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Vol. 18 , NOVEMBER, 1972 No. 4

WHAT MEANS TO THE UNITED STATES'

Mining is the extraction of any matter Most people know very little about the mining from the earth for the benefit of mankind. The . Why? term "earth" includes the atmosphere surround- Because mining employs only about 0.9% ing the earth, the surface of the earth, the forma- (1) of the U.S. working force. tions underlying the surface (lithosphere) and the oceans (hydrosphere). (2) Because it occupies very little space-less than 0.3% of the surface area of the United Mineral matter may be solid ( or ), = States. liquid (petroleum or mineral-bearing brines), or @ gas ( or helium). United States Bu- (3) Because most mines are in remote areas. reau of Mines lists 91 solids, liquids and gases in (4) Because even though mining produces more its studies of essential mineral materials exj than bbillion tons of , fuels, sand, grav- tracted from the earth for present and future el and stone and other essential generations. each year, the value of all metals, nonmetals Even in the cave-man era, the earth provided and fuels recovered is only 3% of the total the stones for weapons and sustained the bison value of all and services produced in and other animals for food. But since that time the United States (Gross National Product) two, and only two, basic industries have enabled annually. man to progress through the Stone Age, Bronze (5) Because few mined products are purchased Age, Iron Age, Industrial Age, and now the Age by the public in a form that can be identified of : (1) , which includes with mining. farming, raising, and fishing; and (2) Mining, which includes winning of oil Mining is not a giant industry, but it is one and gas, the winning of metals, nonmetallics and of the most essential. No nation can enjoy pros- materials from the earth, and the extrac- perity without a reliable source of minerals which tion of magnesium and other materials from sea in turn support many other industries. Many one- water. These two basic industries supply the food, crop nations which depend heavily on agricultural fiber, fuel and materials to feed, clothe and house products such as sugar, coffee, bananas, sheep and us, and sustain nearly all productive industries. wheat have turned to mineral development and Without them we would have to return to the industrialization to raise their standard of living. nomadic life of primitive men-the way of the The United States is the most highly industrial- Eskimo. ized nation in the world and enjoys the highest, living standards because of its minerals base. - With only 5% oT the world's population, and 7% 'Reprinted from portions of a booklet, What Mining of the world's land area, we use about 30% of the Means to the United States, published and distributed by the American Mining Congress, March, 1972. - world's mineral production. Our mineral require- 26 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 18

". . . One nation under God" WHAT MINING MEANS TO EACH OF US As we go through a normal day we find our- selves surrounded with constant reminders that all necessities and conveniences come from the earth directly or indirectly. The food we eat, the kitchen in which it is cooked, the dishes and cut- lery on the table, the clothes we wear, the homes we live in, our car and the and streets on which we travel, our working place, our TV and radio, our can of beverage and most jobs would not be available without the products the earth has yielded. The importance of mining as a basic source for all wages and salaries was explained recently by

". . . Prudent of the bounties of our Creator." The mining industry has distu~bedless than 0.3% of the land area of the United States including Alaska and Hawaii to produce all the mineral materials since 1776 including coal, oil, gas, stone, sand, gravel, rock, and metal and nonmetallic ores. One-third of the disturbed area has been reclaimed by man or healed by 40 nature. 38

36 Why the United States Needs a Healthy, Productive Mining Industry 34 ments are so large that we must import varying 1. Product~onof metal and nonmetallic materials from the earth is amounts of many minerals products each year ex- expected to soar during the next three decades according to recent estimates by the U. S. Bmreau of Mines. cept coal, molybdenum, borax, phosphate, 2. These projected quantities of metals and nonmetals will be ab- and feldspar. The value of imported minerals is solutely necessary ~fweare to continue to enjoy one of the h~ghest standards of living in the world. about one-tenth of the total value of all primary 3. We cannot expect to use substitutes such as widely minerals we use each year. because without a mining industry to supply the raw materials for plastics, and the metals for machinery to make the plastics, But our national position of strength and in- there would be no plastics Industry at all. 4. Up until 1940. the United States was able to supply most of its dustrial leadership is being challenged, and we minerals, and export considerable quantities to other nations of can no longer take it for granted that foreign the world. Since that time we have had to import increasing quantities of mineral materials and fuels. But now that other mineral products will flow to our nation as freely nations of the world are becoming highly industrialized, we can- not expect foreign nations to export minerals as freely as they as they have in the past. At the end of World War have in the past. I1 25 years ago our nation was the pre-eminent 5. Therefore, if the United States isro remain strong and prosperous, military and industrial power in the world. Today its mining industry within itsown borders must grow Increasingly to continue its past abllity to supply a large portion of the miner- there are four areas of the world that are as big al materials wh~chwe will need during the next three decades. or are rapidly approaching our size industrially : USSR, Japan, Western Europe and China. Steel is considered a main indicator of industrializa- tion, and USSR, for instance, produced more steel VALUE OF METALS AND than we did in 1971 for the first time, and Japan NONMETALS PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES may produce more steel than we do within the 1860-1970 next five years. SOURCE: U. S. BUREAU Added competition of world mineral supplies OF MINES plus the fact that large American-developed min- ing properties have been expropriated in Latin America means that the United States must build up a stronger domestic mining industry at home. This can be done only if the people outside the mining industry understand how vital .minerals are to their existence. 'Projected Value of U. S Mineral Product~onin the year 2000 No. 4 VIRGINIA MINERALS 27

