Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1989

Brigham Young's Indian Superintendency (1851-58): A Significant Microcosm of the American Indian Experience

Wayne Miles Eckman Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Eckman, Wayne Miles, "Brigham Young's Indian Superintendency (1851-58): A Significant Microcosm of the American Indian Experience" (1989). Theses and Dissertations. 4660. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4660

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 0 LI L W BRIGHAM YOUNGSyoung7younga S INDIAN superintendency 18515818515841851 58584

A significant MICROCOSM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN experienceXPERIENCEe7ea

A THESIS

PRESENTED TO THE

department OF HISTORY

BRIGHAM YOUNG university

IN PARTIAL fulfillment OF THE requirements FOR THE DEGREE

MASTER OF ARTS

WAYNE MILES ECKMAN

AUGUST 1989 this thesis bjby waydemaydemayne eckman is accepted in its present form by the department of bistorhistorhistorys of brigham young universityUniver sits as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts

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11 tadletabletabl1rablepableTADLE OF colcotCONTENTSITENTS introduction Vvii chapter I1 A stjrviSURREYY OF UNITED STATES1 INDIAN POLICY 1 the fiewhiewNPWmew republic 2 the jeffersonianjpffersonianjeffersortian abcaqcage q the jilcksonisnjacksoriian era 9 q the1 h P leho1 E 0 s endandc3 n d 181850s5 0 s reformreform emierationtemigration aindzindnd Freservationss 4 16 q endnolesandriotesendriotesEndemdEndri otesnolesnotes fotfor chapter 12 2A

II11 thleTHE NATIVES CFOF rhiphiFHITFII GPLATGREAT BASINDASIN 27

spanish j1oraticnexplorationE t 4 282 6 Ttheh e Iinrii&ncp1 n F 11 e ri c e ofc F ttheh c- h 0 r si e 0onn Ulitet e a hotehore andendc ri d shorhonishoeShorsnoeS h 0 s nonihonih 0 rf i cultureC u 1 t u r e 33J ththee inthanIanthan1 n HJ 3 a n slave trade 335 fxplcners1p1oterstE irsppersftrappers and emirsntsemisirc rits 37 endnotes fotforfo T chapter II11 s 199 iliIII111 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN EARLY UTAH 52 PEtichrrichi c h z m yoY 0 uisn-i n g ecfnencep er i e n c e iinn I1indiann dj j a n afaffairsfisz31 T S j IQPJ 8qaq 9 18113111311.31851sll5 1 A precarious fescefereacereazepeacesceace 5599 185218 5 2 A cshiftsnift3 h i f t ini n phasisehphasisemphasisEhE m p hcasis3sis 65 endnotes for chapter liiIII111 70

M 1 M ipiapi L 11 1IV Ccoyrfnhent0 V E RN EN T adhinistrationadministrationA I1 N I1 S TR T 10 N I1INN earlyEA R Y UUTAHA 0.0 4 73

ththee TErtitcjr3territory of utah 4 73 thelnefhett e utahU t a h indianI1 n rj j a n Ssopersuperii p e r 3j ntenntendencyn t e n dencyd e n c 3 77 superintendentc ip er i rite rident yoiyolyounging and mamajotmajori OT ficileffianholemanileftiemyiemfiannianmlan 79 Endiendnotesnotesmotes for chchspterchapterpter IV 4 4 9922

C j 17 WITH aq V CONFLICT0 l1c1 rithITHpith THE NATIVESNAYUVES 4 4 99q

chief alaralkrwaikerwalker ETE irhamdirhamrighambigham yolyotyoongyounging cndandzi nd the indian slave trade 994 wa gi klc the lkerikeraderauerwalker hairnarwair alandid the incisorinnisorcnnisonannisonCnnison massacre1ssacte 4 98 frB T ichmighambigham younasyoungsyounqss adiadladministtnisttnista atlonatlon ofor ttheh P Wnailer8-1 V e r W ar v 102 c endnotesEndri otes for chchapterapter 5 4 4 4 1071 0 7

i1 j3 i1 IV

TtableTAULLA EL E 0OF17 CONTENFSCONTENTS CONTINUEDCOWTINUED chefch3fct h 3 P ttertorbore r lilliiVI STRAINEDT R A I1 N il D RERELATIONSL A T 10 N S W 11ITH111 1 TrhefheVI e7ea OFFICE 01OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 4 4 4 1091.09Ilog1 09

A newnowmewmow commissionerCOMMIssi oneronor of indian affairs 10 9 treaties alidaridi indian land titles i 111iq aberiabentaqeriaqentt gatlandgariandgarland hotthorthurt accomplishmentsaccompiaccompt i 5hmenbs andaridarldanid challenges 4 4 4 117 Endriandrioteseridnoiesendriotesotes for chapter VI 1122

VII misunderstanding AND misrepresentationkiskeMISKE presentation 4 4 4 1251 2 5

corifcorefconflictlictlica with adentarentagent HIhiitthurtitt 4 125 canticcntigentileCc nti officiblstofficialssss mormoristmormonistmormonstMor morisimonstMoriSt and the warOfficialofficials utah arwdrhethat3r 4 4 4 4 1291 A 9 theth e Mmounlsin0 u ntain meadow massacre 133J J endnoteserldErid notes for chapter VII 143lq 3 ulliVIII aftermathaftermarh17termathAFTERA MArH OF BRIGHAM YOUNGS superintendency 116 the settling of brigham youngs accounts 148118 EtighambighamfsrighmtiaTig ham couricyoungsyouric influenreinfluenceirifarif luence in indian is 1 affairs rifteralftergifter 1858 1151J 1 endnoteseddEndEndri otesnotesnotos for chapter VIII 1541551 C jq conclusion 4 0.0 156

0 6.6 0 selectedSCLECTCDSELEC TE D elieekiel1 le L lorf APHYAFHY 159 v

LIST ai0iOF MAPS

I1 land cessionsCescee sioris ofor the five civilized tribes 4 4 4 4 4 21

2 4 indian landlarid Cescessionssioriseloris in the nottiNOT thi 4 4 4 4 4 22

C E 3 indian tetterterritoryr i t tj etoree toiefoiefote 18541851 4 4 4 4 4 4 23

ai4i1 Ntinativesvs of the crestgrestgreatgreet basinpasinEasinssin 4 4 4 4 4 4212

5 LocatilocstionlocutionlocatiortLoc stionatlonoriort of ute bands 4 4 4 4 43

iq iq 664 ElpeditionLp edition of cabeza de vacavace anciancl coronado 4 4 4 4 4 44

7 4 Efcpeoitperditionsperjitionsionslons of rivers an8anzana at domDOMJi ngeengueegueznguez lscalanteescalanteLs ante f adz calante q aand3ndn ci atzearzearceA tze GCcerciaaciarcia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 455

884 Eexpedexpedepetitionspeditionspedititioriionslons of lewis candund clarhclark sndaridarldanid zebulon fikeflkepipe 4 4 4616

q 9 4 ththe oreqoriporegon old spanish endandaridarldgrid california trails 4 4 4 477

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S 10 the fur trtradeade rendezvous 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

11ils114 state of deseret vs tettitettlTerriterritorterritorytottor j of uthetcutc h 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 89

12412 original divlsiondivisioriDivisdivulsioniorilorilorl of the utah sopetstsopersuperircirelrearc rlriteelriteintendancyintendcncyridaridc r lc 3 4 4 4 4 90 13413 division of thetho utah superintendencysuperinteridenussuperintendpncy afteratteretter hentyflerirhenryflerin lj daesdavsdawsa 3 departure 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 91 1 12 1 1411 loclocationLocc tionation of indian farmsfc rms 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 121

mi i i M t jj c w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 t mountain0 ri t a i n meadowe a 4 4 4 4 4 14215211 introduction

A microcosm is a portion of a steatergreater whole which is either symbolic or representative of that wholewhoiewholes Iin1 n a vetyveryv e rj real sense E righambighambrigham youngs indian superintendency fits the criteria of a microcosm born in 1801 the sawesamegawegamegeme jearsearyear that thomas jefferson besanbeganbegad his presidpresidencyencstencist brigham youneyoung grew

LIPuipup on the frontier in new york his mature deatsseatsseatsyeatsyears spanned the jacksonian era and hetietlehie undoubtedly was aware of the removal policy andaridanid subsequent reform efforts with the displaced northern and southern tribes brigham young served as superintendent of indian affairs in utah territorterritoryi during the implementation of the reservation plan and shared the desire of his counterparts that indian land titles be etextinguishedinquiingui shed and treaties consummated with the various indian tribes the prevailing pattern in dealing with the indian problem later affected superintendent yoengyoungyoungs s administration of indian affairs in utah territorTerriterritorytottor durinsdotingduring the earlusearly jearssearsyears in the great balintbasintE asin E righambighambrigham learned by periericeexperiencee petiPeri erice that it was cheaper to feed the indians than to fight them brigham youngsYOLi rigs indian superinteridericsuperintendencys is significant on the american frontier because hetietlehie successfully instituted a conciliatory policypolict3 without the aid of officialoffici31 treaties andaridanid with limited vi Vvilvii federal funding his administration of the walker warmar demonstrated his determination to pursue the conciliaconciliatorytotstors policpolicysj even though madmanmanyj of his morionmormon constituents appealed for retaliation against the natives he relentlessl3relentlessly endorsed the policpolicy1 in spite of oppositioppositionont telling his people to defend themselthemselvesvesivest but riotnot to give an offeroffenseoffenisetiseetsee his perseveranceperseverenceper severence paid off and the war ended with minimal loss of life and propertpropertys this thesis provides insight into the conflict which E righambighambrigham young had with non mormon officialofficialsofficialstst both within and outside the indian superintendency it contributes a srithesissynthesiss of previous writings regarding the supsuperintendencyer i rite ridericroderic s and analyzes the intent and motives of brigham yourisyoung and the nonnonmormonmormon officials in their interaction with one another and with the indians during the yeatslearsyears of brighams super intendenc3tendencyinintendancyintendency 1851 58t58 brbrighami shanshamghan young was motivated by mormon self interest andaddaridanid perceived no traitorism in utilizingi his political alauthoritylthorit j in behalf of his people the nonnonmormonmormon officialofficialsst on the other handihandthandfheddy felt that brigham youngyoungs emphasis on mormon colonization clouded his vision andaridanid ability to properlproperly3 supervise territorial indian affairs this thesis considers and discusses these powerful forces which created discord within the utah indian supgupsuperintendencyer i rite ridencs no other study to date treats brigham youngs ssuperintendencyup er i rite rideric3 within a framework of united states indian policpolicyj of the period nor integrates an expositionexposit iori of the viii history of the great basin indians prior to the arrival of brigham young brigham youngs administration of indian affairs cannot be objectivelobjectivalobjectivelys studied without this backdrop this thesis provides such a context 9 thus portrayingpor trains brigham yourisyoung and his indian leadership in a realistic and comprehensive manner it is a necessary supplement to the able contributions of earlier writers most of the primary material substantiating the thesis comes from three sources 1 the brighamE young collectioncollectiontcollections located in the LDS historical department archivesatcharchivistarchivestArch ivest contains correspondence initiated and received bjby brigham young this collection was riotnot eerierallgenerallyi available for perLperuperusaltsalisaltsai when most of the earlier work was written 2 the madeline mcquown collection located in the special collections area of the marriott libratlibrary on the university of utah campusfcampust containscoritaconita ins transcripts of official indian department correspondence with the utah superintendencysopsup er i ritenite nderic3 from the national archives in washington D C 3 senate and house of representative ecutiveexecutivee documentdocumentsdocumentstst located in the documents area of the marriott library on the

uriiversituniversity3 of utah campustcampescampus contain valuablevaival Liable federal government data regarding legislative decisions andaridanid discussions concerning utah Territerritorytoritors much of this primary material substantiates previous researchresearcht but it also offers significant new insights and clarifications the most significant literatiliteratureliteratiireirettetre which is currently available regarding the indian superintendencysup er i rite rideric3 of brigham ici c young is reviewed below in chronological order according to publication date 1929 creetcreer leland hoH ulahutah nd the natinetinationnetlon0O cl seattleseattieseattlet washingtonwashingtont university of washington presspregg 1929 leland creer became the first blithorit3authority on brigham youngyoungs indian superintendsuperintendencsuperintendencesuperintendencyenc his work cites several editions of the annual report of the commissioner of indian affairs his well written history is still credible and accurate todatodayjt butbulblitbuilbull it lacks interpretation regarding the internal conflict within the utah indian lperiritendencislsuperintendency 11sl19 18 morgantmorgan dale L the administration of indian affairs in utah 1851 1858 11 pacific historical review 17 november 19483834091948383194g 383409383 409 dale morgan researched correspondence fronetonfrom the national archives between the indian department andaridanid the utah superintendency his article focuses on the conflict between E righambighambrigham young andarid agents hurt and holeman it also deals somewhat with the neglect of MissionercortmissionercotomissionerCortCotocormcomm manypenny andaridarldanid others toward the utah superinteridencsuperintendencys it is pro briehambrighanbrigham young addandeddarid provides only limited onderunderunderstandingstand i rignig of the attitudes of the non mormon officials in the super interidencintendencetendencyinintendency 1963 Gowgowansgowensgouarist fred R A flisterflistorhistorys of brigham youngs indian superintendenc3superintendency 185118571851 1857 Frobproblemslems and accomplishments unpublished masters thesis brigham young universituniversiauniversityst 1963 cowansgowans thesis was the first work of such masnimagnitudetude 1 I JI solelsolely3 on brigham youngs indian superinteriderictsuperintendencyi he utilized secondary material btbyj leland creer and called on senate documents and editions of the annual report of the commissioner of indian affairs as data for his analanelanbianalysisssisasis of the troublesome tritrltriangleariele Brbrighamisham youristyoung norinon mormon officials in the superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendency3tat and the indians of the great asinbasinEs his research is accurate andaridarldanid well documented but lacks the paridedexpendedexpandede caridedpaniparided insight of primarprimary3 materials dotriotnot available for his perusal in 1963 1978 layton stanford J andendariderldenid oneil floyd A of pride andaridarldanid foliticstpoliticst brigham yourisyoung as indian superintendentsuperintendentssuperintendent44 utah historical quarterlyquattequettequarte 46 summer 1978t2361978 4236504236 50 lalastonlaytonston and oneil approached their studsstudy of brigham Youyoungsricas superintendency from the perspective that much of brighams administration as superintendent was colored by selfinterestself interest endandaridarld political pedieric3expediencye citing several norinon mormon sourcessour cest thesthey provide a flavor of the gentile reaction to brigham youngs leadership their article is critical of brighamelvigEsrig ham young and his lack of attention to the needs of the indians and the various indian agencies thesthey have riotnot integrated mormon sources nor sthingathinganythingan pro brigham yourieyoung 1978 1979 2 articles christchristyst howard A open hand and mailed fist mormon indian relations in utah 1847521817521.81752184718171847184752181752 52 utah historical quarterly 46 summer 197819781216216 35 christy howard A the walker hatnatpatwarmar defensedef enseedgeenge andaridarldanid conciliation as strategy utah fistorihistorihistorical quarterly 4717 fall 19793951979 395 420120 1 I 1 nj christchrstycharstyChr stydsa articles reserilbeserilpresentP his argiavgiargiifimentyentament that L nghamengham dounnyourjqyounn cj raidedraldedheraldedhihe ededlded indian policpolicys that it was chcheaperlaper to feed the iridiziiridizeindiansindiensis that to tightfight hehemp took tinetime to develop HPH e arguesarquezangues lutatI1 hctactlftat during the eanlseanisearly eatsyedearsyecezrsez rs in the great bain the motMormerrionmcrrionmormoricnoricnonicmoric conductedcondur tedbed selectivesectiveselective campaignscaMppcampe igns to kikillI1 1 indians who stood ir3nan thefh w3ywawaiweiwryway 3 of colonizecolonizcco onizztaitionaitionon 4 E lj 18521652 according to chtiahtichtistychristyst brbrighamisham young had learnodlearnoldlectriedaried rried that defensedef E rise iridandgridir cancilicancilocctnc L 1 ilE tionlonion could better preserve peaceful lationsrelationsref with ttheh e I1indiansri d J a ri s irin this viedtviewtview the Wwalterweikerlif114 er war was brigham youngyounqs5 srsuccessful test case for defense and conciliation breabceace eribriartan effective indian policpolicy christchristyj does riotnot discuss the morionmorrion doctrine of lamanite redeMptiredemptioniredemptiontoniont nor does he identify brighariBriger ighaiaghaihariharlhami yoengyoungyoungs personal struggle to apply the doctrine aidaldamid thetho powerful reclitzrealit3reclity of the need for more and more land to coloriicoloriacolonizeded e the great Easidzisidsinasin t

1 1985 arnngtoripirrinotont leonardleoncitdirdsvd J bricbr ighambighamvba m yourisyoungjyounga aeramericanican moses new yorktyorkyonkt alfred atA knopknopff t 1985 onardleonardLE arrirjqtonarnnqton devotes two chapters of his biographbiography3 to brinhambriqhamfcsrigham younasyounqs deadealinesdeadlinesdealingslines with the indians his well documented account provides an erpertexperte pert synthesissynthcsissk3nthcgissis of all prior meteriomateriomaterial1 andariderldbrid presents erprighafvjlaiigl191 ksrskarss indian administration inirilriirl a palatable andaridanid concise mandetmandermarinetmarinermanner although it doesnt teallrealireallreallyj provide riewnew informatioriircformation or interpretation it is an eexcellentceicel lent resource Althoualthougheh the works of lawrence G coates endandcandjeddpedd brichatrichrichat n d EC bendettbennett do not directdirectlyls discuss the indianirirjicri

I1 .9 3 suferiritendericsopetsopersuper inintendencetendencyintendencyj of bticbaicdnghamdingham9 ham yoiingtyoongyonng thetheyy aretatearegretgre rieverneverthelessES xiikil important contributions in understanding brigham youngs earlsearisearly eperienceexperienceperlPeri ence in indian affairs coates andarid bennett have written about the doctrine of lamanite redemptiredemptionont brigham yourisyoungss earlseariseariearlearlys encounters with indians near nauvoo illinois in the earliearldearly 1840s1840st and his administration of indian conflict on the iowa and nebraska plains their works are proepro E righambighambrigham young and utilize mostimostlys motionmorionmormon soursourcescest but they provide insight into brigha young as a church leader CHAPTER I1

A SURVEYSURREY OF UNITED STATES INIIANINDIAN POLICY 177618591776 1859

to understandunder stand the indian superintendsuperintendencisuperintendencyencience of brigham1 young in utah territory it is essential to provide an overview of united states indian policapolic3policy prior to and during brigham tourigyourigyoungss settlement of the great basin the natives of utah territory had been influenced to a great degree bjby white men prior to the arrival of the mormons andaddedderidaridbrid thesthey had a vast history andaridarlderld a distinctive culture of their ownown& & mormon settlement of the great basin presented new andaridarld unique challenges for the natives because unlike otherottier whiteswhitest the cormonsmormons cameCBMG to establish permanent residency inevitablinevitablyinevitablytst conflicts arose between the mormons endandaridanid the great basin indians because of their diverse religious social and political customs brighamB youngs response to these conflicts often demonstrated an adherence to similar indian policies addandarid attitudes hibitedhabitedexhibitede hibihibl ledted bby3 his counterparts orfortonont other frontiers EEsbys the 1850s mansmenymany federal indian policies had solidified and becoriedecoriebecome standard operating procedure on the various frontiers thusthust a review of the dealings of the united states government with the indiindigenousseriousseniousgenious tribes establishes an appropriate corttecontestcontextt in which E righambighambrigham younssyoungsyoungs indian superintendency can be objectivelobjectivalobjectivelys studied

1 17 A the new republic

As the founding fathers drafted the constitution of the united states theithedthey could riotnot have anticipated the tremendous impact of the advancing frontier nor the role it would plaspiasplay in shaping federal policies and legislation regarding the indian tribes that dotted the continent the constitution granted congress the power to regulate comercecommerce with foreign dationnationnationssti and aramongiong the several statesslateststatest and among the indian tribes these last five words anidandarid among the indian tribes became the scant foundation upon which federal legislation regulating indian affairs would be builtbulitbuiittbuiwitt 1 the northwest ordinance of 13 joisjolyjulyjoiy 1787 which became law under the new congrecongressssisst further clarified the position of the federal governmentgovernmenttgovernments the utmost soodgood faith shall alwaalwayss be observed towards the indiansiindianstindianistIndiIndianansist their lands and propertpropertyi shall never be taken from themthern without their conconsentseritsenit andaddeddaridarldanid in their propertproperttpropertyipropertyproperttyi rights and ilbertlibertlibeilbelibertyilibertynrt yi thesthey shall never be invaded or diStUrbdisturbeddisturbedtediedt unless in just and lawful wars authorized byb 3 congress but laws founded in justice and humanithumaniahumanitys shall from time to time be medemademedey for preventing wrongs beingtietledone to them andendaridarlderld fyr preserving peace addandeddarid friendship with themfr in 1789 the new republic established the department of war anderidaridaneene gave it jurisdiction over the office of indian affairs 3 the federal government missionedcommissionedcotcor the department of warmar to enforce united states indian policpolicy3 andaridarldanid assure that utmost good faith underscore white indian relations on the frontier in 1790 corigressconiconlCoricongressgressgrese enacted a law requiring licenses to trade with the datnatnativesivest specifying 3 penalties for trading without a license outlawing the purchase of indian lands unless nademade bjby public treaty with the united states and affirming that whites comittinocommittinscomittingcommitco Mittingtinsting crinescrimes against the indians be deiydoiyduly punished according to the law in 1793 congress added provisions that authorized the president to remove white settlers frohfrom indian landslandsi prohibited soverngoverngovernmentment employees from trading with the Indianindiansst sndendandadd specified that states could riotnot impose their trade restrictions on the indian tribes the act of 1796 added a detailed definition of indian country prohibited whites from driving their cattle on indian lands and required passports for anandoneanyonedonedodesone traveling into indian q territorsterrterritoryterri tors during the 1780s andendarid 1790s three important treaties were consummated with the northern indian tribes between october 1784 and januarjanuarys 1785 several northern tribes including the w3aridotstwyandotsWyanpyenuyendots deiadelawaresdelawarekdelawarestDelaDelaw wateswaresarest chipperaschippewaschippewastChippChippe ewaswasiwast and ottswasottawasottaway signed the treattreatyj of fort stancistanwistanwix andaridarldanid the fort mclntoshmcintosh treattreatyi these tribes ceded lands in western new york andendariderldbrid fenrispenrispennsylvaniailvaniaalvania to the united states andaridarld a reservation for each was created in the northwest territory 5 in 1795 much of their reserved land was again ceded bsbbys treatstreaty in the treattreatstreatys of greenville tribal leaders gave most of ohio to the united states in return the united states distributed twenty thousand dollars worth of provisions and pledged an annuity of ten thousand dollars to be shared by the tribes including the delawaresdelawarekdelawarestDeladelgdeigDelaw wereswareswareearest Potawatomifotawatomispotawatomistst 3aridotstWyandotwyandotsfW Sf shawnees 6 miamis chipperaschippewaschippewastChippChippe ewaswasiwast OttaottawasottawastOtottawaytawaswastwasp and Kickauckapooskickapoospoos durinsduring the eariearlearllearliearilearlyi jearsyeatsyears of the new republic legislation addandarid official policy regarding indian affairs favored the natives and promised that their lands and rights would riotnot be threatethreatenedried howeverhowevertHow evert9 on the frontifrontiererterg treaties andaridanid land cessions were already foreshadowing the next era of united states indian relations As americans began looking to the western frontier and realizing that the indians inhabited vast domaindomainsst including sonesome of the most fertile grounds for agriculture thetheithestheys questioned the indians right to remainregain on their lands without cultivating the rich natural resources the natives were hunters and didnt comprehend the agricultural value of their lands because of such considerationconsiderationsconsiderationstst bsbbys the fearjearyear 1800 utmostutmost good faith with the indian tribes began to receive a different interpretation and thomas jefferson dewiddewlynewly elected president of the united statesstateffstatesf proposed a new approach in federal indian policpolicy5

the jeffersonian age

one of the most critical periods in the histor3history of united states indian policpolicyS was the administration of thonasthomasthombs jefferson jefferson did dotriotnotmot believe that mandatory removal of the natives was the answer to the indian problem on the frontier rathert he maintained that proper assimilation of the indians into the union would cofiecome through civilcivilizationi fatioridatioridat iorilori 1 this hetietlehie beliebeilebelievedbelievedtvedt would be 5 accomplished btbyi displacing hurihurlhuntinghuritinghurstingting with agriculture 4 I1inn 1803 president jefferson saldsaidsaidisaldi

I1 consider the business of hunting has alreadalready3 become insufficient to furnishing clothing andaridanid subsistence to the indians the promotion of agricultureagriculturetagriculturer therefore and household manufacturemanufacturetmanufactured are essential to their Preservatipreservationontony andaridarlderld I1 amBM disposed to aid andaddedderldaridbrid encourage it this will enable them to live on much smaller portions of land while thebthetheyj are learning to do better on less laddland our increasing numbers will be calling forfotoceor more landlandt and thus a coincidence of interests jefferson perceived no contradiction in working for the civilization of the indian andaridarld at the saegaegeesamegamegeme tietletinetime gradualgraduallyls reducing his land holdingholdingsst he viewed these issues as compimentarycoMpicomplimentarycomplimeritar3Mentary sides of the safiesanesamiesapiesame coin jefferson also asserted his belief that the amalgamation both coicolCUIculturalturaitUral and physicalphssicalt of the indians andaridanid the whites was essential to bring about the civilization of the natives writing to indian agent benjamin hawkinshawkingFlaw kinst president jefferson saldsaidsaidtsaidisaldi the ultimate point of rest & happiness for them uridians3eindiansd is to let our settlements and theirs meet and blend togethertogethert to intermixtintermiinintermixterMi and become one people 8 this idealistic view proved totally incompatible with the realities of life on the frontier the lifestlikestlifestyledledie of the two peoples varied so vastlvastivestivastly3 as to nakemake the realization of such a measure virtually impossible two events during the jefferson administration had a profound effect on indian affairs the first of these was the intercourse act of 18021802118027 for the most part it restated 6 former legislation but in addition it authorized the president of the united states to take whatever steps he deededdeemed riecessarjnecessary to prevent or restrain the vending or distribution of spirituous liquors amoricaambricaamlong all or anifenyany of the indian tribes 9 to assure fairness in trade and to maintain peace on the frontier 9 the broad power granted to the president to take whatever steps he deededdeemed necessary clarified former laws governing indian affairs andarid foreshadowed the broad presidential authoritauthorityauthorityj of the jacksonian era the indian act of 1802 remainedregained in force until 1834183qt a period of notemotenoremore than thirtthirty featsfearsjearsyears another event diiringdoringduring the jefferson administration that qreatlgreatly3 affected federal indian relations was the louisiana purchase of 1803 nithwith the putpurperchasepurchasepurchasetpurchasedchaset the united states gained a vast territory and the resident indian tribes of the louisiana purchase area acquired a fetherF etheratherfather in

WashingtonNasragpag hington 4 the purchase riotnot orilonilonlys meant jurisdiction over indian tribes on a new frontier west of the mississippi riverrivert but also provided the land for the famous indian removal policy of the jacksonian era during the jefferson administration lewis and clarkclaretclarkt zebulon pike endandarid others ploredexplorede eloredpioted the territerritorytotstors acquired by the louisiana purchase andaridanid reported their findings to the president toward the end of his administration jefferson urged sonesomegonegome of the indians who could dotriotnot cope with the relentless surge of the advancing frontier to charicaeexchangee charchericae their eastern lands for tracts west of the mississippi river 10 7 although the jefferson administration never forced removal of eastern indians from their tribal lands it nevertheless laid the foundation for subsequent indian legislation and conceived the embryo of andrew jacksons brainchild the indian removal policpolicyj of the IBSCs jefferson maintained his assertion that teaching the indians the arts of agriculture would provide a coincidence of interests civilizing the natives addandarid apportioning noremore land for the conquest of successive frontiers the continual westward surge of the frontier andaridanid a simultaneous effort on the part of the indians to eairlmairimaintainmairitaintain their tribal lands characterized the two decades following the jefferson administration the loftilottylofty assumption that the indiansIndi aris would respond to civilization efforts andarldarid adopt white waiswassways received limited acceptance among the various tribes during the searsyears following the jefferson administration seeing howhoweverhowevertevettevert as it beretweretwere the handwriting on the waliwallwaii the southern tribes made noticeable gestures toward civilization hoping that it would appease the obsession of greedgreedys white land speculators that theithey be removed the cherokee tribetribet in particular and to a lesser degree the creekscreekst Chickasawchickasawschickasawstst and Choctawchoctawsst adopted white waswassways of tilling the soil and learned the domestic arts of weaving andaridarldanid spindspinnspinningingo thesthebthe3thethey3 welcomed missionaries who established schools addandaridanid eventually assisted the cherokee in publishing their own 11 newspaper 4 during the watwetwarmar of 1812 t these tribes remalremairegainedriednied a loyal to the united statesistaleststatest even aidingbiding general andrew jackson in quieting the rebellion of a hostile creek faction known as the red sticks 12 all of these efforts proved inadequate in quelling the tide of white expansion and greed during the jearsyears following the war of 1812 the southern tribes reluctantlreluctantlyreluctantlys ceded large tracts of land to the united states in a series of successive treaties bjby 1820 the cherokees had surrendered most of their lands in western north Carolicarolinanetnatneg south Carolicarolinacarolinatcarolinasnainat andaridanidgrid tennessee andendarid retained a domain in northwestern georgia the creeks had surrendered their lands in southern georgia andaridarld retained a homeland core in alabama the seminolesSeMi noles were in process of accepting reduced territory in florida the choctaws had ceded much of their territory in southern and central mississippi and were about to agree to another large cession the chickachickasawsChicks sawssews had retreated through successive land cession treaties to a small domain in northern 13 mississippi and northwestern alabama see map tl1 on page 21

ejbyE j 1827 the cherokee tribe determined to fight for its own cause on 26 julyjuijul 1827 the cherokee nation adopted a written constitution patterned after that of the united states wherein it asserted that the cherokee was a sovereign and independent nation with complete jurisdiction over its own territorterritoryterritory3 this action incensed the officials of the state of georgiageorgiat who responded byb 3 terdirjgextendinge the authority 9 of the state andarid its laws over cherokee lands the georgians made a threat to use force if necessnecessarsnecessaryinecessarnecessaryarsyi to I114iq accomplish their aims both the cherokee tribe andarldarid the georgia legislature resolutelresolutely3 maintained their political position andendaridarlderld although still nonviolentnon violent when andrew jackjacksonsodson entered the white house in 1829 the controvertcontroverscontroversys in georgia was one of his most urgent and pressing concerns the northern tribes likewise lost considerableconsideriable land map holdingsholdings44 see t2ta2 on pasepage 22 from 1816 to 1818 federal officials secured a strategic tract of over two million acres between the illinois and mississippi rivers displacing the PeoriapeoriasipeoriastPeor iasist askaskiasskaskaskiasKaska skias andarid several smaller tribes the powerful kickapoo tribetribet which controlled the territory on the wabash river in the indiana Territoterritoryrj andaridarld the rich illinois and sangamon river countrcountry3 in north central illinois exchanged its lands for a domain in the trans mississippi territoryterritor&3 nearlnearinearlyj two thousand Kickakickapoospoos moved during 1819 but two bands rebelled against the removal andarldarid remained in illinois until 1834 15

the jacksonian era

general andrew zcksonjacksonjaj4ackson entered the white house in march 182918219 with soesome fifiredfixeded views on how the federal government should handle indian affairs t during the war of 1812 jackson had become a militamilitaryrj hero for several seatsjearssearsyeatsyears follofollowingwirig the war he had beerbeen active in frontier fairstaffairsiaffairstaffairaf si incincludingludins service as a commissioner for the government in 10 negotiating trestlestreaties with the southern indian tribes through this experiencee perlericeperL erice he became a spokesman for frontier settlers who desired indian owned land jackson thought it absurd to deal with the indian nations as separate enclaves and expressed his views freelifreely that congress ought simplcimplsinplysimply to legislate for them just like it did for evereveryonesodejodesone elseeiseelse& & in 1817 he dentedmentedcommentedcotcor to president james monroe I1 have loncboncionclongiong1 vviewed eatiesbatiestreatiestr with the indians an absurditabsurdityj riotnot to be reconciled to the principles of our government the indians are subjects of the united states f inhabiting its territorterritoryterritorys andarldaridanid acknowledging its sovereignsovereignty then is it riotnot absurd for the sovereign totjnegotiate bby treattreaty with the subject I1 have alwaisalwaalwaysis thoughthoughttt that congress had as much righttightright to regulate by acts of legislation all indianin i an concerconcernsrisirist as thelthey had of territories t although his ideas did riotnot receive immediate attention by

Congrecongresssst jacksons views were wellknownwell known bbsbys 1829 and bsby therthenthed he had gathered substantial support for his frontier program

prior to andrew jacksons presidpresidencyerict voluritarvoluntary5 removal of certain indian tribes had been considered one answer to the indian problem on the frontier jaesjames monroe bodifmodifmodifiedled indian policypolpoi ic s by proposing the selfselfimposedimposed removal of all eastern indians to the territory west of the mississippi river he presented this plan to congress in

1 1 IZ 17 Jjanuarya n ua r tat3 1618255 Jackjacksonjacksonssontsons in contrascontrastcontrasttcontrastytt brought to the presidericpresidency3 the view that the indians must be removed at all costs his Secresecretarytari of narwarnatihatiwarf john H eaton expressed the opinion of the new administration referring to the treattreaty3 of 1783 eaton told the indians 11 iftifflff 85as is the casecese you have been permitted to abide on your lands from that period to the preserittpresentpregentpreseritt enjoenjoyingsing the right of the shiltsoiltsoil and privilege to hunthudthuritt it is riotnot thence to be inferredinfer redt that this was an3ansanaany thing more than a permission growing out of compacts with jouryoutyour nation t nor is it a circumstance whencetwhencei now to deny to those states the exercisee arcise of their original sovereigntsovereigntystatest6he ercise the statement sounds hatshharsh but the jackson administration justified this notion bsby perpetuating the idea that removal was in the ultimate best interest of the natives the administration argued that the indians could riotnotmot be civilized orion their ancient lands but rathert they must be granted different lands which could riotnot be taken bby1 white men seeking a new frontier 4 once removed thetthemthey would be protected by their father in washington and taught the skills of civilization the frontier could then advance at will without conflict and bloodshed andaddandiandtaddi when the white men again met the indianindiantindiana the desired assimilation of the two societies would become a reality in his first annual message as president of the united statesslateststatest 9 andrew jackson articulated the vision he hoped to see realized through indian removal 4 in the restnestwestmestpest the indians masmamays be secured in the enjoenjoymentsment of governments of their own choice subject to no other control from the united states than such as madmay be necessarnecessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes there the benevolent mamajmesmayj endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization andandt by promoting union and harmonsharmondharmony among them to raise up an interesting commonwealth destined to perpetuate the race andaddaridarld to atlefattefattesiattest the humanity andaridarld justice of this government this lottiottloftloftsloftys rationrationalerationaletrationalesaletalep as idealistic andarldarid non pragmatic as it 12 was began to gain momentum especiallespeciallyespeciallyj among the american settlers in the southern states 6 As eariearlearly as 1825 Secresecretaryterstars of narwar john C calhoun recommended that president monroe set aside the region west of missouri and arkansas as a permanent reserve for the several indian tribes monroe designated for that purpose an terisivederisiveextensivee terisivegive indian colonization zone bounded on the north bbyj the platte riverrivert on the south bbjbyj the red rivetriverrivettrivert andendaridbrid eteridnqextending west to the one hundredth meridian for a time the region was knownkriown as indian country 20 with the passage of the removal bill on 28 kaymasmamays 1830 thethenthem region became officially indian territory andendaridarld congress granted frepresidentideritideria andrew jackson power to organize districts within 21 the tettltettiterriterritorytoritors for indian removalrem ovalo see map 3 on page 232-3 the removal bill was dotriotnot without opposition several new elandenglanderlEri congressmen posedolopposed the measure jeremiah evarts believed jackson had riotnot given sufficient thought to the problems that nightmight arise hefieflehie doubted that the government could find good administrators who would go to the indianiridian territory and cartcarrcarry3 out federal policies he feared the men selected would be much more intent on the emoluments of office than on promoting the happinesshapplhappi riessniess of the indiansIrid lansianslads 22 edward everett of massachusetts added whoever read of such a project tedteriterlten or fifteen thousand familiesfamil lestiestlesy to be rooted LIPuipulpup andaridarlderld carriedcatcar riedi a hundred asetaayeseisetjei aB thousand miles into the wilderness there is dotriotnot such a thing inirilriirl the annaisannals of mankind o to remove them agaagainstirist 13 their willwillt bibyb i thouthousandsthousandstsandst to a distant andarid different councountrytrltri where thesthey must lead a dewriewnew lifeilfe andarldaridanid form other habits andaridarldanid encounter the perils and hardships of a wilderness 4 Ttheyh e3ea are planters and farefarmfalerstamersfarmersterst thesthey are tradespeople andaddaridarld mechanicmechanicsmechanicstst thesthey have cornfields andarid orchardorchardsst loomsIOOMS and workshopworkshopsst 25hoolsschools andarid churchurcheschest endandaridanid orderlordealorderlyj institutions it is interestinterestinginsing to dotenote that the opposition from new england lesislatorslegislators represented a sector of the nation that was no longer plagued bbjbyj an indianIndiani problem their ancestors had accomplished removal of the new england natives in the generations that preceded them ethics on the advancing frontifrontiererterp howeverhoweverthow evettevert seededseemed to have no absolutes

the indians also resented the removal policpolicyat3t but only a few like blackE lackulack hawk were brave enough to militantly oppose the great father E lackelackblack hawkhawks a sac endandariderid fofoxeos indian chiefchieft ranged the country between the illinois andadderidarid wisconsin rivers 4 during the summer of 1831 hetietlehie gathered his people numbering about one thousand men women and children and courageously defended the lands of his fathers several skirmishes with the illinois militia followed firiallmiriallfinallyj in desperation the militia summoned help from federal troops E lackslacksiackblack hawk andarid his people made a last stand during the summer of 1832 against the combined army the carriagecarnage that followed left three hundredhuri dred indians dead 24 andarid chief E lackelackblack hawk a prisoner of war the most united indianiridian opposition to the removal policy caecame from the cherokee tribe residing in the boundaries of the state of georgia in 1831 when georgia 114 passed laws that ttendedattendedextendede jurisdiction over the cherokee nation the cherokees brought a suit before the supreme court of the united states against the state of georgia the supreme court determined that indians were dependent 25 domestic nationnationsso in an unprecedented bovetmovetmove jackson refused to accept the decision of the supreme court and rebireqirequirediiredaired that the indians move voluntarily or be provided a militarmilitary3 escort to see that the move take place although reluctreluctantreluctarittaritt most indian tribes ceded their lands without testing the presidents threat in the case of the cherokee tribetribet howeverhoweverthow evert jackson called on the militarmilitarys to round them up andendariderid escort thenthem to indian tettitettlTerriterritorytorltorr orilorlionlyi about two thousand of the eastern cherokee had deserted their lands bsby 1838 general winfieldminfield scott received orders to take command of severiseven thousand troops already in cherokee countrcountrys andaridbrid enforce removal fififteenfteedteen thousand cherokee had already been disarmed prior to the arrival of general scott the armsarmy carried out its orders to eathergather the indiansindians6 6 squads of troops were sent to search out with rifle and bayonet everdevery smailsmallSMBII cabin hidden awasawaaways andarid to seize andaridarld bring in as prisoners all the occupantoccupantsst however or wherever they might be found men were seized in their fields or going alorisalong the roadroadt womenWOMOH were taken from their wheels and childchildrenrerireni from their piadpladplay inirilriirl manimany casescagesceges on turning for orteoneome last look as thesthey crossed the ridge thesthedthetheyS saw their homes in flakesflames several soldiers hunted for indians graves to rob them of the 15 silver pendants and other valuables deposited with the dead 26 finally realizing the futilitfutilityfutilityj of resistance the cherokees Proprecededceded without a militarmilitary3 escort their ffamousamous journejourney3 has been remembered as the trail of tears a journejourney3 which reaped a heaveheavy harvest of misersmisery and death the trek began in the summer of 1838 the weather was so hot that the marches started each dajday before sunrise andaridanid ended at noon threethreet foutfourfouttfourt and five deaths occurred each dadajdayj Usby the end of the firstarstfirst month betweebetweenri two and three hundred were ill 27 after several months the companies arrived in indian territor3tterritory each having suffered great loss of life of the original fifteenfifteert thousand cherokee that left georgiageorgiat dearlnearldebrinearlys four thousand never reached their destination 708 another important act of congress affecting indian affairs dotingduring the jacksonian era was the intercourseintercoiintercom irsearse act of 30 june 18341831 it was a wholesale reconstruction of the intercourseiritercourse act of 1802 and made a threefoldthree fold attack on problems encountered during a halfhelfhalfcenturyceriterceriturcercenturyitur of indian affairs firstifirsts it reorganized the indian depattdepartdepartmentmerit mamakingkiris provisions for indian agents and eliminating confusion that had frequentlfrequentsfrequentlys arisen inirilriini financial matters second it detailed a new trade and intercourse act riperipenednedlnedidedi in light of frontier eperiericeexperiencepetiperlperi erice addandaridarld congressional debate firiallmiriallfinallyjt it proposed the organization of a western territorterritoryterritorys for the indians and pledged protection from their 16 government in washington 29

