Available online at www.banglajol.info J. Sci. Ind. Res. 54(3), 263-274, 2019

toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify district is situated in of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 . It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice cultivation 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): in in Bangladesh between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. M. T. Sultan* and S. M. Billah In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Abstract Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) Bangladesh is a land of mighty rivers and innumerable tributaries, heavy rainfall and recurring -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ floods. Nearly 75 percent of the country’s population depends either directly or indirectly on = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different agriculture. This study deals with the quality of surface and ground water used in rice cultivation of Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khulna district, which is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh. This study was carried out Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 to characterize the surface and ground water in terms of different dissolved elements in relation to the the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter suitability of the water for irrigation purposes in Khulna. To analyze the water quality for irrigation equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in of Boro rice, the water samples both surface and ground water were collected from different and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: Upazillas. A reconnaissance survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites. Collected MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, samples were immediately analyzed for finding important chemical parameters such as pH, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Electrical Conductivity (EC),Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta (MAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP),Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR), Sodium Ratio Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). (SR), Residual Sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Total The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the permeability index, which is calculated using the Na+, Mg2+, slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of Hardness (HT). From the analysis, it was observed the ionic concentration and other chemical Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) Received: 14 March 2018 following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water parameters varied in different water sources of the area. SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR are high in all Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by Revised: 20 January 2019 sources where surface water contained most but SR, MAR, H and Permeability were in favorable the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were T + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different Accepted: 06 May 2019 concentration in both sources in Khulna District. Therefore, the sodicity and alkalinity hazards risk SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + have been found to both of the water sources to use in irrigation purposes. 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v54i3.42679 Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of Keywords: Surface and Ground Water; Concentration Level; Irrigation Water Quality surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata , Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. 264 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019

toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Fig. 1. Map of the sampling sites of Khulna District Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. Sultan and Billah 265 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. Table I. Description of sampling sites of Khulna District (BPC, 2001b) In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sampling Area (Km2) Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes GPS reading Major Crops respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH Place equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ 3 among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 220 39’ to 220 56’ N Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect Dumuria and Paddy, Jute, Vegetables etc. 454.23 SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 0 0 -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are 89 15’ to 89 32’E were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 0 0 Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} 22 28’ to 22 43’ N Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Paikgacha and Paddy, Jute, Vegetables, wheat, pulse, sesame etc. 411.19 Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter 0 0 T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in 89 14’ to 89 28’E equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, 220 54’ to 230 01’ N expressed in meq l-1. 2+ 2+ insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all Paddy, Jute, Vegetables, potato, pulse, turmeric, tobacco HT = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . Phultala and 87.41 locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta 0 0 etc. 89 23’ to 89 29’E Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) 0 0 following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water 22 50’ to 22 59’ N Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were Dighalia and Paddy, Vegetables, wheat, mustard, sesame etc. 77.17 + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different 0 0 SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 89 33’ to 89 40’E + 2+ 2+ Permeability index= {(Na + √HCO3) / (Ca + Mg + and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground -1 Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l . Na+)} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 0 0 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of 22 50’ to 22 59’ N surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Terokhada and Paddy, Coconut, Sugarcane etc. 189.48 Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high 0 0 + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. 89 34’ to 89 45’E using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255.

266 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. Sultan and Billah 267 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of Table II. Standard values for irrigation water quality availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ Parameters Permissible limit Reference consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following pH 6.5 – 8.5 (Bauderet al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and between 89°14’ and 89°45’ East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This equation (Kelly, 1963): pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect water samples were determined by titrimetric method EC (dS m-1) <0.7 = none, 0.7–3.0 = slight to moderate, >3.0 = Severe UCCC, 1974 above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic none = ≤ 0.75, Some = 0.76 - 1.5, Moderate = 1.51 - Bauder et al., 2011 for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. 3.00, Severe = ≥ 3.00 In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of 1962). moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, -1 ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of SAR (meq l ) 1-10 = Low; 10 – 18 = Medium; Fipps, 2013 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the 18 – 26 = High; > 26 = Very High irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ MAR (%) < 50 Gupta and Gupta, 1987 exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / SSP (%) < 60% Khodapanah et al., 2009 among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect + √ 2+ 2+ Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) SAR = [Na ] ÷ ( ½ {[Ca ] + [Mg ]}). Where, all the ions (40 – 60)% Wilcox, 1955 -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 SCAR (meq l-1) Non-sodic water < 5, Normal water = 5-10. Low Gupta and Gupta, 1987 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} water = 10-20, Medium sodicity water = 20-30, High agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 2+ 2+ sodicity water = 30-40, Very high sodicity water >40 Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca and Mg content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T SR < 1 NDLI, n.d. Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above RSBC (meq l-1) Normal water = 0, Low alkalinity water = 2.5, Medium Gupta and Gupta, 1987 water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were alkalinity water = 2.5-5.0, High alkalinity water = 5.0- Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . 10.0, Very high alkalinity water >10 insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term KR < 1 Kelly, 1963 Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the permeability index, which is calculated using the Na+, Mg2+, slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of -1 -1 Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - HT (mg l ) > 120 mg l Hem, 1970 all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. PI (%) > 65 NDLI, n.d. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . 7.8 water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples A',a (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper A'B',a Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, 7.6 The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The A'B'C',a declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): A,b water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer 7.4 C',a A,a In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce H A,a showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In p A,a an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in 7.2 A,a decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the 7 ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface 6.8 Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of Locations these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . Ground Water Surface Water sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface Fig. 2. pH of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna District -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. 268 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above 3 A,a A,a A,a water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As,