of $1.00 or more per pound. Some of the larger Ellery Sedgwick, Jr., chairman of the board of @ mines in Arizona and Utah move one million tons Medusa Portland Cement Co. as follow^:^ of ore and waste every 4 to 5 days, year in and "Life has become so complex that few peo- year out. ple realize where the money for their pay- check comes from. If it were not for the METALS ARE VITAL TO NATIONAL mining industry first, and the manufactur- ing industry second, there would be no Without national security and military striking money to pay anyone's salary. Take the ex- power to prevent attack, all the contributions of ample of the school teacher: he gets paid by the minerals industry to other industries and a the local school district which, in turn, col- better way of life in the U.S. could be wiped out. lects the taxes from the residents of the Wars to preserve the freedom of many nations community. The lawyer pays taxes, the den- of the world have been won with fuels, and met- tist pays taxes, and the steelworker pays als (called the "sinews of war"), as much as taxes. But who pays the lawyers and the with determined and stout-hearted fighters and dentists? The source of the pay they receive civilians. comes directly or indirectly from the earn- Experience in World War I, World War 11, ings of the people who make the things that and the Korean action, showed that stockpiles of everyone wants-from people who in strategic and critical metals, minerals and other the mines and factories. There is no other materials are so essential that defense efforts can source of money than the wealth provided be hampered, delayed or even fail, without them. from the earth." Stockpiles of the U.S. Government as of June Even though the value of all raw fuels, metals 30, 1971, included 55 metals, ores and mineral and nonmetals produced from the earth is only products valued at about $6.&billion. Materials about 3% of the total value of goods and services valued at $4.15-billion are essential to national of the United States (Gross National Product), security. Part of the balance is being disposed of, these products have a direct impact on 40% of and the remainder may be subject to sale or use the economy, and an indirect impact on an addi- by other government agencies. tional 35% of the economy. With products from the earth, American industry has built plants, During peacetime, stockpiles of metals and equipped them with machinery, and obtained the minerals prevent interruptions of supply by ad- raw materials to run the plants-in short, made verse political or labor trends abroad. In event jobs directly or indirectly for a large percentage of war, especially one begun by a massive attack of the 70 million non-farm workers of the nation. on our country, the stockpiles would provide vital materials during initial recovery and the time The average amount invested per worker by required by the industry to gear up to wartime 22 of the country's largest industries is about levels of production. Above all, productive capaci- $24,000. The mining industry has invested nearly ty of the U.S. mining industry must be preserved $71,000 per worker to buy large trucks, shovels, so that it can continue to maintain our economy hoists, rock drills, compressors, railroads, and to and provide acceleration in an emergency. build mills, smelters and refineries. This large in- vestment per worker has taken much of the hard Those who lived through World War I1 will work out of mining because the machine, and recall the drive for used metals during which cit- not the man, does most of the job. Modern plants izens contributed any metal products they could and high tonnage equipment have made it possi- spare. Street car tracks were torn up for steel, ble to supply the nation with low cost metals and and obsolete lead-sheathed power cables were dug minerals. out of pavements to meet the critical needs for With the aid of 100-ton to 200-ton trucks, 6 to metals. 12-yd. shovels, and mills that pulverize as much In the early forties, during World War I1 the as 70-100 thousand tons of ore per day to concen- United States realized that the development of trate and produce from ores containing nuclear weapons could decide who won the war @ only 5 to 12 pounds of copper per ton, our facto- and embarked on a highly secret search for uran- ries buy copper for about 502 per pound instead ium in many parts of the world including Africa, 2Mining Congress Journal, ~ovember,1971. Canada and other areas where uranium had been 28 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 18 discovered. Prior to formation of the Atomic of . Since the Missouri lead deposits are Energy Commission on January 1, 1947, about buried under several hundred feet of overlying 85 0Jo of the uranium acquired for atomic weapons rock, and the iron ore deposits lie several hundred came from foreign sources. Then the AEC started to several thousand feet below the surface, ex- a program to encourage a search for uranium in ploration engineers had to search for new ore by the United States to guarantee a large enough boring to great depths with hollow drills that supply for national security, and later for the big yield cores of waste rock or ore for examination nuclear power program which is now under way. by geologists. One company drilled 40,000 feet Prospectors and exploration engineers by the at a cost of over $200,000 before it intersected thousands responded to this critical need, and the first pound of lead ore. Others have spent participated in the largest mining boom in the huge sums in the search and didn't find a thing. history of the United States, far surpassing the In testimony before the Senate Interior Com- gold rushes in California and the Klondike. The mittee on September 22, 1971, Ian MacGregor, result was discovery of enough uranium not only Chairman of the Board, American Metal Climax, to take care of all military needs, and initial Inc., cited statistics showing that costs of finding needs for nuclear power plants, but also to allow new ores have gone up. During the period 1955- some for export to other nations. Over the past 1959 it cost $1 to find $87 worth of metallic ore 20 years nearly 200,000 tons of uranium oxide in Western United States; in the period 1965- (yellow cake) have been produced by American 1969, it cost $1 to find $46 worth of metallic ore. mining companies. Stating that it is exceedingly difficult to find a good ore deposit, he said: HOW MUCH DO WE USE-HOW MUCH DO WE NEED "As an example of how great the odds are Minerals are like money in the -without against finding a viable mineral deposit, con- them a nation will quickly decay and its'people sider that from 1939 to 1949, the U.S. Gov- will face a lower standard of living. That is why ernment Strategic Minerals Development the United ~tat;esis taking an in~entory~~~p~n~ Program examined 10,071 prospects and only era1 resources through the U.S. Bureau of Mines 1,342 of these deposits were ever worked. Of and the U.S. Geological Survey. But the job of the 1,342 deposits worked, only 1,053 devel- estimating mineral reserves is a difficult one. The oped ore-grade tonnage but not necessarily mining industry does a good job of estimating known reserves. But logic tells us that a large 3Mining Congress Journal, October, 1971. portion of the minerals of the future are yet to be discovered. ~aturehas hidden them effective- ly. Geologists admit, for example, that our knowl- edge of mineral deposits at depths of 4,000 to Value of Mineral Production in the United States, 1940-70 (Billions of Dollars) 6,000 feet in the U.S. is based only on intelligent Year Metals Nonmetals Subtotal Fuels Tot.1, guesswork. Mining companies must spend mil- lions of dollars each year to find the minerals and fuels we'll need in the future. Mining companies must find at least ohe pound of new metal for every pound they mine simply to stay in business. Each year our geologists and exploration engi- neers will have to find about 100-million tons of iron ore, 175-million tons of copper ore, 20-mil- lion ton$ of lead and zinc ore, 10-million tons of molybdenum ore, and 40-million tons of phos- phate rock just to keep the U.S. supplied, with its present consumption of these metals and minerals. Finding new minerals is a costly undertaking. Projected Value of U.S. Mineral Production in the Year 2000 (Based on estimated price increases ) In Southeast Missouri, mining companies spent Year Metals Nonmetals Subtotal Fuels Total $75 million over a 22-year period to find about 2000 16.0 22.4 38.4 68.9 107.3 one billion tons of lead ore and one billion tons Source: U.S. Bureau of Mlnes. 1 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. No. 4 VIRGINIA MINERALS 29

