The Far Southwest I846-I912 A Territorial History Howard Roberts Lamar The Norton Library W • W .-NORTON & COMPANY • INC· NEW YORK For Shirley Acknowledgments The number of individuals and institutions to whom I am indebted for making this study pos­ sible is so great that it is impossible for me to ex~ press adequate thanks to all. Among the many officials and staff members of the National ~rchives who have courteously searched COPYRIGHT@ 1970 BY W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC. out pertinent materials in the Territorial Papers of the United States COPYRIGHT© 1966 BY YALE UNIVERSITY I am particularly grateful to the late Clarence E. Carter and to Robert Baluner. Ray Allen Billington not only provided support First published in the Norton Library 1970 by arrangement with Yale University Press. and advice but gave me a chance to test several of my conclusions in public meetings. George W. Pierson, as chairman of the Yale History Department, arranged two leaves of absence for me between 1959 SBN 393 00522 4 and 1961, so that I could give full time to the study. Archibald Hanna, Director of the Yale Western Americana Collection, did all in his power to supply me with needed manuscript materials on the Far Southwest. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A grant from the Henry E. Huntington Library in 1957 permitted Published simultaneously in Canada by George J. McLeod Limited, Toronto-. the use of the splendid New Mexico Collection of William G. Ritch. In 1959 a fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies enabled me to visit state archives and historical libraries throughout the Southwest. A subsequent grant~in~aid by the Social Science Re~ search Council allowed me to complete the research in the National Archives and to realize the first draft of the manuscript. Quite apart from the many services and materials provided me at the New Mexico Historical Society in Santa Fe and the Coronado Library at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, I am grate­ ful for many insights into New Mexican history gained from conver~ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA sations with Myra Ellen Jenkins and Frank D. Reeve. Through I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Dr. Jenkins' efforts I was able to use the Papers of Governors v vi Acknowledgments Edmund G. Ross and L. Bradford Prince of New Mexico. Officials Contents at the Denver Public Library, the Colorado State Historical Society, and the Colorado State Archives went far beyond the call of duty Acknowledgments v to chase down obscure newspapers and manuscripts. Among these Preface to the Norton Library edition I am particularly grateful to Laura Allyn Ekstrom, Agnes Wright xiii Introduction Spring, Dolores Renze, Maurice Frink, and Alys Freeze. Similarly, the efficient help and critical comments of Russ A. PART ONE Mortensen, Everett Cooley, and John James, all of the Utah State 1. New Mexico: Feudal Frontier Historical Society in Salt Lake City, greatly speeded my research 2. Taos: Port of Entry there. In Tucson, Arizona, John A. Carroll, Bernard Fontan~ Robert 3· A Conquest by Merchants A. Armstrong, and the staff of the Arizona Pioneers Historical Society 4· In Hostile Array: Civil Government, 1851-1861 were of great help in locating papers pertinent to Arizona history. 5· Civil War, 1861-1869 Alice B. Good and Marguerite Cooley of the Arizona State Archives 6. The Santa Fe Ring, 1865-1885 cordially allowed me to use still uncatalogued papers relating to 7. New Mexico Comes of Age, 188o-1goo territorial affairs. PART TWO In California the officials of the Bancroft Library at Berkeley 8. Gold and Popular Sovereigncy: Jefferson Territory, dragged out many crumbling frontier newspaper files for my use. 1858-1861 Amidst the renaissance splendor and courteous ministrations of the g. Colorado Territory: Politics and War, 1861-1868 staff of the Henry E. Huntington Library, research into New Mexican 10. The Politics of Admission and Development, 1864-1871 and Mormon materials housed there became a unique pleasure. I am 11. The Centennial State, 1876 particularly indebted to John E. Pomfret, Director of the Ltbrary, and to Miss Mary Isabel Fry of the staff. PART THREE Interviews with a number of Western historians were rewarding. 12. Deseret and Utah, 1847-1858 Of these I am delighted to thank Leonard Arrington and S. George 13. Politics, Religion, and War, 1851-1861 Ellsworth of the State University of Utah at Logan, Robert G. Athearn 14. Years of Impasse, 1858-1878 of the University of Colorado, Harold H. Dunham of Denver Uni· 15. Government, Polygamy, and Statehood, 187o-18g6 versity, Robert Utley of the National Park Service, and William H. Goetzmann of the University of Texas. The helpful services of Lueva PART FOUR Pf!euger and Robert Oliver of Yale University were many. 16. Arizona: No Man's Land, 1846-1863 For practical assistance in the typing of the manuscript and for 17. Arizona: Beleaguered Territory, 1861-1874 constant encouragement and patience when I was "in the rough 18. Arizona: Politics and Progress, 1877-1900 spots," I shall always be indebted to my wife, Shirley. 