Eby3 the time andrew jajacksonC k songon left the white house in 1837 hetietlehie had affected a permanent change in the direction indian affairs would take for mansmany jearsyeatsyears to come it is difficult to evaluate jacksonJackjacksonssorss removal policpolicy3 because the forces of mansionpansionexpansione pansionslon cut short mansmany of the programs endandaridarld goals that the removal policy had outlined indian eerpertespertexpertpert francis paul prucha summarizes the difficultdifficultyi historians face in evaluating jacksons policies ultimate evaluation of indian removal is difficult removal brought neither the utter collapse of indian societsochetsocietyj and culture diteldireldirelyj predicted by the critics of jacksonjacksons program nor the utopia in the west that advocates envisaged like so madsmansmamsmanymamy human fairstaffairsaf it had elements of good andaridarld evily of humanitarian andaridarld philanthropic concern for the indians and fraud andarldarid corruptioncorrliption practiced by unscrupulous men how it might finally3 have turned olitout cannot be determinedetermineddt for thefinalldevelopment of the emigrant indians in the west was cut short bisby new forces of expansion in the 18ios1840s and ladslods1818 Is and then biby the cataclysm of the civil warlsds

the lgiosalgios1840 andaddaridarld 1850s1850 reform t emiemigrationationtationo andaddaridanid reservations

by 1840 the removal of eastern indian nations to homeshornets west of the mississippi had largely been accomplishaccomplishededsedo the decade that followed marked an interlude of relative peace in indian relations on the frontier the indian department promoted the civilization effort and advocated fulfillment of promises made to the several indian tribes the indian reformers of the 1810s1840 agreed that the pariparlpanaceaacea for all ills afflicting the indians was education the 17 indian department empemployedloed missionaries to educate the indians in readinreadinggt writing arithmetic qeographgeography3tat and bistorhistorhistoryi thebthey established dasdesdahday schools to demonstrate agricultural and mechanical skills the natives also spent considerable titletime studyingstudding the bible andaddedderidarid religious doctrines of the missionaries who served as instructors although someSOMCgome indians responded to the education most assimilated verjvery little of the white marsmargman s massways perhaps the reason for the discouraging results was that american officials wanted to devastate indian culture andendarid replace it entirely with their own institutions their zeal became their downfall most indians became confused andaridanid disoriented or otherwise resisted assimilation and manimansmensmany resorted to weiskewhiskewhiskeys to make life more bearable 31 A compelling obsession to conquer the western frontier during the 180s1810s tended to nullify the efforts of the reformers the frontier diminished at a much faster rate than anticipated the united states aliriearirieannexeded terastetexasas irin 185 the cormonsmormons settled the great basin then memericomexicomenicoico in 187 the destdextnextrie t yeatyear 1881818 mericomexicome eicoelcoIICO ceded an immense territoterritoryrj to the united states through the treaty of guadalupe hidelhideiHidalhidalgosofsohgoh thousands of emigrants crossed the plains to oregon andaridarld 3209 therlherthenthed to californicaliforniaa with the gold rush of 1891819 all of this eparisioriexpansionParis iorilori affectedeffected the several indian tribes on the frontier and increased the interiorinterior1111 affairs in the united states it was no longer fitting to keep the indian office irin the war department in 189log18191849 congress created the 16 department of the interior and placed indian affairs under its jurisdiction the change refreflectedlecterlected the phiphilosophylosophj that indian affairs was indeed a domestic concern and should be kept onderunder civilian control 33 during the late 1840s1840 s andaridanid earlaearlqearly 1850s thousands of emigrants and gold seekers flooded into texas oregon california and utah thus causing the united states government to come face to face with new groups of western indians problems that had plagued the conduct of indian affairs in the east then in mid americaAme ricat resurfaced in indian relations on the western frontier ariartan agitation to build a railroad to the pacific coast thus creating a necessitnecessianecessityj to clear the central region of the united states to accomodateaccommodate the railroadsralirailrailroadrailroadtroadt became an important issue in congress 34 again the indians in indian territory became a riLlisnuisancearicebrice in the path of 11progress11 progress 11 senator stephen douglas pressedexpressede the need to remove the indian barrierbarriero he saidsaldsaidt how are we to develdevdevelopsdevelopedevelopetelopeopet csickcsic3sic chetischerischerishht and protect our immense interests and possessions on the pacific with a vast wilderness fifteen hundred miles in breadth filled with hostile savsaysavagesagest and cutting off all direct communication the indian barrier must be removed the tide of emigration and civilization must be permitted to roll onward until it rushes through the passes of the mountainsMOUntainmountainstmountainshst and spreads over the plains and mingles with the waters of the pacificpacifictpacifica continuous lines of settlement with civile political andendaridarldbrid religious institutions all under the protection of lawlawt are imperiously demanded by the highest national considerations these are essentiaessentiallt but thethey are riotnot sufficient no man caricartcencan keep LIPuipup with the spirit of this age who travels oriortonont arisaridanidanythingthing slower thenthankhenkhan the locomotive and fails to receive intelligence by lightning o we must therefore have rail roads andarid 019 telegraphs from the atlan4ratlantaeatlantadAtlantastzetAeu to the pacific through ourOUT own territory doringduring the 1850s territorial indian agents under the direction of various indian commissioncofmissionerscommissionerscommissionerstersierst concluded fiftfiatfiftyfiftytwos lookootwo treaties with western indian leaders in several organized territories and states west of the mississippi river these treaties created separate reservations for varlvarivariousoltsoutsOLIS indian tribes and marked a departure from their concentration in an indian Countrcountry3 1 Generallgenerally3 the reservations were islands of land within the larger area 36QY the tribes oriceoniceonce possessed the treaties tt3picalltypicallys included provisions promising annLannuannllitannuitylit payments for a specified number of bearsjearsyears and the financing of agricultural impleentsimplementimplementsimplementstst opening farfisfarmstcarmst fencing land and erecting buildingbuildingsst etc to advance the cause of civilizations 37 the reservation ssystem as outlined by the indian department was in full stride during brishambrinhambrighsm youriesyoungs indian slsuper intendencetendencyinintendencylperinteridenc3 etighambrighcmbrigham youriesyoungs eariearlearisearlsearldearlyS life andarldarid mature years spanned all of the jeffersonian and jacksonian etasersseras andaridarld their aftermath it is reasonable to assume that since brigham young lived on the frontier ohio MissomissouriimissouritmissouriaMissourerituritii and illinois during the 1830s andaridarld 180s18qost the indian policies of the jcksonjacksonjc administration andaddarid subsequenteffortssubsequent efforts at reform ertedexertede arted their influence and contributed to the formulation of his indian lecleadershipdershinderdershipship attitudes in his earluearly years inint the great basin brigham yourieyoung advocated policies similar to those of his predecessors and counterparts when indian 42070 resistance posed no more sisnifsinnifsignificanticarticant threat to the colonization effort he supported reform measures andaddarid adopted a conciliatory policpolicyi with the indians although conditions varied on the several frontiersfronti erst the result was alwaalwaysjs the saesame for the indian he lost the lands of his fathers and reluctantreluctantlyls accepted the white intrusion M 3pap 1l 1 land cessions off the livefiveriveelveeive civiliacivilizciviolvi lizedlazedd tribes

ts3tsa azzz

old816brg 181 8 z2za

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cherokee

chickasaw

choctaw

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seminole modern state linesiines shown

P F frcarirrencisis fatofalofauleaulPBLI fruchet the great fatherfethereatherc3 he T the united stelesstetes Governgoverrimentgovernnentgovernmentnentment addand the ametometAmeramericarilcarlicari trjndibns nc ericonericbn idieris Lincollincolnrit C 4.4 2.2 1 1 p A22A 0 braskcnebrsskbbrasacbraske universityuniversitljj of nebtasknebrasknebraskaNeb Task fressrtese f I0811984I 220 1717 A A

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loosioostoos

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scale of miles 1 OU I slanaSIANA

PI morgan Trellarrell icrcarj gibson the aeroeragrleanagaleanAgr icanleanlehnr infoinfjindibnindignt frunhisfruntisprphistor to presentril rit ri D C the fre lelexingtoniretonirqton bssachuseittsmassachusetts 04 J heath endandenri ConcomcompanC ampomppana nt i 1919808 0 p 313 ENDNOTESENDKIOTES FOR CHAPTER I11

francisframcisF paul prucha american indian folfoipol i cy m the fotforforfstivpmativeamative yearsyea the indian irattatradetra do andaridarld intercourse acts 1790 18341831183 cambridge massachusetts t harvard ljrjjversitumversity freespresetpresspreeg 1962 appp 42 4313 2 northwest ordinance of 1787 as cited in LlyanLoanman po tylert31ert LA hilsthistory of indian policy washingashinqtoniwashingtonttonitontboni DC 4 united states departmentDepart fient of the Interiinteriororiort 1973 appp 34343533543 35354 3 attellatrellarrell moreanmorgan Gibsocinsoncibsongibsorijrij the fterfaerateramericanafter ican iridiariindiantindianaIrid iarilerlleni freprehistoryfrphistorhistorlhi storl to the present lelolngtonlorngtonington massachusettsM sachlsachidssachiDs isetts 4 D C heath andaridarld compan p Compcompariitariit 1980 272272127.21 4 lylerfleryfiery1 ilert ppsappp 39 il1 albo p clboClgibsonbo 2622627 4 6 bidibid t p4Ppa 267 7 thomas jefi ffersonleffersonlpffersonlp fetsonerson in 1803 as cited in gibson fp 1 .7 27172271A 7 727 2 8 thomas jefjeffersonf etson to indian erentagent benjamin hakinshbkins orlorion 18 febfebruaryT liarilarI lar i 1803 as cited in francis F c-1 1ulil fruchafauchaFrpruchatucha indian folickpolicyi in theunited uditunit ed statesstetesslateststatest historicalH estor icalicel essaysE SSBQ S LincollincolrilincolritLinco lriritnitnip e j la13l3 pressa p brasanebraskaNr ljrjvetuiiiversityS t of nebtaskanebraskanobraspaNebmebNobmob teskafaskafeskarasPaTaska etesseresspressfpresst 198119831981. 52 9 theth intercourseintercintern 0 111 1 T S e act of i021602102 as cited in tyler p 12 10 diboncaboncibonCigi bibonon p 283 11 F t I francisframcis paul fruchetptuchaprucha the greetgreat ai ithet h e- r 4 the tidtiniitedcited11 e d states dovetcoveGOVVCOVCTtrltritientTri tientniedt and the american indiansIrid lansians lincoinflancolritLinco intinf npbrsslnebtaskm ot ljrijversitum versify of braslanebraska fressfreesfreestpress 198 p 18 t 7.7 12clboltibsontTib sont FP 317 1618 13 ibidabidlbidihid poF 317 q orgG E t c U cj fruchpruchprurhpr erhurhechu u h theT h crer a3tatt fahrF C t h r theT h ltintedstintedri i t e stamstjmS tf t e-S 1 17 g 1- 1 1 fthr I c rjverraverC V e T rilrrIgilri mlre ri t p inid t hfi A nrm IF icnian1 c a n rr d ii asnsansF- S apppp p 1891814 900 C s pru C-r L ere lbonabonb ii 1 0 n pF Fp 29529ffv5 SY6 pa 4p1 Cj 16 andrew jackson to janesjames monroe as cited in Gibsgibsontgibsoriforiforis p4Ppa 3063064 17 17ibid4ibid 4 Pp4pa 2932934 16 isjohn htfithithis eaton to a cherokee delegation on 18 april 1829 as cited in prucha american indian policepolipoil in the formative yearsa the indian trade and intercourse acts 1790 ichi8h1834t p 2362364 19 andrew jackson oron 8 december 1829 as cited in i 4 pruchatpruchae indianft police in the united states2- historical essays 155 20 Gibsogibsoritgibsori4riirit Pp4pa 3123124 21 ronald nt satztsatz4satut american indian polpoipolice in the jacksonian era lincoletlincolntlincolritLincolntriirit nebraska universituniversiauniversityj of nebraska presspregg 1975 appp 129 30

2277 p ibid3bid4 4 130 23 edward everett in 1830 as cited in gibson p 30830803084 2qaq ibid pps 297 98 25 fruchafauchaFrpruchatechaecheucha AMericamericansn indianiridian policypoipol ini ri the formative years the indian trade endandarid intercourse acts 1780179017901831834t183 P 242qq 267 grant foremenforemanFore mantmenymeng indian removalRefirepi oval normantnorman oklahoma f university of oklahoma pressi 1932 ptp 287287t 27 27ibidibid t ptp 295 2870 ibid t ptp 3124 artan account bjby compancompanscompany3 is provided on pasespages 310 to 3124 29 Pruchpruchatpruchaepruch3434 american indian policapolic3poipol icy in the formative years the indian trade and intercinternintercourse0 1- 1 tse acts 179018341790 1834t1834 appppps 250 514 30 prichatpruchatprucha4 the great fetherfather the united states government Omeeme 4 p 1814 arideridbrid W &and the omericarftericsnticarricarrican Indianindiansst 181 qi31 satzsetz appppps 25425125 55554 32q leland hah4H creertcreer4creest utah endandariderid the nation seattieseattle washingtonmashington university of washington press 1929 p4Ppa 162-16244 oq prechaproche33prucha the great father the united states government andarldaridanid the american Indianindiansindianstindianistst4 pp4pp&ppa 320323202140 21421 313 41 ibid Pp4pa 3453153454 2 6 35 stephenStep heriherl douglas on 17 december 1853 as cited in fruchetprucha the great fetherfatherfathertfathera the united states government andarldarid the american Indianindianaindianstindianistst ptp 3463464 7 36gibsontgibsonf appp 35435553545535 55 37 prucha the great father t the united states covetcovergovernmentgover rimentariment and the american indiindians ptp 333 CHAPTER IIIJ11

THE NATIVES OF THE GRLATGREAT BASIN

when the kormonkormodmormons entered the great basin in 1847 there were approximatelapproximatedapproaP latelyC 3 twelve thousand indians scattered througholthroughoutit the region from two kindred tribes the shoshonishoshoneSho shoni and the ute the shoshonisShoshonis consisted of the northwestern shoshonishoshoneSho shoni of dornornorthern utahtherri the bannock of southern idaho the western shoshonishoshoneSho shoni of northern Nenevadavadajvaday thetho northern faiutedaiutepaiijte of western nevadaneveda endandariderldbrid the eastern shoshonishoshoneSho shoni of western W3omirigwyoming the utes were divided into the tumpanawach timpariogas1impanogas utes of central utah the umtahumlahwritah utes of northeastern utah thetho fahvantFahpahvarrtvant utes of southcentralsouthcentral Uutahubahtaht the gosiutesGosigosilitesetesutesoteeLites of western utah andaridanid eastern nevadatnevadafnevadah addandarid the southern paiutespailltes of southern utahulahubahU tahbah andaddaridarldanid southern nevada I1 see map ti on page 4212 for the location of the various shoshonishoshoneShoshoni and ute bands the most powerful of the great basin indian bands in terms of numbers and organization was the timpanogastimpariogasTiMpa nogas utes due to their acquisition of the horse during the late eighteenth centurvfcenturt3t thedthey had acquired elements of the plains culture thethesthe3they3 hunted detderdeett antelope elktelleilelielat i beart etc t all of which were plentiful in the great basindaginelagin prior 29 to the Carrival of the white man the soisolsouthernithernathern Paipaiutespelpail itesutes 27 I1282 e3ea gosiutesGosigosiijtestutes andaddaridarlderid northern pallpailpaiulecpakulecitesileslles w re impoverished tribes commonly referred to as digger indians thethey received this nickname because ofor their rn acticeactinetbctice of digging roots from the ground for fo-foodds4 theithetheyi ate whatever theltheutheyj couldcolild capture including insects snakes lizardlizardsst etc the horse never became important to these bebendsbandsbendeberidsridsride because it would have devoured the vetvetyververy grasses and seedseeds that the people ate the horse was a valuable trade itemitemtitemy but the diggerCigilg cler indians rarely used it as such because in their bovertpovertpovertyi thesthetheyS often were obliged to use its meatmeetmoatmoet instead 3 the more powerful tribes often took advantage of the diggers because of their pitiful circumstances

spanish ecpEeap tationrationvationlorationhorationloploratiori

the culture of the various ute bands literally transformed as a result of spanish plorationexplorationev and influenceirifarif I1 benceuence their impact on the diesutes was so tremendous that it would be impossible to understand ute culture when brigham young addandaridbridenid the mormons arrived in the great basin without giving it some attention even before the 1607 settlement at jamestown on the atlantic coast representatives of the spanish crown were already approaching southern ute lands from their new mexicanme icarilcarl outposts spain arrived in aztec lands near modern memericomexicomenicoico citcity in 1519 under the leadership of hetnarhernanhernad cottecortecottescortess cortecottescortess andaddaridanid his conquistadores wotewereworenelrewelre intrigued bbjbyj the reports of cities 29q of gold the alzpizaztecstees spoke of fabulouslfabulouslyfabulouslyj rich lands to the dorthnorth the5thebthethey5 believed their aricestorsancestorsaricanic estors cameCBMC from seven caves deatdearnear the lake of copela the lake of copela maymas be identical to the spanish lake TiMpanotimpanogustimpanogustgusigusgust presentdaypresent dafdajday utah lake aztec tradition laughttaught that the lake was in the land of tequasoteguayo which included the area tendingextendinge dorthnorthdonth of the

1 butasyutas utes1Utesutess t in 1527 Fanfadpanfilofilo de narvaez left spain in search of a water route to these alleged cities of soldgold his expeditexpeditionloriiorilort reached tapatampa uaE ay in florida in april 1528 after searching in florida for a timetimet narvaezNQ rvaez abandoned his hopes of finding the golden citcity in that region after constructing new ships he and his feneenmen set forth from Fenspensacolaacolaecola along the southern coast of the united states narvaez drowned west of the mississippi deltadeita but someSOMOgomegomo of his men grounded on an island off the texas shore west of galveston anongamong those surviving the deditionpeditionexpeditionea was aivaralvar aufnufieznufnuniezieztez cabeza de vacaaca in 1535 cabeza de vaca sought an overland route to mericomexicome ico citcityolty he wandered through southern teltextehesterestexastast into the present north memericanmexicanicarilcarl states of chihuahua andaddaridarld sodorasonora addandarid finallfinallefinall3finally3 to spanish settlements on the gulf of california see map 6 on page 44qq in 1540 francisco uasquezvasquez de coronado left mericomexicome ico citcit3city3 commancommandingdirie an eexpeditionp edit ionlom in search of the fabled cities of gold he eploredexploredelored an enormous portion of the southwestern united states wandering through terastexastejtee aejasj new memericomexicoacoticot and arizona on the fringes of ute lands 5 see map 46 on page 44q it is 30 riotnot knowdknownkric wn whether coronado actualactuallylj canecame in contact with the utes or merelsmerely skirted their territoterritoryrj see map 455 on page 4313 for the locations of the various ute bands of utah andarid coloradocoloradoscoloradooColo radoo of all the spaniards in the sixteenth cericerlcenturytutsturs who left mexico citicitcityi into the northern country none was more important than juan de dilate0datenate 4 in 1598 he led an epeditioriexpeditionPedit iorilori into new memexico1 l CO and established a mission within the present boundaries of the united states opiate establishedestabi i shed someSOMC permanericpermanencys in new mexico it was from these new mexican settlements that spain supervised the exploration of what would become the southwestern united states and as a result came in contact with the ute indians spanish ute relations during the seventeenth century and the majority of the eighteenth century were limited to trading enterprises with southern and eastern ute tribes living in the closest proproximityimitamit i to new mexicome 1 I CO the utes visited the settlements of santa fe and taos bringing meat hideshideg tallow suet and salt to exchange for cotton blankeblanketsblanketsttsitst Pottepotterspotteryrstrbtryg and corn 6 another important contributor to scainsspains settlement of the presentpregentpre seritgeritgerlt datsdaydaus southwestern united states was the jesuit

missionaries Eeibyi 1600 five missionaries had founded eight churches near the sinaloa river in northern mericomexicome ico dutdotdurduringi rignig the seventeenth century the jesuits established dozens of missions in 1687 father usebioeusebioeusebloEl kinokirio endandaridarld his companionscompart lodsions e entered limeripimeripimeracimera a altaaita inellincludingiding that part of arizona which 31 was later contained in the gadsden FLirfuirpurchasechase father kinoskino s greatest contribution was his personallpersonalepersonallyi produced napmap of the gila andaridanid colorado rivers and southern arizonaAriz onat 7 the jesuits did riotnot comeCOMC into contact with ute tribes but thesthey added to the bodhbody of acclimiaccumulatingilatingdilating knowledge of the vast resources me and territerritorytori north of mexico1 I CO the rienextt surge of eploratioriexploration into ute lands did riotnot occur until 1765 at present there is no record available of spanish exploration into ute territory between 1692 andarid 1765 in 1765 juan mariamarlamara de rivera penetrated into the land of the utes southwestern colorado on a prospecting and trading enterprise see map tat7 on paciepagepege 15t45 during the nertdextnextne ot ten years soesome of riverariverass men led other peditiorisexpeditionse pedit ioris into ute lands 8 in 1769 an everitevent occurred which served as a powerful incentive to catacatapaultpault spaniards deep into ute territerritorytotstors word reached mericomexicome ICO citcity that the russians were moving in force into the oregon countrcountry3 in the earlsearly 1770s1770st in order to protect their interests on the pacific coastfcoasttcoasto spanish officials in mexico citciticityi sent requests to santa fe that thesthey seek an overland route fronfrom santa fe to 9 montetmontermontereyeie i the most important personalities emorisamong those who set forth in search of a possible overland route were the franciscan friars francisco atanasioAtari asioesio donidomi liguezrigueznguez andaridarld silvestre velezveiezlexlez de escalante on 29 julyjul 1776 thetheyj set out from santa fe when thestheykhey returned on 2 january 1777 the3thethey3 had travelled more than two thousand nilesmiles over rlruggedlq ged 32 lerterterraintainttaidtraint made friends with ute bands and opened up what would become the eastern arm of the old spanish trail P

see map 7 on page q5qa5 the eexpedition1 p edit ionlon of fathers DoMndominguezguez and escalante is of special importance because of their impact orton the ute bands of the great basinbasins theyT hej commenced an interchange between spain andaridarldanid the timpanogustimpariogusTiMpanogus utes in particular introducing them to spanish culture andarid trading enterprise 10 on 24 september 1776 the dominguezescalantedominguez escalante party encountered the indians of prepreteritpreseritpresentpregentseritsenitgenit dasdesdeddaydby utah vallejvalleyvelleyveiley near utah lakelakee the occasion was verbvetyvery cordial andendaridarlderld the natives offered all their land to the spaniards for them to build their homeshordes wherever they pleased after giving presents to the Indianindiansst the friars 11 promised thethedthe3they3 would return although the franciscan friars devetrievernevetnever returned to utah valley great basin indians began an interchange with spaniards andarid could be found bartering with them and acquiring horses which would literally change their wawadwaiweywayi of life the dominquezDoMn guez E scalantescalescalanteante expedition provided a catalyst which lured others northward from santa fetfe thus increasing the knowledge of and interchange with ute bands in 1779 governor juan bautista de anza led an ededitionpeditionexpeditiont which 12 penetrated into the ute countrcountry3 of central colorado 4 see map 7 on page IS15 A final spanish expedition of note

was the arzegarciarze garcigarcL a venture of 1813 their route is unknown but their record affirms that they ploredexplorede eloredpioted as far north as 13 map 3 7 .4 5 utah vallevalle3valley see on page4 15 33 the infinfluenceluence of the horse on ute andendaridbridemd shoshonishoshoneShoshoni culture

the spaniards had a tremendous impact on the culture of the ute andaridanid shoshonishoshoneShoshoni indians from verjververhveryj eariearlearlyj contacts with the Spaniardspaniardsst their lifestlikestlifestylelleliejle began changing until it hdhad become so drasticdrasticallyallsbils different from what thesthey had known as to make it doubtful whether their previous culture will ever be known 141 perhaps the ereaeneagreatestgreatest reason for the assimilation of spanish culture with their own is that the spaniards never did encroach into ute lands with the intent of permanent residericresidencys generallgenerallys they enjoyed peaceful relations which contributed to the trade and interchange between the two peoples it is through this earlieariearlearlyi trade that tttlletiletheie greatest single element for cultural change was intintrodiingrodiintroducedtodlrodlrodi iced to the ute the horse in contrastfcontrasttcontrastscontrastftt it is generegeneragenerally13 believed that the shoshonishoshoneSho shoni obtained their horses 15u via the ManchescomanchesCo rather than directldirectlydirectly3 frontronetonfrom the spanish the comanche tribe resided closest to the spanish source of horses in newnow mekericomexicoico in their pre horse dasdadrsdaedee s the utes brought dog teamsteems with them to the spanish settlements to carrcettycertycarry3 their supplies E oltonbolton describes them from an observerobserversobserver77 journaljournalst

it is a sight worth seeing C nd vetvervetsversvetyverys laughable to see theitheltheethem travellintratravellingtravellingtvellinggt the ends of the poles dragging on the ground decnecnearlyerlavi all of thenthem snarling inirilri their encounterencountersst tratravellingvelling odeorleorteone afteratter another on their journey in order to loadloed thenthem the indian women seize their hadsheads betweebetweenn their knees addandaridarld thus load them or adjust the load which is35 seldom requirerequiredrequiredtdt because thethey 3

travel along at a steadstead3steady3 9ptaptt as ifi thesthey had beerbeen trainedtrained by means of reinsreirisveins wermer first acquireacquireddt the horse was riotnot ridtiddenriddenderiderldeni t instead it was used as a pack animal speaking of the utes earlaearlqearly eperienceexperiencepetiperlperi ence with the horsehorsep lhmanlusmanludmanlyman tilertylerT iieriler wrotewrotetwroten thesthey rievernever ride although the spanish trade horses andarid mares breateeteare old andgrici tatietarie without the saddsaddlessaddieslesilest bridlesbr idlest andaridarld hernessharnessharriessiesst andaridbrid theitheathey use them to carr3cartscarrscarracatrycarry their tipiscipis andaridanid possessions 117 the increased use of the horse literally changed the ute wasnayway of life spanish horses became available to the natives following the pueblo revolt in 1680 addandendarid subsequent reoccupation in 1692 the first utes to obtain the horse were those closest to new mexicomexicotmexicott but bby3 the turn of the nineteenth centarcenturcenturys 1800 almost every ute tribe andaridanid the eastern and northern shoshonishoshortishoshoneSho shonishorti were equestrian prior to having the horse these tribes had lived off snailsmall sanegetesamegeregaregane andarid an3adyananyandadd 3 big gaegemegame that could be bushedambushedan when thebthey went to water because all hiintinghontinghunting had to be done on footfoott the hunting areas were limited thesthey had been a rather docile rionnionnon aggressive people one of the first great beriebenefitsfits of the horse for the utes was an increase in respect frohfrom other indian tribes particularlparticularsparticularlys the plains indians prior to having the horse the utes were considered to be on 1 ft a lower cultural levelleveileve14 18 with the horsehorsep the ute bands grew in strength and began raiding horses from other indian tribes it increased the tangerange andaddarid efficiency of hunting far beyond the prior capabilities of the utes it C1soalsogigoisoigoaso allowed theithelthem to develop a unique andendaridbridenid efficient method of 35 defense thesthey were able to gathergether food on the plains and quickgulckquicklyquick111 1 return to the mountains which theithey knew so well and where pursuers atoftofromeromM other tribes were at a great disadvantage 19 As the value of the horse became more evievlevidentderitt the diesutes began to plot wasswessways to acquire more of them A ute obsession for horses ushered in a whole new era of spanishlitespanish liteute relations trading indian children for spanish horses year bby3 deatdearyear the equestrian tribes became more involved in the slave trade with spain andarid mexicome icoLCO and the enterprise evolved to be a vital part of their econeconomyoms

the indian slave trade

the spaniards wanted indian children to serve as house servants seizing an opportunitopportunitys to obtain spanish horses someSOMC of the stronger ute tribes began making raids on weaker bandsbendsbandstbandet capturing their chilchiichildrendrent ardandarldarid using them as a trading commoditcommoditys in santa fe marismaridmarldmarlmarimedymanys of these children cameCBMC from the destitute faitfaltpalutepaluleite or digger Indiindiansansoamseamso the slave trade became a miituall3mutually lucrative business for both the utes and the spaniards after the eexpeditionsp edit i odsons of rivera andaridarldanid dominguezDoMn gueigeezguez escalante the spaniards travelled to ute territory andaridarld traded horses for chilchiichildrenchildrentchildrensdrent then returned to santa fe to sell them at a tremendous profit Eossoys sold for an average of one hundred dollars addandaridbrid girls for LIPuipup to two hundred dollars the girls were considered more 20 valuable becausebeccbecanisedise they made better house servants o 36

1 p after the domiDofandofanguezdomanricalcicalgueziealeatex escalanteesca I a rite expeditione i edit i on of 1776 the tinpanogastimpariocaas utes entered the slave tradetrader E eingbeing the strongest of the great E bsiriusiribasindasin bandsbandstbandet the tinpanogastimpariosas utes saw an opportunity to gain a great deal of wealth in horses an incident in 1813 reveals the zeal this band had acquired for the slave trade the arze garcia trading partipertipertyparty arrived in utah vallejvalley hoping to trade for items other than indian children but the utes insisted that the spanish horses be echarigedexchangedcharicharlged for children when the utes assembled thesthey would trade nothing but paiute slaves as thetthemthey had done on other occasions when the offer was rejectrejectededtedp the indians became infuriateinfuriateddt and before their chiefs succeeded in quieting the tribetribesmensmedtsment eight horses and one mule belonging to the spaniards had been killedpilled after collecting their remaining animalsanim eistalst the spanish traders departed the rienienertdextnextt morning for the saripetesanpeteSaripete valley and the rio colorado belondbesondbebeyondjondsond near the colorado river theithey encountered the ute chief wasatch at first the traders were greeted cordially bsby the indian andaridarldanid his follofollowerswerst but when slaves were offeredofferediredt the spaniards again refused to trade and hostilities threatethreatenedriednied ariewarlewanew deciding to prevent possible inburinjurinjurys to themselthemselvesvestvesg the traders agreed to take twelve slaves andaridgrid 109 pelts in exchange for their horses 21 the slave trade was riotnotmot without opposition fronetonfromeronytom the officials in mexicome ico city in 1812 spanish authorities passed a law prohibiting slavetslaverslaveryjj but the order was largely 7 ignored in santa fetfefee 22 the shift in government from spanish 37 to mexican ruierulerullerulie in 1821 had virtuallvirtuallyi no effect on the indian slave trade it continued with little charchanchangeicae andarldarid was still a vital part of ute cotnercornercommerce ce when the moimormonsMOT nonsmons arrived in the great basin in IS1847q7qa

plorerstexplorersE Jrjrapperstrapperszrappersappers and emigrants

while the spaniards were iploririgexploringe ute territory french andarid american explorers penetrated ute and ShoshshoshonishoshorlishoshoneSho shoniorli territorterritoryterritoryj fronfrom the east and the north in 171743q3tqut chevalier de la vereridrieyerendrye and his pattipartlpartipattyparty explored the fringes of 23 shoshonishoshoneSho shoni country as far south as northeastern wyoming in juisjulsjuly 1806 zebulon pike led an peditioriexpeditione Pedit iorilorilorl fronetonfrom st louisloilol list mlsMiSmissoutmissourmissouriSOUT i which penetrated ute territory as far as central 24 colorado see map 8 on page 166 meriwether lewis andaridanid williammilliam darkclarkmark were the first americans to enter the threthreee forks region of southwestern montana on the fringes of shoshonishoshoneSho shoni territory thesthedthetheys relied orion the eperienceexperiencepetiperlPeri ence of a french Canadiacanadiannt toussaint Charbonneacharbonneauut he acted as guide andaridanid interpreter andaridanid his shoshonishoshoneShoshoni witewife sacajawea also was invaluable to the deditionpeditionexpeditione Pedi tion she had been taken a prisoner of war by the hidatsa tribe of north dakota andarid sold to 755 charbonneau the knowledge and eperienceexperiencec of the lewis andaridanid darkclarkmark peditioritexpeditione sidedaided by charbonneau andaridarldanid sacajawea provided a potent catalyst for the plorationexploratione of the northwest see map t8ta8 on page 466 others american andaridarldanid britishtE ritishriBritisbritishtishht to skirt shoshonishoshoneSho shoni lands during the first quarter

of the nineteenth cerjtlcenturyir 3 included wilsonmilson price henthedthuntflunt andaddeddariderid 38 26t S the AstorianastonansastorianstAsto nansaangnangst robert stuart andaridarld donald MeMc enzleenziekenzleKenziemckenzie among the most important of thoethose to follow lewis and clarkclaris into shoshonishoshoneSho shoni couiicouilcountryCOLII itratr were the fur tradertraders 54 in 1822 williammi 11 iamlamIBM ashleashieashley and andrew harirherirhenry founded the ashleyhenryashley henry furF ur trading compan3tcompany later to become the rocksrockrockyj mountain fur companycomp arlus thesthe3thethey3 employed a group of trappers to penetrate the rich beaver lands of the rockies among those originally hired were jamesJBMCS badgerBridbndgerbridgeitbridgertgert jedediah smith david E Jackj3cksonjacksontjacksonesodtsont thomas F itzpatnckfitzpatrick i william Subletsublettetettey jamesjarmesjammes clclymnblymnimaritamarit andaddaridarld edward rose the roster is impressive because each jsnmsnman distinguished himself in the history of the american west 27 the greatest single opportunity for interchange between the shoshonishoshoneSho shoni andaddaridarld the mountain nerinerteterimertpieri was realized in the annual fur trade rendezvous the first of these was held in 1825 andaridarld the last in 1840i1840t marijmansmany of thenthem being held in the heart of shoshonishoshoneSho shoni countcountryrj Eculseeu3seeee map 4101104 10 on page 48 trappersTrap perst Indianindiansst andendariderid beaver fur traders gathered annually at the rendezvous at the first official rendezvous in 1825 191 fur packs each worth one thousand dollars were brought in by the trappers from the countrcountry3 70 belonging to the shoshonisShoshonis andaridbridenid bannocksuanriocksbaddanBan docksnocks 28 great festivities and interchange of culture between the mountain men andaridarldanid the indians characterized each rendezvous if kirthmirth longstsongstsongs dancing skoeskoushoushoutingtshoutingitingi tradin9ttrading runnintonningtunningrunningrunnincatcatodtory jumpingJUMP ing singingsiric2ingt racingfr cinatcinqt target shooting yardsyarns frolic with all sorts of etravagaricesextravagances were freely3.3 indulged in the 39 unpacking of the medicine water contributed riotnot a little to 70 the heightening of our festivities 129 sometimesSoMe tinestimes the festivities of the rendezvous lasted for up to a month members of the varinivarioivarlvarivariousoi is shoshonishoshoneSho shoni bands regularly attended the rendezvous shoshonishoshoneSho shoni women often attracted the amorous attention of the trappers often jealousies and feuds broke out at the rendezvous because of the trappers competitive attention for the shoshonishoshoneSho shoni beauties 30 sotiesoriesomesorne of the trappers married shoshonishoshoneSho shoni wives alfred millermillert present at the green river rendezvous in 1837 provided this description of the rendezvous

A large bodbodibodyi of Indianindiansst ttatradersTra derst andarldaridanid trappers are here congregated and the view seen from a bluff is pieapleapleasingsinsginsging andarid animated in the middle distance a race is being tentunrun the horses in all cases inningrLrunning in a direct line and never in a circle as with us the bets pending on the result are extraordinary in character and diversity andenderidaridbrid the indians are passionately fond of this species of gambling if an indian happens to lose ailtalltailyallbil he will stake the dress he wears against 3 or i4 ounces of vermillion worth here about i4 per oztozigoztoz and if tsouyooyou win can demand it at oncetdoncetonce leaving hihioalmosthlohiohim91 almost1 most in the condition of adam before the fall the fur trade era solidifsolidifiedsolidify led the american presence in the west forever and prepared the wawasways for the emigrant travel of the 1810is1801810 Is andaddaridarldanid 1850s along the oregon andaddaridanid california trails the indian tribes had become accustomedaCCLIS tomed to seeing white men andaridarldanid woftenwomen bbsbys 18018501810 unfortunately it is also true that having worked with white men in the fur trade enterprise nademade the natives more vulnerable to the vile treatment that thebthe3thethey3 received from madmanmanimadimanymenyi of the emigrants while enroute to their western honeshomes the fur traderstra derstdersy ssas iq400 a relereierulerlilet treated thenthem as partners in a 111crativelucrative enterenterprisepriset while emigrants saw them as little more than a nuisance to be eliminated the 1810s ushered in a new era of white shoshonishoshoneShoshoni relations thousands of emigrants traversed the oregon andaridarldanid california trails to establish permanent tesireslresiresidencydenci in the west the oregon trail passed through the middle of the northern shoshonishoshoneSho shoni lands in southernsouthernsoutherdsouSOL thern idaho at the rafraftrattt river the road diverged the north fork heading to oregon Countrcountry3 and the south to california the california trail proceeded southwest along the humboldt river and through the sierra nevada mountains to sacramento through the lands of the western shoshonishoshoneSho shoni and the northern Paipaiutesutes see map 9 on page 4717 during the mid1840smid 1840s several explorers plorersexplorerse plowers and emigrants crossed their territorterritoryterritory3 among these were john C fremontFre moritt lanceford hastings edwin Brsanbryanttt the bidwellbartlesonbidwell bartleson partpartitpartyit endandaridanid the tragic 323 donner reed pattpartpartiparthpattspartspartyi of 18161846418 16 the impact of emigrant travel upon the western shoshonishoshoneSho shoni bands was tremel3extremelye tremeltremelt 3 devastatingdevastatingf marimerlmenimariimanyi died from eexposureposiposlpos ii to eroticexotice otic diseases like small porpoxpo t mebsmeasmeesmeasleslestlesp chocholeralerat etc the whites destrodestroyedbedjed food supplies andarid big game moved to higher elevations 4 EsbyE s 1850 thousands of gold rush emigrants had traversed western shoshonishoshoneSho shoni tettitettlterriterritorytorsttorse their cattle destroyed devoureddeV OUTed addandaridanid trampled nearly all of the grassland from south pass to carson uallevalieVallevalley3 this devastation caused the statstetstarstarvingvingying indians to rob and plunder 11 the emisemigemigrantredtrentrant trains 33 of all the emigrations none had a more profound addandeddarid lasting impact upon the great basin indians than did that of the cormonsMormormonsmons unlike the others theithesthey would riotnot disappear again over the western horizon b t M kapkepmapW rd ln cu cu natives the greatC aasineasin