successful mines. The only substantial suc- cils. Only six percent knew that every time cess from this entire government program is they started their car they were strongly the San Manuel mine of Newmont Mining relying on the lead metal in their battery. Corp. These statistics suggest that the odds "I don't want to belabor this one survey, are over 10,000 to 1 against finding a good but it was startling to us in the lead-zinc ore body." field, and it is pertinent to speculate as to what answers the public might give if asked TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF MINING about mining. It is not hard to visualize what Andrew Fletcher, Honorary Chairman, St. Joe the results would be. Few people would be Minerals Corp. said that "few people are able to able to relate mining to their everyday liv- relate mining'to their everyday living," in the ing; fewer still would be able to assess min- following excerpts from a speech on "The Image ing's contribution to our economy. And if of Our Mining Industry" :4 asked to describe a mining operation, the vast majority of people would in all proba- "We see evidence today that the general bility accurately describe a gold mine of the public's view of mining and the views of Old West, based on their exposure to a mul- many people in a position to influence the in- titude of late shows and little else, or a coal dustry's future are badly out of date and mine in which a canary is the miner's con- based on real misconceptions. Our 'image' stant companion. This may be a bit harsh, today is that of the bearded miner with pan but it is close to the fact--most people view and burro, and, while this is an 'image', it's mining as a destructive, exploitive industry certainly not one which we want or one with an antique pallor. We are proud of our which will attract the capital, the people and role, of our methods, of our success, and of the support our industry needs. And more to our progress, but we have just not gotten a the point, it's totally inaccurate. message on these across.'' "Mining companies today are intimately In case you are one of those who doesn't realize * involved with the most complex of electronic when you start your car, it's lead that supplies equipment, and the burro has long since been the power to turn the engine, we have listed the replaced with helicopters. Far from being the following common metals and minerals and some stodgy, unrealistically conservative industry of the ways in which they serve you in your which the bearded miner implies, we are everyday life: deeply interested in the new developments around us-undersea mining, for example- Metal or Mineral Common Uses and it doesn't take much imagination for us IRON ORE Electric household appliances, to see that among the first to set foot on the (STEEL) automobiles, , office moon should be a geologist and a mining equipment, beverage and food engineer. This kind of image, though, is far cans and other containers, from the one we are communicating. tools, farm and factory ma- chinery, transportation equip- "Last year the Lead Industries Associa- ment of all types. tion employed a firm to make a survey of the public's knowledge about lead with the COPPER All electric appliances, tele- thought of using the results as a basis to phones, radios, TV sets, auto- formulate an informational program. The mobile radiators and electric results were unbelievable. Nearly a quarter systems, motors for all pur- of the survey respondents said 'don't know' poses, ornamental items made when asked to name a single use for lead. of brass and bronze, plumb- Well over a million tons of this metal were ing p i p e s, pennies, and consumed last year in the United States, but roofing. about 25 percent of the people asked couldn't LEAD Storage batteries, name one single use. Seventeen percent said additives, red lead for coat- 'pencils', but of course no lead is used in pen- (I) ing steel, lead