y A,a -1 2+ 2+ expressed in meq l . i t A',a insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all

HT = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . i v 2 locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta

uc t and Gupta, 1987). Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term ) A'B',a Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had + + 2+ 2+ + 2+ n d Na , K , Ca and Mg content of the water samples by the permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , o A'B',a slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of m- 1 2+ - Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): Ca and HCO concentration of the samples calculated by l C all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water

3 a

d S 1 the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): ( B',a B',a of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + ric Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. t in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + lec and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground 3 E Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. 0 water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The Locations declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce Ground Water Surface Water showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the Fig. 3. EC of ground and surface water of different sources of Khulna District ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. Sultan and Billah 269 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of + -1 25 availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l . surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% A',a evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited A,a + 2+ n 20 consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, + The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and

Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna i o crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K of water was determined by a flame analyzer at insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the ) 2+ ’ ’ Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following -1 A',a located between 21°41 and 23°00 North latitude and in 2+ 2+ district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The l cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca and Mg of locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and rp t 15 A',a A',a between 89°14’ and 89°45’ East longitude. It is 12 feet equation (Kelly, 1963): o AB,a pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, eq . contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect B,a m Ad s above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. (

+ 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited 10 B,a (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic i o m A',a for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to t samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of B,a di u moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, R a 5 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for S o T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes 0 calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ 3 among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Locations 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are Ground Water Surface Water were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Fig. 4. SAR of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. 270 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019 toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of -1 50 A',a availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l . surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% A,a evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited n 40

+ 2+ i o consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ A,a A'B',a located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in 2+ 2+ Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The rp t A,a cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca and Mg of locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and o 30 A'B',a between 89°14’ and 89°45’ East longitude. It is 12 feet equation (Kelly, 1963): pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, A,a contamination were used as containers for sampling. This Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect %)

water samples were determined by titrimetric method ( A,a Ad s

B',a above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited 20 (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO )of the water + 2+ 2+ i o B',a 3 KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic t samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, -1 for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to iu m concentrations were expressed in meq l . R a In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 10 1962). ne s ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the g

1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for a Hardness (HT) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of

pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in M 0 Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Locations Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada + 2+ 2+ 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) Ground Water Surface Water SAR = [Na ] ÷ (√½ {[Ca ] + [Mg ]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Fig. 5. MAR of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter 100 equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in A,a and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above A',a A',a A',a A',a water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was 80 AB,a equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, B,a B,a A',a m

-1 2+ 2+ %) expressed in meq l . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all ( 60

H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . di u T e C,b locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta g Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). S o 40 le The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term nt a + + 2+ 2+ Na , K , Ca and Mg content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of c e

permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , lu b

Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) e r following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water 20 P Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by S o the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different + + 2+ 2+ + + 0 SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and + 2+ 2+ Permeability index= {(Na + √HCO3) / (Ca + Mg + and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada -1 Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l . Na+)} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of Locations surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. Ground Water Surface Water using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground Fig. 6. SSP of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

Sultan and Billah 271

20 References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas A,a Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. A',a Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for

) 15 Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A

1 A',a Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food -

l A',a Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and B,a A',b and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117.

eq . Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University,

lciu m 10 m BC,a ( Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. c a

o i o

t BC,a (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet t A',a Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), 5 C,a r a m No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow y i t di u BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of i v

S o 0 c t Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural a Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Locations of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. Ground Water Surface Water BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and Fig. 7. SCAR of ground and surface waterof different sources in Khulna significance level). H of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of T Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural 1 locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. A',a A,a A',a T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh A',a A',a (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern AB,a A'a -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of 0.8 BC,a exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. io - + Khulna District, 2007. t BC,a of H in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO and Na of the sources. All the T 3 Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro R a 0.6 C,b (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for

DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. m (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. -1 di u 0.4 water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l ). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion S o ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and 0.2 surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife 0 U.S.A. Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada Extension Service. Texas, USA. Locations Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity Ground Water Surface Water and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. Fig. 8. SR of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