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fred FR dowensdoncowensconGowgowansaristartstartsy rockjrockrocka moimo noainntainintain rendezvous aftjftA aitorhitorfliciflicf t of the fur trdntrsdetrade prdzvou5periciezvous 182518275.5 160ibo1610180 frovofrovotbrovotFrprovotovo utah briohsfibrinhambrioham young Univeruniversitiuniversitysitisita fress 197619764 thlthithisIS napmaptrltri p iiss I1locatedoccbocc ted on the last two pagespeges before the back cover of the bookbooko 4 E NDNCTEINDNQTES3 FOF charterCHAPTEFCHAPTER II11

LeOrIaleonardTd J Atrinc3tontamnqton brighamFT ighanaghan young t ameiafeleafeieametAMCTT icanlean koseshosesmosess neunewnewnow york alfred A knopf 1985 p 210 andrew love neff in his historyflicalic of utah intoipto0940 on pasepa se 36369 indicated thtntthatt there wotewerewore ppronpproiapro irately 1212000t000 indians in utah in 1551855 in the annual renottfeportrepott of the commissionercoifncoign ssionersstoner of indian affairs for the yeatyear 1853le missionerclorimissionerCloricofimissa oriet har3penrimanypennyhanymany penny3 ikeilfeikewiseilkelifewiseliFelikewiselikewise17 wise reported that the indicindiznindignin population niaswiaswas 12000 in the territory of utah this rciportrcportruport is dcdzteddotedsted6ted 26 november 1853 and appears on page 3 of the af8forementionedforementionedaforementionedoteOrementioned annual feportdeportFereportereportopottport

17 attellarrell morgadmorgenmorgan cibsorogibsiont rh american indianindiantindiana4 pretistprehistprehistory to the presentpregentFre sentgent lelodnqton macsachiisettsmassachnsettsmassachusettssachisachlisetteisetts DC hath andarid compancompanst st 1980 pop o 343 0 edwatdedwrdedward dorndorrit the shoghohonoansshoneans the people pf the basin plateau new yotyoryork t william korrowhorrowmorrow 8 company inc 1966 p4Ppa ibo18160180184 A ic L T 1 1 1 j 6 lymanamarijmari Tstylers er befbeabeforeor e escaesceelscalantetadteante an eareariseavisearlyI hihistoryhlstorystotstor 9 of the yuta indians and the ateaareaaveaavee northmorth of new mekericomexico n unpublishedi phd universityurnversity of Uutahulahbaht 1951 r disserdissertatiorittationttationa universit3 taht apppp P 58594588 5945 9

5elaincfieirafieirkFI alrheirK W1 fowler andnd lewis b4EB 4 nriqhtWT i ghttgatt the movimoving frontierF r antiorontior no citcit5city5 mentionMontionmontionodtmerit ionedimonediediodiodtt delacorte frcftcfrearcpressiss 1972 appp 7 C 112 15351 t 3 5 6cac S lyman tyler the yuta indians E aforeeforedetorebefore 1680t16801 wcisjpstersternri hnanztjhumanities e reviewF ev3eva ew V spring 195ji1951tl594159o1590

gherbert E F p 1 7herbertherberthorbert eugene boltantboltontolton cded t qpzspzniehririihelih i ev plorationor at lonion in the southwestsjotithwetsttet new york charles scnbnerscscribriers 8 113onstsorisfconst 1916 appp 427127 282 8BO430130 4 Q ajoseph8josephiloeiloeepheph J HJH spanish andaridarld menicsnmeniconme icari epex lorstionlotlorplorationstionatlon andaddaridarldanid tradetrecie northwesnorthwestt fromtromfromi neunewNPW meicokelcomaicoriekiekle ico into the grestgreat eleinessinpieideldsin 1761765 1853 utahutan flistoricclhjstoncalm qnertorlot ic r tetter iliiii111311 jsnuryJsjanuajanuznurynotynory r 3 1930k51930 5 6 ac9 9cS lyman Ttylerbietybiery thethe spaniardspelspeispal ilard and theuhethe lftetule utah hjstonchistoricalhistorica1 quarterly XXII 1954195t373q7 10 nelinellhillHLII appp 8E 1 13 it 9 50

tedled J watwetwararnerwrnermrnerdetderner the donldonidofunquezdomiriquezDomidominiquezriquez escalante journalI1 provotprovo utah enghambrigham young universituniversiauniversityi fress 1976 p 56 323.2aillthillhillt appp 131413 14 13 ibid t p 17 14 tylerlyler1 iettlerplert the yuta Iridindiansianslanslang before 16801680t p 163 j 5brighamE riqhcm D madsenmadsentmadgenmaysent the northern shoshonishoshoneSho shoni Caldwelcaldwelllt pr p idaho 4 the cacartoncantontorltonitotori Printprinterstinterserstf ltdtltdludt 1980 letleeiee18 16 undocumented journal as cited in boltonboltantboltont edtededp p 227 17 1jiertlylerflylersilerteiert before Escalanescalanteescalantetteitet an early filstorhistoryfilator j of thetho yuta indanindians and the area north of new mericomexicome acoticot p 103 t 181 ft floyd atA anoilonoiloneiltoneila ed t the southern latesljtesutestcutest A tribal history saltseltseitsc lt lalelakelekelaie city utahutahtutacht Univeruniversituniversiauniversitysit of utah press 1972 p 1 191 9 floadflojdfjoydfloyd A oneil A history of the ute indians of utah until 1890 unpublished phdph&dphed dissertationdissertationtdissertations universituniversiauniversity3 of utah 1973 p 6 0 O leroyif lerolepoyi R hatenhafen the old lapl6pspanishm ish traitralltrail santa fe tot los angeles ClendaclendaledlendienclendaletClenglendaledaiedaleietletlei california the arthur clatciarclarclark company 1951951 appp 268 hlllfilllthillfillat appp 171917 19 222 hiafenhfenitentident appp 262633 6461 23 r1rakunnehunnea 1 1 T lneine carlek3eatearcar ley andaridarldanid virginia cole trenholmtirenholmftrenholme the shoshonisShoshonis sedsentinelssontinelssensentSont ineisinelstiriels ofq f the rockiesrociboci iesles notnormaninormantnor man lahoMaoklahomaOF university of oklahoma pressipres st 19641961 p 111 l 221 fowler and wrightt appp 239 4010 25 catleycarleicarley andaddaridarldanid trenholtrenholmttrenholmeTrentrenholmholhoi p 42142 262 26ibldibid t appp 50 5362

27i p ibid j 56

ibid t p 63 299 jsmesjamesjemesjgmesJSMCS beckworth as citedcited in fred RF cowanstgowans rock3rocrockirockapoc y mouritairMourimounttair0 in rendezvousF endpzvouqt A histhistory of the F lrr trade rendezvousFendez vous 1825 1qu184qoqu provotprovo utah enghambrigham young ljniversituniversity rreepreeprecpressst 140761076 p 22

0 cepcapcaptainta i n bodnevbonnevbonnevillei 11 e asa i ted ini n glowaowensbowensfowE risnSf p 10106log6 51I1 altredaifredIAlfredalfredifredafred miller as cited in gowans appp 20102201 02 320 c3rliri9catlingcarling malouf t shoshoneSho hone indians new york carlgatigariandgarlandand pobipublpublishinyii shinashinq t inc t 197197q p 107

0333 c etighambriqh3m D madsentmadserifMadmaysentseritserif the hoshonishoshonishoshoneShosno4 shoni frontierfron aandnd ttheh bear river massacre salt lake city utah university of utah press 1985 appp 13 111 CHAPTER liiIII111

INDIAN AFFAIRS IN EARLY UTAH

when the irstarstfirstf morionmormon companies began settling the valleyvalleq3 of the great salt lake in juljuijulsjuisjulys of 1847 thesthedthey entered a buffer zone between prineprime hunting and fishing grounds of the ute indians to the south andarid the shoshonishoshoneShoshoni to the north 1 it is doubtful that the indians of the great basin had enyany idea of the magnitude of morionmormon emigration headed their waway in the first three months alone july through tobertoctoberOc more than two thousand settled the unclaimed region around the great salt lake just three searsyearsgearsyears later when the territerritorytotstors of utah was orsaniorganizedzed in september of 1850t1850f the cormonsmormons riumberednumbered twelve thouthousandsandt a figure which r matched the indian population in the same region 2 the mormon religion was still in its childhood in the seatsearseanyear 1847 joseph snithsmith orsaniorganizedzed the church at fayette new york in 1830 its official neenaename was the church of jesijestjesusjestisis christ of latter desdeddeyday saints kotkorMormormonsnorisnortsmorts believe that joseph smith translated a book from gold plates in his possession the book published as the book of horfiontmormorismormorijMormo rifrij contained a religious history andarid told the stordstory of the ancient ancestors of the Indianindiansindianstindianistst the new religionists simplcimplsimply3 became known as kotkormormorisMor Monsnons because of the book the 52 535 3 mormonmormons encountered opposition endandariderid antagonism wherever thethey3 resided in 1831 joseph smith and his followersto lowers moved from newNPW york and settled in ohio and missouri in 1838 thesthetheys united in missouri cheretwherewheret later that same searfseartsearp thestheatheqthey were forcibly removed eventualleventuallyeventuallys thesthey founded nauvoo illinois where thesthedthetheyS enjoyed peace for a time in 1842 joseph smith prophesied that the mormons wooldwouldwol ildiid leave nauvoo and be planted in the midst of the 133 rockrocky3 mountains several learsseatsyears after his arrival in salt lakelakey brigham young indicated that he had sat with joseph smith medimadymanimany hours at a time conversing about this vetyveryvevy countrcountryW andaridarld that joseph had often saldsaidsaidtsaidy if I1 were orilorlionly in the rockrockys mountains with a hundred faithful merijmehmenMCH I1 would 114zi then be happyheppy andariderldbrid ask no odds of mobocrats oliver E& huntington wrote that joseph even went so far as to make a sketch of the iturefuturefl honehome of the saints in the rockrockyJ mts t andarldarid their route or road to that countrcountry3 as hetiehie had seen in vvisivlsivisiorrvigii s i onorrorn its115 joseph smith never led the mormons to the rockirocky mountamountainsi ris because on 27 juneji lneineide ISHiso q a mob killed him in cattCartcarthagehaget illinois manlamanl3m3nykrny thought the mormons would disband without their foundertfounderffoundersfounfoumfoundderferfert but instead thesthey assembled in greater strength young udderunderodder the capable leadership of Erietietleriohamfsrighamoham 4 from 164418441841 until the timetimo hetietlehie left nauvooNBUVOO in 1846 enghambrigham young devoured anething3thinganything he could read about the westwestiwestt particularly the great basin hofieflehie especicespecioespecially11 studied thethentheykhey writings of lansford W hastings andaddaridanid john C FrefremontFrenfremmorittont bottbotiboth C 54J q of whom had written much about their exploration of the

1 6 great altsaltsaitrait lake region Bbibyi the learleavjearyearyeav 1845 nonmormonsnodnon mormons pressured the mormons to leave the state of illinois Alreadalready3 preparing to do so brigham young andaridanid the mormorismormons determined to abandon nauvoo the following jearsearyeatyear 0onn 4 februarfebruaryfebruarys 18461816 theithey began a trek into the western frontier which culminated in the great E asinbasin west of the rockrock9rocky9 mountainsmount a iris

brighambr ighanaghan youngsyoung Eerperexperpetiperlperiperiencelenceence in indian affairs

E becauseecause of the sookbook of motionmorionmormont from the beginning the mormons have felt it their divine dutdutyj to redeem the 1 native americans the book of0 f horonmormon presents an eexplanationp lariat iodionlod of the origin of the indians it teaches of a man named lehi who left the old world in 600 E C and sailed to the americanAheame rican continentcontinents lamenlamanlamedlamantlament a rebellious son of lehilehl andaddaridanid his descendants rejected the teachings of god andarid became a dark andaddeddariderldbrid loathsome people thethey became fierce andaddaridanid warlike andaddarldaridanid succeeded over a period of several centuries in totally destrodestroyingdina their lighter skinned brethren thedthey remained in this condition until the arrival of the europeeuropeansartsmrismrie thosthusthuis to the cormonsmormonistmormonstMormormonsmonstMons the lamanitesLaMa nites indians were of the seed of joseph of the house of israel and must be redeemed addandaridarldanid taught their truetroetruie iderititidentityj joseph sithsmith and brigham young freelsfreely taught this concept andarldarid it cannot be overlooked as basic to Youriyouriqsyoungqs attitude regarding the native american J W when the QUORUM of twelve apostles was organized on 14 february 1835 brigham yoijrfqsyoungs ordination included an inference that he would influence heathen nationmationmatlonnationsnationstst and declare the tidings to nations that know riotnot god 7 this reference appareritlapparently3 commissioned him to a special mission among the american indians shortlshortishortisshortlys thereafterthereaftert it was proposed that brigham young should open the door of the r gospel to the indians 8 As a result of frontier life in ohio missouriMissomisgo urit and Illinillinoisoistolst the mormons often had contact with Indianindiansst joseph smiths policies and feelings regarding the indians deeply affected Etigvigrigrighambighambrighamham in 1836 with andrew jacksons enforcement of indian removal in full stride joseph smith revealed his support of the preslpresipresidentderit the bookdookelook of morionmoreonmormon has made known who israel lsiisiist upon this continentcontinerit and while we behold the savsmvgovernmentor rimenime rit of the united states gathering the Indianindiansst andaridarld locating them upon lands to be their ointowntown how sweet it is to think that thedthe3thethey3 maspasmay one daideideyday be gathered bab3by the gospel the josjoy that we shall feelfeeltfealt in commodcommon with everevery honest ametiAmeriamericanamericantamericanacant endandaridarld the josjoy that will evedeveneventuallyluallaluall3 fill their bosoms on accountC of nationalizing the Indianindiansst will be reward enough when it is shown that gatheringgatherinseting thenthem to themselves andaridenieenle for themselvesthemsel vestveetvesy to be associated a M IT with themselves is wise fissuremasas et andendaridarld it 9 reflects the highest honor upon our government on severalsever sl occasions E righambigham young and joseph smith

Ssought0 1 10 h t opportunity0 P P 0 r t 111 1 riiril v3va tto0 tteschteache S c h ttheh nativesn a t i v e aboutobouta b 0 111 1 t thet h e greC r C ratyata t spirit aridarld the book of hithirthelttheirh ir ancestorsfsricestorst the E ookbookdook of mormon in foilehloeIMIlem neatlynearlymearly fortsforty sulSEDsacSBCIC andrid F 0OK indians visited joseph smithc irin naoonvoo illinois complaincomplaininocomplainingcornalcornpl aidingino to himhimihiml that thetthekthewthelothetotheyj had beerbeen mistrmistreatedetedaled by whites afteralfter convincing them that the 565 6 mormons had riotnot been responsible for the deed joseph turned the conversation to the book of mormon as was often his practice in conversing with Indianindiansst trying to impress upon them the importance of the book of morionmormont he showed thenthem a copy andaddedderldaridbrid saidsaldsaidt the great spirit has enabled me to find a book which told neme about boerdourbouryour fathers the great spirit told metme you must send this book to all the tribes that youOU can and tell thenthem to live in peace andaridarldanid when any of our people comeCOMO to sefomisenomisee yooyouij I1 want iouloujouyou to treat them as we treat you 4

shortiShortlshortly3 after this event joseph smith died and brigham young became the new church leader by virtue of his position as president of the quorum of twelve apostles young accepted the responsibilitresponsibility3 of leading the soungyoung church to the prophesied rocksrock3rockrocky3 mountain havenhaveriheverihaverl erbrighami q hamhem young undoubtedly felt overwhelmed to think that it must be done without his mentor andaridanid the memory of joseph smiths leadership continued to affect him from the tinetime in late 1832 when he first retfetmet joseph sithsmith in kittKirtkirtlandlandt ohio no other man had a greater impact on brighamsBrighaMs life than did joseph thesthey had spent mandmanimanhmany hours together and brigham

lived by eversevery doctrine addandeddarid philosophphilosophyi that joseph taught after crossing the mississippi river into iowa brigham young and the mormons encountered the potawatomi indindiansi ariserisbris fearing that the motionmorionmormon livestock would eat the grass which the natives used for their stockistocktstocksstocky the indiansIndi aris demanded papaymentdment for crossing their landslandstlandet finally the natives agreed to let the mormons pass through their lands provided that once thetthemthey moved west themthey granted the 5577 potawatomi possession of bridges and other improvements 11 the3thethey3 built the cormonsmormons passed through iowa with minor conflict but being unable to achieve their destination of the great basin in the leetleerseetseeryear 1846 thedthey were obliged to establish a temporartemporarytemporaryj village in eastern nebraska they called it winter quarters the first real test of brigham youngs developing indian policies came in januariJanjanuaryuarl 1847 near winter artersaliallquartersOii when a company of sioisiouxgioi t indians killed thirt3thirty of asahel lattlathlathropsWOPsmops herd of cattle andaridanid appeared readsready to kill more E righambighambrigham young sent twentythreetwenty three armed men to bolster lettlattlathropslethWOPs defenses and prevent further depredationdepredationsst his instructions to lathrop included the following let the loss be what it masmamayjt but sousomyouyom must be diligent andariderldenid sleep with one eseeejeeyese open and never again let the indians or adyany other enemenemys within fourjoursouryour fort to do this is to throw ourselfyourself3 in the power of your enemenemyst as it gives him an advantage joujomyouyom cannot recall until it is too late keep them at respectful distance with the power alwaalways3sas in soetsootoutyouroerour hands A briehanbriehambrighsm youngs earleariearliearlyi indian policpolicyi included three basic principles firstfinst he wanted the cormonsmormons to show but never iisetlisetbisetuse a strong display of military force unless in selfseif defense this principle would later be challenged andendaridarldanid temporariltemporarilytemporarilys modified in the earldearl3eariearlearly3 colonization of the great easinaasinbas i n A second endandaridanidgrid related policpolicy3 was to riotnotmot take sides or form alliances with one indian tribe over another theT h c third principle was to leave the indian alone and shonshunshodshlshi in aniadiadbadyany personal social telteirelreligiousiliouigiou s or economic intercourse with the natives 13 58 while the mormons were encamped at winter Quartquartersquattersierst the omaha indians began stealing two or three head of cattle per dadahday someSOMO of the mormons suggested the culprits be shot E righambigham young objected to shooting them he told his people thatthatt it was wrong to indulge in feelings of hostility and bloodshed toward the indian who might kill a coatcowtcow an oyfboyfoyt0 t or even a horse he further added that if they persisted in robbing and stealing after being warned riotnot to do sotso whip them 14 brigham young approached chief big elk of the omahasomahan andaridarldanid promised him some tobactobaccocotcop powdertpowderfpowders and lead if the mormons could herd their cattle without molestation E brishamrighambighambrigham young delivered on his promise andendarid it helped maintain a certain desreedegree of friendship with the omaha tribe 15 another problem that ErigfrighamerighamhaM young dealt with in iowa and nebraska was accusations from indian agents andendariderldenid other citizens that the mormons intendedinteri ded to allylilill111 3 themselves with the indians and disturb africasafricasamericas frontier borders andaddeddarldariderld I1 5 overlandoverl sndand trails E righanbighanbrigham youngs sole lriiriinitentionintention anon theth nebraskanebranebrc ska andaddeddaridanid iowalowa frontier was to help his people safely arrive in the greetgreat basin at the earliest possible date neverthelessneverthelesst althoelthobithoalthouhsithoughsithoughalthoughuh the legationsallegationsollegationsol801legationsami801 had riono substance to themi brigham young succeeded iniriirl batobarobargainingairiiricl from a position me of power by making such statements as the following 4 we havehaive more influence with the indians than all other nations on the earth endandaridarld if we are compelled toitotto we will use it 1 17 brigham yourisyoung later empioemployedded similar tactical rhetoric 599 during the utah nevwarmarwevmav when tumorsrumors spread that the mormons had forcedformed an alliance with the great basin natives the various encounters with the indians on the iowa andaridarld nebraska plains helped prepare brigham youndtyoungtyoung to sonesome degree for his indian administration in the great basin howeveriflowevertHowhiowFlow everievettevert he periericedexperiencede perlerperiericed an entirely new set of challenges as he established permanent residencresidenceresidencys on indian lands in the midst of the rockrockys mountainsMounta inso

18491851IBP1849 ISSI1851 fA precarious peace

As previouslpreviouslyj mentionmentionedediedt when brigham young led the cormonsmormons to the salt lake valletvalley it was a largely uninhabited buffer zone between the ute and shoshonishoshoneSho shoni tribestribes4 partispartidpartly because of thatthatt at the outset neither tribe officiallofficialsofficiallyi exhibitede 0 resistance to morionmormon settlement of the regionregiorr one notable renegade chieftchiefs howeverhowhom evert neednamed makaremakara advocated immediate attack on the invading colonists but sowiettesowiettetSow iettelette the older and more conservative political chieftchiefs overruled the hotbloodedhot blooded younger chief endandarid the issue was put to rest 18 conditions remained peaceful until the mormon leadership began looking elsewhere for suitable land for the emigrants inirilriirl 1891849 the colonization of proveprovo in utah uallevallevallejvalleyj presented the first challenging conflict the area was inhabited by the most powerful of the ute bandstbandet the timpanogustimpariogusTiMpano gus utes the ute indians had lived in utah valley for generations prior to the codingcoming of the kormonmormon colonists in 60

18491 8qaq 9 initially thesthey welcomed the mormons without resistance but as the mormons claimed the most fertile tracts of landlandtlandy andarid fenced off large portions of real estate for their cattlecattie the natives began to question the prospects of peaceful co habitathabitationiorilorilorl progressively it became much more difficult for the diesutesuteg to hunt gare because the wild animals sought refuge on higher ground o pastures and orchards soon encroached on prineprime fishing grounds in a desperate state soncsomeSOMC of the indians began stealing cattle andaridarldanid produce from the newcomers austifjustifjustifyingjinqcinq it as rent for the use of ute lands in october 18491819 isaac higbeeFlig beetbeep leader of the provo colony corresponded with brichanbrighanbrigham young and complained that the indians had been troublesome for several weeksweeps reminiscent of the precedent established at winter auertQuartquettquarterserst president young reiterated counsel to build up their fort andariderid mind their own affairs 4 his cedcencensuringsurine repiteplyreplyJ dated 15 october 1849 included the following stockade souryoutyooryour fort andaddaridbridenid attend to hoursouryour own affairsaffeeffeaffoarstirst and let the indians take care of theirs let muryoutyour womenmomenWOMCH and children staisteistay in the fottfortfortt andaridarldanid the indians stajstastayj out butibuttbut while hoeyoehouyou mix with them Promiscuouspromiscuouslyls yoeyouou must continue to receive such treatment from theftthemthemy which thethey please to give you have been too familiar with themthemy yooryour children have mixed promiscuouspromiscuously13 with themthemi theithey have been free in soutsoersouryour houseshousest andaridarld some of the brethren have spent too much tinetimetivietimie in smoking andaddedderidarid chatting with them and instead of teaching them to labor such a course has encouraged thertheftthemthemi in idleness endandaridanid 1porancetifidorance the effects of which jouyou begin to feel this repisteplyreply is evidence that ettigericjhamesrighamEsrig haM young concurred 61 with joseph smithssmithes Tesresponseponse to the indian removal policy of andrew jackson brigham young believed that if the indian were to ever desire the civilization addandaridarld benefits of white societsochetsocietyjt he would learn those best at a stancedistanceJi hefieflehie believed that total intesintegrationintegration of the two societies was riotnot the wawayweywas 3 to effect the most soodgood for the natives or the mormoristMormormonemormonsmodsmoristmonsmorise living apartaparttaparto the mormons could sogo amonsamong them and noremore easily demonstrate a spirit of benevolence than thelsthey could through co habitation of the same land in eariearlearly Januarjanuary3 1850 a senseless tracedtragedtragedy3 infuriated the indians in utah uallevallevallejvalleyj three mormon men assaulted old dishopbishop t a member of one of the ute indian bands for steastealinglins a shirt theithedthey shot himhimy cut his stomach open filled it with rocrocksrocksPs and dumped his bodbodys in the provo riverviverriversvivers thedthey returned to the settlement and boasted of the 20 horrible deed upon discovering the bodbodyjj the indians clamored for rerevengeverise the settlers became alarmed at the increased killing andarldaridanid steasteesterlinsstealinsstealinglins of cattle andaridarld wrote Etigriqrighambighamhanham yoengyoung requesting that action be taken against the indians the repiteplyreplyi reiterated brighamsBrighatshars polipoilpolicycj hefieflehie warned them that if thesthedthetheys killed indians for stealing thesthedthey would have to answer for it 21 rhenwhen depredations continuecontinueddt isaac higbee travelled to salt lake citcilcit3city3 to petition authority to launchlaurich a punitive

expedition against the indians on 31 jariuarjanuary3 1850 he attended a meeting with Frespresidentidentyoung his counselorcounselorscounselorstst the quorum of the twelveitwelvettwelver andaridarld the militia commcommandericommandertcommandestcommanandertdetideriderp daniel 62 H wellsmells thesthey determined that the only alternatives were to abandon utah vailesvalleyvailey defend the utah uallevallevallesvalleys settlesettiesettlementsmeritt or leave the mormons to their destruction E righambighambrigham young authorized a selective extermination campaign againstaga irist the utah vailesvalleyvailey indiansIridinid lansians he ordered that the male offenders be killkillededtedp and the women and children be saved if thesthey behaved themselves the tragedy of the decision is that there is no mention made of the old bishop episode which created the dilemma all evidence suggests that at the tinetime of the order brigham young was riotnot aware of the murder of old sishopbishop 22

the campaign was carried 01out01itit quickly on 8 february 1850 a volunteervoluVOlLinteer force irroundedsurroundedSI and laid seige to a group of about deventseventseventys indiansIridinid ianslans who were duqdugdog in near the proveprovo river snipingsnip inq on the morionmormon settlers after two dabsdays of heavy fighting the indians withdrew leaving eight

dead iricinicincludingluding one womanWOMBH whose legs had been severed bbsbyS cannon shotshoty one militia marimartman was also killed in the battle the natives retreated with their nourinourtwouriwoundedded endandarid sick to rock canyon andaridarld the mairmainmaln body fled south in the direction of spanish fork 23 daniel mells leader of the the campaigncampaient describes the unfortunate sequel as they pursued the tivesnativesrianianie rithhithwithmith the majority of the troops I1 meritmerilwentment out to spanish fork on the indianiridian trail and left a guard at the mouth of rock carisoncaricarlcanyondonson to keep those indians there but someSOMO of them made their escape over the mountains weme counteredencounterederi the indiansT near the north end on the west side of the mountaintmountsinmoudmountaintMounmountainettsintaidtald east of the south end of lakekake andaridarld completely defeated them nah 63 during the episode twenty severisevertseven warriors were killed the militia escorted the squadssquawstsquaws papoosepapoosestpapoosespapoosesst andaridarld children to salt lake citacit3city where thesthetheys were cared for until spring after the utah valleveilevalley expedition reports of depredation customarily precipitated militia action likewise the murder of an indian for stealing continued to provoke further retributionretributiono in september of 1850 urban van stewartstewartt a morionmormon farmer in weber countcountyjt caught terileeterikeeterikeetterltenTerTeri ikeekeetkeef a shoshonishoshoneShoshoni chiefchieft in his corn field ardandaridarldanid killed him Enrageenrageddt the shoshonisShoshonis murdered a bearbnearbnearbys millwright named campbell and threatened to massacre all the settlers if stewart was riotnot delivered to them for punishment i A large militia force rode out from salt lake city with orders to peopeacefullycefulcebul l plitputpuit an end to the disturbance at the approach of the militia the indians fled and the incident terminated without bloodshed 255 the mormon leadership mobilized the militia several more times during the seatsearyeatyear 1851 wheneverwhe riever cattle were driven off or depredations persisted in an 1852 letter to the commissioner of indian Affairstaffairs jacob hoieholemanHole mant an indian agent serving in utah territory described the growing concern of the indians about the eexpandingp aridarld i rig mormon settlesettiesettlementsmerits t

it the indians are becoming vetververjveryvenyj excited by the encroachencroachmentsMents of the MormormonsimormonistmormonstMorMonmonstsi who are making settlementsettlementsst throughout the territorterritory t on all the most valuable landsI1 extendinge teridberid i rignig these settlements for three hundred miles south from this city andarid north to matmarmatysmaryss riveririvert andaridarld carson vallevallejvalleyj in the first settlement of this city 64 and the adjoining couritrcouriercountryjt by the mormonsimormonistmormonstMorMonMor monstsi thesthey at first ciliatedconciliatedcori the indians by kind treattreatmentftreatmeritttreatmentsmeritt but when thethestheys once get a foottootfootholdholdtholdy9 they besanbegan to force their wasway the consequence wastwas a war with the Indianindiansst and in madsmansmadymany instanceinstancesst a most brutal butchersbutchbutcheryerit9 of the indians this thesthey feartearteart will again be the resuitresult whehwheneverver the mormons masmamays make a settlementcheh jacob leMansholemanshoremansholemarrshoieHoleHo marismarrs assessment was correct during the mormons7mormons first four years in the great basinbagin the indians received the same treatment in utah as their counterparts had on other frontiers with the magnitude of mormon emigration requiring more and more fertile landlandtlandi the scriptural injunction to redeem the lamanitesLaMa nites was conveniently forgotten until the settlements were in place and free from possible extinction by native resistance ejbyE j mid summer of 1851 brigham young and the cormonsmormons stood at a critical junction in indian affairs experienceE andaridarld perhaps a conscience crisis for riotnotmot having redeemed the indian had both confirmed the folly of killing indians for stealing and taught brigham yourieyoung that militia action was expensive and provided no lasting peace or solution to difficulties in a letter to lorin farr of ogdenogdentogdene brigham stated do riotnot the people all know that it is cheaper bby fattfartfaryfartar yesybes hundreds ardandaridanid thousands of dollars cheaper to pathpay such losses toodfood and provisions than raise an

272A 7 expeditione p e d i t i 0 ri A major shift of emphasis toward a coriciliatorconciliatorys indian policy began to gain momentum which would last throuchthrough the duration of brigham youriesYoyoudiesyoongyounguries indian superinteriderict3super intendencetendencyinintendency 9

91 T ib521852GT 06 sshiftt4ta 14 iddME 3ephrs3w d tat4 5

1 f irairbkra kak4 E 14 E 1 1 p w T b T p dirangdarangJ irliri S the4 threeI a 0 yeatyear2 d periodd 0 0 Ifrom1 J a 1898 I1 to0 185c duchamdncham youncs indiannlpijiIJ totjodpolicies3 S qradt3llyftjpcip245 transformed

lzpl E ziad 14 toward cL noreajommore patheticeripatheticericlwaemiepi alwahimahime 14j ZT perceptionziqd tdajdajpe ljoealjoeirol ofJ the deprived s3aelenativesIJ of0 J nutah1 kak4 Lterritory0O i i 0 fi fromj woimoimot 18528 7gagto forwardforwcrdlpiemioj 45113wet45113F r aghastnalnatWet youngsui1010 guigulSUI

JA ephZ dw-tat4 T3 cedzed0 P the1 t a mormonSIJOWICW dutylp sill 0orJ bijtwaapalredeominq theW indiansindibnssljelpiji hoi hopedpothpolh P thiea4141IEAbeaugat the natives wooldwould eventuallyenjfjaaa it becofwwoodqwooaqa both

L p q p E 14 W C s pit3tu3llyd-T n 1 I1 I1 S sndandaddu dphysicallyphysiczllyS s ze I1 I1 dependentd U p U 0onU 1theZ kotmotMormormonemormonc0 U nonsMoncmonsW ii 3ay&yfojf7j

1 T Z q p q C 14 W p cre8tinqZ I a e u 6 suchs n ae dependenccfa d a U P U 3 perhapsd a a d S thea hormon10 W 0 li S could00 1

1 1 1 E aq T T p 1 p q 1 1 tat4 T jh S tifytiby avinhvin11 diplscedi s i I the4 a n3t3vosue I I 1 J S from1 0 W thelttheirD I tnbzlJ 3qL I1

4 T 14 yonngi 1 1 p kak4 IA landij er3qhmJ 0 ycnng3 f-11 F totedS tcteda I1 a hiT S philosophyd tat4 T 1 0 S 0 d S sse s follow0 m

15 14 p T q I1 j MurE 0caricarlU secureW 10 11-3 the1 4 E 5good0 0 P wallwjllM r 11 of0 J the0 indians1 U e u s byR conferrin9conferring favors uponI lopi 1 them WPM rotJOUtodjod orily10dorily.1010ro ST 3ssecureasor I1ii J aqcq ptd fcc3cc jfotfoi10.10to10 thetho14 timeilmeIIMCE w a beinboina T u 6 betbutq n V 16grgrdullya pdullyn e I1 I1 bnnqa li 5 thema w 1 p p 1 1- 11 T 1 t4ta 1 T N m 1 I1E to dcpponddo U aionuiond 0 U n S untilrl U I theyI1 R eventuallya A a u 1 n e I f mlI rctrotactu 0 I br bieblehie0 toOV perceived 0 U 0 J 1 0 houhow4 0 ti they14 a S cnu 5getE 1 aloncalfonce I1 0 u mwithniwishni I1 i jjjHPJ furthnrfurthner stated that he wished the natives fowIOMouidoulddilPTI

3kjeyb puapue aq bccleaccleeth ewdawd perfectly c pppndpnl andadddua bo obliged olto01 emolocomeCOMC diledilapl mW P 1 int to01 fl totforrordo toodfooddoofpoofPOOJ andleplle utit010clothing 1 whereas if driveI istisi v 1 q 1 T q 1 Ithcf11 t to laketakelapej a cetecerecareD I a of0 themF w reivera sz it begetsa a s arigrij r 1 51 k 1 I1 D B I1 p I .11 1 w C 1 14 ae 4 T 4 inacindct i ri ir ndnntnanntJ a allo7 J P sSFa if11fi 1relianceI T e fj a amonaamonce U B cthlcahlCt hl4e 1 0chachwhach0 I m 1 q p w v rwjy3d1 tj I p bea dterh3nt3la i ur e I1 isicesics t to0 ucs ae 2 pcop1ej 7 r

r 1 1.1 1 1 1 i 1 .3 E j r ij C 71 l f 1 T se p 1 5 fj spc 2 w 3 11 t evnnrcdij 0oi other fjjredtrentnent irisicis irioacnr u 0 i d izceftcao it

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11 1 1 .3 1 pu 1.1 whirM ll SD ri r rioreriorc01aolm31 cfficicaficitoisja u l n 0c 0.0ct the3 landL trirountritrl4 ti roudtounroun0 liiniiLIZ

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1 j D Z 1 ID C 1 f p J i 2 s uneI1 t T pu 1 q etani I rrD njii cthjc0 3cIac1 ondieondic t lilri tclnlri E theuhe lard to0 b u nd 3ccdbcd ntniantni d it figfieJ 1131 they14 jcouldI1 p 3teriierlievaterE t c h h ntvonavo zo cnltivtcQ T A 0.0C thet Jythlj the14 0-tlri eD 1 vecA 3 i this

s i L 1 L to10 A M 1 1 D .10 T U A 07i id clocio I u fine-0 ini thrnxb10 b fi t in practiced 3tat wc riot0 66 realistic the natives could riotnot adapt to white culcuicoiturecultureturet nor did thethedthe3they3 desire it the following statstatementemeritt made in 1866 demonstrates brigham Younyoudyoungsyounggciscigcag eparidedexpandedcaridedPariparl ded empathy for the plight of the Indianindiansst unfortunately bjby that tiietiletlletivietimie the damage was irreversible regarding the condition of the nativesnat ivest brigham said this is their hoiehonehomet andaridarld we have taken possession of itiittit and occueoccupoccupyi the land where thesthey used to hunt the rabbit and riotnot a great while since the boftbeffbuffbuffaloalotblotbiot and the antelope were in these vailessvalleys in large herds when we first cartecamecarmecamme here when we cameCBMC here theithesthetheys could catch fish in great abundance in the lake in the season therethereofthereoftthereoutoft and live upon them prettprettsprettyj much through the sumetsunersumer but now their gaegame has sonetgodegone and thesthey are left to starve it is our duty to feed them the lord has given us the abilit3ability to cultivate the ground and reap bountiful harvestsharvests0 0 weme have an abundance of food for ourselves and for the stranger it is our dutdutsdutys to feed these poor ignorant indians we are hinggingbinglaying14 on their possessions andarid at their hoteshoreshomes nevertheless as on other frontiersfronti ersierst the result had been the samesamoSBMO for the indians of the great basin the white nanman disrupted their lifestlikestlifestylesie and culcuiculturetuteituret colonized andarid fenced off their prineprime hunting andendariderldbrid fishing grounds andarldarid bybus their versvetyververy3 presencetpresencepresences desecrated the lands of their fathers

As brigham youngs indian policies graduallgraduallygradually3 solidisolidifiedfiedtfledy the following concepts provided a foundation for his counsel resardineregarding the indians 0o 1 feed them whenwhent necessary settlers were advised to take the responsibilitresponsibilityj of caring for the indians near thethem 2 teach thenthem to work he wanted to teach them farming in order to foster seltseitself sustsirimentsustairimerit agents were to supervise this work 3 teach thethenthem the value of propertproperty 67 4 teach them mormonism missionaries were to teach the mormon naswasway of life 30 5 educate and civilize thenthem the Indianindiansst to some extented responded andarldarid qraduallgradually5 began to make a distinction between the mormons and other whites this distinction often infuriated non mormons who came to utah 31

one madmay well asktaskackt why was the conciliatorconciliatorys policpolicyj dotriotnot commonl3commonly practiced until 1852 howard Christchristy3 suggests five reasons that account for the retarded development of peaceful habitationcohabitationco in earliearly utah indian affairs first conflict over the use of the limited fertile land was inevitable especially as more mormons flooded into the great baliriobasirioE asin second the cultural gap between the two peoples was so vast that it was almost impossible to bridge thirdthirdtthiedt the mormons were convinced of the iriferioritinferiority3 of the indian race andaridarld there was little desire to encourage assimilation fourthfourthtfourtha there was little compassion on either side for the feelings of the other fifths no programs to benefit the indian went into effect q until 1852 32 mr christys assessment of the gradual solidification of brigham youngs conciliatorconciliatory3 policpolicys is absollltelabsolutelyj correct he has snalanalanaianalyzedicedized the factors which would inevitably affect even the most principled of people as theathe3they strustrugglestrucacalecacale for co habitation with indians oron their