4Mining Congress Journal, November, 1967. (Continued on page 32) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 18

1. Allen, R. I., Jr., 1963, Geology 11. -1971, Geology of the Nawport 20. Goodwin, B. K., 1970, Geology Of 27. KOZak, S. J. and mineral resources of Greene News South and Bowers Hill quad- the Hylas and Midlothian quad- the Millboro and Madison counties: Virginia rangles, Virgrnra: Virginia Di- rangles, Virginia: Virginia Di- Virginia Div Division of Mineral Resources vision of Mineral Resources vision of Mineral Resources Rept. Resources Re ~ull. 78, pl. 1, map scale Rept. Inv. 28, map scale Inv. 23, map scale 1:24,000. scale 1:62,500 1:62,500. 1:24,000. 21. Harris, L. D., 1965, Geologic map 28. -1970, Geoloi 2. 1967, Geology and mineral re- 12. Conley, J. F., and Benika, W. 8.8 of the Wheeler quadrangle, Clai- Knob, Deerfiel sources of Page County: Virginia 1970, Geology of the Philpott borne County, Tennessee and Lee Augusta Spring Division of Mineral Resources Reservoir quadrangle, virginia: County, Virginia; U. S. Geol. ginla: Virgin ~ull.81, map scale 1:62.500. Virglnla Division of Mineral survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-435, Mineral Resou Resources Rept. Inv. 22, map map scale 1:24,000. 21, map scale 3. ~lvord,D. c., 1971, Geologic scale 1:24,000. map of the Hellier quadrangle, 22. Harris, L. D., and Miller, R.L., 29. McGuire, 0. S. Kentucky-Virginia and part of 13. Conley, J. F., and Toewe, E.C., 1963, Geology of the Stickley- the Eagle Rock

