarif luence in indian is 1 affairs rifteralftergifter 1858 1151J 1 endnoteseddEndEndri otesnotesnotos for chapter VIII 1541551 C jq conclusion 4 0.0 156 0 6.6 0 selectedSCLECTCDSELEC TE D elieekiel1 le L lorf APHYAFHY 159 v LIST ai0iOF MAPS I1 land cessionsCescee sioris ofor the five civilized tribes 4 4 4 4 4 21 2 4 indian landlarid Cescessionssioriseloris in the nottiNOT thi 4 4 4 4 4 22 C E 3 indian tetterterritoryr i t tj etoree toiefoiefote18541851 4 4 4 4 4 4 23 ai4i1 Ntinativesvs of the crestgrestgreatgreetbasinpasinEasinssin 4 4 4 4 4 4212 5 LocatilocstionlocutionlocatiortLoc stionatlonoriort of ute bands 4 4 4 4 43 iq iq 664 ElpeditionLp edition of cabeza de vacavaceancianclcoronado 4 4 4 4 4 44 7 4 Efcpeoitperditionsperjitionsionslonsof rivers an8anzana at domDOMJi ngeengueegueznguez lscalanteescalanteLs ante f adz calante q aand3ndn ci atzearzearceA tze GCcerciaaciarcia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 455 884 Eexpedexpedepetitionspeditionspedititioriionslonsof lewis candund clarhclarksndaridarldanid zebulon fikeflkepipe 4 4 4616 q 9 4 theth oreqoriporegon old spanish endandaridarldgrid california trails 4 4 4 477 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S 10 the fur trtradeade rendezvous 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 11ils114 state of deseret vs tettitettlTerriterritorterritorytottor j of uthetcutc h 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 89 12412 original divlsiondivisioriDivisdivulsioniorilorlof the utah sopetstsopersuperircirelrearc rlriteelriteintendancyintendcncyridaridcr lc 3 4 4 4 4 90 13413 division of thetho utah superintendencysuperinteridenussuperintendpncy afteratteretter hentyflerirhenryflerin lj daesdavsdawsa 3 departure 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 91 1 12 1 1411 loclocationLocc tionation of indian farmsfc rms 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 121 mi i i M t jj c w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 t mountain0 ri t a i n meadowe a 4 4 4 4 4 14215211 introduction A microcosm is a portion of a steatergreater whole which is either symbolic or representative of that wholewhoiewholes Iin1 n a vetyveryv e rj real sense E righambighambrigham youngs indian superintendency fits the criteria of a microcosm born in 1801 the sawesamegawegamegemejearsearyear that thomas jefferson besanbeganbegad his presidpresidencyencstencist brigham youneyoung grew LIPuipup on the frontier in new york his mature deatsseatsseatsyeatsyears spanned the jacksonian era and hetietlehie undoubtedly was aware of the removal policy andaridanid subsequent reform efforts with the displaced northern and southern tribes brigham young served as superintendent of indian affairs in utah territorterritoryi during the implementation of the reservation plan and shared the desire of his counterparts that indian land titles be etextinguishedinquiingui shed and treaties consummated with the various indian tribes the prevailing pattern in dealing with the indian problem later affected superintendent yoengyoungyoungs s administration of indian affairs in utah territorTerriterritorytottor durinsdotingduring the earlusearly jearssearsyears in the great balintbasintE asin E righambighambrigham learned by periericeexperiencee petiPeri erice that it was cheaper to feed the indians than to fight them brigham youngsYOLi rigs indian superinteridericsuperintendencys is significant on the american frontier because hetietlehie successfully instituted a conciliatory policypolict3 without the aid of officialoffici31 treaties andaridanid with limited vi Vvilvii federal funding his administration of the walker warmar demonstrated his determination to pursue the conciliaconciliatorytotstors policpolicysj even though madmanmanyj of his morionmormon constituents appealed for retaliation against the natives he relentlessl3relentlessly endorsed the policpolicy1 in spite of oppositioppositionont telling his people to defend themselthemselvesvesivest but riotnot to give an offeroffenseoffenisetiseetsee his perseveranceperseverenceper severence paid off and the war ended with minimal loss of life and propertpropertys this thesis provides insight into the conflict which E righambighambrigham young had with non mormon officialofficialsofficialstst both within and outside the indian superintendency it contributes a srithesissynthesiss of previous writings regarding the supsuperintendencyer i rite ridericroderic s and analyzes the intent and motives of brigham yourisyoung and the nonnonmormonmormon officials in their interaction with one another and with the indians during the yeatslearsyears of brighams super intendenc3tendencyinintendancyintendency1851 58t58 brbrighami shanshamghan young was motivated by mormon self interest