I1aridsacidslands 0 he demonstrates that military encounters and periericeexperiencee petiPeri ericeenice taught brigham young that it was cheaper to 68 feed the indians than to fight them mr christchristschristy howhoweverevettevert fails to acknowledge the important role that the book of motionmorionmormon concept of redeeming the lamanite piaplaplayedled in affecting brigham younsyoungyoungsyoungss moral conscience for the deprived natives of the great daginsE asinagin this conscience crisis solidified the continuation of the conciliatorconciliatoryj policpolicyj as much as did the hard reality of the dollars andarid cents it cost to raise eexpeditionsp edit i odsons against the Indiindiansarisanisanig efforts to assist the natives of the great E asinbasin and programs for the sameSBMC went into effect onisonionlyi after E righanbighanbrigham young resolved the ethical turmoil that proved inconsistent with the doctrine of redemption in addition to howard Christchristyqt it is important to note the opinions of two other scholars mr lawrence coates epressedexpressed his opinion that E righambighambrigham youngs coriciliatorconciliatory policy began as early as 18618161846 during his encounters with the oahas7omahasomahan stealing of cattle and subsequent appeasement 33 b3byba conciliation although brigham young made a conciliatory gesture bjby giving gifts to chief big elptelkeikelat thus eluding bloodsbloodshedhedihedt there was no uniform implementation of the sameisamet void of intermittent bloodshed andarldaridanid retribution in the great basin until 1852 byeq definition a policy must be tried and tested through consistent application before it qualifies as suchsochsuche that consistency did riotnot eeristexistist until 1852 and beibelbeyondoridorld mr floyd cneilaneil0O neilnellneli asserted that the special place of indians in morionmormon theotheologylogg was special orilonisonlys in belief not 69 in practice hefieflehie added that the morionmormon ssstemestemsystem was part andarid parcel of the history of the american hestnestwesthegt no 13q better addandaridanid no worse 11 34 when compared with their counterparts on other frontiersfronti ersierst the mormons responded typically in their treatment of the natives during their first five seatssearsweatsyeatsyears in utah howeverfloweverthiowFlow evettevert after 1852 there was a marked difference in the philosophphilosophy3 by which E righambighambrigham young governed indian affairs in utah a difference which favorablfavorablyfavorablys distdistinguidistinguisheddistingueingui shed hielhimhiml and the mormons from the majoritymejormajor i tst s it is a credit to brigham young that he applied the conciliatory policy as earliearleariearlyi as hehievie didididtdid even though hehievie still encountered difficultdifficulty3 in convincing some of his mormon constituents of its ultimate worth as official indian policpolicy3 7 rndnorebN D N 1 T E 13 FOFORR CHAPTERC 111 1 A PT ER illIIII1111 I1 I1

ilawtericelawrencel3wrence CG coates EBrighbrighsmbrighamtittith sMm young and mormon 1indian policies the formative pernodper3odperiodt l36IE136186136 1851t1651 n erlefibrier kamhamlakatokamohamo youriayoungyoong university studies 18 Sprisprinsoprinsspringspnngns 19781319761978 tlq3q 2 2foissellrussell r4raR richricht E7 nsignrisigninsignresign to the nations provotFr ovo utah brishambrigham youngyoun- i universituniversiauril versifyi presstpreastpress 19721 ptp 1661663661.66 3 3prighibmpnghm youne csas cited in ronald K & lspliritesplintespling A m pr Pplaceace prfrepared7ep ar ed josepjosephjosepnh t erbrighomi sh M and the auestouestquest fforfonor promisedoniomi sed i wc refrefuserefugeligeige iinri the hestpestst t jnurnaljournal ofor motmorcorhonmorhonmon hihistorystoretor U 9 198121982924 912- 4 P tighemrighambigham yoiyolyoongyonngirietariet journal of discoidischidiscoursesirsestirnest 11 december 186 log1 losI os oelesanoelesanoxlesanoelestadoAnoAn elest califotniacaliforniacalifornistCalifornist carthewcartnew printing andaridbridenid litho co incirwirm t 195639561.956 vol 1116 wourricjournal1 l of discourses coritacontainsins compiled speeches given ctat latterlatterdaydabday saint Conferenceconferencestconfer ancesoncesst contained in 26 volumesvoluvolm fieselespies oliver B huntington as cited in davis bitton joseptjosephjosepni smith in the morionmormon foilfolifolkfoik hmorymemoristmemorstamory restorationrestRost oration studies itif csesquicenlennj3esquicenterinial al edition mauticemeuricemaurice L draferfdrabertdrapert ed independencetindopendencet mis-mis5ounsouri herald bublipublifublishinqcinqhinq hoosehouse f 1980 p 86864

alewis6lewistenistewislewis elariclarleiarl ChristichistianchnstianchristibritaritarltBrit cotmonmotmonMOT mon orelfoteFOTCF nowledcjekriowledge of the w1wa yom 211 eslestcsteimesz t br ighambigham yourloyoo 19 universituniversiaurtiversity5 studies 21 fallfailfoilfollfoli lst091q81 409coqioq 10 7roniilldronld koK esplintfspliritespling thejhcohpthcthp emergence of brigham young and theth tweittwelvee to morionmorrion leadrship1leadershiptleaderships 1830 1 altqltl 11 unpubunputUnunpublishedPub i shed phfadfhdD dissettdissertdissertatioritaiontaimont ErixhamririohambrigticohaMonamm young Univeruniversittuniversitysittsitu3.3 19611981 pop o 1271274

7 8lbid81bld t p 16216 4 9 9joseph H ajosephjoseph smithd jrjre4 t HiStOistoryastoryhistotijTIj of the churchchutchurcnut ch of jesesjesosjesusjesueJPSNS christ cfof L afteratterlatterkatter dadeyday saintstS s i n I1 s saisafsaltsaitt loelake city deseret newsnows cos t 193793759377193771 19195111 6 Jjanuaryznianizdi C 1236t183 03oavolo3 223l5836223158362358t36 10 qo21 O 103bldbid 23 maimeimejmy 181it184181IS it vol 660250215027 0 etighamET ighambigham yoiyotyonging orion 8i judejune 18618161846 as cited insn lalawtencelawrencelowrencewrence G coatescoatpsf refucaeesfefugeesrefugees meet the morfmormonsorigoris and iddioindioindiansris inan ioaziowzjows t 1 kavikfvi y01young11 erichmEricericha hM jo Univeruniversituniversiauriivorsitysiteitelt studies 21l fall 19815061981 008508 t

70 aj7j 121.21 2 journaljol IT bistorhistorhistory of01 the chichurchitch of jesus christ of li F 1 1 1 1 latter daddaydey saints 13 abrurypbruryfebrucnr j 18471817 Tthoh JjournalC 11 T ri a 1 history111 i s t r is sc dilydlly chroniclechroniciechrochTonicnicIele of events in the vitortvieorthrnonarnonlonionlod chuichchutchchi itch adoann is 1 at the LDI asidsi6 chutchuichicnutitchitohc h historical clepzlrtmentp ramrtm n I1 archivestchjves in slaltscaltalt3lt laaeI1 ce cicit Vty utah

1.3113 3 13 F jchardpich3rdechardJc hard E 4 bennetttbennDenn tt cousin lzmzmI1 c n in ththee viwildidornoss4rnessaness legeeg E r the bcleale9q0lnrjinc3sinnincjs of er39h3hrighambigham youngyoungsJ indicindianindicnn policy 4 nebtdebt asl c pil11 etoryi to 67 springSpri riariQ 1986721986 727372 73734 4 journalL lol101 itlatl lallaiial bistorhistorhistoryj of the church of jesus christ of latter dady3 I1saintsibaintstsaldsaidBaintst 26 katchketchmarch 1871817018470 151.5isls yotyonno I1 cocotescoatesfcoteeCoatetesteeSf brigham yoi ing aridarldC nd mothonmurhonm0tvioi irilriirlindianjiai0 n policies the fotmiirormntivetive pcriodtpe nod 1836 18511 p 13333 161.6iglg richard 1 bendettbennett kotMOT anionsavionsons arljrlat the mlssourltft i SSOUY i 18618 16 13858547 and should hewe die normentnormantnormon lahoMaoklahoma01 univercurnversityAat3t of OlolahomolahomaoklahomaahoM press 1987 appp 101 01 1 7byighamdnqham young as cited in bennetbendetDennetbonnettdonnettbennettttt kotonmotonkorvmoronkorpMOrvions at thetho 1 missourimi s s 0 1 1 r 18618521861816185218161846 1852 addandnd should weiwewee die p 103163 181.81 R conway B 4 sonnetsonne worldhorwotnor id of nakotahakawakarraara sarisan adtAntntoniontoantonioonLonio teastbeastI1 e as the nailor compan it 19621 62 appp 19 journallol101 I Trial history of the church of jesosjesusjesi is christ of latter day saints 1155.5 october 1619laIMPl6 19 0 ibid t 31 januaryj3nuaryjariuar3 185018504

1 xllbld4ibiibl d t 229 Jjanuarya n ii a T 185185040 r brighamTrigrihemE rihcmtrighamham young to danidanlDaridanieldaneelleiielLel hlH wellswellsiwellei brishi3mdrighsm yomieyomiqyoiyot irig collectioricollectioii4Collect iori 31 januaryjanijami latlarlatilari 3 1850 microfilm teelreelneel 80tBO bonbovbo it7 f foiderfolder 646 the briehanelighaetighabrieham young collection contains L .3 m young correspondenceoorrespondencecotootoorcarrccrr esporidencerespondence initiated andaridarld received blbbj3 brigherighobrighoEr igho youriyourlu addandarid is at ihthe LDS church historical dep3rtfrntdepzmtment archives injn Ealtaitsaitsalt lalelakelahe cicitolt ty utahetcutc h 4

A openopem H MC howrd 4 christachrlschristjChrischtchi letytj flandnd and ailedmailediledlied fist 7 at mrrtonmarton indjanfindjan relationsrelatreialre latlalial lonsionslone in utahutahs 187181 5245 02t utauba h historical 4 1 qnrtetlyai0i i rtetctet IL 466 sumfkumfsummervier 19781978t2254a5A 5 21 dnieldenieldaniel H mllswellstmellst daniel H 1 l narrativenrrarr sti e 4 utahinnah ilistor1i1 I i t 0 t-j3 ccc 1I1 0quarterlyu a r t e-r I1 t3ta 6 0octobere t a b e r 1933tl193319 3 3 tl1 zaz6 arxr f journal cistarhistarhistory of the church ofo jesicjesosjesusjesucw christ of letterlatterkatter deydoydcmacm 3 saints 16 sleptembcseptemberr IKA38504lamimm 72 26A jacob holemanholcmanHo lemar to luke lea madeline mcquown collection 29 march 1852 manuscript m3iq3tma bo F t 10t01 folder 2 the madeline mcquown collection contains ttranscriptionsr a cscnsc T iptionsoptions from theth national archives in washington D C of correspondencecorr espondenceesponderespondencence between the indianiridian department andaridarld the superintendency in utah the collection is in the specialspe cialcielclel collections area of the harnottmarriott llbrarlibrary3 on the universittuniversityUniver sittsitu p of utah CBMPUScampus in salt laelake citstcitsocityt utah 27 E righambighambrigham youngYOUUQ to lorinlorlon in farrfantfarrtbarrt enghambrigham youhgyoungYOUHQ 1 collection 11 julijulyjuijul i 18511851t microfilm reel 31t31 bo 12I A foiderfolder 15

A 8 E righambighambrigham young as cited in coates brinhambri9hamPrigprighamhamYoiyolyonnging anidandaddaridarld mormon indian Folipoilpoliciesciesclescleg the formative period 18361636 18511 ll11 p q5252

29a- 9 bribrighomshemsham youngioyounghoYOUUQ journal of Discoursediscoursesst 28 julsjuisjuly 18661866t vol 11liilit26526126 30 leslie hynewa3nenynewynewagne reidreidt A bistorhistorhistoryS of the education of the uleute indians 1871671905167 1905w1905 wripublunpublishedi shed fh4d dissettetioidissertationdissertotionIs university of ulahubah 1972 PFappp 585958 59 313 I1 leonerdleonardleodardleonnrd J arrinstontattatrarr in3tonington brilhartbrishartBribr shart youniyountyounayoune ttimelicarifineraimeraanet ic an kosescoeemoeemoses newne yoriyork alfred A knopf 1985 p 256

32 1 C hhr istyiastyt pp 2332 3 J 3355

333 C costescoates ETbriqhzmighambigham yoiyolyoongyounging and mormon indian politicfoliciestpolicicFolfoi iciest 11 theT h cn formativeformjtiveF 0 T M 3 tive period 183618511836 1851 p 433 3101 milnertmienertM liner clclydade3de A and floefiokflokfloydeloydjd A 0onuN liyiltailtil chutchurchorchchurchmanchurchmonChurchchttencattenMonmen arldaridan wenec c the hec 5 tern Indiindiartsindr brieartssn notmannormantnorman oleholchohsOlchov1cahoriaohsoheome universit3universityuriiversity ofor ok1okioka01lchore homi prrrespresessees 19198585 p 107 CHAPTER IV

government administration IN EARLY UTAH

the territory of utah

when the mormons entered the great basineagindaginbagin in 1847 thedthey were on memericanmexicanicarilcarl territory and the united states was at war wnithwithit h mericomexicomenicoM e L C 0 in 1848 as a result of the treattreatstreatys of guadalupe hidalgoHidalgot the southwest became united states territerritorytorotoru when the treatstreaty was signed brigham young was dotriotnot in the salt lake valletvalley but had returned to winter Quartquattquarterserst nebraska to help the next group of monnonmormon emisemigemigrantsrants prepare for the jourdejournejourney upon hearing of the memericanmexicanicari cession of the great basin region to the united states young pianplanplannedried the drafting of a constiticonstitutionitionaition for a provisional state government rackbackdeckpack in the great dasingbasing he summoned a convention on 411 march 1849 for that purpopurposesefsee he proposed the state be called deseret after a E ookbookdook of morionmormon word denoting iridustrindustry andarldarid ariituriitunitys deseret originally included all of present day utah andaddaridarld nevada and parts of idahoidahot wyomingmyomingwt3omirigtMy oMing arixarizonaarizonatArizarizonanonatomat new kericomexico coloradoColor adot oregon endandarid california 1 this state of deseret operated

irideperidentlindependently3 of the federal government in washington for about a deatbeardear3earyeer and a half in april 18491819 E tighemrighambighambrigham young selected dr john M 73 74714 bernhisel to carr3carracartycarry ariartan official request that deseret be admitted into the union as a territory when dr bernhisel arrived in the easteest he consulted with colonel thomas L kanePadeane on the matter colonel kaneeane had befriended the cormonsmormons after they left nauvoo and was a nanman of someSOMO iinfluencerif 1 benceuence kanehanepane advised the citizens of deseret that you are better off without aejanjansany government from the hands of congress than with a territorial government the political intrigues of government officers will be against ioujousouyou you caricartcan govern ourselvesyourselves3 better than thesthetheyj caricartcan govern ijyou0 111 1 4 4 you do riotnot want corrupt political men from washington stristruttingittingbitting around you with milimiilmilitarytardtars epaulettes and grasstgresstvessvesgress who will speciapecispeculateilatealate out of loujousouyou all thethestheys cericartcancent concurring with the opinions of colonel kanekadekedehadetvanet dr bernhisel altered the petition so that it requested statehood 4 the tidingtiming was unfortunate because california applied for statehood stat the samesamoSBMO time congress admitted california as a free states thus preserving the delicate balance between free and slave states and postponing utahs hopes to be admitted to the union rather than crestingcreating the state of Dedeseretserettgerett congress established the territorterritoryterritorys of utah named for the ute indians and cut the area to a little more than half the petitioned sizegize in spite of this reductioreductionnt the new territory remained large enough to present someSOMC real management difficulties for the new Sovernsovernmentgoverrimentgovernmentment still ariartan impressive 187923 square miles utah territory comprised one eleventh of all the land mass under the american flag andaridanid measured five times larger than new Q 3 map york or ferinsperinspennsylvaniaslvartia 4 see tilsiisil11 oriorton page 89 75 millardmi nardhard llorefillmoreFi ilore appointed brigham young as governor on 3 february 1851 daniel FI wells administered the oath of office to brigham yoiyolyoungincitincie which included an exofficioex officio appointment as superintendent of indian affairs an exofficioexe officio appointment is one that comesCOMCS by virtue of serving in another capacity in this case as in other tettitettlterritoriesterri toriest the superintendent of indian affairs was an eex officio appointment accompanying the governorshipgovernorshipt washington appointed several other territorial officials for utah of whom only half were motMorkormonmormonmoriomorro fetferpersonalityper sona I1 i t3ta clashes andaddarid differences of opinion emerged between the mormons andaridarld the gentile officialofficialsst asa the non morvionsMorvcormonsmormonsmormions were called foreshadowing difficult dessdassdahsdehsdadsdays ahead for the new administration brigham young hoped to make the non mormon appointees feel superfluous andarid understand that there was no issue that the mormons intendedinteriinteridedded to leave solelsolely3 to their jurisdiction andendaridarld judarjudgmentjudgr ientbent complaints reached washington that brighamErig hemhaM youilYOLIIyoengyoungjq ruled as he pleased that no man daredi question his authority andaridarld that bithoalthOalthoughuighLigh foreign judges ravmaudtav collect their saiasalasalariessalariestriestviest thethedthestheys should never trstrtry a case 21 if he could prevent it iti115 generally the non mormon officials were capable andaridarld respectable candidates for office houhowhoweverthoweverfhouehowe veriverfevert their goals andaridarld cultural views differed vastly from those of the cormonsMormormonsmons brigham young had his own agenda for the territory addandarid when the donrionnon MorcormonsmormonsMons views conflicted with that agenda thesthey met with stiff opposition thereforethereforetThere foret their criticisms of the governors 76 power were riotnot unfoundunfoundededtedp for brigham young and the mormons had no intention of relinquishing mormon control in the territerritorytoritors although the earliest notable conflict between the mormons and gentilegentilesgentile11 officials did dotriotnot involve enyany appointees from the office of indian Affiaaffiarsaffiarstrstrs it helped confirm brigham youngs determination riotnot to yield the reinsreirisreing of government to the gentiles on 8 september 1851 the mormons had gathered together for a conference and yourisyoung gave one of the federal itidgestingestjudges pettypertyperry E brocchusBroc chust permission to speak to the congregation at first judge brocchus was versvery complimentarcomplimentalcomplimentarys of the motmormonstMormormonsmormonemonstmongimonsmong and then commenced calling them to repentance for continuallcontinuallys maligning the united states government leaders he also suggested that the young women learn virtue 5 the comment about virtue was probablprobablys an attack oron the mormon practice of polpoipolygamyiqamt3 brocchus speech incensed the congregation brigham young took the stand and said the following judge brocchusEroc choschus is either profoundly ignorantigrioraritt or willfulwillfullylj wicked one of the two it is well known to eversevery man in this community andaridarldanid it has become a matter of history throughout the enlightened world that the government of the united states lookedlooped upon the scenes of tobbinrobbinrobbinggt driving and murdering this people andarldaridanid said nothing about the mettetmettermattermattert but silence gave sanction to the lawless proceedings hundredshuridreds of women and children have been laid in the tomb prematurely in consequence thereof t andaridanid their blood cries to the father for vengeance against those who have caused or consented to their death I1 am indignant at such corrupt fellows as judge brocchus coming here to lecture us oron maralitmoralitmoralitys addandendeddond virtivirtuevirticevirtijeje I1 could busbudbuy a thousand of such men 77 and put them into a bandbox ladies and gentlemengent lenenlemen here we learn principle and good mendersmannermennersmannerss 4 it is an insult to this congregation to throw out such insinuations 16sajI1 say it is an insulttinsultfinsulat and I1 will sassasays no notenoremotemore within orieorteoneome month of this event brocchusbrocProc chus and two other donrionnon mormon officials fled the territorterritoryterritorys and returned to washington DC

the utah indian sliperintendencsuperintendencys

in april 1891819 congress appointed john wilsonmilson as the first territorial indian agent for california endandarid gave himhi jurisdiction over the great E asin state of deseret durinsduring the eighteen months that wilsonmilson supervised great basin indian affairsaffairstaf fairstfairsy nothing of record was accomplished aside from a few recommendations through correspondence with the commissioner of indian affairs 7 when congress created the territory of utah in september 1850t1850 the authoritauthority3 to administer indian affairs in the realonregionfegion transferred to brigham young in march 1851 the federal government appointed three men to aid E righambighambrigham young in the superintendencysup er i nterjderic the office of indian affairs nominated majormei jotjor jacob vaHv1 hoieHoleholemanmant from ierjtucpjtkentucky as indian agents andaddaridarldanid vleanrhentyhenry R daydayt a missouriantmissouriaritMissouri ariiaritarliant andaddeddarldaridanid stephen B rosetrogetrosey a dornonmornonmormon from new jersey as sub asentstagents dasdajday and rose arrived at great salt lake citcitys on 19 juljuijulijuifjulyi 1851 and holeman on 9 8 august of the sameSBMC yeatyear brigham young established three indian agencies in the great basin the parvan also fsuvanpadvanpauvan agency administered the central andaridarld northwestern 78 portions of the territerritorytors west of the shoshonishoshoneShoshoni nation and north of the padvanpauvan uallevallevalleyj the carowanparowan agency irielfincludedidedaided the southwest region of the territerritorytors west of the eastern pauvan rim of the great basin andarid south of the padvan valleivalley 4 the uintah arencaqencagencys had jurisdiction over all the area east of the eastern rinrim of the great basin see map 12 on page 90 superintendent young assigned dajdadayj to the padvanpauvan agency rose 0 to the uintahtuintah9 and holeman to the carowanparowan agency 9

when major holeman arrived in great salt lake citcilcit3city3 in august 1851t1851 he brought news that a treatstreaty was to be held at fort laramie for the great plains indians holeman asked permission to attend the treatstreaty with a bandbarid of shoshonishoshoneSho shoni indiansiridiaris hetietlehie had netmet enroute to his post brigham young gave his blessing to the ventureveritvenit liteLire but seededseemed a little asperatedjasperatedexasperatede aspe rated that he had riotnot received prior intinfinformationornation about the treattreatstreaty in a letter to holeman on 11 august he saidsaldsaidt 1 I should have beenbeeri most happhepphappihepplhappyheppyj to have received a letter of instructions from the departrdepartmentdeparter lent at washlwashingtonWashi ristori 10 the assignments of daddeddaydeydby andaridarld rose were temporarily interrupted as rose accompanied holeman to karLarlaramieamletamiet andarldarid day lingered behind to tritrttytryi to persuade someSOMC ute chiefs to also attend the treattreatstreatys making gathering dadassdausda3sdays3s efforts proved unsuccessful as the utes could riotnot be convinced that thetheree

was no trickertricker3trickery3 or deception intendedinteri ded bby3 the invitation dasdadday remainedregained in saitsalt lailallakekakekekee citcilciticilicikicityi during the absence of holemanHo lemarlemanieman and roseroset the previousprevioucpreviously1

mentioned conflict between etietlBrighaBribrighaibrighambrighatetghaitaitattet young sndand jijudaejodaejudgeidge brocchubrocchus 79 occurred affected bsbyb s the sentiments of judge brocchusbrocProc chust dasdadaydaj s fled the territorterritoryterritorys with brocchusErocchuschug and others in late septemberseptember& & fearing that holemanholethoietholerlanianibn might also be persuaded bab4by dasdadaydad s and brocchus to return to the states brigham young wrote to president millard Fillfillmoremoretmoreg the indian agent mr hoieholemanHole mentmant canecame here butbotblitbuitbutt immediately left to attend a treatstreaty at laramieLar amiet which he had preengagedpreengaged to do he has riotnotmot returned to this place since mr desdasdadaydbys accompanied the officersofficerst and it is presumed that upon meeting with mr holeman thethestheys all returned to the statestatess togethertoge theT 111212 brigharsbrighamsdrigBrighafshars concerns proved unfounded as oleManflolemanfloremanhlFl did return to his post to resume his duties as indian agent when mr dadafdaidabdayi aarrivedr r i ved ini n st loulslouislou i s t he and the federalfeder a I1 ofofficersf i cer s that had fledtiedfledfied the territorterritoryterritoryj were censured severeldeverelseverely3 in the press for abandoning their posts in an editorial under the date of november 25i25t 1851 the st louis republican printed the following but what surpasses our comprehension is what the sub agent of the utah indians has to do with the civil or political affairs of the people of utah territorterritoryterritorys unless thesthey conflict in someSOMC weswaway with the Indianindiansst one would have supposed that he could have discharged his duties to the indians at leasttleaettleasts even if governor young had committed treason and had been hanged for it 13 the vacancy left bjbbyj daidadaydaj i was never filled and brigham young reorganized the superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendencyi into two districts with one indian agent andaridarld one subsubagentaverittagentageritt see map 13 on page 91

superintendentsepersuper tendentintendantintendentin young andaddaridarldanid major holeandoleanolemanflolemanFl

initiallinitialsinitiallyit major Flolemanholeman favorably impressed 80 superintendent young on 30 november 1851 in 8a letter to luke leatleaplea the commissioner of indian affairs in washington DC t brigham young wrotewrotetwroten I1 take great pleasure in forwarding major holemans report to yourour department which I1 doubt riotnot youaljoijolj will find unusualunusuallyls interesting andarideriderld highlhighlys satisfactorsatisfactorysatisfactorys that gentleman has spared no pains to make himself usefulusefultusefull and to subserve the interest of the soverngovernmentmeritt he has used the utmost economeconomyst consistent in all his transactions so far as I1 am capable of judging and made his ependituresexpenditurespendlpendi tures and lossesfarlosseslosioslog fat lessfar than similar services usually incurlosseslarseslar during lemarsholemanholemarsholemarkHo s first few months at his post the orilonly indication of ansananyand s friction with superintendent young took the form of a mild complaint from Brixhamriqhambrigham young to commissioner leslea that major holeman thought it his tirtightrightriqht to choose his own agency 15u but it Rgraduallyraduallradmall s became evident that olemanholemanFl was dotriotnot happhappshappys with his appointment among the mormons andaridarld that hetheheg like brocchus and dadabdastdahtdayst felt restrained under the powerful influence of brigham youngs authority in the Territerritorterritorytottor Rearealizinglizine that ariiansany derogatory comment about E righambighambrigham yoongyoung or the mormons sent through official charchannelsinels woiwolwouldiidlidild only cause trouble for himself holeman found wawajswejswaysweysjs to release his frustrations biby circumventing brigham young andaridarldanid correspondcorrespondinginsing directldirectlydirectly3 with the office of indian affairs in washington DC in one such letter written from fort laramie on 21 september 1851 he stated I1 find much ecitementexcitementcit ement amonsamong the Indianindiansst in consequence of the whites settling andaridarld tatakingkirio possession of their countr3tcountry driving off andarid killing their game and inirilriirl some instarinstancesices driving 81 off the indians themselves the greatest complaint on this score is a9ainstagainst the cormonsMormormonsMons thethey seemSCCM riotnot to be satisfied with taking possession of the valley of the great salt laklakeet but are making arrangements to settle othetotherathertothert and principallprincipaleprincipallyi the rich vallies sicsicasic3 and best lands in the territory this creates much dissatisfaction among the indians excitese them to acts of revenge thesthey attack emigrantscites plunder and commit murdermurdenmorden whenever theytheyl find a partpartspertspartys weak enough to enable them to do so therebcherebtherebys makirimakinimakingfaf6 the innocent suffer for injuries done by others brigham young would never have known of this letterietterletten but for lack of other information on indian affairs inirilri utah Territerritorytors for the hearyearyeav 1851t1851 commissioner lea printed leMansholemanshoremansHo letter in the official annualandianniandl taital report of the commissioner of indian affairs andaddeddaridarldbrid distributed it to all the superintendenciessuperintendencies when the commissioners report arrived in the great salt lake city in masmamaymaj s 1852 e-brighamr i ahamgham young amlriedexaminede allried it andaridenid penned a buttlerebuttlerebottlere at the time major holeman made the above statements he had never seen an indian upon whose land the whites who make improvements andaridanidenid cultivate the earth had settlesettledgettiegettledt and no indians have ever been driven off these lands that I1 have ever heard of the shoshoneesShosho nees and cintasuintasuintast to whom I1 more particularly allude being the onionlyi ones in the Territoterritoryrj with whonwhom the major had at that tinotimetimo had ansany knowledge oftof or intercourse with have at various times solicited settlements to be made in their respective lands in order that thesthey might be benefited in the articles of clothing andaddaridarlderid provisionprovisionsst as the game spoken of affords even in the most retired and secluded places but a vetyvery precarious dependence for subsistence the orilonly3 dissatisfaction that I1 have ever been able to learn as existing among themthemi was in consequence of no such settlements being made as thesthey desired thoushthoughalalthough thesthetheyS have been told that thesthey will be accommodated in byisfr kispis thing as soon asciscig circumstances will permit it is probable that from each individual perspective 82 both holeman and young were right the indians obviously vented their feelings to holeman about mormon displacement of their lands conversely whether out of fear or hope of presents andarldarid provisionprovisionsst thetheyj also courted mormon favor andaddedderidarid encouraged at least verbally korionmorionkormonmormon occupation of their lands nevertheless brichanbrighanbrigham young perceived holemanholcmansholcmannholehoieHolc Mansmangs negative communicationcomm urtication to commissioner lea as unwarranted and disdisloyalloal to the superinteridencsuperintendencys the altercation over holemanshoierHolertars accusations in the annual report revealed onisonly the tip of the iceberg in late 1851 hoieholemanHole mari described brtartanent unusual incident in someSOMO detail to commissioner lea in august of that saesame beart3eartyeatyear just prior to the council at lavenielavLarLa ranievenieamietvamie indian sub agent daidajday visited holeman seeking information regarding the funding of an interpreter to encourage the utah indians to attend sup yoongyoung the courcouncilicil 4 holeman referred him to superintendenter i rite rident shortlshortishortly1 thereafter two prospective interpreterinterpreterstinterpretersfinterpret erstSf dimick huntington and eoE o MW Variwariwarlvanettenetten called uponuponopon holeman and hetietlehie referred them to brigham youngyoungo o they left and returned pressing holemcholemaholemandri for a commitmentcommit meritt which was flatiflatlyi denied holertanhoiholemanholermanHol ertan then left for laramieLa tahlerahietamie rhedkhennhenwhen hetietlehie returned three months later vanettenuarlvarlVari etten presented him a bill for his services as an interpreter andaridarldanid colemarholemarholerianhomerianHo lemarlerian refused to pay it unless accompanied by a certificate from the governor that the job had indeed been performed later that sanesame dadaddasdahdays a constable served holeman a SUMMOHSsum moris to appear in couttcourt andaddarldaridanid confiscated his soverngoverngovernmentment carriage as collateral humiliated coleanholeanholerianHo lerlanlerianierlan 83 paid the debt rather than being further condemnedcomdemned as a 1618 iteIseentilegentileiseentile in a mormon courtscourtecourto holeman included in the letter to commissioner lea his personal belief that brigham younayoung was behind the whole affair I1 take this opporopportunitopportunitytunit of again stating to coufyoufou as mmy3 fifiredfixeded opinion that with governor yourisyoung at the head of the indian department in this territorterritoryst it cannot be conducted in such a manrimannetmannerettert as to meet the views oftof or do justice tottop the government he has been so much in the habit of ercisirigexercisinge his will which is supreme here that no orieorleone will dare to oppose ansanaany thing he majmayma j sasassays or do 4 his power andarid influence is so Rbeattreattgreatgreatt that riono offiofficerofficertofficerscert either of the territorterritoryterritoryt or the Governgovernmerittgovernmenttgovernmentsmeritt who is a Morrikormonmormonontong will dare to disobedesobedisobeyi his wiliwill therethereforeforet these offices are madecmadeomanagedmanacaedged andarid controlledcontrouled isiccisic3sic biby him as completely as if all their powers andaridarld duties were invested in him alone from all the circuMstancecircumstancestcircumstancesfstSf I1 feel well assuredassur edtedp that he was at hpethe head of this suit of vanetton against meMC 4 ditringivingduringduning the few months that followed the varlVarivanettervenettervanettenetten episode holeman seritsent a series of critical lettiettlettetslettersletterseTS to the conisionerlimissionerConiscomiscofcot lomerioner of indian affairs on 29 mzamzkatchkarchtchachrch 18521652 he wrote to commissioner lealeaflegkeatlegi

m 1 4 on MV arrival in the oitsoltscity from tatelarofiletareLarolatim filemllepile I found the governor absent on an eexpeditionp edit ionlom to the iridicindinsiddinsandinsIndinsnsfmst soncsonesome 150 nilemilemiles rdistantistoletoletbnitrit heflefiehie had ttakencven with himihimnim sebsubpebpub acaerittcherittagent 5 & roseroeepose who is a mormon with sevetseverseveral1 l hiindredhondredhundred dollars worth of indian oodstgoodswoodstc as presedpresentsipresentspresentsitst for the purposedpurposetpetpotpur posetpose no doubtsdioubtt of conciliating the indians andarldarid getting pcpermissionrmissionemission to extende teridberid his settsettlements1 e meritmenit s thus making use of his officetofficeroftoff icet as Superintendsuperintendenteritt addandaridarld the noneymoney of the CoverngovernmentMent to promote the interest of his cherchchurchchi trch therefotethereforethereforetheretheve fOTe it seemsseperssepems to metMC that no Mormormonmorit should oficiallyofficially have ansensanyeny thing to do with the indianso6iciall3 Hoholemanlemart andarid others accused brigham young of utilizing his soverngovernmentment office to further the cause of the morionmormon

chotchurchurchchut ch brigham young undoubtedlundoubtedlyundoubtedlys did so 4 howeveriflowevertHowhiowFlow everievettevert in his 84 mind there was never occasion to separate church andarid state nor did hetietlehie feel it his moral obligation to do so he felt that the gentile officials delved into affairs in which thesthey had no business interfering or even stating an opinionop inion the territory was mormon long before they arrived and he fought against aniadiadsadyany influence to reduce morionmormon control brigham young did riotnot consciouslconsciousnconsciouslys wear the government or church hat at ananyj given time to him it was one hat and he perceived no conflict in maintaining mormon independence in the territorterritoryterritoryj through the political process in another letter to commissioner leatleaf holeman wrotewrotetwroten the superintendent andarid the sub agent roseiroseroset seem disposed to conceal their movements from me ththeye never consult with 112121 metMCmeg or padpaspaypa s an attention to mjmym j opinions another communication hibitedhabitedexhibitede hibihibl ted an apparent fear for his life heflefiehie confided to the commissionertcommissionericommissionersCoMMissiCommissio nertoneri if it was known here that I1 had made such a communication referring to the several private statements he had made there is no telling what would be the result I1 have heard them boldlboldaboldlyj assertaggertaggertt that if E rightmrighsmbrigham was to tell them to cut any madsmarsmans 112222 throaty thethestheys would do it without hesitation commissioner lea neither vindicated nor censured holeman for his statements against superintendent young this no doubt was a source of frustration to holeman for he never received erldenyany response to all the letters he

painstakiriqlpainstakinglyj prepared perhaps feeling a personal need to be vindicatevindicatedvindic8tedvindicatedsds holeman sent a copcopy of the 29 march 1852 85 letter to henrihenrshenrhenrjhenryI dasdesdajdadayj andaridanid requested a supportive letter to the Commissiocommissionernertnereneve in a fiery letter dadajdasdabdays endorsed to the fullest ederittextentteritt that Portportioniorilorilorl of mr holeianshoieholemarcsHole yansiansmarcs ietterletterletteri as to the unjustifiablei injustunjust if i ableabie conduct of the mormon authorities of utah andaridarld their seditious and violent e1ea1tressionsexpressions with regard to the government of the united states 233 that still didnt arouse commissioner lea E ewilderedbewildered at the lack of responsetresponserespresponsesonset holeman continued to plead his cause with iinfluentialritrif 1 bentuent i a 1 men writing to a colonel D D mitchell hetietlehie said I1 get on badiibadilbadihbadly with the mormoris thedthey find fault with metMC because thethesthey sasisassa3tsastsaatsay I1 will dotriotnot take courcouncilicil osiergicsic meaning t that I1 will nolriotnot be influenced bjbyb j brighamerighamt and his 12 apostles Ttheyh e j have no friendship or respect for anyone who will riotnot support them andaridarldanid their church t As I1 cannot do this andtand according to the best of my judgjudgmentmeritt discharge mjMV duties to the governgovernmentmerittmeniti we of coersecourse frequently disagree their object is to promote the interest of their church and peoplepeoplet without tegardregard to the interests of government or the Indianindiansst andaridarld ververlveriveryi frequently abusing both while ny object is to support the interests of the Coverngovernmentgovern nentment andaddaridbridenid the Indianindiansst and let them manage their church affairs in their own wawaawesweywayj in we frequeritlfrequentlyj vetververjveryvenyj widely gov this differ youngs conduct towards4 wards meimetMC has been such that we do dotriotnot speak the feelings were riotnot all one sided brigham young grew more and more impatient andaridarld irritated with major holeman in a personal letter to john M bernhiselt utasutahsutah s cgressionalcongressionalon delegate in washingtonwashingtont DC t ETbrighsmbrighamiq ham said that holeman has riotnot accomplished arianythingbrieni ithinq that I1 have heard of and is literallliterally doing nothing unless as I1 suspectfsuspeettsuspects writing letters designed byb himhimi to injure the good people of this territorterritoryit andend 86 prejudice the people and government of the united states against us 4 he assumes that hetietlehie has accomplished great things I1 hope it mamajmayj prove hi yo e may 9 soisotso but hye42 m3 doubts if it has accomplished andanygny good from all the available evidence it appears commissioner lea did riotnot spend much tinetime worrying about the utah superinteridencsuperintendencyi undoubtedlundoubtedly3 to brigham youngs delight two instances demonstrate that lea recognized the authoritauthority3 of superintendent young over that of major lemarrhoieholemarrholemarkHoleholemarroHo marro on 20 february 1852 lea wrote to brigham young the remoteness of utah from washington and the little that is known here of the indians in that Territoterritoryrj render it riecessarnecessarys that the management of our indian affairs in that quarter be left almost entirely to youtyour discretion andariderldenid 26ifaf7 A judgmentjudgments in march 1852 john moM o bernhisel wrote to brigham young and saidsaldsaidt on the ath8th instant I1 had an interview with the horlhorrhortehorrehonre luke lealeaileas commissioner of indian affairsAf fairst ahotwhotwhof I1 amBM happihappy to inform souisoutyoeyou stated that souryour report was a good ardandaridanid interesting onet and expressed himself pleased with the manner iouhoehouyoujow had performed the duties of joursouryoutyour superintendency 1127ll11 27 brigham young and jacob holemanholethoietholer ianien often disagreed in in issues regarding indian affairs EXasperateexasperateddt holehanholeman began writing letters to missionercommissionercotcor lea conceding defeat and requesting reassignment As earitearisearlsearly as ma3mamaymad 3 1852 he wrote t I1 have riono idea that with governor young at the head of the indian departdepartmentsmeritt thothatt I1 shall be able to do anthanythinginqing that can be of service to 87 the government or to the Indianindiansindianstindianistst or creditable to mmyself Therethereforethereforetforet if gov young is continued as superintendent I1 had as well leave for it must be evident to the departdepartmentmeritt from his course recentlrecentlyrecentlyst that his personal feelings towards metme or sometcometsomething else has induced him to neglect the interests of the government 4 whether ariierlianygny other gentile could succeed better with himhimp jhnbarihartpart I1 have dodedonedonet is extremelextremalextremelys ll11 doubtfdoubtfuldoubtyu1ua 4 IV in march 1853 holemanfiohioFlo lemart pled with the commissiocommissionernertderpnerp if it should be the wishes of the department I1 would like to be called homehomet as my duty to the government compels meimetme to act in such a mannetmennetmanner as to give offence frequently to the cormonsmotmormonistMormormonstmormonsmonstmons who seem to recosrecognizedizenizemixe no law but their own 112929 selfwillself will 4 this time the commissioner respondrespondededtedg and by fall of the same seatsearyeatyear holeman left the territorterritoryterritorys it is interesting that there should be so much discord between olemanholemanholcmanFl andaddeddaridbrid young when both had at heart the well being of the indians dale morgan etressedexpressed the dilemadilemma holeman conceived that he had no other responsibilitresponsibility3 than to the indians andarldarid he was prepared to defend their interests against ariartanianyoneiodesodesone youngs point of view was more colored by social self interesttinterestfinterestsinter estt yetet it was essentialessentiallylq more realistic because it took into accoaccounturit the continuing pressures of american mansionpansionexpansione pan sionslod the question was riotnot what was best for indians living in a political vacuum or cultural voidvold but how indian interests could best be reconciled with the etpansionistexpansionist forces of white colonization younssyoungsyoungs thinking about the indiansIndi aris was thus discerning and farsighted looking beyond the possible immediatearijusticesimmediateinjusticesiMMediate injustices which aroused the zealot in Flolemanholcman had crishambrighanprisham young been administering the stipulations of ariartan official treattreat3treaty3 with the various ute and shoshonishoshoneShoshoni tribes jacob olemanholemanflolemanfloremanFl would have beenbeert more disposed to work under supsuperintendenter i rite rideritpiderit yourieyoung since there was riononio official 888E treaty holeman perceived manimany actions andendaridanidenid decisions of brigham young resregregardingarding indian affairs as colored biby morionmormon self interest holeman felt trapped between governor young and the Indianindiansindianstindianistst never being able to serve either one completelcompletedcompletelys E othboth hedhenmedmen were capable individualindividualsst but their relationship was doomed to corrode from the beginbeginningninening as neither was willinewilling to relinquish his authoritauthorityauthorityi to the other few non mormon officials understood how tenaciousltenaciouslytenaciouslyI brigham young and the mormons intended to maintain control in governing their own affairstaffairs including the SLIpersupervisionvision of the natives rithitWitwithouthoulthOLIt further federal regulations or treaties to dictate superintendent youngs administration of indian affairs in the territerritorytorst hetietlehie implemented his own proceduresprocedurestproce durest which naturally favored the colonization of the great basinEa sirisirl 89 kepkapmap til411 state of deseret vs tcterritoryrritorcritor of uteutahh

op waft

staiestatestare of deseretdes eret territory of utah

F redfred R kowinskowsnscongongow ns A history of brighamE youngyounc2s indibnindiartindign superintendency 1851 1857 problems7 andeddaddoddondQ ICCOMPpiccomplishmentst1 ishishmentsMents 1