the Clintwood quadrangle, Pike 1968, Geology of the Martins- ville quadrangle, Virginia: U.S. and Salisbury I County, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. ville West quadrangle, Virginia: Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map ginia: Virgin Survey Geol. Quad.Map GQ-950, virginia Division of Mineral 08-238, map scale 1:24,000. Mineral Resou map scale 1:24,000. R~SOU~EBSRept. Inv. 16. map 24, map scale scale 1:24,000. 23. Harris, L. D., Stephens, J.G., 4. Bartlett, C. S., Jr., and Webb, and Miller, R. L., 1962, Geology 30. Meyertons, C. ' H. w., 1971, Geology of the 14. Englund, K. J., 1964, Geology of of the Coleman Gap quadrangle, mations of th Bristol and Wallace quadrangles, the Mlddlesboro south quadrangle, Tennessee and Virginia: U. S.Geo1. Virginia Divi Virginia: Virginia Divislon ~ennessee-Kentucky-Virginia: U-6. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-188, Resources Rept of Mineral Resources Rept.Inv.25, Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map map scale 1:24,000. map scale 1:62 1 map scale li24.000. GQ-301, map scale 1:24,000. -.24. .menika. W. S.. 1971, Geology of 5. Bick, I. F., 1962, Geology of 15. -1968, Geologic map of the the ~assett quadrangle,Virglnia: the Williamsville quadrangle, ramw well quadrangle, West Virgrnia Division of Mineral Vlrginla: Virginia Divrsion of virginla-Virginia: U. 8. Geol. Resources Rept. Inv. 26, map Mineral Resources Rept. Inv. survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-745, scale 1:24,000. 2, pl. 1, map scale 1:62,500. map scale 1:24,000. 25. Johnston, P. M., 1962, Geology 6. Bick, K. F., and Coch, N. K., 16. Englund, K. J., Lendis, E. R., and ground-water resources of the 1969, Geology of the Williams- and Smith, H. L., 1963, Geology Fairfax quadrangle, Virginia:U.S. burg, Bog Island, and Bacons of the Varilla quadrangle. Castle quadrangles, Virginiar ~entucky-Virginia: U. S. Geol. 1539-L, pl. 1, map Virginia Division of Mineral survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ- 1:48,000. Reso~rces Rept. Inv. 18, map 190, map scale 1:24,000. soale 1824,000. 26. 1964, Geology and ground-water 17. Englund, K. J., Roen, J. B., and resources of Washington, D. C., 7. Brent, W. 8.. 1963, Geology of DeLaney, A. 0.. 1964, Geology Of and vicrnity: 0. S. Geol. Survey the Clinchport quadrangle, Vir- the M~ddleshoroNorth Quadrangle. Water-Supply Paper 1776, pl. 1, ginia: Virginia Division of Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey map scale 1:62,500. Mineral Resources Rept. Inv. 5, Geol. Quad. Map GQ-300, map pl. 1, map scale 1:24,000. scale 1:24,000.

@. Brown, w. R., 1969, Geology of 18. Engiund, X. J., and gt*<*s,1961, the Dillwyn quadrangle,Virginia: ~eologyof the Ewing qwa"diawla,"" ' Virginia Division of Mineral Kentucky and Virginia: U.S. Geol. Resources Rept. Inv. 10, map survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-172, scale 1:62,500. map scale 1:24,000.

9. Butts, Charles, and Edmunds0n.R. S., 1966, Geology and mineral resources of Frederick County: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources ~ull.80, pl. 1, map scale 1:62,500.

10. COCh, 8. K., 1968, Geology Of the Benns Church, Smithfield, windsor, and Chuckatuck wad- rangles, Viwinia: Virginia Di- vision of Mineral Reseurces Rept. Inv. 17, map scale

Index to geologic mapping from 1961 to 1971. No. 4 VIRGINIA MINERALS

n. miller, R. L., 19" malogic 33. Nelson, W. A., 1962, Geology 36. -1969, Geology of the Stokes- map of the Big Stone Gap quad- and mineral resources of Albe- ville and Parnassus quadrangles, p:::;::;g:::il U. S. rangle, Virginla: Geol. marle County: Virginia Division Virginia: Virginia Division of nv. 8, map survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ- of Mineral Resources Bull. 77, Mineral Resources ~ept.Inv.19, 424, map scale 1:24,000. pl. 1, map scale 1r62.500. map scale 1:24,000.