272 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019

50 References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas A,a

- Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. ) 1 - bi 40 Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for

l AB,a Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A m B,a Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food eq . 30 B,a Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and m di u A',a and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. ( B,a o A',a Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University,

s A',b

l A',a 20 A',b Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. n at e u a (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009),

rb o 10 No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow c a Resi d 0 BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural Locations of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Ground Water Surface Water Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. Fig. 9. RSBC of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural 6 District, 2007. A',a locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh 5 A,a A',a (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern A',a -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India.

io 4 A',a - + Khulna District, 2007. t of H in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO and Na of the sources. All the T 3 Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro R a (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment 3 B,a ' s BC,a BC,a A',a (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. y Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. 2 -1

ell water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l ). The Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary C,a DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, K conclusion 1 ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their 0 EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Locations Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity Ground Water Surface Water and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. Fig. 10. KR of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

Sultan and Billah 273

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas

) 700 A,a A,a -1 Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. l A,a g 600 Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for A,a Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A ( m 500 A',a A,a Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food

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dn e Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, r A'B',a

a 300 B',a A'B',a Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. H l 200 (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet t a Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), 100 T o No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow 0 Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Locations Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural Ground Water Surface Water of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. Fig. 11. HT of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. ) 150

% Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman ( A',a A',a Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils x A',a A,a A',a A',a R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity e AB,a AB,b AB,a d 100 B,b and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. n Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season I

y New Delhi, India, p 399.