0.0 CI m young unpublunpublishedi shed sterskastermastermsstersmastersMs s thesisthesthee is t ereirighomi hmh university 196319630 Pp4pa 9 Q 0

3 rl 1 P 121 1 I I hp 412112 original division of the utahutan superintendencysi

youge F R gow3nsGogowartsgowartygowans A 1 yourlYoLyou tedredfred nantswartswants historyI of erigbrighsnbrighonbamham Youriyol95youriqs95qs indian sitperinteridencsopetsopersuper intendencetendencyinintendency4 1851 1857 problems eddandaddC accoilaccoplAccomplishmentaccomplishmentstiskishishmentsnenteMentsmentest unpotUnputunputilunpublishedil i shed kastetkestermasterMs stetster s thesichesithesiss eresrighsmi aham9ham young university 1963 p 10 91

ly kapmapM cap3p 1313t DA visiondivision of tthehe utahlitahlilah super i ntendencinteridenc otletafterotler dadeyday Is depattidepartureitette

F fred R Gogawarisgow3nsgowariswanis A of esrielesriqlbriohsmhanham yourvqyounoss indian tedred waris flistor3history tl superinteridencssopetsopersuper interiinteridencydencydemcy 1851 1857 frfsroblemsobi emsCMS endeddCendeddaddnd Accomplishmentaccomplishmentstacconpl ishishmentsMentssti unpublishedi mastersMB stets thesis erisetisEriosmrihemrihsmham young uriiversituniversityJ aj3j aq sters 1919636 p4pap 3q344 1ENDNOTESN 1 N 0 T E FFOR017017.017 CICHAPTER1 A P T E R I1IVV

E .4 m YOUHQai mosee leonerdleonardleodardleodleonleon3rd3rd J attiattlarrinotonArriarringtonarnnqtondotonnoton4 brr iiqhfigh a YouriyourlML aferateraberamericanlean hours new york alfred A knopfknopff inc 191351.9135 p 2232 3 twilford2wilfordilford woodruff diardiary on 26 november ab1b1849 as cited in lelandlelend FIhl creericreercreery the foerfourfound inning of gnagnan euireemiteemireempire salt lake cialclauciaucitycatyit utah bookcrsftbookcraftbookcraftt 19719171947 p 3213211 3 3atringtontarnngtont p 228 reports of drandradbrandebiBranfirandeburydebiiestitst E rocchusfbtocchust and harris to millardmill3rd fillmore 0as cited in arringtoriarrngtonarnngtonArring toritorl p 2292 292 9

5lelandglelandL el addandedd fl111 L creer ulah arid the nationmationn3t3 on seattleseattie nshinqtontwashington universuniversouniversitylit 3 of WCshirigtonwshinqtonwshington press 192919219 p 96 bibid6ibidibid appp 969796 97 afred7fredfred RPA Gowcowcowanfcowansgowaristaristanist A flisterflistorhistoryj of E brisiharincjham youncsyoungs indian Superintendersuperintenderietsupenntendencylctietleli 18511853 1857 problems arid Accomplishmentaccomplishmentstaccompiaccompt ishishmentashmentMent sti cripiuripiunpublishediblished MakastermastercastetsmastetssteTS thesistihesisfthemist EriqbrighaiBrieriqhavibrighamerig rhalghaihavihami youngYOUUQ universit3tuniversityf 19631963.1963319633. p 6 p adale8daled3ledale LI1 moranmotanmoren the pidministradministrationtion of indian alffPiffaffairsaitsaltsairs in utahulattutanulaht 3851185818513851 1858 t pacific fi1st0tic31H istotiskot ic 1 review 17 novembernosefnovefnovet ifiordifior 1918194838384381 9cowaristCOMPUS p st8 10 estiqhmetighzm yeijiyoijiyoonyonniq to jacob aulemanhulemanHu iemanleMan MmabelinemaoelinekaokeoMaokj eline mcouownmcghlownmcquown collection 11 august 1851t18533853 marjuscriptkarimkerimmanemanuMarju criftscript 143113izi113 boxbo 133 folder 2 the Madmadelineieline mcquown collection ontain5contairrs transcriptions fronfrom the national archives in HshshingtonwshingtonWashingtowashingtorithingtonritrip D C of correspondcorrespondenrecorrespondenceenreence bertteenbetweenbertweenbertween the indiindnanindmanmriamri department andaridarldanid the SUPEkupetsupettintendenujinte ndenc v in utah the collectcollectioniorilori is3sas in the special collections area of the marriott library on the ljnier5ituniversity3 of utah CAMPUS in salt lehelahelahelakeleke citcaty utahulenulanutan

motmarcjanmorcjanmorqiariMor cjancaan Pp4pa 303853853055

1 r7 tinhamEtiqhamerighmErigtighem hM young to millaidmillatdMillami 11 aidTd filim0tefillnoretFill noretmoret Mmadelinea di e I1 i 111 1 e Mmcknownmconownc U 0 w n collectionC 0 I1 I1 e c t i 0 n 20 october 1851 kanimnnscraptmani isetiser ip t 143 t banbonbo 3 q folder 11334

13 Q W saltsjlthjal LI1 ouisouie0 u i s reirelR e p ablnblu b I1 iicanic3nC iai3 n 0oriorln 25 Nnnvemhcr0 v e vi 13 c r 185118 5 1 a cited in creercreen utah and the notiornotionNotimotimotltllationtor p 104IO q 92 93 14enghambrigham young to luke leatlea madeline mcquown collectiontcollectionicollectionsCollect ioni 30 november 18511851t manuscript 143t143343 borboxboix idti0tafqf foiderfolder 224 151 brigham young to luke leatleakeatkeap ibid 20 october 18514 16jacob holeman to luke leatleeilealeeleep 21 september 1851 annual report of the commissioner of indilindalindianM affairsaffaiaffail li washingtonwashingtont DCdeco eldeonEideoncideondideongideon andend cotcocoy 1851 appp 183 818 17brigham young to lukeluko leatlealeap medelinemadeline mcquown collection 28 masmameymadmed s 1852 manuscriptmanillMarILI Script 113t143 bobosbbsboc lot0 folder 2 181 R jacob holeman to luke leatleale3 ibid t 28 december 1851 19ibid 2020j3cob jacob holeman to luke leatlea ibid t 29 march 1851 21 jacob holeman to lulelukeluie leatlea ibid t 29 february 1852 22 lacobjacob holeman to luke lea ibid 29 karchmarchM achrch 1852 23 23hnrvhenthenr dadasday to lukeluike leatlea ibid t 2 jenjunjune 1852 2421 jacob holeman to D D Mitchelmitchellmitchelltmitchellalt E riqhamrighambrigham young collection 26 november 1852 microfilmMicro talmfalmfaIM reel 93t93 borboxbo 59 foiderfolder 7 the E brishamrighambighambrigham young collection contains correspondence initiated and received by enghambrigham young andaddarid is at the LDS church historical department archives in saltsaitgaitgalt lake citcity t utah A coplcop3copycop 3 of this Fl oleman letter was in the collection 225 5brighambrigham young to john bernhisel t journal flisterflistorhiishilsFlisn3na storytottor i of the church of jesus christ of latterdddoya3aa saints 28A B august 18185252 the journal history is latterlaftera delihdaily chronicle of events in the mormon churcchuocchurchh anderldaridbrid is at the LDS church historical depattmentdepartmentdepbttmeritDepaTt Ment archives in salt lake citcity3tat utah r7ra 2x A bluke6lukelukelmke lea to B tighemrighambighamengham young i brishambrinhamenghsm young collection 20 februarfebruaryfebruary 1851852A t microfilmmicrofmicron lim reel 92 t boybo 58j58 folder 10 27 john bernhisel to E aghannghanbrigham young E nahomnghombrigham young collection 10 march 1852 microfilm reel 66t86 botbocbo 52 t foiderfolder 11

x7078 jacob olemanholemanFl to luke leatleakeatkeakeap kadelinemadelinekodelmodel me acolmcolmcquowritown collection 8 ma3masmaimamay3 1852 manuscript 1431q3t borboxbo aibotqot0i folder 2 29 jacob holeman to luke lea ibid 5 march 1853 30 30morgankorganMorganM rgariagarirg arierlbri p 389 CHAPTER V

CONFLICT WITH THE NATIVES

chief dalkertwalkerthaiknaikwalk er Brigbrighamhafihaelhapl young and the indian slave trade

becauseE ecause of his vital role in earlieariseaviseariearlearlyi utah indian affairstaffairsfairsy it is imperative to understand something about the timpariosastimpanogasTiMpa nogas ute chief bakarawakarawakarat anglicized walker prior to the arrival of the mormons in 1871847t walker was infamous as one of the great horse thieves of the west his raids had taken him as far east as the great plains andaridanid west to california walker also participated in the lucrative indian slave trade using children of the weaker paiutepalute bands as a trading comrioditcotcorkoditymodityj As mentioned in chccacchaptchaptcrchaptera ptercr two the spaniards andarldarid mexicansme icarisicaria traded several items including after 1692 horses for indian chilchiichildrendrent which were then taken to santa fe and coldsoldoid as house sericservcservantstits Wwhenh e n ttheh P mormons arrived in the great balintbasintE asin chief WMbakarawakarakatakarak8ra arid his band were active in the indian slave trade andarldarid it represented a sisnificosignificantmritamrit part of thethes timpariogutiripanogusz ute ecoriomjeconomy during the ffirsttiret foutfour years of motionmorionmormon settlersettlerlentsettlementlent in utah walker and other indian chiefs courted mormon favortavoreavor andaridarld had frequent contact with the mormon colorrcolmorrcolony inj n SansaripetesanpetrSarisanpetropetrpete vavalley11 e after receiving help through the difficult winter 99qaq 95 of 1849 50t50 walker reciprocated by being baptized in the kormonhormonmormon church alonsalong with his brothertbrotherfbrochertbrothetthertherf araleenataAraarapeentarapeenpeen andaddaridarld an older 1 venerated chiefchieft sowlettersowiettefsow ietterletter on 13 march 1850 0onn 9 Jjuneun e of the following seatsearyeatyear the sameSBMC three were ordained elders in the morionmormon church 24 this further cefcementedienteddented walkers friendship with the motMormormonstmormonsmormonemonstmons but the relationship crumbled when Erigbrighameriq haM young adopted measures to undermine the indian slave trade when he became governor of the territorterritoryterritorys of utah in

E young 1851 f tighemrighambigham determined to see indian slaverslavery3 abolished he vigorously denounced the practice and warriewarniewardedwarnedd of prosecution to ofteoffeoffendersriders A test case materialized in the person of pedro leonleonileont a memexicanicari slave trader who appeared in the terrlt0rterritoryj doing isinessicinessbusinessbi as usual in the fall of 1851 learninelearning of leonsleolebns activities morionmormon officials arrested leonkeonleom andaridarld his associates and broughtbrO LIght them before judge zerubbabelZerubbabel snow of the first district court in prprovoovo the traders were foundfolind guilty fined fiftfiatfiftys dollars each andarid epelledexpelledbelled from the territory on 15 novehbernovemberNove hber 1851 brigham young issued fair warning to all who might venture into utah seeking indian slaves 4 he declareddeciadecla tedtredt the purchase andaridarldanid removal of indian children from utah territorterritorys to arilariuany other state or territorterritoryterritoryiiti or the removal of indian children without purchase to endemdanyamyemy other territory by such mearismeans or processes is kidnapping in the eiegeyese iesfesfeg of the united states law andarideridenid ought to bebo treated so in enianiany united statessacencEACmesaes 113 court f 96 the disruption of the longestablishedlongiong estabiestablishedi shed slave trade angered the ute Indianindianast especially walker and araleenafaAraatapeentarapeenpeen thedthey decided that if the cormonsmormons were going to keep the utes from continuing the trade with new mexicome 1 l cotcoy then thesthey had better be prepared to purchase the indian slaves themselves dandartdantdanl jones told how araleenarapeen used someSOMC ahetaherrathetratherrb gruesome leveieveleverageTasetage to coerce the mormorisMormormonsmorismorts into taking the indian slslavesovesoyesmyes araminoarapinoarapinetAra pinet esicaesicjsic raikerwalkerwalkersklkerss brotbrotherhetthertherp became enraged sasayingaing3ing that the mormons had stopped the memexicanselcansjlcans fromfrom bubuyinkbuyinqing these children that thedthey had no right to do s3tsosat unless thedthe3thethey3 bought them themselves severalsc vetalveralveval of usuisLIS were present whenwhein he took odeoiwone of these children bby the heels and dashed its brains out on thetho hard groundgroundtgroundy after which he threw the body towards listlisyus tellteliteiltellingirieirleirig us wewo had no heartshe arts orr we would have bought it arid saved its life to avoid the recurrencere cercur radeeranceranee of such scenessce riest brighafiBrigbrighamprighamhafihablhami youriayouriqyounq suggestedsugoestedt it would indeed be far better to place these indian children in latter daday saint kotmotmormorilmormorisrmormon3Mor moril homes where thetheyj would receive love and education than to subject themthemitheml

11 5 to the ichiinhiinhnmsnimeniman treatment of new memexicanicaicari slave procurerprocurerss6sa in karchkerchmarch 1852 the tettltettiterriterritoriallotialbotial lesislatilegislatureiteirelre passed c bill authorizing the purchase of indian children for adoption o it stated that indicindianri children could be legalllegally3 boondboundboibol iddind over to suitable euardiduardiguardiansansmns for a period of riotnot notenoremotemore than twenty weatsweateyearsjj E 2 r S the master was reciuiredteciteclreci aireduired to send the indian children between the ages of seven and sisixteenteeri yeatsyears to school for a period of three months during each eartseatyeatearpyear andaddaridarldanid was answerable to the probate judge for his treatment of the adopted child 6

bteyi the mid 18501s the utes abandoned the slave trade 97 Mormormortsmormonemormonsmorts bought indians for adoption but the lucrative nature of the trade dwindled the timpanogusTiMpano gus utes partictjlarlparticularly3 chief halverswalkerswaivers bandbandt had gained substantial wealth ththroughrOLIgh the slave trade brigham youngsyoungg efforts to abolish the trade shook walker and his band to their economic foundations 7 another case to test brigham youngs determination to terminate the slave trade presented itself in april 1853 several memexicanslcarislearis arrived in3nan the territerritorterritorytor claicialclaimingeinsminseing to have a license from the governor of new mexico granting permission to trade with the utah indians brigham young had the traders etteetrearrearrestedarrestedtstedt examineexamineddt and released with instructions riotnot to meddle or trade with the indians of the 8 territorterritoryterritoryi again the indians involved in the trade became furious over brigham youngs action Usetyesy julijulsjuisjulyjuijul j 1853 walker could no longer restrain his bandbandtbands in arlartan interview with the indian agent hoieholemanHole mantmang walkerwaikerwalkenwamer said through arlsnart interpreter that the cormonsmormons when they first commenced their settlement of salt lakekakelape vallevalley3tat was L sic friendlvtfriendldriendl 3 anderidarid promised them mansmensmanymeny comforcomfortstst andaridarldanid lasting friendship that thetheyj continued frieridlfriendlyj for aB short time until thedthey became strong in imberstamberstnumbersfnumberniinil sf thentherl their conduct and treatment towards the indians changed thethey were riotnot only treated unkindlyodio irjdl t but man3madman 3 were much abused andaridarldanid this course has beenbeedbeert pursued up to the present sometimessoMe tiEstimesbimes thetheithedtheyi hchaveve been treated with much severitseverity3 themthey havekave been driven bbsbys this population from place to place settlements have beenbeeribeert modemcnde on all their hunting grounds in the vallet3stvalleys and the graves of thelttheirtheir fathers have been torn up bibyb i the whites tension deeperdeepenedtedt andaridarld patience wore thin conflictcorifcoref I1 i ct was 98 inevitable 4 only a spark would be required to detonate ariartangri plosioriexplosione Plospios iorilori of bitterness and hatred that spark ignited in springvilleSpring ville on 17 joiyjulyjolyjoljuljoi 1853 at the honehome of jaesjames ivie

the nalkerwalker warar and the gunnison massacre

leland creer described what happened in the forenoon of julsjuisjuly 17t17 1853 artananiant indianindiari squaw cameCBMC to the cabin of a morionmormon damednamedmenedmemed ivielvieivle o the squaw presented three large trout to mrs ivie andaridarldanid asked for flour in return mrs ivie gave the squaw three pintspintsipinesi whereupon ariartan indianiindiantindiana apparentlapparentlys the squawks hUshugsbandihusbandihusbandthusbandshu bandt who had just coeconecome into the cabincebin dissatisfied with this sibilsmall amouramountitt began kicklckickinginq the squaw in a brutal manner while this assault was going onton mrs ivie ran for her husbandhoshusbandtbeddy whopwho upon reaching the scene and while the indian was still beating the squawfsquawksquawt took hold of the savage and pulled him away the squaw being prostrate upon the floor ivie attempted to pushplish the indian out of the cabin but as he did so the savage grabbed his gun andaddaridanid attempted to shoot him the latter rotgotR ot hold of the muzzle andaridarld in the struggle the gun was broken the indian retaining the stock andarid ivie the barrel although the gun brokebroket ivie dealt the indian a hard blow on the head andaridarldanid the savage fell to the floortfloorffloora apparentlapparentlys dead but he did riotnot expire until someSOMO hours later A second indian who cameCBMC to the cabin at the samesemeSBMC time as his companicompanionont drew his bow andaridarldanid arrow and tietleshot ivielvie the arrow piercing thtahtthrough0 1191 19 h the shoulder of ivies bucksbuckskinin hunting shirt at thisthistchist ivie struck the indian a violent blow and he fell unconscious btbyj the side of his prostrate companion just as ivie felled the second indianindiantindiana the squaw whom hetietlehie had been trjinqtrying to protect struck himnim with a piece of woodwoodi cutting ariartan 0915ugly gash in his face ivie again used the gun barrel to defend himself and struck the squaw who fellbiricorisciousfell unconscious bjby the bodies of the other indiansind i ans the news of the trouble soon spread through the indian

camp and the settlement o the indians demanded that the whites surrendersurre ridernider ivie to thenthemthemi which thedthey refused to do 99 the nertnextrie t dasdahdadaydad s in payson walkers braves killed alexander keele while on guard dutsduty the sosocalledcalled raikerhaikerwalkerwalper war t damednamed for the renegade war chief whose band perpetuated the conflict had begonbegun on august 17t17 two teamsters were shot while loadloadingincl lumber near salt lake a guard was killed at fillmore on september 13 four men hahaulingLiling wheat from manti were massacred on october I1 three days later two notenoremotemore were killed near manti and on october 14 another fell at summit creek then it was all over the mormons were safe behind their fort walls approximatelyapproampro iimatelti the same number of indians were killedvilled in the various 12 conflicts the massacre on I11 october was especiallespeciallyespeciallyi frightening to the motionmorionmormon settlers A caravan of fourteen wagons loaded with wheat and provisions for the semiannualsemi annual conference at salt lake citcityj left manti on 30 september the leaders of the two leading wagons disobedesobedisobeyedjed orders andaddaridanid forged ahead of the main body to camp at a different site indians attacked the four driversdri verst william eoE o reidreidtreidi james neisonnelson william lulukeet andaddaridarld thomas clarkclaretclarkt addandarid horribly mutilated their bodies 13 A trasedttragedyi occurred in late october 1853 which although not directdirectlylj caused bybus the walker warwarfnatyrary was incident to it the califcaliforniacaliforniaboundornia bound hildreth comparilcomparinComcompanypariLlt one of menymany groups to pass ththroughTough the territory arrived in iimotefifillmoreiimoto in mid october at the saeseesameseme tieptieytleytimettimey a survey crew for the united states government was notwotworkingwor kiris near Fillfillmorefiore under the direction of captain john kituleulyW gunnison awareawane of 100 the outrages perpetrated during the walker harnarwarmar someSOMCgome of the emisemigemigrantsrants in the hildreth company swore thethestheys would allailkillkailkaiipallP the first indian who catiecariecame to their CBMPcamp the mormon leadership in fillmore informed the emigrants that the indians in that region were friendly andaridanid had nothing to do with walker andandi requested that thetheyj be treated kindlekindiekindly the hildreth comparicompanicompanyj ignored the coecoucounselrisel and when three indians later carecatcarcamecate e to their CBMPcampcemp to trade with them the emigrants seized them forcialforciblforciblys andaridarld stripped them of everythingever jthinq they then turned one of the indians loose andaridbrid when he clotgot a short distance from the campcemp thesthey shot hmhinhim down thetheyj did the safiesamiesame thing with the second indian andarldaridanid severeldeverelseverelyj wouriwourlwoundedded airihiri nhenwhenphenphienwt lenienjen the third was told to run hetietlehie refused the hildreth companicompbnycompancomponyj then tietictleticatiedA a rope around his deckneckrieck andaridgrid held him captive until bishop call andarldarid a few citizens of fillmore liberated him the nertnextrie t morning bishop call returned to fillmore andaridarld tried to pacifypacipacl f3fa the diaristindiansiindiaristindianistIndiIn ansiangi but thedthey were livid andendariderldbrid demanded retaliation someSOMC of the indians followed the emigrant train for someSOMC tietletime but were unable to attack not obtaining adequate satisfaction thesthey instead massacred gunnison andarldarid seven of his surveying pattspartspattyparty 11411 following the massacremassa ctetcret someSOMCgome across the couritrcouriercouricountrytr accused the motMormaronsmoronsmormonistmormonstMo ronsmonst along with chief welkerwalkerweikerweikertwelweiWal kertkerg of committing the terrible deed lleulieutenentlieutenantlieuterientliemLieutenent Beckwitbeckwithht who replaced gunnison andarid carried out his assignassignmentsmeritt countered these false notions 101 the statement which has from time to tinetime appeared or been copied in various newspapers of the country since the occurrence of these sad eventseventsf charging the cormonsMormormonsmons or mormon authorities with instigating the indians tottotop if riotnot actually aiding them intidtining the murder of captain gunnison and his associateassociatesassociatestst istis I1 belibellbeilbelievebelleveevetevey riotnot only entirely false but there is no accidental circumstance connected with it affordiiipaffording the slightest foundation for such a charge 0 similar accusations asQS to the involvement of walker and his band were also counteredcounteredt nevertheless the gunnison massacre resulted from the confusion and sterlahysteriah steria that accompanied the walker watwarmarmav andaridarldanid can thus be counted as a casualtcasualtycasualty3 of the war during the six months following the tragedy depredations ceased and righembighembrighamB young sought a peaceful resolution to the conflictconflicts klantwiantpiantantingkntingklantinqinqing peace without losing dignitdegnitdignityst walker determined to accept a peace settlement provided brigham came to him in keusmay ibslibal185ai E righambighambrigham led a pattpartpattspartspattypartys loaded with presents andariderldenid peace offerings to the designated gathering place at chicken creeks near presentdaypresent dadaydeydby3 levanlevantlevany utah at proveprovo brighamEsrig hamhem arranged fofotforT four beeves to be sent ahead to waikerwalkerwa 1 ketker the partsparty arrived at noon on 11 mayma 185 and extended opening courtesiescourtes iestlegi but walker refused to leave his tent negotiations proceeded orilonly3 after Erigbrighamhanham entered walkers tentterittderitt where he andarldarid georageorqgeorgee A smith gave a priesthood blessing to walkers daughter after the episode in walkers tent brigham yoongyoung presented gifts andarid a large feast of celebration ensued the walker war was 16 over walker remained friendldriendlfriendlyj with the mormons until his 102 death in februarfebruaryfebruaryi 1855 neither walker nor his brother araleenarapeen instigated any plot resulting in the bloodshed of the walker war afafteratteraetertetter the initial retaliatorsretaliatory killing of alexander keelekeeletkeeled walker forbade his indians from harming the citizens of peisonpassonpaysonpeyson the neatinearinearlneatisnearisnearlys four hundred indians gathered at the tinetime could have easily killed all of the settlers of papassonpaysonjsonsson hedhad thesthey so desired the few casualties of the war seem to indicate 17 that there was no official campaign bybyibyl the whole tribe one monthmorith before the peace settlement at chicken creek brigham young eorieratedexoneratedorie rated walker and araleenAraarapeenpeen he said it is proper to slatestate that mansmensmany of these depredationdepredationsst in fact nearinearlneatlynearly3 all of thentheatthemthemt have been committed in the absence of walker andaddarid arrowpineArrowarrowpinetpinepinet sicsicasic3sicy and without their knowledge or consent it is known that he was hostile in his feeling but madsmaridmadymany of his men were much more so t andaridanid hf8he found it impossible longer to restrain them 18

brighambr ighambigham youngs administration of the walker war

on A255 julsjuisjulyjul3juijul 3 185318537 just one week after the outbreak of the walker retinetiwarthannanwar brigham young wrote a letter to the commissioner of indian affairs in washington DC in the letter he saidseidseldsaidtsaidy oriorton the 18th instdinst the celebrated indian nelkerneikerwalker one of the utah chiefs began open andaridarld energetic hostilities upon the settlements in utah joabjuab andaridarld sariseriserlsansem fetepete counties killing one man andaddedderidarid wounding threethreet and driving off andendaridarlderld killing cattle andarldarid horsesfiorFlor sesseg this occurring in the midst of our wheat harvestharvesttharvestaHarv estt is causing us much inconvenience andendaridbridenid losslogs andaddaridarld we do dotriotnotmot as setbetyet know what amount of loss of life andarldaridanid destruction of propertpropertys will be included in the finaleinalfinial result 1031.031 03

weme have thus fatfar acted eritirelentirely3 oriorlononi the defensivedefensdefensivetivet using that conciliatorconciliator3conciliatory3 policpolicyit that we still deem to be ipethe best hoping that hostilities will soonsoom cease the letter reveals E nghamsngprighambrighamhaMss basic tenets of the administration of the wariweriwarfwertwart namelnameinamelynameiyj defense andaddaridarld conciliationconci1latiorr rishamcrishamtighembnghamE young wasted no tinetime in mandating his defensedeferisededemeriseferise measures As commendercommandercomm3nder ininchiefchief of the militarmilitary he issued an official edict on 21 juljuijulsjuisjulys 1853 to daniel FI wellsweils lleulieutenentlieutenantlieuterientLieutenent general of the militimilitiaat placing the entire Territterritoryortsorus of utah under martial law the communication outlined his policies for the period of hostilithostilityhostilityi heho directed that the policy of constructing forts in the settlements and occueoccupoccupyingsingding them be firmifirmlys forcedenforcederierleni t that those in smallsmail outlyingoijtl jingfing settlements gather to the larserlarger settlements for protection andaddarldarid that provision be made for corralingcorrallingcor raling andaridarld ardingguardingeu the stock wee wish it to be n distinctldistinctlydistinctly3 understoodudderunder stood t sasssays the order that no retaliation be made andaridarld no offense offeredtofferediofteoffeteditedtrediredt but for all to act entirely on the defensive until further orders the communication also mandatedmarid itedcited that the commandants of the various militarmilitary3 districts cause all the forces in their respective commands to go immediately to their posts in the various settlementsettlementssettlementstst andaridarldanid put the samesamoSBMO inirilriirl a state of efficient ferisedefensede 200 earlsearisearly iniriirlini the nartwartnarwarnary E nghamenghambrigham young also established SOME coriciliatorconciliatory3 measures andaddaridarld then consistently applied them 0onn 25 julyjoijuljol 1831853 E rightmrighsma m wrote a rersonalpersonalpersoiiol lettey to chief weiwet epressingexpressing his hopes for a amiciquickgulck solutionsolusoiu tiontaon to thetho 104 conflict capt walker I1 send souyouyoo someSOMC tobacco for youou to smoke in the mountains nhennhewhenwhewhennnn youou get lonesome you are a fool for fighting houthoursoutsouryour best friendfriendsfriendest andarideriderld the onionly friends that ioufoujouyoeyou have in the world ever3bodeverybody3 else would kill you if thethey got a chance t ifI1 f yoeyouJ 0 get hungry send someSOMC friendly indian down to the settlements and we will give souyou sonosomeSOMO beef cattle andarldaridanid flour if yoeyouou are afraid of the tobacco which I1 send oufootyouout souyou carlcartcan let someSOMC of youtyourour prisoners ttytry it first and therthen you will know that it is good when souyou get good natured again I1 would like to see youou dont tsouyou think souyou should be ashamedashamed77 you know that I1 have always been souryour best friend o enghambrigham young 1121 during the twoweektwo week period after the ivie incident in spnngvillesprinqvillet the mormon settlers cortstarttlconstantlyi asked Eriqinghamenghamham what hetiettehie was going to do with talkerwalkerpaiker andarldarid his band in a public meeting on 31 julyjuijul 1853 he responded how mandmany timesIIMCS have I1 been asked in the past weektweekweeke what I1 intend to do with walker I1 sastsay ketLETLET HIM ALONE SEVERELY 4 I1 have riotnot made war on the Indianindiansst nor amBM I1 calculating to do it my policy is to give them presents andaridanidenid be kind to them instead of being walkers enemy I1 have sent him a great pile of tobacco to smoke when he is loriellonolyconoly in the mountainsfviountainso heflefiehie is now at war with the onisonly friends he has upon this earth andendaridbridenid I1 want him to have someSOMC tobacco to smoke walker is hemmed intin he dare riotnot go into california againagaid dare he 90go east to the Snsnakessnakes7scapessnapesakesaPes notnosno dare he go northnorthanorth7 notno for thedthey would rejoice to killiiilii him here he lsiistisiis pendedpenned up in a ill ertem small compasstcomcompasscompassopasst surrounded bybus his enemieseneenciesleslegmlesMiesmieg andaridarldanid now the elders of israel long to eat aptuptup as it beretweretwere him and his little band what are the3thestheatheydthey7 thewthemthey are a set of cursed fools do soutsouyou dotriotnot rather pitspity themthemathem7 thesthey dare riotnot move over a certain boundary on arisariaari3ansany of the four points of the comcompasspasst for fear of being killedvilled then thethey are killingkalling one anotheranothert andaridarld making war upon this people that could use them opioptup andaddeddarid thesthey dotriotnot be a breakfast spell for thenthem if thesthey felt so disposed see their condition andaridarld I1 askasp ouyyouout do yoeyou not pitpitspity3 them from all appearance there 105 will riotnot be an indian lettiettleftleftt in a short timettimietimke to steal a horse are thesthey riotnot fools under these circumstst j91 cest to make war with their best circumcircumstcesA 2 friends E righambighambrigham youngs strateg3strategestrategy to provide a strong defense and then appease the natives met defiant opposition fromerom someSOMC of the cormonsMormormonsmons some could riotnot understand whiwhy brigham would riotnot destrodestrosdestroys haikernalkerwalkerwalkerss whole band thesthetheys had the manpowerman power to do such a thing others rebelled at the idea of conciliation whwhys should drigBrigbrighamhafihapihapl be sending presents to hostile indians 23 the opposition continued throughout the warfwartwerpwarp but his policy proved successsuccessfulfuitfult ending the war with a minimal loss of life andaridarldanid property the long and patient application of the conciliatory policpolicys is a credit to brigham Youyoungsrigs farsightedness and determined effort to pursue it in spite of the costs 24 brigham young believed in the policpolicy of defense andaridanid conciliation to such a degree that he censured the mormons toward the end of the walker eveny warmarwevmav for riotnot havinshaving applied it properly everieverevery3 solitarsolitaryj instance of indian hostilithostilityhostility3 and depredation has been committed thro neglect hefieflehie saidsaldsaidt in disobedience of ordersorderst carelessness or disregarding the counsel which has been given from time to time 1 25f 5 brigham Youyoungsricas determined enforcement of the defense andaridarld conciliatory policpolicyj during the nalkerhelkerheikerwelkerwalkerweiker war proves that the reversal in indian administration philosophy was complecompiecompleteteitet at least for brigham young the aelkeraeikermailerweikerwalkerwelker harnarwerwarwanwen offered a proving ground for the coriciliacorconciliatoryiciliatotorir policpolicy3 addandendaridgrid crystallizedcr stallized a slogan for the remainder of brigham youngs 106 superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendency t that it is cheaper to feed the indians than to fight them erbrighamishami9ham continued to have ditdifdifficultyf icultscult s persuading the morionmormon settlers to practice the policpolicyjt but he persistentlpersistentlypersistentlyj endorsed it the walker war continued to serve as a Minderreminderrc to brigham young that the conciliatorsconciliatory policypolices must be established as basic to his method of dealing with the indians thusthust the conciliatorconciliatory3 policy reduced the casualties of the walker war and the walker war

solidified the continuation of the conciliatorconciliatoryi policpolicyi ENDNOTESENDNDTES FOR CHAPTER V

gustive 0 Larsolatsonlarsonrijrig malharcswallerMalhanailwall errcss halthalfhelf centlitCentcenturylIT sestetwestetwestern n humanities review 6 summer 1952tzz1952 242212 13sas4 177 4 journal4journal bistorhistorhistory of the church of jesusjestisjestjesi is christ of latter dasdesdaydby saints 9 june 1851 the JOjournal111 1 rrialarial bistorhistorhistoryj is a daildalldalidailydeilydelly3 chronicle of events in the morionmorvion church andenderidarid is at the LDS church historical department archives inint salt lake city utahutahutan 3 3eaerighambighambrighan young on 15 november 1851 as cited in L R balbaidaibaileyled indian slave trade in the southwest los angelesangelest westernloreWestern lore presstpreastfrespres 1966 p 160 idi3nieldaniel wo jonesjonos fortforthfortyfonty years amamong the indiansIndia rij salt lalelakekakekekelaie oitsoltscityC j t 9 utah jovenjuvenjuvenilei 1 e instranstrinstructoractoructor officeof f i ce t 18918900 p 53530 5brishamesrighamEsrig hemhaM young as cited in bailedelledeliebailey p 162 t butah6utahutahutan territorial legislature bill on 7 march 1852 as cited in fred r4raR Gowgowanseristaristbrist A historqhistory of EI1 rixhamriqhambrigham youngs indian superinteridencsuper intendencetendencyinintendency3 185118571851 1857 froblemsFrobproblemsleMS and accoilaccoplaccomplishmeritssishishmentsMents unpublishedunpubl isheddished kastermastermasters s thesis i riqhaErigfrighamerighamE haM young university 1963 P 21

7conwa3conway E sondesonnetsonne horldworld of aketaekataakarahakata senserisariserlszn antonio i teterasterestexasas negnagney compancompanscompany p I111a116 the naylotnaylornaglorlotlor j 1962 ll aep ErigfrighamerighamT ighambighamhemhaM yoongyoung to ceogeogeorgeT cle woW medmanmanypenny3rerjn enghambrigham yoiyolyouniriqeriq collectiontcollectionscolcoi ectiorif 28 junjudjudejune 1851853at3t microfilm reelree 92t92 bo 58t58 foiderfolder 74 the brigham younsyoung collection contains correspondence initiatedanitiatedanitia ted and received bybesbus brighbrigham m young andariderldbrid is at the LDS church historical department archives in salt lalelakekakelaie cittaittcity utah 9 schief9chiefchief Wnalarnalkriker to jacob hoieholemanHole mant brigham young collection 2 jul5julyjuljui 5 1853 microfilm reel 92t92 bo 58t58 folder I11 jq