1 9· The Admission of Arizona and New Mexico to the Union, tgoo-1912 486 H.R.L. Bibliographical Essay 5°5 New Haven, Connecticut Index 543 july r965 Maps following page zo Illustrations following page z7z William Bent. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. Ceran St. Vrain. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Carlos Beaubien. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Manuel Armijo. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Stephen W. Kearny. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. William Gilpin. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. Brigham Young. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. William J. Palmer. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. Jose Antonio Martinez. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Charles Bent. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. William Connelly. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Archbishop John Lamy. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Edwin V. Sumner. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. James H. Carleton. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Christopher Carson. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. John M. Chivington. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. Patrick E. Connor. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. George Crook. Courtesy, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson. Thomas B. Catron. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Stephen B. Elkins. Courtesy, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Jerome B. Chaffee. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. John Evans. Courtesy, State Historical Society of Colorado. A. P. K. Safford. Courtesy, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. Richard C. McCormick. Courtesy, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. John Taylor. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. Wilford Woodruff. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. Alfred Cumming. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. John T. Caine. Courtesy, Utah State Historical Society. ix Illustrations X George F. Edmunds. Courtesy, Vermont Historical ~ociety. Abbreviations Jacob Boreman. Courtesy, Utah State Histor~cal Soc~ety. Charles S. Zane. Courtesy. Utah State Histoncal SoCiety. Edmund G. Ross. Courtesy, Museum of New ~ex~co, San.ta Fe. John p. Glum. Courtesy' Arizona Pioneers' Histoncal Socrety. Miguel A. Otero. Courtesy, Museum of Ne':' M~xic~, Santa. Fe. Mark A. Smith. Courtesy' Arizona Pioneers HI~tor~cal ~ooety .. AHR Arizona Historical Review Courtesy Arizona Pioneers Htstoncal Society. George W . P . H un t . ' APHS Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson ASA Arizona· State Archives, Phoenix CM Colorado Magazine CSA Colorado State Archives, Denver CSHS Colorado State Historical Society DAB Dictionary of American Biography HEH Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California MVHR Mississippi Valley Historical Review NA The National Archives of the United States, Washington NMHR New Mexico Historical Review NMHS New Mexico Historical Society, Santa Fe NMSRC Archives Division of the New Mexico State Records Cen· ter, Santa Fe OIA United States Office of Indian Affairs TP Territorial Papers of the United States located in the Na· tiona! Archives UHQ iJ tah Historical Quarterly USHS Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City YWA The Western Americana Collection in the Reinecke Rare Book and Manuscripts Library, Yale University Preface to the Norton Library Edition Since the publication of the first edition of The Far Southwest in 1966, many people have contributed to my further education either by helpful criticism or by sharing their own findings about the territorial history of the "Four Corners States." Their comments are reflected in certain factual changes in this paperback edition. Hopefully this time the map will not send the Goodnight-Loving Trail to wander on the wrong side of the Pecos River or any longer permit Laramie to usurp Cheyenne's spot on the Union Pacific line. I owe special thanks to Harwood P. Hinton, editor of Arizona and the West, for his suggestions. Comments by Ray A. Billington, John Porter Bloom, Earl S. Pomeroy, W. Eugene Hollon, John D. W. Guice, Dr. Bert Sacks, Bert Fireman, Kenneth N. Owens, Robert W. Larson, Thomas G. Alexander, William Turrentine Jackson and James Vivian were helpful. And finally the researches, stimulating ideas and irre­ pressible curiosity of Lewis L. Gould and R. Hal Williams have enriched my own understanding of the history of the American Southwest. HOWARD R. LAMAR New Haven, Connecticut November, 1969 Introduction In 1956 the late Clarence E-. Carter, editor of the 1 systems have met and Here two great cu tuJeare still in process of clashi:'g Territorial Papers of the United States. lamented dashed and fused an . a truly cultural sense, ts that the "Dark Age of American historiography" was df ·g Here,tn . an usm · · · · bs d the last fronuer. · · · . 1 found and may be o d~rve of the two Americas, a arcum- territorial history.