Maps with a scale larger than 1:24,000, guidebooks, and ~eneralized maps have been excluded from this index. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 18

foil for toothpaste tubes, ings, and in the manufacture solder for cans and contain- of chlorine f o r chemical ers, type metal for , plants. r a d i a t i o n shielding, and sound proofing for rooms and MOLYBDENUM Automobiles, airplanes, ma- machinery. chine tools, pipes and tubing, catalysts to make ZINC Galvanized r o o f s , siding, and refine petroleum in auto- fences, auto bodies; zinc die mobile greases and oils, fer- castings for carburetors, au- tilizers, welding rods, in elec- tomobile grills and trim, trical and electronic equip- home appliances, door han- ment, and in stainless steels. dles; zinc oxide for auto tires and ; rolled zinc in dry- SILVER Photographic films and print cell batteries; and brass and paper, silverware, jewelry, bronze ornamental and utili- industrial refrigerators, coin- tarian objects. age, batteries, electric switch- es, all electronic equipment TIN Tin coated cans, solder, pew- such as radios, TVs, etc., ter ware, in bronze and brass, solder in aircraft. in electrical equipment and supplies, in pigments for Industrial chemicals, petro- paints and plastics and in leum refining, glassware, tel- dry-cell batteries. ephones, dental equipment, and jewelry. ALUMINUM Reverage and food cans; lawn chairs; building roofs and siding ; electric appliances ; ASBESTOS Construction , floor air conditioners ; c a n o e s , , paper products, brake . ships, automobiles, trucks, linings, and clutches for all airplanes and other transpor- transportation equipment, textiles, paints, power lines, tation equipment ; cooking utensils ; aluminum foil for electric roofing and siding for packaging and kitchen use; buildings. high-voltage power transmis- sion lines. BARITE Mud for drilling oil wells and in glass, paints, rubber, and paper. NICKEL Automobiles, airplanes, trans- portation equipment, house- hold appliances, electrical ma- FELDSPAR Glassware, , enamel chinery, ships and boats, coin- and scouring powders. age, and numerous ornamen- tal and utilitarian alloys. FLUORSPAR Refrigerants for refrigera- tors and air conditioning TITANIUM AND Brilliant white pigments in equipment, steel making, re- TITANIUM paints, paper, and plastics ; fining of aluminum, manufac- OXIDE floor tile ; printing ; fiber- turing of nuclear fuels, pro- glass ; ; and metal in pellants for spray paints, jet plane turbines and struc- and insecticides. turns. , plaster board, ce- MERCURY Electrical batteries, lamps, ment, binders for orthopedic switches, p a i n t s , plastics, and dental casts, , medicines, dental tooth fill- and in payons. No. 4 VIRGINIA MINERALS 33

PHOSPHATE , and deter- era1 products make to everyday life, nor their ROCK gents, plating and polishing, significance. At least two important dimensions feed for animals and fowl. are missing, first the incalculable scope for hu- man inventiveness for which these minerals pro- Fertilizers, soap and deter- vide the raw materials, and second, the enormous gents, plating and polishing changes in the character and quality of life that soap, glass and chemicals. they have wrought under human control. De-icing agents for roads and The effects of progress in transportation pro- streets; food preparation and (sodium vide an example. Mining products have provided chloride.) home cooking; a source of a substantial portion of raw materials to build chlorine used to make paper, some 80 million trucks, buses, and automobiles, plastics, solvent fluids for au- plus millions of miles of paved roads and high- tomobiles; sprays to kill ways, plus some 100,000 civilian and commercial pests; and sanitatiofi pur- aircraft and the 11,000 airports they use, plus the poses. electrical machinery and petroleum and electrical SULFUR Fertilizers, p i g m e n t s for energy sources to make the whole thing go. The paints and plastics, rayon, result is mobility, with which the Average Amer- , manufacture of ican can conquer time and distances, accepting steel, ~etroleumrefining, al- as a matter of course that he may go several cohols, and paper, refin- miles to buy a loaf of bread, to another state to ing'of many metals. visit his relatives, and quite possibly to another continent on a business trip or a vacation. With- Some people have suggested that plastics can out the power that the mineral products of the be substituted for metals, but the foregoing list earth have given man to extend his reach, this makes it obvious that without metals and min- mobility would not exist. Extend this illustration erals from the earth, there would be no plastics into each of the areas where metals and minerals industry at all. have changed man's life and it becomes possible to begin to assess the impact produced by mining, This brief listing cannot hope to convey the all from an area less than a third of one percent scope of the contribution that metals and min-. of the nation's surface.