101.0iolo lelandlelandkeland H creer lftatutahlutati andaridarldanid the naionnation seattle wae press p washington t universituniversiauriiversityi of washingtonNasnae hington pressi 1929 176 this sity yestyeatyosr old accoiaccodaccountacconntidtint is still the best rendition of the ivie incident in spnngvillespririoville in jolyjulyjoiy 1853 11 letsonlarsonlarsontlarmont p 20250 107 1 008B 12 Aandrewiii i dtewdeew loveloye neffhefftnefft histhistory of utah 18471861847 181.8186 salt lake city t utphtLJ lahbah deseret news press 1940 p 377 13journal bistorhistorhistory of the church of jesus christ of latter daydmd saints 15 october 1853 I1 iq ibid t 26 october 1853 15 BE FI robertsrobetRoberrobertsptst A comprehensive hishistory of the church of jesus christchtiahti st of latterlatterdayday saints provotprovo utah drigBrigbrighamhatihariharn young universituniversiauniversityj press 1965 vol i iaoigeigot i6o 16 howerdhoward A Cchristyhrista the walker aarwarwanimartwant defense and hristthris n conciliationConeconc illation as strategystrategiststrategi3ttt utah historical guarterlquarterlyj fall 1979 4741717 417 18 17 FI batdarBarbarclayclaoclauciao Flheinortfleinertbleinert mormon indian relations as viewed einerteldert11 thtahtthrough0 U 9 h the walker ratiratthatiwatfwartmart unpublished masters thesis brishambn3hambrigham young university 19551955. p 89 181.8I1 6journal histor3history of the church of jesus christ of latter daday saints 10 april 18541851 19 EtlighamesrighomEsrig hemhoM yoiyoongyoungirig to george madmanmanypenny3pennspenn 3tat madeline mcoimcaMcQmcgimcqownmccownlowniownown collection 25 jolyjulyjoiyji iiilii 1853J manuscript 1539153143 boborbox botqot0 folder 3 700 journalooioolJOI arialwrial history of the church of jesus christ of latter daudaday3 saints 21 julyji il3ilaildiid 8531853J

A 1 E T yourayourg nohcmi4pham your9yoiinq to chief raikerwalker on 25 julfjuifjulsjuisjulyjul3juijul 3 1853 as cited in neffneef p 374 22 EbtighambrighamT icjham yoengyoung t joijoljournaljonrnalarnalirnal of Discoursediscoursesst 31 joijuljoljolyjulyjoiy 1853 los angelesangelest CCalifornicaliforniatcalifornianP I1 i f 0 tiniaat gartneygartnew printing and litho co inc tf 1956 vol 3168171 o wournaljournal of discourses containscontbinscontconte inelneinsainsBinsgins compiled speeches given at latter da3dadasdry 3 saint ConferenceconferencestSt containcontainedpd in 26 volumes 23 23chr3stvchristtchristachrlsChris tt p 420 ibidtib3df FP sigelg419119nig 20

4 J journal bistorhistorhistory3 of the church of jesus christ of latter daday saints 10 april 1854185518511 CHAPTERC faf1 A PT E R VIV I1

STRAINED RELATIONS WITH thlTHIT faf1 17 OFFICEOFFICZ OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

AsA mentioned in chapter fourfourttourt jacob holemanHo lerian requested that hehlfhie bebo relieved as indian agent the office of indian affairs appointed edward A bedell from warsaw Illinillinoisoist I1 to fill the vacaricvracaricvacancyst arriving in the late summer of 1853t bedell endeared himself qiiicj4jqquickly to the cormonsMormormonsmons in his first communication to the commissioner of indian affairs on 30 september 1853t18g3f he stated that their esicesicaesic3 isas dotriotnot a more loyal setet of peoplepeoplet or habitantsinhabitantsan within the united 2 states thanthartthant utahs cormonsMormormonsMons F edelledelibedellbedeil performed his duties as indian abentaqentagent for about nine months and passed awadawayeway after an illness in june 154 his workworp as indian agent during the yeatyear 18541851 remainremains undociimented due to ill health andaridarld his untivieluntiuntihelyuntimelyhelyheiymely3 death

A new commissionerCQMMISSJ oderoner of indian affairs

nithwithith the inaucnurqinaugurationtion of frailanfranlanfranklinFranlinianlan fierce in 1531853t changes occurred in the office of indian affairs faeriefaercepi e r ce appointed george tW manypenny as thetho new commissionerCoMMis saoner of indian affairs it appears that commissioner lea did not pass on to manvfennymadman 3pennspenn adtadlantadyanyi adverseCad vetseverse Montscocommentsments from agent hoiholemoriHolholemnnteMori for on 15 november 18531653 commisionercommissionerCoMMis lonerioner man3perinmanypenny 109 110 wrote to young 1 I amBM dotriotnot aware of andanygny delinquencldelinquencydeldei quenchininquencyquencyi on youtyour part in riotnotmot observing all the regulations of the 1133 dcpartmenbdc a rtmentrement

biE y the enderid of the yeatyear 1653 E nghamenghambrigham young becabecametrieteie concernedconcer riednied that the accounts heho sent to the department were dotriotnot beinebelnebeing paid johnjohni M ernhiseltbernhiselE utahs congressional deledelegategatet informed rishamcrishambnghambanghamE young on 14 january 1851854q t that the commissionerCOMM ssionersstoner of indian affairs had refused to honor youtyouryoor drafts promising to address a note to meMC and an official communication to yousou assigning his reasons thereforetherethereforetforettoret neither of which hetietlehie has done he afterwards promised to reexaminere examine the whole casci baitbotbutbiit I1 have hitherto been unable to prevail on him to redeem his pledgepledget though I1 have called on him timeilmeIIMC andarid agahanagaan he alwaalways3sas promising that hetietlehie would do so on one occasion hrhe assigned as a reason for riotnot accepting the drafts that ioubouyou had charged for a militarmilitary3 esescottescortcoytt andaridarld had paid someSOMC medmermen four dollars a daodawday andendariderldbrid others ononjyonay3 two for the sameSBMC service at another interview he stated that he could riotnot do ariieriderldanythingthing which would recognize those accounts at one time tietlehiehp observed that hetietlehie would transmit douyou a draft bbsbys nallnalimail for joujooiouyooyou doubtless neededne4ded someSOMP honynonymony but this hetietlehie has riotnot yet donedodedories

frustrated bby3 bernhisels communication brigham young

wrote 0a letter to Mmanypennyna n3 penni on 31 march 1854 reminding the CommiSSIocommlsionercommissiorierrier that in previous correspondence he indicated that hehp had no Vknowledgenow ledge of enyany delinquency on youn3syounayoungyounas part in obsorvmnabservinq departmentdep artMont tegiregiregulailationslionsblons superintendent yoongyoungyoungss letter included the follofollowingwirigwinig I1 miletmiitmiistmaist state thant it appears strange to rieeieelene to saysznscm 3 the least that msMVm S draftsbrafdraf ts Catemeare riotnotmot more seasonablksason3blyseasonablyi paid or oftoffortofficialiclal information furnished meMC nhywhy thetheyj are not for ordinary courtescourtesy3 would require one course or the other oron reference to miimy file kaperstpapersipaperst I1 find that there has been riono papaymentsmentements on MVmud drafts since the illiliiii 31st daidadday of ma3mamaymas 3 185318531 and that msmym S drafts for juneJilneine september and Decdecemberdecembertdecembersembert all reremainrgmainmalnmain unpaid as late as the irth14thiqth of january 18541851 the indian hostilities andaridarld depredations of 1853 compounded the money problems in the territorterritoryterritoryi of utah on 29 april 18541851 superintendent young informed commissioner manmanypennyjiennijpenni that the cost of suppressing indian hostilithostilitys for the bearjearyearyeav 1853 alone was in the neighborhood of 100tooot100p000f eriderldandarid all this expense hastiashlasnashiag fallen upon the yoongyoung and thinly settled territorterritorys of utah unaided therein as bett3ettsettyet blbyj a 16 sinelesingiesingle dime from the general government b3baE y 31 october of the sameSBMC ieartbeartsearjearyfearyyear donerionenone of the drafts had been paid andaridbrid young indicated again to marisjennmanypenny3pap you are probably well aware that the departmendepartmentL hastiashiashlas never advanced one dimedimm to enable meMC to purchase eoodstgoodligoodsi provisionprovisionsst etc to be kept on hand as presents for indians for this cause I1 have been compelled to putpurpurchasechaset from time to timetimetlimetlimey with MYm lal3 own meensmeans endandaridarld inirilriirl amounts to meet the eAgenexigenciesengen ciesclescleg of the case 17

perhaps one reason for the deladeiadelaidelaadelayi was jacob hoieHoleholemannantmant at least detriderriBerriei ernhiselbernhiselberrihiselernhiselhigel believed so it appears that eexagentagent holeman sought opportunity to turn the new commissioner of indian affairs againstag hiristmirist brigham young in april 1851t1854 after denying several drafts from the utah superintendencvtsuperinteridencljt commissioner manypenny indicated to john bernhisel that through holeman he knew a lot about brigham youngyoungs deaidealdeeldealingsingsinge bernhiselBerdernhisel shared a few of hihiss own feelings about holeman with the commissioner through4.4 correspondence with 112 brigham young bernhisel commented on his encounter with manipmanypennye nn3nna t I1 Markedremarkedrc that holemanHo lemart hadhed been inimical to 3011you ever since his first arrival in the territot3tterritory that he rievernevetnever had donedodedorledorie anythinganadladu L ithingathing eexceptcaptcept make a couple of trips contrary to jouryour wishesiwiswisheheSikesikestst to carson valleyvaillelit riotnot a particle of coodboodqiood had resulted from theftthemy yetet hetietlehie hadnadhadinadihadl put the Governgovetrimeritgovernnentgovernmentnertnentmert to considerableC 0 rrs 10etable epinsetpvnsetexpense and made plausible teprepreportsCT t S in a later communicationommundommuniom eunimuni cat i on bernhisel commented that marlmenimanymeny3 of the problems associated with the lack of indian appropriations to utah were due to leMansholemanholemanshoremansHo s continuing influence on the commissioner 9 holeman remained in washington thtahtthroughough most of the seatseetjearyear 185185118541.851 finally in late summer 1854 young received a reassuring piece of news from commissioner manypenny in a letter dated 8 august hetietlehie informed supsuperintendente r i rite rident young that cengrcongrcongressess appropriatedap p r op r i atedabed the SUM of fortyfiveffottyfortyforbyor t3ta fivef i ve thousand dollars for the rerisesexpensese revisesre rises of negotiating treaties withtwithfwicht andendariderldbrid making presents of roodsgoods and provisions to the utah 10 indians 4 this news adequately calmed young for a limetimeuncunekimeHMC betbutbi it the money evETrievetnevetbievetneverri came the rienertnextt spring brighamB young received a letter from kadkedmanmanypenny3penn3 indicating that no modemonemoney3 was forthcoming because utah had taken no ctioriactionC to comply with the requests of the 8 august 1851851 letter appropriating 11 the aforementioned forttotttortfottyforty3 five thousand dollars feefeelingI1 i rignig he had complied in eveteverever3every3 particularparticulartparticulars brigham young sent a fietfletfierfletyfleryfieryi repiteplyreply to the commissioner I1 have only received for the past two years five thousand dolldollarsdolliidrstarst andaddarldarid yooyoudou have disallowdisallowededtedy andaridarld 113 suspended accounts running back into the tietletime of footfoorjouryour predecessorpredecessortpredecessors which had ssas I13 supposed been satisfactory andaddarldarid were paid btbyi him dusdudE y this nearismearlsmearisneansmeans jouyou have brought me in debt to the department I1 object to having my accounts cisaldisaldisallowedtdisallowlowededtedpi andendaridbridenid suspended from yeatyeargear to seartaparyparsearp when souryoutyour requirements have always been strictlstrictlys complied with all that has been necessary at anany timetimetIIMCtimey to have them so furnished was to let viemieMC know what was wantedwa rited of this 013youoij have been assured tinetimetimet and againagainsagainst and do know that soutsouryour requirements have been universalluniversaleuniversally3 complied nithwith it it so far as the appropriations are badetmademadet andaddarid will iustifaustifjustify3tat I11 have never asked for anything motetmoretmotemore nor do I1 care a groat whether the departmentsDepart meritt or the government ever contribute a penry towards the support of the indian relationrelationsst for the suppression of indian hostilities or adsansadyany other purposepur poset or object I1 or for the territorterritoryterritory3 of utahutahfutahs ifjf thesthey will onisoniaonionlys come ootoutototil it boldly andaridarld saitsajtsaipsay that thethestheys do riotnot oisholshwishwisht or intend totto instead of eternally thrashing in the dark takinataking shelter behind such trivial vain subterfugesubterfugesst as sechsuchslichsuich men as wuyoeyou can hatch up I1 have riotnotmot the confidence to belibellbeilbelieveevet that wewo could makeakoghegho3ko out a paper that souldbould be satisfactorsatisfactorysatisfactorys to louryour skeptical broin idgiriqjudgingji from the manner in which these matters havehove been treated bjby the depattdepartmentDepart meritt I11 should conclude that douyooyousoo did riotnotnob believe there was ang- ndiarisindiansi in this territorterritoryterritoryjt or if there was that it wasnye necessernecessarnecessary to eexpendXpeddpend aritarianythingt 4 riqrignig to maintain friendldriendlfriendly intercourse with them

in1 ri his 26 november 1855 report to robert mcclelmcclellandladdland t secretarsecretansecretarySec retar j of the interiorriteriors1 commissioner madmanypennyman jpennspenn 3 indicated that brigham young hedhad civenolvenoiven riono teplyreply to the requiterequirerequirementsnenisMenIs of congress august lbsIBS18511854 appropriationsapproprappropre latlatiorisioris decision for utah until almost one yearyeav had elapsed manperin3mc peddypendypennynypennyny added that young stated he hedhad forwardedforweforwccrdeddrded the renottrepottteapotreaper t twice before but that the odeodooneono he received on 27 julijulyoulouijuloulyi 1855 was dated 30 october 13 1854 the lack of disbursement mamay riotnotmot have been a willfulw i I1 if ul denial of thetho drafts rievettheneverthelesslesslees the conflict over appropriations endaridaeridrid papaymentsmedtsmentamentjment of uteutoutahh drafts lingered lieile1141114 throughout the rest of youngs administration demonstrating a definitedef initeanite lack of attention to the inaricialfinancialf inaricialclai needs of the utah superintendenct3tsuper intendencetendencyinintendency

treaties andendaridarld indian land titleslitlestitiesgitles

As eariearlearisearly as november 1850 brigham young requested congress to extinguish indian land titles in the territorterritoryterritoryj of utah andaddedderidaridbrid to remove the natives to a suitable reservation 14 when the indian superintendency was established in juljuijulijulyi 1851t1851 this continued to be of concern to brighamEsrig ham young and the indian agents in september 1851 holeman wrote to commissioner lea indiindicatingcatinecating that if treattreatyJ negotiations could be held immediatelimmediatelyimmediatelyi it would have the effect of preventing depredations on their utah indiansindians7373 landsi quieting their excitement against the whites andaridanid ultimatelultimatelys save the government from much trouble and expense 15 again on 28 june 1853 brigham young requested the authorization of treatstreaty negotiations in a letter to commissioner marlmarimanypennysperin s he stated I1 take the ilbertlibertliberty3 to again call the attention of the department to the proprietproprietyproprietyi of some person being alithorizedauthorized to make treaties with the indian tribes of this territorterritoryterritoryst to purchase portions of their lands and to grant them reasonable annuities that thethedthe3they3 masmay dotriotnot oron the one hand fade rapidlrapidarapidlyj from the earth bibyb i neglect andaridarldgrid starvationstarvationt nor on the other be induced to plunder our citizencitizenscitizenstst or become an onerous burden on a sparce population struggling for a scantscentscentsscantys subsistence amid much privation until erierg3tenergy severe toil andaridarld time shall devdevelopedevelopedelope csicisiccisicj J the comforts andendaridarldbrid conveniences of 115 civilized lifeilfe andaddaridarld would further suggest that such person or persons be appointed from residents of this territory oriorton the ground of ecoriomeconomy3 to the government andaridarld justice to the Indianindiansst through a better acquaintance with their condition endandedd wants all of which is respectrespectfullrespectfullyrespectfullytulituiifull 3 submitted ad As mentioned in chapter oneiodetonetoneome the 1850s marked a decade of the indian reservation system arid E nghamenghambrigham young felt that utah had a right to the saesafiesaviesamie treatment that other territories received thetho desire for treaty negotiations in utah persisted with brigham young as evidenced in a letter hetietlehie received from bernhisel dated 12121 decemberdecemDeconberben 1853 part of the letter said you nahmeefnaymay telteireltelfreiftelyrely3 oron my best efforts to procure the extinguishtinquishmerriextinguishmentextinguishmenie MenIment of theth indian title in our territory at an interview the other dydas with the commissioner of indian affairs I13 stated to himnimi the necessity for our peace andaddaridarld safetsafety3 of havingneving the indian title tinguishedextinguishede hofaf1 coricorlcon erred with viememie in the riecessitnecessity sndandarldarid proprietproprietyj of the m8suremasuremebmaguremea muret andaddeddaridanid added that he had tecteorec ommend&drecorimeridied in his report which is about to belieblehie submitsubmittedtedi to conetConerconeresstcomercongresstCongrecongressossiseisstesst thlthatthet commissioners be appointed for tbeabee removal addand location ofo f all11 the indian tribes on 31331231 december 1853 dotriotnot setyet having received bernhisels ietterletterletteri brighamEsrig hoM yoiyolyoongyounging wrote to commissioner manypenny at the risk of being tediouste dious I1 SMam arainagain compelled to call youtyour attention to the fair demands of justice in the behalfbehalf of authorizing treaties to be taderademade with the tribes of this territory 1181I 8 in august 1851 the indian department appointed doctor garland hurt of kentuckkentucky3 to repireplaceace the deceased aagentchentcoente edtent edelledelibedeldedelesedellesadellEs I1 fletfleyhleyhk like Brighbriehsribrighriri younayoung andarldarid jocobJ cob holeman complained thtthintahint deledeiodelodelay3 in treatstreaty negotiations riedemiede titles to 116

land insecure andaridarlderld encouraged the indians to deelanddemanddemenddemland tribigribitributeitefatef4 in hhishigi s ofofficialf i c i a 1 rreportep or t ffortoveoror the searseeryear 1855 fithithotthutthurtitt saidseidseldsa i d I1 would take occasion to suggest here that treaties ought to be negotiated with these tribes as earitearlsearisearly as possible for the title to their landslandsi which are now held addandaridanid occupied bby3 the whites it is a thing almost unprecedented in the history of our indian policpolicyi to go into an3anany3 state or territory and make tensiveextensivee or permanent improvementsinarinpr ovetoverrentsoverrents upon soil claimed bjby indians without etinguishingextinguishing0.0 these claims by treettreattreatstreatys the delasdelay is riotnot onionly unjust to the indians by depriving them of the wonted hurihunihuntingting grounds without papayingiirigdirig that respect to their claims which is didoedueditete theftthemthemm according to our usage with other ttltrltritribesbest but it is equally so to the pioneer settlersett lertlergierg who is forced to papay a constant tribute to these worthless creaticreaturesires because thesthey claim that the landlandt the wood the water and the grass are theitstheirs andaridarld we have dotriotnot paid thenthem for these ththingsiries the funds which would fall due these tribes by the negotiation of such treattreatiesiest if properlproperlyproperlyS managed would go far to remove from the people theberchevtheburarderi1rderiden which is consequent upon their supportthev Coriscorigcongresstessress made a token gesture of intent to establish treaties in utah in julsjuisjulyjuljui s 1855 david burr arrived in salt lake citcity t having been appointed bby congress to do surveyor work with the intent that treaties andaridanid extinguishextinguishmentflentfientmient of land titles would follow although larselarge tracts of land were sursurveyedveed no treaty followed andaridarld the indian land titles remainedregained unchanged until 1865 700 the utah indian superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendencyi had a legitimate complaint as to the neglect of the indian department restegregardingregarding treaties addandarid indian land title ainquishmentelextinguishmentektinguishment commissioner mbnypennysmarhmeromaro3perin3 s report to secretarsecretansecretaryj mcclelland for the deatdearyeatyear 1856 demonstrates a definite lack of attention to

utah in the annual report of the commissioner 0 of indian 117 affairs for that 4earieartseatseariseartyeatyear manypenny included 3a list of the eperiditijresexpenditures for treaties made diirinsarinsdotingduring a threethreeyearleatlearheatyeatyear period from julijolijolyjulyjoiyjoljuljoi i 1853 to august 1856 an aggregate total of 111820380 was peridedexpendede peridesPeri ded for the treaties and the acquisition of indian territorterritoryj of that amount oregon andarldaridanid washington received 232135000 indian territorterritoryterritory3 received 2195i400002t195tq0000t nebraslnebrasknebraskaNebra sl a received 168100000168100000iit68it00000ti kansas received 1t612t00000t1f64200000p minnesota received it3i3ti9980t1t33fl99bof michigan received 127877000127877000iit278t77000ti new mericomexicomenicome ecoLCO received tltl00000ilito0000t00000 wisconsin received 3304800 and 7 utah received 3000400 21 that three thousand dollars was for a treatstreaty that hurt personallpersonalepersonallyj arranged with sonesome western shoshonishoshoneShoshoni bands on 7 august 1855 22

agent garland hotthurthorthuttihuttthurtt accomplishments andaddeddaridanid challenges

doctor hurthiihil irtairt arrived in utah territortettitettlTerriterritorytottor eariearlearliearisearlsearlyi in the seatseetjeetjeeryear 1855 andarldarid zealouslzealousyzealouslyi embarked on a farming project for the Indianindiansst trusting that washington would approvetapprove but dotriotnot waiting for that approvalapprovals agent hurt established three farms at corn creek neeneoneatnearr Fillfillmorefillmoretmotetmoret at twelve mile creek in saniSarisaripetesenpetepete valleyveiley andarldarid at spanish fork creek in utah 23 valleygalleyvaileyva I1 led1e3 see map iq14 oriorton page 121 the precise beginnings of indian farming in utah are difficult to ascertain based on aran abstract of employees which accompanied brigham youngs report to commissioner man3perinimariypennykarlymarlyMariy penny on 30 september 1853 it would appear that in the tailtaiifallfail of 1851 brigham young hired severalseveTal men to be tbttatfafarfarmersfarmorsfariviersmetsmotsmorsriviers to the lib116118 2 q indians 0 although these medmenen madmay have enjoenjoyedsed soesome success with the farmsearms garland hurt is credited with reviving the indian farming effortefforts E righambighambrigham young appreciated garland flurtblurthurtss earliearly accomplishmentsaccomptaccomp ishfients in indian farming and his general commitment to his assignment in march 1855 he expressed his commendation of hurts effort to commissioner manypenny andariderldenid his desire that the department promptly and ampiamplys furnish him with means rieriecessarnecessarycessar to accomplish so desirable 1125cr an object later that same searfbeart3eartseartyeatyear following the aforementioned 7 august treattreatstreatys with someSOMO of the western shoshonishoshoneSho shoni superintendent young wrote a cordial note of precioappreciationapprecioap tion to hurt and said 1 I amBM happshappy to learn frofronfrom various soursourcestsourcescest of the peacefulpeacefultpeace fuitfultfulp and generous policy ioubouyou pursuepursues while in the disdigdischargecharsecharge of foorsoutjooryoutyour official duties amoneamong the pootpoortpoor fotforforlorritforlornslorns and ignorant Indiindiansariso the results of such a course is already feltfeitfelttfeittfelti andarid appreciated bibyb i them r7ra A which elvesgives feme no smallsmail degree of satisfaction alsoalsot 126 E tighemrighambighambrigham young continued to plead support from the office of indian affairs for agent hottshortshurtshllhil itt s indian farms but with little success rhedwhenphen hurt submitted his drafts for f arminganmingfarming eperiditijresexpendituresekpenditures through E righanbighanbrigham young he received the saesame skeptical scrutiny as did superintendent young madmanmanypenny3penn3 epressedexpressed concern in a letter dated ai1i1 november 1855 for the amount of funds requested bjby flurhutthotthurtt 4 he said

I1 take this occasion to temarremarkremar Vt that sooryourIJ 0 1- 1 r abstract hibitsexhibitse disbursements during the 119 quarter of near 12000 when jouaouyou consider that there is another agent in utah and that part of the appropriation for the incidental periseseexpensesderisesPe rises for the service in utah nasmasnay be required also to meet requisitions of the governor andaridbrid that the whole amount of the appropriation for the featfearyeatyear 1855 56t56 is butblitbuitbult 2000020tooot you will perceive that the rate of ependitureexpenditurepeddPend iture indicated by doutsouryour accounts cannot be sanctionedsanctionedisanctionediedp and that should dousouyou continue disbursements at the same taterateratet the b department will af7AF left without funds to meet drafts from utah 7 in march 1856 marlmarimanypenny31erinj again warned hurt that unless there be sonesome plariationtexplanatione N at the present rate of drafts the department maismasmaksmay be compelled to reject yours in the 8 futuref u t u r e recognizing his plight doctor hurt wrote a letter to

J M elliottelliottt a personal friend endandaridarlderldemd member of the hoosehouseHoholiseiiselise of Representativerepresentativesirepresentativestsist requesting that he intercede in his behalf andarldarid use his influence to secure arlartan appropriation of funds for his farming enterprises 29 in response to the plea elliott wrote to the departmentdepatbepatament of the interior recommending thetthatthimt the appropriation be made andarid that doctor hotthorthurthllhil itt is35 a tiariman of dotriotnot onionlyj fine ability betbutblitbuitbult great pripredenceprudenceidenieidence andarldarid I1 afam satisfied that hetietlehie has seen the necessitnecessianecessity3 for the 113030 policpolicyi he heshas pursued or he would riotnot have pursued it kerigkerlymnypennymonypennyfenrispenris still refused to offer his approval of the indian

farms andaridarldanid onionly beqrudginglbegrudgingly3 allowed thenthem to continue anting to the secretesecretosecretoryrar3 of the interiortinteriorsinterInteri iorioriottort robert

mcclellandMcClel landilandt about hiorthuttshurtss indian formsfc5 rmstarmst manypenny saidsaldsaidtsaldisaidi without condemning his action in this respectrespeett I1 have felt constrained to withhold arlsnart eexpresspressfress approval of his course 113131 120 in spite of the lack of encouragementencourager lent from washingtonwashingtont doctor flialihurtirtairt accomplished much on the indian farfarmsMS flophiophopingi n q perhaps to impress a new MissionercommissionerCohcom of indian affairs as totheto the success of the farms hurt wrote to the new

W coMMissionercommissionertcommissionerscommissioner9commissio neriderinert9 jemesjamesJBMCS denverDe rivert on 30 june 1857 reporting the progress of the three fatsfarsfargfarms we have in cultivation this season at these settlements 900 acres viz at the spanish forkF ork farntarnfarm 220 acres wheatt 40 oats 10 batiebariebarlebatleybarleyjt 50 corritcorbitcorn 8 Potatpotalpotatoesoest 2 buckwheat 4 turniturnipspst and 2 acres gardengardent at the Sarisaripetesanpetepete farm 155 acres wheattwheat 10 oatsoatsy 16 corn 8 potatpotatoesoest 8 squashsquashesest and 8 acres beetsmellons Mellonst and gatgardengar derlderi at the corn creek tarneatnfarmearm 95 acres wheat 50 or 30 acres cordcorn Potatpotatoesoest andarldaridanid Squashsquashessquashestestese the crops look ppromisinaandr omi S i na aridarld givegeve eversevery assurance of a plentiful harvest n2 brigham young also expressed his pleasure to MissionercommissionerCohcomoom manypenny for the indian farming that hutthotthurthii itt was accomplishing he told his superiorsuperiortsuperiors 1 I amBM happyheppy in being able to state that several are turning their attention to agricultural pursuitpursuitsst andaddarid appear desirous of forsaking their idle andaridarld predatorpredatorspredatorys habits and of becoming familiar with the labor andaddeddarldarid duties pertaining to civilized life 11331 33 in spite of the laudable indian farming effort the office of indian affairs continued to rivegive low prioritprioriepriority3 to the funding of the utah superintendencysup er i rite ridericuride ricuricynicy if the commissioner had adequate justification for denying the drafts of both E righambighambrigham young endandarid garland horthurt no significant documentation has surfaced to warrant his lack of action the result was that the bulk of the funding of indian reform fell oponupon the citizenry of utah territory incj earns map let4141424 14t14 locationLo catOn of incaindianilaniianjian farnsfarrisfarms

0V indian farms creatgreat saltsait lake

941 altaitsaltsalbsaibS lakee city

provo 0 spanishSP sh fork creek fifarmyarm

manti 0a sanpete 1valleyvailey fillmore farnfarmyarn 17 farr corn creek farm

41 beaver

cedar city UTAUouxTAA

this isi a personally produceproduceddi rapmapemap ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER VI

charles miklcMDC to enghambrigham young E nghamenghambrigham young collection 6 june 1853 microfilm reel 92t92 bo 58t58 folder II11 the brigham young collection containscontairisalris correspondence initiated and received buby E nghamenghambrigham young and is at the LDS church historical department archives in salt lake city utah 2 bedward2edwardedwatdedwerdedward bedell to george manypenny Madekadelinemadelinemadelirielirie mcoimcgimcquowniown collectioncollectiontcollections 30 september 18531853t kantimadliMantimanuscriptscript 143 borboxbomboy 40t40 folder 334 the madeline mcquown collection contains transcriptions from the national archives in washington D C of correspondence between the indian department and the superinsuperintendencytendenc3tendency in utah the collection is in the special collections area of the marriott librarlibraelibrarys on the universituniversiauniversityj of utah camplisCBMPUScampus in salt lake citcity3sas utah 3georgecgeorge3ceorgeceorgp manipennljmansmensmany pendypenny to erlenibrighaiBribrighamghai youngyoungs brigham young collection 15 novenhernovemberNovennovemmovenhetbether 1853 microfilm reel 92t92 bcbo 58 folder 11 4 john bernhisel to brigham yoengyoung ETbnghambanghamlaham young aq collectiontcollectionscalleccollec llonliontion 1q1 janijjaniaj3rn3rya T S 165qtletjleej microfilm reel 86t86 bo 52t52 foldrfoldafoiderfolder lt

5briqhzimfcrighm yoiinoYoyoongyoungyovinoiinolino to georgeorgrgeorore mnypennytmant3perinutj adeline3delinem3dplineVI mcoimcgimcquowniownlown collectioncollections 31 rimarchm3rchMtchachrch 1854i1851t manuscript 1q3t143iqut borbokbo tot40 folder 4

6brighamfnghm yoiyolyounging to george manypenny t ibid t 7929 april 18185841854415 iq

7brighamengham young to george mantmanum3riyperinvt1perav3t E righambighambrigham younayounqyoung collection 31 october 1854 mictosmicrofilmmictof i IM reel 92t92 bo lf 58t58 folder 7 p ajohn8johnjohnjonnjohm bernhisel to brighE righombighom young brigham young collection 11 april 1854 microfilm reel 86t86 bo 52t52 folder 14 9 ajohn9johnjohn E ernhiselbernhiselernhiselniselnisei to brigham young brishambnghambrigham young collection iq14 july 185518541851t microfilm reel 87t87 bo 52t52 foiderfolder 15 10 george m3nypennvman jpennspenn 3 to E righambigham youriayourigyoun9t el riohamrixhamengham youdyouniyounyoonyoungi collection 68 august 18541851 microfilm reel 92t92 bo 56t58 folder 11 122 12312.3 11 george manypenny to brigham youngfyoung brigham young collection 14 april 18551855t microfilm reel 92t92 boborbox 58t58 folder 12 121.22 brighamE T ighambigham young to george mant3pennmanypenny3tat kadelinemadelinemedeline mcquown collection 26 junejonejuriejurle 1855 menimanimanuscriptiscriptascript 143t153143 borboxbc 10t40 folder 554 13george manypenny to robert mcclellandMcClel landilandt 26 november 1855 annual report of the commissioner of indian affairs washingtonwashingtont DC A 0 PF nicholsonNichol sonisont 1855 p 13 IA leleland1 aridarld flohlohioH creercreartcreert utah andarid the nation seattleseattie klashingtonwashington university of washington press 1929 p 180 15 jacob holertanhoiholemanholermanHol ertanennen to luke leatleaplea 21 september 1851 a annualso report of the comfiissionercommissioner of indianindign affairsf ir Washingtowashingtonritrip dctactDC gidideongideoneon addandeddarid cocoo t 1851 appp t 183 84 16 Eriqeriqhameirighamhemham young to george manmenmanypennymem 3penri st brigham young collection 28 june 1853 microfilm reel 92 t bobohbox 52t52 folder 7 17 john bernhisel to brigham young E tighemrighambighambrigham young collection 12 december 1853 microfilm reel 86t86 bcborbox 52t52 folder 13 181 8 E righambighambrigham young to george man3pennmanypenny t brishbrighamem young collection 31 december 1853 microfilm reel 92t92 borboxbo 56t58 folder 7 19 garland hutthurt to BE Tighamrighamgigham young 30 september 18551855t Af pF annual report of segthe commissioner of indian affairsaffairstfairst 201 20 20creerdreerCreercreartcreert p 182

2171A george kanykadyMangmangperintmanypennyperinti to robert McClelmcclellandlandilandt 22 novemberNov enberember 1856 annual report of the commissioner of indian affairs washingtonwashingtont actDCdct Aa4aa 004 P nicholsonNichol sont 1818566 appp 265264261 67674 22 garland hutthurt to Erigetiaetlabrighamhanham lounetyounetyoung madeline mcquown collectioncollectiontcollections 30 september 1855 manuscript 143 boeboobo 40iotbiot folder 5 232 adale3daledaiedale L morgantmorgan the administration of indian affairs in utah 1851 1858 pacific historical review 17 november 194839841948 398 24211221 E tighamrighamgigham young to george manypenny madeline mcquown collection 30 september 1853 manuscript iq3t153143 boborboxf iop40 folder 3 124125 25 brishamErigfrighamerighamhaM Yoiyoungidsingins to george manypenny brigham young collectioritcollectioriiCollect loritiorii 31 march 1855 microfilm reel bait8ait84 borboxbo t 50t50i folder I1 267 brighamEsrig haM young to garland Hiirhorthurthilr tt ibid t 1 september 1855 27george manmanypennyspenrispenzi s to garland hurt madeline mcquown collectioncollectiontcollections ii14 novemberNov enberember 1855 manuscript 143 boborbok 40botqot folder 5 4 aq7q 28george manipertrimanypennys to garland hurthurtt madeline mcquown collection 19 march 1856 manuscript 143 borboxbo 40140 folder 6 29 garland hurt to J M Ellielliottottsotty ibid t I41 october 1856 30 J M elliott to the department of the interiortinteriorfInteriinteriorsottorfortorp ibidtibid4 20 december 1856 31 george mi3w3penritmanypennyi to robert McClelmcclellandlandilandt 22 november 1856 annual report of the dolsdoiscommissionerqommissionerlonerioner of indian affaiaffailaffairs p 16 Coiscoisioner 32 garland hurt to jemesjamesJBMCS denverdenvert madeline mcquown collection 30 june 1857 manuscriptmanimant iscriptascript 143t153143 borboxbc 40q0tqut folderfoiderfoldenfoldier 7 33brigham young to george mant3penn3tmanypennyt 30 junejeriejurie 1856 annualPirainalninual report of jheahe commissioner of indian affaiaffailaffairs p4pap 225 CHAPTER VII

misunderstanding AND misrepresentation

conflictcorifcoref lictlica with agentagentaqedtent hurt

doctor horthurt was a man of influenceirifarif luence respected bby3 theth office of indian affairs recognizing this sernhiselbernhiselberdPernpernhiselperdE hiselhigel young appealed to at the tinetimeIIMC of fliirthotshorshurss appointmentappointmentsappoiritmerittappointment11 7 august 185185q sayingsa lidaiidakinq3inq 1 I fondly hope that theathejthey theetheetho people of utahutan will getoget along with him 4 fotfortot if he flakesmakes a favorable report it will place the stamp of Ho 1 I falsehood upon all of major leMansholemanshoremansflolemllMIMs storiesstones thoushalthoughAl E nghamenghambrigham young was quiteguitegulte pleased with the work of Aarentagentedtent hottihorti he diandidndidntdidn7 t realize for eomSOMsoffiesommie timetimp thatthot hutti like hoieholemanHole mantmany frequently wrote to washingtonwashiriqton criticizing hinhirlhimhimi andaridarldanid may the mormons 4 As earl3eariearlearly3 as 2 kahkehkekskeus 1855 unbeknownstunbekno wrist to erlbriehaneniBribriehambrigharghafghar young hurt felt it his dutdutadutyj to issue a warning to the nation through the commissioner of indian affairs abolaboutoboutit thetho true motives of morfionmornionmotmor morimorl missionaries he alleged that thesthey

4 have either accidentallaccidentallyaccidentallys or plirposelpurposelyj created a distinction in the minds of the indian tribes of this territory between the cormonsmormons andaridarld the people of the united states that cannot act otherwise than prejudicial to the interests of the latter and what sir plajmaymey we expecte hectpect of these kissmissmissionariesi 01 lat iesleg there is riotnot a tribe on the continent that will riotnot be visited by one or0 T motemotmoremor e

1 175125135 126I1 a216 of thettherthem theithe3thethey3 embrace a class of rude and lawless young fieriflerimierimen such as might be regarded as a curse to anian3anany3 civilizedci ilized community my object in writing is to suggest that the attention of allail211al Superintendentsuperintendentsst agents andendaridanidenid sub agents and all other loyal citizens residing or sojourning in the indian countrcountry3 be called to this subject and that the conduct of these mormonmornonmissionaries2missionaries be subject to the closest scrutin3scrutinytutinrutintutinsrutinsrutina 3 bernhisels perception of hortshurtss influence proved prophetic for upon receipt of hurts lettertletterfdettert charles E mi actineacting commissioner of indian affairsAf fairstfairsy prepared a memorandumMCMomemo randemranduM for the secretary of the interior requesting that hetietlehie give consideration to the aforementioned scrutinscoutinscrutiny3 of the flissionarflissmissionarieslonarionar iesles 3u As mentioned in chapter sisiettdiett doctor hurt eperiericedexperiencedperlerperierpenlericed opposition in getting his drafts paid by the indian department after receiving brigham youngs approbation for his farming enterenterprisepriset andaridarld dotriotnot knowing where the noneymoney would comeCOMQ from for the projecprojectpropectt hurt drew on the fund for incidental terisestexpensese terloerlTerisest for which hotietlehie was censured by commissioner manypenriymarimarlmani sperin i henahenwhen hurt plainedoplsinede plaidedpiaPla ined to Ererishamgrishameirighamisham

young that he feared over ranningunningrunningnunning theth appropriationappropriationiappropriationtappropriationsi young replied that hetietlehie had no doubt that all the agents accounts q would be paid fotforor a timeIIMPtimp this rationale placated doctor hetthutthurt but as funds for the indian farms grew scarce he becebecomeme adatadarangry3 as he viewed what hotietlehie believed brigham Yoyoungurica was doing with the samesemeSBMC fifondsfundsindsands for incidental pensesexpensese bensespen ses hurt thought that young andarid sub agent armstrong were using

federal monemoney3 to further the cause of their chtcntchurchyirchttircht and he

also believed that thebthe3thethey3 were involved in a conspiracconspiracy to 127 divert all of the funds of the supsupenntendencyer i ritenite ndericj awaawayj trohfrohfronfromtrom him george armstrong had been appointed to replace stephen 5 rose in jariuarjanuaryj 1855 as a sub agent in the superintendencysup er i ritenite ndericj armstrong lived in provo in utah vallevailevalievallejvalleyvaileyj and was a morionmormon hurt revirevealeddaledvaled his concern to commissioner manypenny in march 1857

I 1 1 young 0 his elcellenciexcellency brigham through agent armstrong and himself is arranging to take iiptipbip p the larger portion of the appropriation for the present jearyearyeav and I1 have reasons to believe that this move is being made with the view of forestalling meteegmegMC and throwing the expenditures of making these settlements upon m-MYj own shoulders without the neadsneansmeansmoans of liquidating them I1 amBM 1 informed that his eexcellency1 1celleric 3tat is now arranging an oiinfitoutfit of goods to be tendedextendede bbjbyj him on an eplorinc3exploringitfit expedition through the territories of oregon washington andaridanid perhaps british america 6 the epeditioriexpeditionPedit iorilorilorl hurt refers to took place in the spring of 1857 brigham young andaridarld 115 men visited fort limhi idaho then oregon on the salmon river thesthedthey distributed presents to the bannock indians andaridarldanid established a morrion 7 settlesettiesettlemerittmeritmeritt hurt felt that Youyoungsricas use of the fund to buibusbuy presents fotfor the indians was iunwarranted especiall3especially when used for indians outside the territorterritoryj on another occasion he wrote to commissiolcommissioncommissionerletlerier mandman3manamanypennyperirit the policpolicy3 of giving presents to the indians is a popular one with them but its beliefberiefbenefitsits are of a transcienttrariscierittranscient fractermractercharacterch t andaridanid leaves them discdiecd ppoiritedappointedlsappointedLs anda nd dissatisfdissatisfieddissatisfyled or to remainregain a burden upon the governovernovernmentgovernmentrientriedtMentmient andaridaarldrid our citizens without arliariiansadyany petriperripetelpernsncntcbrierit soodgood 110

unlike Jjcobcabccb Iholeman garland flialihirlhirtitt did iioiloioliob101lolriot alwaalwaysa circumvent yocrigyoiyol ing with his frustrations on one occasion hetiehie 1cIac1 A 8 wrote 3a letter to Eriqbrighamhamhem young andaddarid epressedexpressed a concern that he felt was subversive to the interests of the united states governmentrime rit on 31 october 1856 faf1herthurt111 1 T t advised the supersuperintendenttendentintendantintendentin that the distinction in the minds of the natives between the mormons andaridarld the americans was dotriotnot altogether compatible with correct policpolicy t believing ththatthetrt it would ultimately operate to the prejudice of one or the 90 other partsparty F in februarfebruaryfebruary3 1857 superintendentsup er i rite rident young re examined the farmingi enterprises of doctor hurt and felt it necessary to rebuke him for relinquishing control of the indian farms on 11 Febfebruarfebruaryruetruerruar hetietlehie wrote the following 4

learning nuchnochmuchtviiavii ich to mmy3 regret of the practices of some of the empioemployeesieesleesbees under doursouryoutyour charge at the indian faratfarmtF arm of gamblingamblinggt drinking liquorliquortliquore sweetingswearing andaridarld setting bad amplesexamplese C mples before the indiansIndi arisanis I1 feel it is a dutsduty incumbent upon me to urge oponupon boutjoutyou the discontinuance of these practices it has ever been mjmym j aidtaimtalmaim in alla 11 mtmyi intercourse with the natives to teach them by amiieexamplee amiamileamlieamaie Ie isas well as precept andarldarid to endeavor to eerciseexercisearcise a goodgoori wholesome and salutory influence over themthemy in order if possible to bring them to appreciate the benefitsberiebeniebenle fits arising from a circlrcivilized6 1 ledi 4.4 ed eistanceistenceexistencei stence when contrasted with their own finallfinally3tat feeling powerless iinderunderuddertinder the control of brigham bonniyonniyoiyot natnqt hutthurthiairtittirt requested that his successor be named becausetbecausefbec ausefbuset

1 he saldisaidt I cannot consent Cmjadyedyany longer to taletaketaltaitaie e upon mmyselfselfseif the burden of the service under the supervision of one who would decodecosdecoy viemiepieme into ruin and who has so much disgracedj i S q raced the dignity of his position andarid the name of an american Citicitizenzerlzeri hutthurthottihurtthorti like hoieHoleholemanmant hedhadhed come to believe thetthattheathem

EEYT iqhamighamgigham yoiyoungyot ing osefusedoseruser11 his office to accomplish his own purpopurposeses 129

o A 1 1 at the eieriseexpense1 lerise of the government andaridarld its officialsoff icials allaliI I of these conflicts originated from morionmormon insistence to govern their own fairstaffairsaf thus clashing with the ideas of men riotnot s3mpatheticsympathetic with morionmormon objectives

mormons warwer gentilecenti ie Officialofficialsofficialstst MOTMOIisais91 and the utah nernar in addition to the conflicts with agent hrtfliirttart misunderstandmisuriderstandingsings arose with other territorial officials in august 1854 colonel edward J steptoe arrived in utah at the headhoad of a civilian and military pattpartpartlpart3pattyparty3 hisheshiihil s instructions were to study the feasibilitfeasibilityfeasibility3 of a militarmilitary toadroad through the territoterritoryrj endandaridarld to assist in capturing the irderersmiirdorersmi of captain cunnisongunnison andaddeddarldaridanid his pattspartspattyparty who had been killed in an indian massacre in october 1853 steptoestep toe s influence inan washington is evident because president franklin pierce offered him the governorship of utah territory in 1855 recognizing mormon lot3altloyalty3 to GovergovernorrIOT bounoyouno endandaridarldanid that the governorgovernor was adjequateladequatelyj discharging his official duties steptoe declined ththe appointment andaridgrid 12 recommendrecommendedirccommpndedediedl that brighamdrighambriqiham young be Tree apappointedp 0 i rited initiallinitialslnitiajlyit colonel steptoe had a positive workingwording relationship with the mormontimormonsimormorrtstMorMon si but he later voiced his concern to sylvester mowry who in turn communicated to his superior that the utah indians inhabitinhabitingldainaido the vallensvalle3syolley of salt lakcflcaket juab andaridarld Fillfillfiorefilliviorefiore had been taught that the cormonsmormons were a superior people to the aerleansAerAmericanamericanstamericanistleansst aridarldnd hetthat1 the americaamericcamcncansMs were ththeD natlrolriaturalriarie lutailuraltural enefiicenemiess of the 130 111313 indiansindic ris wo hM F magraw whose hatred of the mormoris proceeded from the loss of his mail contract to a mormon damednamed hiram kimballkimballtKimb ailtallt also e exerted an influence in washingtont DC against the Morfmormonsmormions of utah territory hefieflehie charged them with destrodestroyingjing all non mormon courts in utah thithlthuthoiiiisi leaving the gentiles to the merckmercy of a so ststyledled ecclesiastical organization as despotic andaddaridanid damnabledamnobledamnabletdaM neblenebienoble as ever known to

1 to I1 al edstehsteastemste ist in anhantentanyi countrcountry3 byi far the nostmost vocal of all the territorial officials in his condemnationcondoMnation of the cormonsmormons was the associate Justjusticeicet ki Nwo drummond fromF tomrom the beginning the cormonsmormons disliked him bancroft referred to hinhim as a gambler and a bullybt tild who openlyoperil3 declared that he cameCBMC to utah to make i5ia J mmodeymoney0 n e 3 he also defied decencdebencdecencys bjbbyj leaving his wife and family in illinois without aridarldany mearismeansmoans of support andarid brought a harlot with him from ashingfconwashington whom he passed off as his 16 wife hc signedresignedTe in earldearly 1857 after the cormonsmormons refused to reco9nizerecognize his authoritauthorityj in revenge drufmonddrummonddrlimmond spread accusationsacci isations against rjshameiraghamE reshamrj shamahamahem yoonyounyoung and the kotkorcormonsmormonistmormonstMormormonsmonstMons including the folfoifollowinefollowinglowine 1 dribrienghamtharthamihamaham young is the orilortionly law bby which the cormonsmormons are eogovernedverned 2 there is a secret oath bound organization called the priesthood which resists the laws of the countrcountrys 3 there isas a set of men who take the lives and propertproperty3 of those jhowho question the authoritauthorityauthorit of the church 4 records of the supreme court have been destroyed by order of the church 5 federalF officers of 131 the territerritorytOTS are constantly insulted and harassed 6 federal officers are compelled dailsdalisdaildalldalidailydallydaliys to heathoathearhoar the american 17 governmentq overn ment traduced andaddarid slandered

although drummond cotrectlcorrectly3 assessed the mormons7mormons complete loloyaltybaltbait s to brightbrigham younsyoung andaddeddarideriderld probablprobably3 periericedexperiencede Perierperienperleniced harassment from themthom andarldaridanid heard critical statements about the american governgovernmntgovernmentgovernmerittmeritt he nevertheless embellished his

statements endandond n3dnadmade mormon defiancedefidefl ariceerice appear almost

treacherous 4 there were no priesthood oaths to resist the

laws of the country no mimurderousirdetbirdet 0 1 1 S outlawsout lawslamsISMS operating in

behalf of the hormonmormon churchy nor ac delegation which

dodestroyedstroettoetro jed Ccoertcouttcourt0 1 1 tt recordrecords thetho cormonsmormons were not antlantianta ArleamleamieAMericamericanricansn nor edtlanticonstitutionanticonstitution thethey were rproro isolcisoacisolationiststionistszionists anderidariderld resented those like drunmoidummoratDT who tried to diminish horonkotMOT nodnonmon control the inevitabilitinevitability5 of such conflicts escalated because ofor the culturalcilCIICI I 1 titiittiltIT a 1 andaridgodgrid political chasm separating the korkormonkovmorrionsmorrioneMormormonrions andaridarld the gentile officials jemesjames Euchananbuchanan became president of the united statesslaters

in the election of 1856 by I13 mamadkahma3kaymay3 1857 several formetformer

sentilegr atilentile officials who served in utah territoterritoryT i bombarded the new president with a rash of anti mormon sentiment these included someSOMO as far back as brocchus addandarid dajdaiday 185116511851 andaridarld holeman 185116515353t but also garland hutthotthurthii itt 1855 57t57 W hM F magtawmagrawmag tawraw lbsibs1851854561854 56t56 umrionddrummondDT 1856 57i5j7t andarldarid othersot hetueheruehercE lithwith neither an investigation nor communication of his intent to the citizenrcitizenscitizenrys of utahubahU tahitahtbahi Frespresidentident chananbuchananEu appointed alfred comminecommingcumming of georgia to replace eltETEST iighambighamhemham 132 young as governor andaridarld ordered general willwilliamiamlamISM S hatneyherneyharneyhiathiarFlar nefdefnej lsteristerlater replaced bby3 colonel albert sidnesidneysidmey johnston to comriandcommendcomm3ndcom riand a militamilitaryrj force to escort the new governogovernorT to his assassignmenti q dment 18 henahenwhen the morionmormon leadership became aware of the advancing aryavy thesthedthey determined to resist the troops if thedthe3thethey3 tried to force their oalsway into the territory BbrighamT iqham ordered the mobilization of the nauvoo legion the storing of sraingrain andarldarid other staplestapiestableststapstaplestlestiest the building of fortificationfortificationsst and the organization of parties to harass the arnyermarm andarid its 19 supply trainstrairtsbrains o if the charge of agent hurt arid others that brighambrighom young and the mormons consciouslconsciousnconsciously3 tried to create a distinction in the minds of the indians between mormonimormon andaddarid other aeramericansieansleansleads was dotriotnot before troetruetruettruey it certairilcertainlys had someSOMC substance nowtmontmowtnonnowmon as utah citizens prepared for war preparing for an invading ary required that the indians be at least neutralizeneutralizedneutralizedtdt if riotnot converted into allies it wedswads under these conditions that a tragic saga in utah indian affairs took place durinedotingduring the months of august addandeddarid september 1857 amid the uncertainty andaddarid feverish preparation for thetho approaching3ppr caching armitarmy an ehlehiemiemigrantemDarantgradtgrant group numbering about 140 petperpersonssoris consisting of the fancherfanicherFa richetrichernichet pattpartpattyparty andarid the missouri Wildcawildcatswildcatsttsitst passed throthroughuRhugh utah territerritorytotitori the timing could dotriotnot have been more unfortunate for the ememigrantsgrants mormon patience addandarid tolerance was atpt an all tinetime low andaddarid this group wasnbs dotriolriotnot fond of morrionemorrionsMorMOT nodmodnonrionsplons 133 meadow massacre the4800 mountain

As thesthey descended the corridor of morionmormon settlements in utah territorterritory the fancherFa richetricher pattyparty andaridarldanid the missouri wildcats discovered that featfewtfew if ananygnyanspst of the mormons would sell themthcmtham food or supplies because thedthey had been counseled to preserve them against the time the troops arrived in the territory angered by the lack of help from the morionmormon settlegettlegettiesettlersrst the emigrants especially the missouri Wildcawildcatstst commenced a rampage of destructive andaridarld obnooanoobnoxious activitactivinactivity3 as thedthey traveled south down the corridor of mormon settlements byE 3 the time theusthey reached Fillfillmoremoreimoret their reputation Preceproceedededed them the missourian emigrants epressedexpressed a belligerent attitude toward the mormons and harassed the indians as well thesthey named their oren0oxenerierl brigham young or hebetheberfieberhieber C

Ikimball and cursed them ascasces thesthedthey passed through morionkormonkormodmormon vilwllvillageslases nhenuhenrhemwhenphem refused suppliessup pliest theithe3thethey3 popped off the heads of chickenschic kensVens with whips andaddeddarldarid turned their cattle loose in mormon oraingrain fields soncsomeSOMC boasted of participating in the hauntsfizhiahla insininelne s mill massacre andarldaridanid one man claimed to be cattcartcarrcattingcarryinginginq the eurigurigengungum that Villedkilledvilled old joe smith As thetheitheyi traveled throishroithroughighagh the southernsoi itherri portion of the territory members of the emigrant train threatened to organize an aryatmsarmsaty when thetheythei7 arrived in california and return to destrodestroyi all the morcormonsmormonsmons the emigemigrantstants also incensed the indians bybud poisoning a spring from which a number of cattle dtdrankQ n k aaddandri d died the indians then ate someSOMC of the meat aaddandrid several of 1341395 them died one emigrant man insisted on eraeKaexaminingekamininge Mining an indianindiansindianas bow and arrows but the indian refused and jabbed enan arrow into the mans chest the man whipped out a revolver and killed the indian 20 ejby the tinetime the emisemigrantemig radtradlrant partpartyj reached cedar citoltcityst the indians clamored rorfortoreor retaliation andaridarldanid korionmorionkormonmormon tolerance grew thin in addition to unfriendly acts by someSOMC of the emigranemigrantstsitst the arkansas origin of the fancher partsparty also aroused morionmormon emotion for just months before patlespatiesparlespetleyperleyparley PF prattpratttpratty one of the morionmormon twelve apostlesiapostlestapost lesilestlegi had been murdered in that state 2171 after angering the inhabitants of cedar cit3tcity the emigrants determined to CBMPcamp for two to three weeks at mountain meadow to refresh their livestock prior to the arduous desert crossing ahead mountain meadow located 502soesome 35 miles west and a little south of cedar citcityst was an often frequented haven for the weary traveler see map 4154 15 on page 142 one person described it thusthust seven or eight thousand feet above the seafseatsea a beautiful level plateplateauaut shut in bby3 mountainmountainsst carpeted with luturiantluxuriant1 turiantfuriant grass of the best varieties for grazing t andarid divided by a perennial stream of clear cold weterwaterwatert it is one of the few places on the route that the traveler remembers with pleasure 22172A

during the first and second weeks of september anerenerengryangrys indians besieged the fancher pettpartpertparthperthpartspattypettypartys and the missouri WildcatwildcatstwildcatsfWildcatstsf pinning them in their encampmentencamp merit at mountainmoimol intainintrain meadow jacob fithit2mblinthamblin a well known friend of the Indianindiansst 135 would have been the best candidate to trttltrltritrsttytryi andaddarid caincalmcelmcaim the indianstindianistIndianst botbutbolbeuhubbou he had led a delegation of indian chiefs to a conference in salt lake oitsoltscity andaridarld weswaswos therefore unavailable the cedar city mormons called on john D leetleeleei a resident of 23 harmony to manage the indians hefieflehie found them unwilling to be appeased and insisting that the cormonsmormons help themthom attack the emisemigrantsemig rants thoushthough to this point orilonly5 indians had attackattackededt motionmorionmormon settlers were an interested pattyparty andaridarldgrid alreadyj involved behind the scenes disdiscussingcussins with the indians what should be done outnumbered bab3by the Indianindiansst southern utah cormonsmormons could riotnot afford to make enemies of the natives even in peacetime andaridarld nowtnow with bhethebhe prospects of nattnartwartwr needing the indians as rlliesalliese1liest they could irioreignorepriore orilodlyonly3 at their peril the indian pleas for assistance lacking the strength to liberate themselvesthemsel vestvesp the emigrants managed onionlyj to free three merijmen who ironically hurriedhothorhur Tied tokowmtowmiznrdsdad5 edarcedatcedarC edat citciticit3city3 to seek mermonmormon help odeoneon of theritthet Nilliwilliamafiafy aldenaidonaldonaident was shot from his horse arderdandarldarid killed instantinstantlylj hishig two companioneompomonfcompanionstst lothboth woundedwound edtedg esceseeeeescapedapedmped to the california rodtoedroedroadtod but were pursuedPI itsuedissued andaddarid killed byb the indians the death of aldenaidenaided was the immediate cause of the eessMaSSmessmassacreaCTe for two reasons firstifirsts mormon leaders thoitholthoughtight the emigrants would see the shootineshoshootingeho otine aszs Evidenceevidencevi dencedemce thatthetthot their assaiassailantsassailanisasgellanis1ilants includeincludedrl white cses well as red mentmen andaddarldarid thus the threat ofo f sendingsedding an arm3arriyarma back from californiacalifornizcaliforniccallcailCali fornicforniz would gather support andaridgrid have a real c2usecauecause second the mermonmormons found that the indiansindiana would tiitntuttiituIUT n uroroponupon them if thebthetheyj noinolwoiwouldiidild dotriotnot help 136 illliikmilpallPallmil the emigranemigrantstst for the murder of aidenaldenaidon had committed 24 them to the affair sensingsending their plight on 7 september the cedar citcit3city3 mormons commissioned jariesjarlesjemesJBMCSjamies haslanhaslamhasiam to gallopq f llop on horseback to seekseok brigham youngyoungs s5 counsel as to how to proceed hofle mademedemado the nearlnearidearlnearisdearisnearlys 250 mile trip to salt lake citocity 255 in three daustda3stdaysdeys arrivinearriving 10 september and immediatelimmediately3 departed for cedar citcit3city3 with crishambrishambrighaf s counsel to calm the indians as much as possible andaridarldanid thatthatt whatever the costcosttcoett the comparicompany 3 of emigrants be allowed to pass through the countrcountry3 26L unmolested the news cameCBMC too late for the massacre occurred on 11 september 1857 while heslamhaslam was enroute bacback to cedar citicitcityi on wednesday 9 september a council of mormon

leaders m3dmadM ade the fateful decision to join with the indians

andaridarld destrosdestroy the emigrantscmigrants so the3thethey3 could dotriotnot escape to california andaridarldanid make good their boasts though details are

unknowunknownunknowntunknownstnt apparentlapparentlyapparently9 thesthey agreedacteedreed that john D lee would decoy the emigrants from their stroliostroriostrongholdhoidhold andaridarld the mormon

men woiwotwouldiidlidild each take resporisibilit3responsibn1ity to kill orieonieone emisemigrantemig tantrant maritmeritmantment while the indians worked their revenge on the women andarid older children only the verjveriververyvevyj doungsoungyoung children were to be spared accordingly william bateman and john D lee

approached the emigrant CBMPcempcamp at mountain meadow carrying

white flags of truce the emigrant pattpartpart3pattyparty3 must have beenbeedboodboon in desperate straits to accept the terms lee andaridarld EaE atehanatchantemanatemaneetemadbatemaneateman agreed to escort the meatswearsmearsuearyweary travelers to cedar citycaty andaridarldgrid

protect them againstaaeageago instinetdinst the indians provided thethey j in ternturntonnturritburrit 137 surrendered their weapons and allowed certain men to be brought to trial rorfortor their crimes the aponsweaponswe andarid small children were placed in a separate wagon all of the norsenworsenwomen and older children followed the wagon and the men walked single file behind each with an arnedarmed morionkormonmormon escort juanita brooksdrooks describes the horrid sequel at the command haltheltheitflaltfealthibit do lourjoursouryour dutdutyW each morionmormon man was to shoot the emigrant at his sidesidet the indians hiding in the brush were to kill the women and older chilchiichildrenchildrentchildrensdrent and lee and the drivers were to finish off the wouriwoundedded in the wagon those of the morion men who protested the killing were to shoot into the air t and then sit down andarldarid remain quiet while the indians killed their men all accounts agree that it was quicklquicklyj over most of the emigrant men fell at the ffirst vollettvolle3tvolley andarldarid those who started to run were quickgulckquicklyquick1313 shot down by mormons or bsby indians the savsavagesagest far outnumberingoutnumber ing the nomenwomenWOMCU and chilchiichildrendrent leaped fronfrom the brush on both sides of the road at once and t stimulated by the shrieks andarid screams fell upon their victims with knives and hatchets andaddarldaridanid soon quieted thenthem at the waeoristwaewagonswagweg orist the three men shot the wouriwoundedded at close range andendaridanidenid pulled the wagons off the road 27 short distance before they loadedunloadeduri the bodies the deed was performed perfectly everythingevetever athinejthine appeared to many be perpetrated solelsolelyi bbsbys the indians kenykanymausmews antiantimormonsmormons tried to pin the responsibility on brigham young but it is clear that hetietlehie knew nothing of the terrible ordeal until after the fact since those involved from the mormon communitycomm uditsunits made an oath of secrecsecrecysecrecy3tat even ETbrighamighambigham yourieyoung apparentlapparentlyapparently3 did riotnot learn the details of mormon involveinvolvementnentment until several searsyears after the massacremassamaesa ctetcret

this tracedtragedtragedy3 would never have occurred without the atmosphere of war hysteria on the orieorteone handnandhandt andarldarid on the other the insistence of the riziriarniartivesnatives andarideridenid someSOMC whites for 138 retaliation andenderidaridbrid retribution brigham youdsyounsyoung understood well the nature of the indians andaridarld their retaliation following senseless acts of emigrants it had been a perpetual problem during the whole of brigham youngyoungs s superintendencysup er i ritendenc s the gunnison massacre resulted from similar disregard for the tivesnativesria on 12 september 1857 still unaware of the mountain meadow massacre but angered byb 3 emigrant conduct brigham young wrote to the new commissioner of indian affairs jamesjamosJBMOS NW Dedenverrivert andaridanid complained of the man3manmanbmenymany3 emigrants that shot indians at will as thetheithe3they3 passed through the territorterritoryterritorys Therethereforeforet the indians regard all white men alike their enemies andarid kill and plunder wheneverwhe rieverniever thethestheys can do so with punitipunityimpunitimpunityirim i andaridarld often the innocent suffetsuffer for the deeds of the guilty we cannot but ckpecte hectpect them to wreak their vengeance upon the restdextrie t train 1281128 meanwhile in northern utah territorterritoryterritory3tat the advancing troops loomed as a constant threat to the cormonsMormormonsmons on 15 september brigham young declared martial law in utah requiring all inhabitants to have special permission to leave the tettitettlterriterritorstterritorytorst forbidding the armed forces to enter andaridarld ordering the motionmorionmormon militia to be ready at a comensmomentsmomens 29 notice most of the donrionnionnon mormon officials had left the territorterritoryterritorys before the declaration of martial law however catgatlandgariandgarlandCargat larid hurt was still in utah andarldarid subject to the terristernsterms of the decree the relationship between garland horthurt andaddaridarld brighsmbrigham young had deteriorated further during the jearyear 139 1857 on 26 september 1857 brigham young sent 8a letter of suspension to agent hurt he chastisedchastized agent hutthotthotthorthurt fforor

1 30 neglecting his official reports and duties o garland hutthurt never received the letter of suspension because hetiehiehye secretlysecretlq3 fled the territorterritoryterritoryj on the samesemeSBMC dadday that brigham young wrote it during the fall andaddedderldaridbrid winter of 1857 58 the hysteria of the utah harnarwarmar entered the conversation of both the troops and the cormonsMormormonsmons this verbal war had a chance to simmer down during the winter of 1857581857 58 becalbecauseiselse earisearlsearldeariearlearlys snowfall in wyoming forced the troops to abandon their intentions of pressing forward to the salt lake valleyvailey that fall in preparation for the long winter the atmsaryarmsaty set up a winter CBMPcamp in wyoming endandaridarlderld christened it campCBMPcamp scott jacob forney accompariaccompanysinging the troops as the new superintendentsup er i ritenite rident of indian affairs assigned to replace young wrote to commissioner denverderivetderiverdeniver sasayingsindtsinqt brigham young boasts that he has several indian tribes in his serviceser vicet & readsteadreaddreadteadyreadys to take

113111 31 up atsarsatmsarms against the utU states commissioner denverderiverdeniver informed young that he had creationinfinformation from reliable sources that E righambighambrigham young was impressing upon the minds of the indians that there was a difference between mormons andarid united states citizens addandaridarlderld told hihim dotriotnot to expecte hectpect edsaroienoiedyaroanyanoenoi appropriations for the indians as long as he exhibitede antagonism toward the government 32 the Morfmormonsmormions were no less active in denouncing the purposes of the government in sending troops to utah 140 they toottoo joined in the verbal battle in a discourse delivered in the salt lake tabernacle on 16 januarjanuarys 1858 brigham young saidsaldsaidtsaidisaldi if the goverrimentgovernment is disposed to send someSOMC of their poor miserable welps here to order meMC fronfromfromi 133oq this placeplacet themthey will meet hell 4 I1 wortwontwon t stir one inch As the winter wore odtonionton much of the heated sentiment pressedexpressede byb 3 both the motMormormonsrions andaddarid the armiaryavy subsided when sprinespring cameicametcame both the troops endandariderid the mormons accepted a negotiated settlesettiesettlementmeritt and the transfer of authotitauthority3 in utah territorterritoryj occurred without further incidentincidentsincident4incident&4 the mountain meadow massacre was a terrible tragedy that resulted from the hshysteriasterlasteria surrounding the rhetoric of the utah war thoushthough it can never be justijustljustifiedfiedt9 it can be understoodudderunder stood the mormons operated under pressures andaridarld realities that the fancher partsparty and missouri wildcats aggravated by their ignorance andaddarid obnoxious behavior while passing through the territerritorytotstors the significance of the utah nevwarmarmav is realized when one considers that E righanbighanbrigham young andaridarld the mormons had done all in their powertpower since congress authorized the formationforM stion of utah Territerritorterritorytor in 1850t1850i to maintain their isolation gradually over the seven intervening seatsseetssearsseersseensyears thesthey watched their independence deteriorate volatile misrepresentationsmisrepmisrop r esentadesentat ionslons andarid misunderstandings existede 1 I isted on both sides thus fueling the verbal battle mortslizedimmortalizedir as the utah war the utah hetpetwarmar had an important impact on indian affairs in southern utah without the threat of the aryatyavy the leliel141 settlers in the sparsely populated areas around cedar citcit3city3 would probablprobably3 riotnot have been so desperate as to court indian favor at mountain meadow with the threat of the arndartharryatty it became essential that thedthey maintain a friendly relationship with the Indianindiansst lest perchance thesthey be needed later as allies certainlcertainly5 mormon participation in the mountain meadow massacre reduced the credibilitcredibilityi that the natives might have developed in such christian doctrines as forgiveness and turning the other cheek the so called redemption of the lamanite would have to wait until another generation provided a better example liali2

aapiapmap 1.5 4 ki rj w lap tl5t15 timountain0 unt a i n headere aC 0

jocjuc eto mici mean lyu jusnitsjuanitsornta brookserookstprooksErookSt mountainvici intcinaclriirliri meeMEmeare daudoudaw hascrehaschemascrehaskasmaerickicklcissdesdeg cre mormannormantmormant oklshomotoklahomcs ljniversituniversitys of oklshomaoklahoma01 iahomalahomadahoma fresspress 196219621 p 17 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER VII

ijohnjohn bernhisel to brigham youngfyoung brigham young collection 7 august 1854 microfmicronmicrofilmlim reel 87t87 boborbok 52t52 folder 5 the brigham young collection contains correspondence initiated sndaddand received by brighamErig hemhaM young andarid is at the LDS church historical department archives in salt lake citcity t utah 2garlandmgarland2darlandgariandgarland hurt to george manypenny madeline mcquown collection 2 makasmaikaymayi 1855 manuscript 1431q3t boborbox 40i10t folder 5 the madeline mcquown collection contains transcriptions from the national archives in washirigwashingtontonitontboni D C of correspondence between the indian department and the superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendencys iniriirlini utah the collection is in the special collections area of the marriott library on the uriiversituniversityI of utah campus in salt lake city utah chatleschariescharles kirkixmixmi to robert McClelmcclellandlendtlandt 13 august 85518551855J qommi 1 A aannual report of the commissionerdommi ss oderonetoner of indian affairsffairaffair S washingtonwashingtont doc williammilliam A harrisflarristfiarhiarFlar rist 1857 p 307 iq garland hurt to george mzinjpenn3tmanypenny madeline mcquown collectioncollectiontcollections 30 august 1856 manuscript 143t153143 bckbojbogack 401 folder 64 arobert5robertrobettrobert mcclelland to george madmanmanypennyjrenrij medeMademadelinelirie mcquown collectioncollectiontcollections 23 jariuarjanuary 1855 manuscript 15391439 boborbokttt t 40tot folder 5 6garlandmgarlanddarlandderlandgarland hurt to george manypenny madeline mcquown collection 30 matchmetchmarch 1857 manuscript 143 boaboxbo 10t40 tolderfoiderfolderfoldier 747 7eae & FI robertsrobetRober tstf A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latterkatterlatter deyday saintsc provo utah bresrighsmi ahamgham young university presspressy 1965 vol lq4t77 8 8garlandmgarland0darlandderlandgarland hurt to george mantjpenntmbnypennyf madeline mcquown collection 30 august 1856 manuscript 143t143f boborbox 10t40 folder 6460 9 9garlandmgarlandderlandgarland hurt to brighamErig haMnamnem young ibid t 31 octobetoctoberOc tobeT 1856 10 ErigbrighamhaM young to garland hutthotthurthilhllFIIarttirtt briehamErigfrighamerighamhanhaM young collection 11 F febtuairebrusry3 1857 microfilm reel 81t84 box 50t50 folder I11 iq143 114144

garland hurt to george marijpenrimanypennys madeline mcquown collection 30 march 18571857j manuscript 143 botbocbo 40botqot folder 7

12 D provo richard coillpollpoill ed wutahs histohistory wrovotprovot utah brigham youriayouriqyoengyoung uriiversituniversityj pressipress 1978 appp 16465161651.6165164161164 65 13 silvester mowry to colonel soS coopetcooper madeline mcquowrimcouownmcquown collectioncollectiontcollections 23 jeljeijolyjulyjoiyjul 1855 manuscript 143 bo iop40 foiderfolder 20 4 14 NW M F magraw as cited in norman F furnissFurni sst the morrion conflict new hvenFl everliaverit connecticut yale uriiversituniversityj fresspress 1960 appp 63 64 15 15hlbrthii ibert howe bancroft hilsthistory of utah sarisan franclfranciscoFranci scot 1889 p 490zigo 16 leland FI creetcreer utah endandaridarldanid the netlonnation seattle washington uriiversituniversity of hingtonsssshingtonashingtonwashiricaton fressfreesfresstfreest 192919 79 p lib118 t 171.7 otsonorson F whitnenhltneyst hiisFlisflistorihistoryhnstorytotitori of utah salt lake citstcitycitsoolty utah ceorge 0 cannon endandarid sons co 16921892 appp 580825880825805880 82 181 R poll edd appp 16667166674166 67674 191 ibadahad1911.91lhadj d 2070 joenita brookstbrooketbrooksf mourttaintjouritainmouriMourt tainlainkain meadow massacre notnotmanNornormanmariimarit OlsolshomatoklahomakomatkomethoMat uriiversituniversity3 of oklahoma press 1962 appp 464746alg 47 21 journejourncjournal1 l flisterflistorhistorys of the church ofor jesus christ of latter dadaydai 3 saints 23 june 385718571.857 thethetho journal history is a daily chroniclechrorocleruclerocie of events in the mormon churchchi itch andarid is at the archives Divisdivisioniorilorilorl of the LDS church historical depattdepartmentDepart hentment in salt laelake citcity3tat utah aa 22a2 2 c ylvesterut3lvesteryl vester mowtmowry3 to colonel S cooper madelinemadeimadel lneine alvester q quonnquownmcmcquown colcoicollectionI1 ectact i on 23 julyjuljui s 1551855 meriusMariusmeniusmariuscrmanuscriptcr i p t 143113 bolborbokboj 400 t folder 2-200 232 drooksETbrooks0okst appp 4954411951 24 ibid appp 70 72 t 25 joijournalericalwrical history of the church of jesesjesus christchrast of L btteratterlatterl2tter daeidalddaki saints 10 septemberSepteM betberbcr 1857 2 6et00kstdrooksbrooks appp 62 63

2A 7 ibid t appp 73 75 4

A-7078 E mcquown BTT i ogham young to jamesJBMGS denverderiver kademademadeline1 i ne mcduownmcuuown collection 12 septemberSep tebetteber 1857 rieriamieriuscriptmanuscript 3153143qaq3 bboi 40qutq0t folder 7 14 5 29 house Eexecutivec document niimbernumber 71t71 35th congcongressbesstresst 1st sesssegssessionLorit atxtX setserialiiiallallai 956t956 appp o 343534 35 30 brigham young to garland hurt brigham young collection 26 september 1857 microfilm reel qi boborbox 50t50 folder 1 31 jacob forneyfonney to james Dedenverdenvenrivert madeline mcquown collection 26 october 1857 manuscript 143j153143 borbokboxboh 40t40 folder 7 32 jamesJBMCS denverderiverdeniver to brigham lounetyounetyoung ibid t 11 november 1857 33brigham young sermon given at the salt lake tabernacletabetTaber naclet brighamL young collection 16 Januarjanuary3 1858 microfilm reel 82t82 boborbok 19t49 folder 4 CHAPTER VIII