ADDITIONS TO STAFF transfer of published and unpublished geology to Mr. Paul A. Daniels, Jr. joined the Division 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles, the topo- staff on August 1, 1972 and will be working for graphic-mapping program, and the preparation the Coastal Plain section. Mr. Daniels received a of a geographic index for Virginia. He graduated B.S. degree in geology from Western Michigan in 1972 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and in 1966, and a M.A. degree in geology State University with a B.S. degree in geology and from Bowling Green University in 1968. Two a B.A. degree in history. additional years of graduate study in environ- Mr. Paul G. Scheible joined the Division staff mental sciences were taken at the University of on August 16, 1972 and will assist in geologic Virginia. mapping and petrographic studies in the Pied- Mr. Daniels' professional experience includes mont province. He received a B.S. degree in geol- mineral exploration and petroleum development ogy in 1968 from the University of Rochester and with Cominco Limited and Humble Oil and Refin- a M.A. degree in geology from Johns Hopkins ing Company. Areas of field experience include University in 1971. Mr. Scheible is married. the Midcontinent, Mid-Atlantic coast, Eastern Mr. James L. Poole joined the Division staff e Canada, northern Rocky Mountains, West Texas, on October 1, 1972 and will assist in various and Texas Gulf Coast regions. phases.of economic geology. He received his B.S. im Mr. Thomas H. Biggs was employed by the degree in geology from the Wayne State Uni- Division on August 16,1972 as a member of the versity in 1969 and a M.S. degree in geology map transfer program. He will assist in the from the University of Tennessee in 1972. He 34 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 18 was previously employed with the Kerr-McGee to depict features. Brown is used for relief; blue Corporation in uranium and metal exploration for water features; black for works of man and in the eastern United States. cultural names; red for major roads, urban areas, and prominent fence lines; and green for vegeta- tion. Symbols portray types, , power and pipe lines, , building use, , polit- NEWS NOTES ical boundaries, etc. Atlantic Materials, Inc. began production of construction sand and gravel at a site near Seals- These maps can be used for planning, selection ton, King George County, in July. and development of sites for industrial plants, highways, and airports; for location of radio and The Sugar Grove Sand and Stone Company TV towers ; and for selection of subdivision areas. has begun production of construction sand at a On the farm, maps can be used as an aid to deter- site northwest of Sugar Grove, Smyth County. mine where to plant crops or to cut timber, or how to plan drainage systems for the collection or dispersal of water. During times of natural COMPLETE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP COVERAGE disaster, such as the floods of Hurricane Camille OF VIRGINIA 1969 or tropical disturbance Agnes 1972, maps are examined to determine access routes to aid For the first time, Virginia's 40,595 square victims. Vacationers, prospectors, fishermen, miles are completely covered by 7.5-minute series hunters, mountain climbers, etc., use these maps topographic mapping at a scale of 1:24,000 (1 to obtain a "birds-eye" view of the country inch equals 2,000 feet). This is the cuImination around them. of a ten-year program under a $9 million coopera- tive effort shared equally by the Commonwealth To keep these maps up-to-date each portion of of Virginia and the U.S. Geological Survey. Vir- the State will be examined for revision need each ginia is now the tenth State to be completely cov- five years by inspection of aerial photographs. ered by this scale. These maps portray by colors, Maps in growth areas will be revised. Growth symbols, and words the surface of the State. Over patterns can then be determined as this new in- 800 uses of these maps for industrial developers, formation will be printed in magenta. Thus, the planners, sportsmen, and the citizen have been dimension of time will be shown which will be demonstrated. A concurrent program to keep usable to planning, zoning, and construction offi- them up-to-date has been in operation since 1968. cials and others involved in urban development. Aerial photographs, from which the maps are Photorevised maps for most of the independent prepared, are an important by-product. cities of the Commonwealth are available. Cur- rently, the area roughly bounded by Waynesboro, This outstanding achievement is the result of Fredericksburg, Washington, and Winchester is an accelerated mapping program initiated in 1962 being inspected from spring 1972 photos. by Dr. James L. Calver, State Geologist, Division of Mineral Resources. It had the full support of As a by-product, aerial photography of about the Governor, General Assembly, and Department the same scale as the 7.5-minute topographic of Conservation and Economic Development. maps is available for most of the Commonwealth. In addition, beginning this spring, high altitude Topographic mapping of the Commonwealth quad-centered photography, scale about 1:72,000, began in 1883. The quality of the early reconnais- is now available for parts of northern and central sance-type maps was often dependent upon the Virginia. One 9 inch x 9 inch print of this depicts map-maker's skill in artistic sketching and wood- the area of a 1:24,000-scale map ; three-time en- manship. By the late 1930s, with the demand for largements of these prints are about the same more detail and accuracy, the present type of scale as the map. Information on availability and mapping, prepared from inspection of aerial cost of aerial photography can be obtained from photographs and on-site investigations, was the Map Information Office, U.S. Geological Sur- begun. vey, Washington, DC 20242. A topographic map is a portrayal to scale of In addition to the above-mentioned, maps the State's surface features, both natural and which show larger areas, but in less detail, are man-made. Standard symbols and colors are used available for Virginia. Special maps include those No. 4 VIRGINIA MINERALS 35

for the Shenandoah National Park; Washington Maps of the 7.5-minute series can be purchased @ and vicinity; Blue Ridge Parkway; and national for $0.75 each (plus 4 percent State tax for monuments, seashores, and historical parks. Vir- Virginia residents) from the Virginia Division ginia State maps at the 1:500,000-scale are avail- of Mineral Resources, Box 3667, Charlottesville, able in the topographic, planimetric, and shaded VA 22903. Index maps depicting topographic cov- relief-editions. The 1:250,000-scale maps, useful erage and information on maps being up-dated for regional planning, can be obtained for the can be obtained upon request. entire State.

THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF VIRGINIA IN 19711

ADVANCE SUMMARY

Total value of mineral output in Virginia was fuels, 2 percent by metals, and 32 percent by $385.2 million, an increase of 2.9 percent over the nonmetals. $374.3 million reported in 1970. This was the ninth consecutive year that mineral values have Stone declined slightly in output but increased increased. Of the total mineral production value, 5 percent in value. Sand and gravel production approximately 66 percent was contributed by rose 15 percent and value rose 33 percent. Mason- ry cement increased substantially in both produc- 'Prepared October 2, 1972 in Division of Fossil Fuels, U.S. tion and value, while cementdecreased Bureau of Mines, under a agreement between the Bureau and the Virginia Division of Mineral Re- in output and output value. Total lime production sources for collecting information covering the mineral decreased 28 percentin outputand 22 percentin production from mines, quarries, and wells other than the a production of fuels. value compared with 1970. Table 1. - Mineral production in Virginia.l

Mineral Quantity Value Quantity Value (thousands) (thousands) Clays ...... thousand short tons .... 1,633 $ 1,672 1,710 $ 1,800 Coal (bituminous) ...... do ...... Gem stones ...... Lead (recoverable content or ores, etc.) ...... short tons .... Lime ...... thousand shorttons .... Natural gas ...... million cubic feet .... Petroleum (crude) ...... thousand 42-gallon barrels .... Sand and gravel ...... thousand short tons .... Soapstone ...... short tons .... Stone ...... thousand short tons.... Zinc2 (recoverable content of ores, etc.) ...... short tons .... Value of items that cannot be disclosed: Aplite, cement, feldspar, gypsum, kyanite, salt, titanium concentrate, and values indicated by symbol W ...... Total ......

NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 'Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production (including consumption by producers). 2Recoverable zinc valued at the yearly average price of prime western slab zinc, East St. Louis market. Value established after transportation, smelting, and charges have been added to the value of ore at the mine. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Second-class postage paid at Box 3667 Charlottesville, Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22903

Return Postage Guaranteed

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

n Maps published prior to July 1, 1972 -

Maps published from July 1,1972 through September 30, 1972: *Altavista Colonial Beach North John H. Kerr Rapidan *Winchester Amonate Columbia Madison Mills Richlands Woodville Brightwood Culpeper West *Midlothian South Boston Zion Crossroads Cape Charles -Dinwiddie Milton South Hill SE Castleton Ferncliff Point of Rocks "Sutherland Chesapeake Channel Honaker Pounding Mill Tazewell South Clarksville South Jewel1 Ridge Pungoteague Washington *Updated

PUBLISHED MAPS State index is available free. Updated maps, on which recent cultural changes are indicated, are now available for certain areas of industrial, residential, or commercial growth. Published maps are available at .75 cents each (plus 4 percent state sales tax for Virginia residents) from the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Box Virginia Minerals Vol. 18, NO. 4, November, 1972 3667, Charlottesville, VA 22903.