AFTERMATH OF E RIGHAMBRIGHAM YOUNGS SUPE TENDENCYrintendencyRINsuperintendency

in earldearl3eariearlearly3 april 1858 governor cuffingcumming set forth from

c CBMPcamp scott with colonel thomas kane to visit altseltseitealtaaltait lake citcit3city3 unaccompanied by the troops E righanbighanbrigham young made sure cumming azwzwaswags treated well governor cumingcumming recognized the kindness andendaridarld wrote to general johnston still at CBMPcamp scott sasaying3inqt 1 I amBM ratifiedgratifieda in being able to state to 3ousouyouaou thetthotthatt in passing through the settlementsettlefientssettlementstst I1 have been uniuniversallyversall q greeted with such respectful attentions as are due to the representative of the eecutiveexecutiveti authority of the I1 united states in the territorterritoryterritory3 cutcummingcurming also wrote a letter to secretsecretaryarssryaryr of state cass on 2 kefkaymajmay 1858 wherein he reported that the legislative records of the territory were in perfect preservation and that the territorial library was in e allentceicllentcellentcel lent condition 2 cumminescumfiingscummings statement refrefutedutedbuted the ettonetronerronerroneousel 0 U si accusation of judge drummond that thethee records had been destrot3eddestroyed governor cumming also visited the three indian fatsfarsfarms which following the departuredepedepa rturearture of agent horthurt had been 3 maintained byb j george armstrong cumming corresponded with camp jacob faf7forneyorne3ornea at cafpcafacc mp scottscotttscotty i who in turn wrote to the office

of indian Afaffairsfairst confirming the goverrotGovergovernorsrOT S pleasurei in 1qaqleg1466 147iq 7 seeing about 2000 acres of wheattwheatf cattlecattiecattletcantlet andaddarid farming 4iq implementimplementsst later fotForforneyrieti had a chance to add his own evaluations to those of governor cumminscumminggumming after enterenteringinqing the salt lake veilevallevelievalle3valley3 with the troops in june 18581856 forneyF ordeorne travelled the territoterritoryrj rather eltensiveliextensively1 I in september he wrote to jeremiah blacky the united states Atattorneattorneytotnetorne Genergeneralgenet aitaltalf andarldarid reported that brigham youngyoungs administrative policies with the indians had indeed been successfulsliccessfult 5 As we have seentmeentseen there is evidence of extremee treme neglect from the office of indian affairs in the financial matters of the utah superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendency3 considering the lack of funds with which to operate the utah supsuperintendencyer i rite ndenc 3 andaridarld the relative success of the indian farms ETE isham youngs firtfinifintfinancialancial administration of indian affairs was successful proper credit must be eivenelvengiven to agent garland hurt inasellinabellinasmuchibii&i as he did to 2a large degreedegreef revive the farming effort and cause it to succeed newe also must consider that durineduring brigham yoengyoungyoungs s entire superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendency5tat aridarldany andaridarldanid all conciliatorconciliator3conciliatory3 measures adopted in behalf of peaceflpeaceful11 relations in the territory were accomplished without the aid of government modemonemodeymoney3 or officialoff icialacial treaties bothdoth erigeriqesrighamEsrig haM younayoung andaridarld garland hurtnettnutt used their own resources and then were chastisedchastized for doing so without authorizeauthorizcauthorizatiorr2tionution Ttinelydinelyi ivleivie 1 3 appropriations or a treattreaty3tat which would have incorporated the finances to accomplish the objectives that the superintendency potsiporsipursipursuedtedt would have been most helpfihelppihelpfulils114 nevertheless the peaceful relations with the indians in 1581481148 1858 when brigham young was replaced 35as superinteridersupersupen tendentintendentintendantin itt are a testimonial to the success of the conciliatorconciliatoryj pelpolpoiPC 1 iclcyicy 4

the settling of brightbrigham youngs accounts

when jacob fornesforney replaced brigham young as superintendent of indian affairs in 1858 mangmany of the accounts for utah had dotriotnot been paid bby the office of indian affairs As indicated in chapter sirsisix the depredations of the walker ratnatwatwarmar of 1853 caused a heavy financial bordenburdenbi irden for the supsuperintendsuperintendencyer i riteridericjencyoncy in additionadditiontadditions appropriations for the indian service in utah after 1853 never adequateladequatelyadequatelyj covered the necessary eperiseltexpensesPeriseLt briqhariesrighsfi yoiyolyoongyounging continued to rcquestrcqustguest paymentpa amentjment for disbursements in excesse cess of the limited appropriations the house of representatives appointedF the committee ori militarmilitarimilitaryi affairs to re-reviewvlewbewiew etietlBriE briahamrighambighambridahamahemaham youngs request for reimbursreimburser rifiburspmentment codconcerningcon arningerning the expensese J PerperisicperiseeperisecperlseeiseeIseC of the walker war the committee determined that there is no evidence in the case of such a character as to enable the committee to judge of the necessity of the ependitureexpenditureJ pend iture that the vouchers submitted are riotnot atitheriticatedauthenticated either by the gogovernorverriorgerrior or aniamiany other of the federal officers of the Territerritorterritorytor f thathetthetthat the committee have no cognizance either of a proclamation of the governor calling out the troops which necessitated this pendituretexpendituree pendipendl turet orOT of eriderldanygny of his messages to the territorialterritoryTerri torltori ml legislature with reference theretoterritorithe commitcomfiitteecommitteetcommittentteet therethereforeforet without preiiprebiprejudicingiflicingdicing anansenyany3 applicappliceapplicationaioriagori for the claih irin future nhenwhen it naymadmay become better supported by evidence ask to be dischareegdischardischargedeeg from the further consideration of the subject there is no evidence indicating jhcwhcwhetherahetaher orOT dotriotnot briehanbriehamerighcm young 159149119 sent the requested documentation neverthelessneverthelesst in 1859 positive things ffinallyinalldinall s began to happen in brigham youngs favor commissioner denverderivetderiver set the wheels in fictionmotion regarding the financial affairs of the utah superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendency3 during the period from 1854 until 30 september 1857 hetietlehie wrote the following to jaes S green of the united states senate the superintendent andarid agentsiagentst were from time to timet cautioned to keep their eperidituresexpenditurest within the bounds of the appropriationappropriationsst but owing to their peculiar sutsursurroundingsr bundioundi rigs t and in view of keeping the indians in a peaceful attitude towards the soverngovernmentsmeritt theithey were forced as theisthey allege to eespendexpendpend large amounts for Provisionprovisionsst clothing agricultural iMplementimplementstSt farm stock work upon the reservationreservationsst etc t until the amount grew into the aggregate the policy that appears to have actuated the superintendent of indian Affairstaffairs and agents in utahtutahfutacht in exceeding the appropriationappropriationsiappropriationstsist appears to have been on the principleprinciplet that it was cheaper to feed clothetclothed andarid conciliate the indians bybud acts of kindness than to fight thenthemthenh t without giving ansanyanggny opinion as to whether or notinottnot they wotewereworewc re right in taking the resporisibilitresponsibility of creating the excesse cess in their disbursementdisbursementsst in the face of the warnings of this officetofficeroff ice I1 can vetvervetyveryj properlproperlys remarkreardyrearky that the teridituresexpenditurese generally appear to have been horiestlhonestlys andarldaridanid fairifairlfairlyj made this defenddemenddemand iss just andaddeddarldarid the appropricappropriationtion ought to be medemademadlemedle on 2421 kafkeykay 1860 congress approprioappropriatedted 15300735 to supplesupply deficiencies in the accounts of the late indian agents in pose utah riamelkiamelnameiynamelyi those of flurttfluetthutthurt armstrong rose andaddaridarld bedell I but ththe I1countsaccountsMc of dribribrighamgha m young fensfeneiemaremsinedtemainedremainedreMstemeTema ined unpaid meanwhilemeanwhiletmpanwhile the eexpensespenspense v incurred during thethei walker war also Minedremainedre unpaid A special senate lasktask committee reviewed the voivolvouchersicilct letslersters arldarldarid claims of brighamE righabigha young 150 pertaining to the hostilities of the year 1853 the committee reported on 23 march 1860 that a legitimate claim of 760170 less 2250520 for the pay andaridarldbrid allowances of the officers and soldiers should be paid to the territory of utah the resultant SUM due was 9 53t51j22095351220 in august 1860 before payingpausing the claim A B greenwood the commissioner of indian affairs at the tletietimet ordered benjamin davies a newlnewinewly3 appointed supsuperintendenter i rite rident of indian affairs for utah territorterritoryterritoryit to rigidly scrutinize all the accounts in question pertaining to the indian hostilities the edict bound davies to personally review the vouchers andarldarid determine whether the disbursements were actually hademade byb ErigbrighamhaM young and to ascertain the necessity of the various supplies purchased andaridanid the 10 services performed 4 in accordance with his commissicommissioncommissiontcommissionsont davies proceeded to utah territory arriving in midnovembermid november 1860 he informed brigham young of his charge andaridarld was racioijsl3graciouslyq allowed to review the accounts andarid call on ariarlany3 witnesses that he might deem necessarnecessary3 after an intensive investigation benjamin davies reported his findings to commissioner greenwood on 18 february 1861 the following ecerptexcerptcerat appears in the report various eexperimentspefper i merits were resorted to by myself to test their memory and to detect drillingdriadri1 ling preparatorpreparatoryi to their being called to testify had such been the case andaridarld I1 amBM constrained to sasefsajseysayj that in a practice of menymany searsyeatsyears at the bar I1 haveh a v e no recollection of a single instarinstanceice in which so marlimany witnesseswitriessest testtestifyingtegltegt if airie3irie j as themthey often did in the absence of each otherothenathertothert and 151 without knowing what had been stated concurred with such precision andarldaridanid eactitijdeexactitude the marinetmarinermannetmanner of these witnesses and the familiaritfamiliaritys with which thethey each alluded to the various occasions and circumstances referred to in the accountaccountsaccountstst andaridarld their perfect recollection of the persons and articles named and describedescribeddt could nolriotnot have failed to convince the most skeptical of the truthfulness of their statemeritststatements although subjected bsbyb s me to a rigid and searching taminationlaminationexaminatione in the nature of a ccrossr 0 ss eminationtexaminationa Minati ont I1 detected no evasiveness no equivocationequivocationt or effort to conceal anythingaro3thing o Straightforwardstraightforwardnessnessinesstmessi candorcandortcandora andendariderldbrid apparent conscientiousness characterized those who testified in behalf of superintendent young and whether the same ma3mamaymas 3 be said of all who were called in behalf of thelycitednitedunited states is respectfullrespectfullyrespectfullys submitted after recreceivingeivinselving daviesdaviessdavies7 positive report the office of indian affairs paid the walker ratharwarmar claim during the same 12 sebrseatdebriseartyear after reducing the amount payable to 4000000 after the year 1861 brigham youngyoungs accounts with the indian department still remained unpaid in 1862 john bernhisel indicated that the delaidelasdeladeiadelayi resulted from the continuing prejudice against E righambighambrigham youngs superintendencsuperintendencesuperintendencys andaddaridanidgrid the belief that a great deal of fraud occuroccurredtedtredt in spite of the thorough investigation of davies which officiallofficialsofficiallyj oneratedoperatedexoneratede Xodeone rated brigham young of such 13 accusationsaccusalaccusat i ons after four deetsdebrsjearsyeatsyears sndendand more bureaucratic young red tape t brigham finallfinally3 received a draft for 1411 38875338 q8753 in jolyjulyjoiyjoijuljol sj 1866

brigham youngsyoungs influence in indian affairs after 1858

with the arrival of the new overnorgovernorgovernorq andaddarid superintendent of indian affairs for utah territory in 1858 brigham younsyoung 152 removed himself from the political limelight his influenceinfluencetinfluenced howhoweverevert continued to be felt aongaangamong the netnatnativesnativistnativestivest andaridarld agents andaridarld superintendents still pressedexpressede their frustration with morionmormon interference in utah indian affairs one such case is that of alilianwlilianwilliam P doiedole who wrote to commissioner caleb EB snithsmith on 26 november 1862 sayingsa jinetjinqt another cause for the restless and rebellious spirit manifested biby the indians is attributed to an unwarranted interference on the part of the mormonstMormormonemormonsmonstmons with the legitimate discharge of the duties of the superintendent and agents jj15J another evidence of brishambnghambrigham Youyourigsyourigayoungrigs influence occurred in 1865 when 0 faf1hl irishirishtirisha then superintendent of indian affairs in utah asked brigham young to aid in the treatstreaty mingmaking with the diesutes at spanish fork 4 irish utilized enghambrigham youngyoungs s influence with the natives to encourage them to accept the tersterms of the treatstreaty brigham young presuaded the various liteute bands to accept the treattreatyi negotiations 4 someSOMO of the salient stipulations were 1 the indians were to relinquish their right of possession to all of the lands within utah tettitettlTerriterritorterritorytottor occupied bby thenthem 2 the uintah uallevallevailevalleivalleypelleyi would be reserved for thier clusiveelusiveexclusivee ciuclusive use andarldarid occupation 3 the united states would protect friendl3friendly indians on the reservation 4 the united states ooverrimentcovernnentcovernnentment would eexpendberidperid for their berleberiebenefittitfit 25tooo125000 aririuallannually3 for ten yeatsyears otodo20000otooo2 annually for twenty seatshearstdearst3earstyeatsyears andendaridarld 16 15000 annually for thirty yearsbeatdeat3eat S thereafterthereotherdo fterafter the treattreat3treaty3 153 was accepted sndandaridarlderld signed in 8a semi apologetic fashiofashionnt superintendent irish reported to the commissioner of indian affairs resregardingregarding youngyoungs s involvement in the treattreat3treatstreaty3 negotiations he saldsaidsaidtseldy brigham young accepted mjmy invitationinvitationtinvitations a copscopy of which I1 herewith closetencloseen that it malmaimay be seeriseeniseen to what extent I1 committed the interest of government to his hands his name appears on the treatstreaty as a witness orilonlyit and he acted oniodionlyi in advisadvisinginsing the indians to make the treattreatittreatyit as will fullifullfulifullyi appear from an aminationexaminationex of his remarks made during the proceedings of the council a copfcopy of which I1 have the honor to enclose the fact eltistsfistsexists however much someSOMO mmightahtght prefer it should be otherwise that he has pursued so kind andaridanid conciliatory a policpolicy3 with the Indianindiansst that it has eivengiven him great influence over them it was my dutduty andaridanid policy under dourjouryooryourt instructioninstructionsst to make use of his influence for tpthee accomplishment of the purposes of government exceptE captcept for the loss of salatsalarsalatisalarisalaryi andarldarid the authority to administer the dailydeily affairs of the utah indian superintendency brigham yoiyolyoongyounginqing s influence on the indians remained largellargely3 unaffected biby the charisechange in leadership flowfloydd oneiloneilonell andarldarid stanford lalatorilastonlaytontori eplainedexplainedplaidedpiaPla ined brigham s influence in the post superintendent seatssearsyears he continued to be the defactode facto director of indian affairs in utah negotiating treaties andaridarld other settlements with the Indianindiansindianstindianistst sending missionaries among them advising the settlers orion how to deal with themthemi directing the territorial militia during the black hawk wattwartwatwetwar andaridarld continuing the process of displacedispiecedisplacementmerittmeritomerilo it followfollowsst riaturallnaturallyst that the indians themselves werwere affected batelybarelybavely if at ailtalltailialiallail byb the chchangearige brigham young influenced utah indian affairs during the slackelackbieckblack hawk watwetwarmar 18651665 1868 andaridanidgrid thereafter until his death in 1877 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER VIII

alfred cubingcommingcumming to albert johnston 15 april 1858 senate executiveE e eci itiveetive documentsdoci imentsimenes number 2323j 35th Congrecongresstcongresscongressosst 2nd sessionsessiontsessisessionssesel odtont litII11 serial 975 p 72724 9 mabmay aalfred2alfredalftedaifredalfred cumming to secretarsecretansecretary3 of state cassicass 2 mamajj 1856 ibid t p 92 3 3etighamdriBribrigharbrighamghatghar young to jemesjamesjameejamecjemecJBMOE Dedenverrivettrivert madeline mcquown collectioncollectiontcollections 6 januarijanuary 1858 manuscriptmzinuscript 1531431 4 3tat bo 40q ot folder 8 the madeline mcquown collection containscont airisalnisainis transcriptions from the nationalncN c archives in washington D C of correspondence between the indian department endandaridarldanid the superintendency in utah the collection is in the special collections area of the kariottmariott librarlibraelibraryi on the university of utahulah campus in salt lake city utah ijacobjacob may j3cob fordeforneforne3forney3 to charles mixmi t ibid 21 kaymerd 1858 5jacobjcob Forriefornesforney3 to jeremiah elackblackblacetblackt madeline mcquown collection 15 september 1858 manuscript 1531431q3t botbolborbox ili41 foiderfolderfoldorcoldor 3 6committeecommittee on militarmilitarimilitaryi affairs reportreporttreporte 29 january 1855 blousealoikloi ise Eexecutiveec docidocumentimentament number 39t39 33rd congress 2nd aessionbessionaession serial 808t808 p I1 ajames7jamesjamesjamosJBMOS denverderiver to james greedgreengreenp brighamEriQ haM young collection 26 februar3february 1859 microfmicronmicrofilmlinlim reel 92t92 borboxbc 58t58 folder 15 the BrioE nghamenghamaham young collection contains correspondence initiated andaridarld received bjby drioBrioinghambrioahamdnghamahamdham young andaridarldanid isIE at the LDS church historical deperdepattdepettDepardeparthentdepartrientdepartmentDepart henttrientmenttelent archives in salt lahelakelair e caty utah 0 8lelandglelandleland faHf1 creer utah andendaridarld the nation seattieseattle Washingwashingtontorilorikori university of washington fresspress 1929 p 188 ac9 9c ommittee on militarmilitary3 fairstaffairsAf ilousliousiio110ushlo110i louselougeus e of representatives ecutiveexecutive docidocumentimentament niimbernumber 201t201 36th congress ist1st sessisessionont serial 1068 p 2 10 A E greenwood to benjaminf deviesd3viesdzudz3 viest 6 august 1860 S f 111 1lonsealonseC u s e EexecutiveeciC cl ilive document number 29t29 37th coriqresstcongress 2nd sessionsecisiont serial 1128 p 6

154 155

benjaninbenjamin davies to A E& greenwood 18 february 1861 ibjdtibid appp 3 41 1 7 dreercreetA beericreerreeri p 188188.1884 13 john bernhisel to brigham young brigham young collection 21 march 1862 microfilm reel 87t87 bo 53t53 foiderfolder 4 4 I114 idaledaledaiedele Ll4la14 morgant the administration of indian affairs in utah 1851 1858 pacific historical review 17 november 194840841948 408108 15william dole to caleb smith 26 november 1862 aftgmtannual report of the commissioner of indian affairs washington D C 1862 p 324 16 0 fl irish to the commissioner of indian Affairstaffairs E 1 9 june 1865 Uhoosehouse0u s eexecutive1 e c u t ivelve docudocumentsmeritiemeriti number it 39th Congrecongresstcongresscongressosst 1st session litlipII11 serial 128 p 31819318 19 17 ibid t p 3184 181 ft stanford J laytonlaitonlaltonLs iton and floyd A oneil0 neilt of pride andaridanid politics brigham young as indian Superintendsuperintenderittsuper tendentiritendentiriirlini eritt 11 466 sufsummetsumnersummermer 1978 2 q9qa 50 utahmo historical quarterly sut met 197812491978124950 conclusion

E righambighambrigham young was probablprobablyi the most colorful and inamicimamicdynamicd leader of the nineteenth century on the western frontier hefieflehie fought boldiboldlyi against sthingathinganythingan that might threaten the morionmormon empire few outsiders ever understood the zeal of brigham young for his cause or the determination of the cormonsmormons to live their own lifestyle in the great pasintE asin brigham young envisioned a mormon society functioning indeperidentlindependentlys of outsideinfluence influencessf he achieved his desire for a few seerssearsyears endandarid watched it qraduallgradually change during the 1850s1850 brigham requested statehood as a mearismearlsmeans of maintaining mormon contcontrolrolttolgtoig hopihopingrica that all officials would be elected from within the state of deseret appointed rionnionnon mormon officials cameCBMC to utah eager to eerciseexercisearcise their aijthoritauthority3 and soon discovered that if thethey were riotnot in yoengyoungyoungs s good 9graces andaridanid did dotriotnot conform their leadership to his willwillt the cormonsmormons simply refused to recognize their authority As a result several utah territorial officials sent from the easteest including indian agents perceived E tighemrighambighambrigham young as a despot with absolute control of all governmental affairs in the territoterritoryrj indian agents holemanI and hutthotthurthiihil irtairt accused brigham young of vorinefafavoring mormon interests in his official capacity as indian superintendent his conciliatory policy also camecamoCBMO 156 157 under ffireeireelrelreire by those who believed he tried to win indian loyalty through briberbribery3 nevertheless young considered his policy a riecessarrienecessarycessar and vital part of his indian program for maintaining peace with the natives hefle gave presents to the Indianindiansst with or without federal aidtaidald andarid resented the fact that he was dotriotnot afforded the sameSBMC treattreat3treatstreaty3 negotiations andaridanid modeymoney disbidisbodisbursementsI Tsetsementsments that the indian department granted to the other indian superintendenciessuperintendencies brighabrigham young had his own agenda for the superinteridencsuperintendency3 which naturally favored the korkovcormonsmormonistmormonstMormormonsnonsmonstmons but he considered it no breach of political integrityintegrit3 because he and the mormons were basicallbasicallys funding his program thereforeThere foret E righambighambrigham young perceived no traitorism in teaching the indians that the cormonsmormons were their true friends andaridanid that when the united states government failed thethem thethey could always relfreifreirelrelyfelyfeiyj on the mormonsimormonistmormonstMorMonmotMor monstsi thus creating a distinction between thenthem andarid other whites this Philosophphilosophy3 and subsequent harassment of federal officials was the vetyvery root of the chain of events leading to the utah wetwerwarmar there is no question that brigham young was motivated bybcd mormon self interest howflow could he be pectedexpectede pecked to respond in another mandetmaddermarinermanner heflefiehie was president of the kormonmormon church andaddarldarid needed to prepare the nasnaywaywas for the thousands of mormon emigrants which annually flooded into the territory durineduring the seatssearsyears of the indian superintendencysopsup er i rite ndencj As on other frontierstrontlfrontifrontiersterst white colonization took precedence over all else utah tettltettiTerriterritorterritorytor j is part andendaridarlderld parcel of the american indianiridian 158 periericeexperiencee perlPeri erice at large in utahutahtutacht as was true everywhere elseelseieiseielgeeige the indians lost their lands the white man smothered their culturecuicul tuteituret and then offered them treaties and reservations to trstry andaddaridarld appease thenthem after having destrodestroyedsedded their vetsvetversvetyververys identitidenticidentitys in that tegardregard brigham young is just like his counterpartcounterpartscounterpartsoso yet when one considers the fact that he effected a conciliatory policypolices larcellarqellargely3 without assistance from federal resources and colonized the great dasinbasindesin with minimal bloodshed and loss of lifeilfe brigham youngs indian superinteridencsuperintendencyi is significant indeed bibliographyP I1 E L I1 c7ca R A P H Y

booksbool sVV arringtontarnnqtonArring tont leonard J er ishoiighoi youngyoong american hoseskosesmoses new yokyorkyor alfred A knopf 1985 dailey L R indian slavesiaves3sa ave trade in the southwstsouthwestsouthw st losL c s Angleangelestodrieodale Sf esterncstornwesterestermr loteloreL cteoteacte presstpreastpress 1661966 dancroft huberthobort ilowflowhiow c history111 1 i s of utah sensancs a n Ffrnncotr i3 r c i s c 0 1e918leg18984 9 epnrtoittB c n n e t t R i c h a r d edmondE d m c n ci Mkormor0 r forim 0 n aatt I11 hhrc mih missourS S 0 111 1 T i 1 6e 6 18 a2aa richard1 issour eis ls c a aejanj111 1 f ghonisghonid0 ij I d W diedledigD i e NcotrannotranNo0 irenifanTranT vt a n Oiaolahomaoiahomaok I1 hoManoma dniversit1unelsi vetver s i t 0otT 0ni14 1 in hhmc m m FTftetfietfiefctete s 191878 7

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1 I1 pc F E Ddorn0 r n eardedndE d wb r d ththee shohonosnssihsin 0 n e Z n s 4 thT h pcoplepeople cor tthih a s i n paedrd esin fslatcp1 ateajateanE ii newnow yorktyonktyori wlj3ibilliannillianM morrowMOTFOW 8& comparincompariycovlparv3CoMp ariyarly incinoinctcinctt 1966 t foreftanForeforemantforemansmanfmant grant indian removalremovcremove1 I normaninormantnormany oklaoklqoklahombioklahombthomeshomas Univeruniversitysiti 0offf olahomaouahoma0 1 1 a h 0 vi a PTptcsste s 1919323 f

WV aisals DE F 4 1 MO fowler elaineflainp endandancienci wrightI t letlevlemsjis jhc3 movinamovinqp v frontierrortticortti er no citicity mentionmonlionodmentionedtediedt dciscottePelapelacortodelgdeigcottecottocorto frefresafres5prepreccast3st 1972 F norman F mormonMOT nn N w furmssllrnisstfurmes norin ft thea conflict nw havenkaaventmvent connecticut yale universiitliniversity3 fressfresstfreestpress 19601.960 morganmo t FT tory gibson arrell riorecdiorec thep americananetaneramet ican indianind lanianibn ehiehle stotorslory to hp l-irpsntIrpsr P s e nt lexinalexinqI1 pciniacini torton t m3ssachmassachimass8chi iesettstsetts D rC heathhoath Caddandij compcompanyankiedvi 19819800 I119u9uaJ 160 cowrascowrmsgowanst fred R rock 3 mountain rendezvousrendezvoust A histhistory of the fuitfultFLITI1 ur trade rendezvoirendezvousis 1821518401825180182515 1801840 provotproveprovo utahutahtutacht brigham youngYOUHQ universituniversiauniversitys iressfress 1976 t fleflahlahldfenfen lerokeroleroy RF thetho old spanish trailaorailatrai t santa fe to losI1 os Ananoelesangelescelesoeles clendaleciencledClenglendaleglendaletGlendgieddaletdaledaiealep Californicaliforniaat the arthur harrdarkclarkmarp compancompanytit 1954195q

W lettjett years almol s4sa jonest denieldanieldonieldemiel jerteort wo fionafionq12 the indians saltsaitditnit taeIBEkaitekalte citcityst utah juvenile instructor officeofficefoffices 1890 madsenmadeenmedeen Eriehmrighmbrigham D the northern ShoshshoshonishoshonashoshonitSho shonionitonis4 Caldwelcaldwelllcaldwelltc3ldwelltlt 1cahotidahodahot the catonca toritorl printers ltd t 1980 madsen brishameriqhnmbrigham D ahejhe shoshonishoshoneSho shoni frontier and the bear river timssacremsmassacrers5acre4secresacre saitsaltseltseit lake critcityoltyst utah universitiuniversityUniveruriivorsitysiti of utah FTCfressseisstset 19851965 h3louffmalouftmalouff mlingcurlingC aling shoshone indians new yorktyorkyorkiyonkt garland iblishinqfnblishingpi t inc tf 197

A A mert klinerkilnermlinermilner clclydeade3de and floyd 0Churchchurchmenmeri and the oneili0neiltoneilanormany stevnsternwestern indians t notmannornannormantnorman okiahomatoklahomsfOkIaokla homathomay universituuniversityuriiversityUniver situ of Dk lahoMaoklahoma presstpreastpress 19851985& ncffnaff andrew love histhistorshistoryHi stors of utah 18718691871847 1869 salt laktaktakelakee city utahtutahfrutacht deseret news fressfreggpress 190 oneiltoneilaoneil1 flofiofloddF loydad3d A ed the sontherrtsoisol ithernathern utes fA ribairibaltribal histohistory altaitsaltSsait lakelahelpklak e citacitvcit3t utah university of utah press 1971972 D provo foltfoit richard do ed utahsutah s filsthilstHJ storsstory i provot ulohutahtutacht brigham youdyounayoungyoun universituniversiauniversity3 ftessftessistessiatessFTeggeSS 1978 prchafpruchatprchal francisfrancas paul 4 americananetametaner ican indicindianM policy inidd the F orf3tveformative yeatsyears th indian trade endand I13 ritenteranterTCcourse0 ITSIITSlitsliteI ite E 183 artsortsaciactsocioctac IJ S 179018311790 j8318341831 4 CamcarridecabridecambridgetCa bridebridgetbridgey massachusettsmass achusetwachuset ts t harvard jiversit3uriiversityljrajr press 1962 fruchifruchfpruchatpruchae franasfrancisfrancie paulpcmjl4 indian folpolpoifoi icylcy ini ri the unitedum tedfed ctates3tatesstates3 es t H t E essays 4 Nebi alzl tt ristWiststoricoricalstoricnlhistoricalwistoricalnl ESSLsssays lincoln nlebtasnebiaskanebraskaaska j university of NebmebnebraskataekaTaska presstpreastprespree 1981

FTI paul great F uriitedj ftuchzfoifol 101ft francis faul the atherether the7 uiitedunited states clovergovernmentamennmen I1 andaddaridarld the americanaferaber icanlean indians lincoln NebrasKatnebraska uriiversitltniversity3 of nebraska fressetesseresspressipreset 19641984 richtrichs fusellfuseliFubusellrus seliseiisellisell R Jf nsignrisigninsign to ththe hthtiorinationsiorilorilorl frovobrovoftovot ulzhfllucljlcLJ lc ht eri9hambrinhambriqham yoengyoungyoong university fress 1972 robertsrobertstrobertsarobetRoberPo bettsbertsbertgtst BriesrighabrigharEsrigbrighamghergharha FI A comprehensive histhiethistory of the chorchchurchchichtcnt ircharch cfof JPSUjesusjeems chtchrchristist of L afterefteretterlattetbattet daidabdebdajday samissalsaisamts 4 prokofprovofprovo etcutcutahutchht triehamErigfrighamerighamhemhaM yon9ymyonayong ing universituniversiauniversity3 fressfreseftessistessipress 1965196& 161

fonald N amotanoramor 3 ccMn fojfolpol 3 n jacksoniandackjack satzihatzisatzt ronaldfon3ld 40bamericaamericc indian fol icaicj 4600-in the4 fi sonianaonian era LinclincointlincolrifLincoloIntritrif braskatnebraskaNe university of nebraska press 197519754

hiishilsJ ohlohi degi153155 smithtsmithf joseph smith jr flislistoryhistory d 0off theth chorchchurchofircharch desijestjeus christ of latter d3ydryday 3 saints salt lake cityolty utahLJ tciht deseret news co 193219511932 i 9511951

po 1 D tyler S ljmanlymlaman rf A bistorhistorhistoryj of indian folicefolic3FoLicI lcyicy3 azwzshirvgtontwashington C t uriiteduniumi tedi states depbepatdepatar tmentament of the inter lorti or 1197347 sondesonnetsonne conway E i4orldorld of bakarawakarana ataara sarisan Antoniantonietantoniotaritoniotot teas theth naylor compan3tcompany 1962

Warriwnrnpr domdomingueaqnq z Es ca 1 a nitenile brovot harriertwarriertert ted J the doinguei uez escalanterite 40journal frovofrovot utah brigham young university presspressy 1976 whitnewhitneyNh itneyit orson F JLhistorypistotstorylistoryli j of utah 4 salt lake city utah iistot 1 13 in ceorgegeorge qaq&Q cannon andaddaridarld sons co- c I 8C j 0 c young t Ebrighamtigrigriq ham journal of dlccorsesdiscoiirses los ancelesanceleaariqelestAn celes Crtcrtnewgzrrtnewnew Printprintingirieirig and litho co inc 1956 volumes I11 andaridarld 11 4

ITT ticklckictinestidesI1 es bennrtt richard E cousin lamanlamartkamantkemani in thetheithe11 wlildetnessn1na iderneideene ssisst the beginnincadegadeg3 nm nu c5.5 of brigham yoiyolyoongyonngingsing s indian foifolpolpolicapolicvic nbrasksnebrasksnebraska historyfljstor3h3story 67 Ssprang 1986198616919861698269 8284

11 ditbittensbittonsBitE ittonattontons devisdavisdevigdavig joseph smith inan the matmonmarmon folk menotmenormemoryj restorationrestorarestore lionbionblon 1 l udiesstudies itI1 sesquicsesquiceriterinienter in a e ddij tiont i 0 n uticeurlceuricemauricema LI1 Drdraperapert eted indcpendenreindeperidericet hissounhassounkishisklemissoutitsoun haraldhcraldflcrald publishing housihoustdousethouset 19804198075198075975 9qaq9 christian lewis clark mormon foreknowledge of thethea west 61 E nghantighambigham yoiyolyoongyounginginq university Satictitodidriesidjiest es 21 fall 9811981 t jqo3OS 15 christitchristyit howard A opelopetopetii Hnindhindhendfridbrid and mailed fist t mormoriorimormorimon christ q7qa 1 indianiridian reitreltsonReltbeltsonrelationslonlodson in utahubah 18l71817IO 525 4 utah historical qmsrteri8 r t e T 166 sumarSsummru m m e r 19719788 21635216 35

A wa 1 t chtchristychr i st5sta flowarclowarhowardhowerdd 4 the duikerI ketker harwar defensedef ense andenderidariderld conciliation asa strateglclrategystrategeW1 l ta historicalhiston calcai 01quarterlypuarterly q 77 fall 19791979395201979395395al395 al 27200 coates lawrence C ericPrigerbrighamprighamic haMhmnamm young endandond morrionmormon indicindianM porolanpsI1 i c i epss Tthethoh e faformr m S ttivei v e peperiodr i 0 j t 163618511836163618 3 6 185118 5 1 erP r iigarighr9 pe M rolands q yoeyouyoungrolanuna A 18 nog universitl3versify studies 18 sprinespring 197819785281978428 52 co3tescoatescoatestcoattest lawrence GC fuqeesferuqesre meemeetriecyt the kormonhormonmormoni Zc nd indians 1 r t YOIJIyouno 5 1 1 in 3aw3fJ odzowz1 etierier3gih fi bouno19 univerijriivcrbity studlestudiestodieSl odieudieodle 21 falfaifolfallfail i198111981151c el 19 1 55111 16

n 17splintcsplinasplinCs plin roriihoriironeidiidlidild K A place preparedprepared7t josephjosephtjosephy brighamE richariqha endandaridarld the duestquest totrotfotfortor premisedpromised refuge in the westwest4westa journal of Mmorionc r vi 0 r hishistoryhie t 9 198219&2t858511185 iliill111 aillthillthi 11 joseph J spanish andarldaridanid memexicanL can exploration andaridarld trade northwest from new mocicovievicomodicohieViemie vicowico J ntointo the grecicatcreatcrcatat BE asiritasintadintasirif 1765185176518531765 18518533 n utah historical ciisrtquarterly 3 jaduejanuajanuaryrliali 1930193033 23 larson stivecnstivecostiveCngi 0 malarawalkarawalkama S half ceriterceriturcenturyW vesternwestern hnfumitiesflifmanities review 6 sisiimmorimmeriMMor 1952 2355923523&5923& 59

J A layton stanfordE J sndaddand 0neilt flofioflovdclovdsd of eridefridlepride andariderid oeiloellbeil c Politpoliticspolitiestlestiestlesi ericbrighamhc m young ssas indian 3uperinteriderisuperintendentt o utahutan HiStOhistoricalticelTiCal quzrterl3quarterly 46 skummerscummersiummersomnersumnersammorsummorSI omnerommerummer 19782361978236501976 236502 36 50 Moromotomorgmorenmoranmonenarlari dale L the administration ofor indian affairs in uteutahulahU tahlahh j851 1858185p pacific HistohistotpistothistoticaticeTicai calcel Freviewevieevje 17 N ovenderovenheroven0 v e m bhetbethere r 19w19 18 33r318 3.3 ggs100949

I1tylerlylerI1 erE r S Llyan3viari the spspaniardan i ar d addand the utette ULUutahubahL ah hiH stotstor iicaliczlC I1 fbianpn twetittetirterlysterlyp 22 115195 y3q3t33 61

W tyieroyierT I1 ETE T S lymnlynn the yutyut3yutaa indindiansi CuieuleuisU is befobafoeteetcfotfor e 16016800 westernposternst er n i 1 faf1hifnjj tt3taj eefF reiviewfviewi e w 5 Sspringsprang1 r i ri q I 9 5511 11531 5 3 6633 13 D niel 111 1 dzniedanledarticbarticdentledeniledenig II 111 1 uril7 nrrbtivenzirrativci6 ulonutonu1U 1 sh urill ID 1 que q herichqric quarterlyr e fidjid 3 6 octoberdctoborDc tobettobertobor 193312321933121933 14 32 government docdocidoc1 ants1 onts1ments

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1 I1 1- i11 F j3 fanf1 ililil fv C TF 0ottortT t c0 f the commcof ti ilesllesislonisionpri onetonerpr of I1inanindnrid ladlann aitalt f f- r sr VI rilcliC 1 ision shiimn cl ttontom0 n DC 0 P nichclonnicholonNichtichcilsonpelodclon 35518551.855 arrnrr 1 RreportpattpcttPC Tt ol010 f the commisrionercommissionerCOM i s icnnr cfof indianindi an faitsfaltsfairsiffairsaffairsif1 f a 3 r F W hintottti i ri 9 t ci n DC t A 0 P nicholsonNIC hoinoinol eodsonyon 18561856t1.856

annuft rint 1 I1 ROPOT t of0 r the concommissioneroonoom issionrr of indiindianariarl afffczitaitaltIT sf 1 r W in csshinqtonhi n g t 0 n Ddc4C Wgillianiiiili111 i 2mam m A 111hattleharrisa T r J s 18185747

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floncfloucH e F X ppchlivn0 tive doruontdormontdorodocumeritdocoDoruDocu entemtontmerit nobernnbprt4umberthumber 7ifbif71t athcth15th coricacoricjconcitaconcitg esSF f 1 L t S s sjorajorsrorerors J c n serislserialS e r i c 1 99565 6 163169 house111 1 C 1 1 S P recutiverecue c u tivet i v e 1document0 c u m e n t numberN u m b er 20121 0 1 36th colCOIcongressieri9r essPSS istietlet1st Sessisessiononiont sericserial11 1068 house F pcutiveexecutive document number A299 37th congress 2ndaridarld1111 sessionSessi odtont serial 312811218

E aqu hoesehouseflouse I1 ecutiveequ tive document number itif 39th congress ist1st session serial 1248121812 18 senate ecutiveexecutiveE dochpntdoci impritimprint imbernumberni 23t23 35th2385th corvetCorvercongressesst 2ndAnidrid sessionSessi ont serial 975 unpublished soisolsontsootircesarcesces etietlbriehanbriohanBribrishamohanoham young collectioncollectiontcollections microfilmkiikil C T 0 f lim reels 31t31 80180 82t82 84tE 86t86 87t87 92 sndaddand 93 the brigham young collection contsinscontainscontairiscontsinsairiselriseiris correspondence initiated ondaridarldanid receivereceiveddi by eriehambrighsnbrighon young andondaddiandi is rtst the LDS church HistoriChistoricalBl department archives in saltsaliSBIIsc lt lkcikc citcity3tat utah

EeeplinepplinEeE Plplinirilri ronaldroneld K the emergence of einghmriqhzzm young andnd the twelve to hormonmormon leadershipleadershiptleaderships 18301823018310182.30 illt publisheduripublishedunpublishedlUri phd dissertation brigham young university 1981 cowansCowgow arist fred R A history of brigham youngs indian siS iper inintendencetendencyintendencyiperinterideric 185138571851165718511.6571851 185738571657 problems andanclancienci aconaaccomplishmentsaconp 1 ishishmentsMents unpublishedunpubl ishodashod kastermastermasterss thesistthemistthesthos LS etighmetigham young universitt3urnversity 19631.96339634 hilinerhidinerfichichi inettelnetelnerLinerinert H earclafsrcl3vbarcla j mormon indian rlstionalstionRlrelationcstionatlon ass viewed through the alkernlkerwlkerwikerW ikerakerlker harnatwatnarwar unpublished kastermastermasters thesistihesisttinestineeTihes ist arighierighiEritiqhmteietietlE ghi young universituniversiaurdversity3 1955395519551.955 journal bistorhistorhistoryi of the chorchchurch of jejecjeojesoscii is christ of LiAterlatter gayi 1 3 daygasci Ssaintsai r t s the jourricjourneljournicjournbl flisterflistorhistory3 is a daildalldalidaiildoily chronicle of events in the mormon chichurchitch andarid is at the LD C chichurchoch flialihiihilstoricalhistorical department archives inan SCseitseifselfit lake city utahetcutc h m-medelinemadelineadeline mcononviccivicoiionniown collection ms3niscriptmani iscriptascript I114343434qaq3 the madeline hrouownmcoumori collection contains transcriptions from the tatmotionalhat ional archives in washingtonwashingtont D C ofor corr espoiidencecorresporidence between thetho indian department endandancl the sipopetpoperpuper intpnnency1perinteridericu in ulahutahubah thethcjhc collection is iririlriini the specialpecic 1 collections breaeteaarea of the mriottgriottharriottMC librarylibrzitg cincidon the universituniversiauniversity3 of utahubah ccapusmpuscampus in salt lakelahelal-e citcit3city3 utahutan oneil flofiofloydd A A history of the ute indians ofor utah untiuntil 1890 unpublishedi phd disserdieserdissertationdissertotiondissertctc tiontpiont universituniversiauniversity3 of utah 1973 reidpeidpeld leslie rasmenasme Aat flisterflistorhistory of theth education of olefoleevice ute indians1 ri d i M r i s lel1 E a177 1905 unpublished phd o dissertation university of utah 1972 16516416 tityler1 er S lymanlym3nL imana3manp defbeabefbeforeor e esc3l3ntetescaesce 1 adteanteente f an eariearlarlyE earlisrlyi historyi of the yotsyutayota dianisindiansIn andarid the atesateaaresareaavea north of new mexicome ic00oo unpublishedunpubl i shed phd dissertatimdissertationit university of utah 19514 I1

BRICHAMBRIGHOM YOUNGYOUNGSS INDIAN Ssuperintendencyuperint1 NDENCY isilsi15118515118581 1858 A significantS I1 C n1na F I1 C A N T micfsocosmM 1 C ploFZO C 0 S M COFF THET faf1 17 AAMERICANM E R I1 C A N IINDIAN1 N D I1 A N experience17 X PE R I1 E N C EK

aaynenaynewayneW 3 n e milesM i 1 e s eciE c 1 maann departmentdepartDopart Ment of history master of arts dedegreebreetereet august 1991989

ABSTRACT this thesis provides a detailed studstudistudsstudyi of brigham youngs indian supsuperintendencye r i rite ridencridenh within a framework of the fefedetalfederalfederaldeTal indian policpolicy3 of his era it focuses oron brigham youngsyoungs personal challenges endandarid successes in instituting a conciliatorconciliatory3 policpolicyS with the natives of the great basin experienceE F p er lence taughtlaught brighamtiorioaham young that it was cheaper to feed the indians than to fichtfight them brigham young pursuedF 111 1 rsued his policpolicy3 in spite of opposition from someSOMC of his kormonmornmorm ri constituents iintiluntil finallfinallyj his determination overruled pleas to forcibly remove the Indiindianserisaris from their lands another importantimp ottantoctant emphasis of the thesis is the personal interaction between brigham young and rionnon mormon territorial officials within andaridarld outsidoutbidoutside the indioindianri superintendencysuper i ntendencj each pattopattypartoparty perieriedexperiencede Periepetieperle ried conflict and frustration in dealing with the other an analanaienalanalysisisis of the motives iundergirding the conflict between the moiMOTmormonsmorismorts andarid non cormonsmormons is herein provided these verbal battles also impacted the indisrindishindiansist thus diminishdiminishinqdiminlshingdiminishinginq the good that might have beerbeen accomptaccompaccomplishedI1 i shed in a more cooperative atmosphere

CCOMMITTEE0 M M I1 T TE E AAPPROVALFFF 0 V A L ranaldroneldroneidF 0O r 111.1131 sriri K esp 1 incomitteeommittee chairchairmcnnnanman e cv fred R gogoynsI1 ristr I1 committee member

oapovooamaap C david C montgorierymoritgomer3 Cgraduatelaductaduc te coordinator