t of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh i

l 50 i

b Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. a e Characteristics of Natural Water. United States m 0 Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) r e Dumuria Phultala Dighalia Paikgacha Terokhada Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 P in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 Locations meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Ground Water Surface Water water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Fig. 12. PI of ground and surface water of different sources in Khulna Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255. toxicity or deficiency, or indirectly by altering plant the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and Methodology collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). Where, RSBC and the concentration of the constituents were Acidity (pH) In all cases, the EC of ground water was higher than that of availability of nutrients (Ayers and Westcott, 1985). To their acceptable levels of concentrations. farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a expressed in meq l-1. surface water but exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The The pH of ground water of different sources (Dumuria, significance level). EC of ground water exhibited + 2+ consisting of 9 Upazilas. It is 4395 square kilometers, crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at The Kelly’s Ratio was calculated using the Na , Mg and Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the 2+ located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any 589 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The Ca2+ and Mg2+ of Ca concentration of the samples calculated by the following district were 7.31, 7.21, 7.16, 7.25 and 7.1 respectively. The locations and the EC of surface water of Dighalia and ’ ’ equation (Kelly, 1963): between 89°14 and 89°45 East longitude. It is 12 feet contamination were used as containers for sampling. This water samples were determined by titrimetric method pH of surface water of these sources were 7.59, 7.24, 7.39, Terokhada was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is - 7.54 and 7.29 respectively which are presented in Fig.2. + 2+ 2+ of Dumuria.The EC of ground water is moderately limited (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO3 )of the water KR = {Na / (Mg + Ca )} × 100.Where, all the ionic for irrigated agriculture (Bauderet al., 2011) and slight to samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, concentrations were expressed in meq l-1. In all cases, the pH of surface water was higher than that of moderate (0.7 – 3) restriction for irrigation use (UCCC, 1962). ground water.From statistical point of view, In Dumuria, the Hardness (H ) is customarily expressed as the equivalent of 1974). The EC of surface water is limited in some extent for T pH of ground water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) was determined by the irrigated agriculture and can be used for irrigation purposes calcium carbonate (Todd, 1980). Thus: respect of surface water. In case of ground water, pH equation using the concentration obtained for Na+, Ca2+ and with some management practices (Bauderet al., 2011, 2+ exhibited insignificant difference(at 5% significance level) 2+ H = {Ca (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of CaCO / Atomic UCCC, 1974). Mg of the water samples (Michael, 1992). T 2+ Weight Ca} + {Mg (mg l-1) × Molecular Weight of3 CaCO / among the locations and pH of surface water in Terokhada 3 and Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect SAR = [Na+] ÷ (√½ {[Ca2+] + [Mg2+]}). Where, all the ions Atomic Weight Mg}. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) -1 of Dumuria. The pH of both of ground and surface water are were expressed in meq l . 2+ 2+ = {Ca (mg l-1) × 100.08 / 40.08} + {Mg (mg l-1) × 100.08 within the permissible limit (6.5 – 8.5) for irrigation in Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)of ground water of different Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) was calculated using / 24.31} agriculture (Bauder et al., 2011; UCCC, 1974). sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 10.87, 18.61, 8.99, 3.04 the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the 2+ 2+ Where, H , Ca and Mg measured in milligram per litter equation proposed by Raghunath (1987): T Paikgacha, Dighalia and Terokhada but The SAR of surface (at 5% significance level) with among the locations but in and the ratios are in equivalent weights. Thus the above water showed variable behavior among different locations of surface water, the MAR of Paikgacha and Terokhada was equation reduced to: MAR= {Mg2+/ (Mg2++Ca2+)} × 100. Where, all the ions were Khulna district, but surface water samples exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria. As, -1 2+ 2+ both of ground and surface water had the MAR below 50, all expressed in meq l . H = 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg . insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T locations.The ground water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and the sources are suitable to use in irrigation purposes (Gupta Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) was calculated using the The effect on permeability has been evaluated by the term Terokhada as well as the surface water of Terokhada had and Gupta, 1987). Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of the water samples by the + 2+ slight to moderate restriction to use as irrigation and rest of permeability index, which is calculated using the Na , Mg , Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) following equation (Todd, 1980): 2+ - all were severe (UCCC, 1974). Based on SAR, ground water Ca and HCO3 concentration of the samples calculated by the following equation (NDLI, n.d.): of Paikgacha was in ‘Fair class’, samples of Terokhada were + + 2+ 2+ + + Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of ground water of different SSP = {(Na + K ) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K )} × 100. in ‘Poor class’ and rest of all were in ‘Very poor class’ (Moss sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Permeability index= {(Na+ + √HCO ) / (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 3 and Kress, 2013). According to Fipps (2013), the ground Terokhada) of Khulna district were 67.82%, 80.62%, 60.19%, Where, all the ions were expressed in meq l-1. + Na )} × 100. water of Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada as well as the 41.15% and 62.8%respectively. The SSPof surface water of surface water of Terokhada showed low (1 – 10); ground -1 these sources were 76.57%, 79.07%, 75.25%, 79.46% and Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) was calculated Where, ions were expressed as meq l . water of Phultala and surface water of Paikgacha had high + 2+ 63.38% respectively which are presented in Fig. 6. using the Na and Ca concentration of the water samples (18 – 26) and rest of all had medium (10 - 18) Sodium hazard. The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper Introduction increased cost of irrigation, groundwater level is also calculated by the following equation (Gupta and Gupta, The combining effect of average EC and SAR of ground The SSP of surface water was higher than that of ground form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The declining due to excessive withdrawal threatening the 1987): water showed slight to moderate where the surface water water in all locations except Phultala (Fig. 6). The SSP of statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer In Bangladesh, optimum use of irrigation water should play environment. Water resources are becoming scarce showed severe restriction of use for irrigation (UCCC, 1974). ground water of Paikgacha was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Paikgacha and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 9.39, ‘Non-sodic’ (SCAR ratio < 5); the ground water of Dumuria + 2+ Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In an important role in increasing agricultural production. worldwide. Bangladesh is also no exception. About 60 under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and SCAR = Na /√Ca . Where, all the ions were expressed in decreased in respect of surface water.In case of ground water, 16.52, 6.88, 2.52 and 4.3 meq l-1 respectively. The SCAR of and Dighalia as well as surface water of Phultala are -1 statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were Overall development of the country’s agricultural sector percent areas are covered by shallow tube-well water for Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling meq l . Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) SSP of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and surface water of these sources were 14.36, 9.86, 4.06, 12.3 used to differentiate the content of elements among the ‘Normal’ (SCAR ratio = 5 - 10); the ground water of Phultala will require year round use of irrigation facilities. Irrigation irrigation (BBS, 2006). This resource is not unlimited and centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District are referred principles, rules and regulations (USEPA, 1976; UCCC, Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and 10.62 meq l-1 respectively which are presented in Fig. 7. + 2+ ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used as well as the surface water of Dumuria, Paikgacha and plays a vital role in this country for half of the year (mainly in intensive tube well areas water level is declining in Fig. 1. Sodium Ratio (SR) was calculated using the Na and Ca Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) of ground water of and Terokhada. But, the SSP of surface water exhibited 1974). to differentiate the content of elements among the surface Terokhada are ‘Low sodic water’ (SCAR ratio = 10 - 20). in dry season) when water scarcity seriously handicaps gradually in each dry season. Irrigated agriculture is content of the water samples calculated by the following different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the The SCAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate -1 farming operation (Nargis et al., 2009). The rice crop alone dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of equation (NDLI, n.d.): Electrical conductivity (EC) and 6.72meq l respectively. The SAR of surface water of Terokhada) of Khulna district were 27.7%,37.52%, 20.39%, locations.All of the sources of water contain high SSP (> water in all locations except Phultala and Dighalia. The the content of elements between the ground and surface -1 Sodium ratio (SR) occupies 90 - 95 percent of the irrigated area and only 5 – Quality is defined by certain physical, chemical and groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of these sources were 13.19, 11.69, 11.82, 19.66and 4.82meq l 25.88% and 18.21%respectively. The MARof surface water 60%) except the ground water of Paikgacha which may SCAR of ground water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ + + 2+ water samples. 10 percent is left for other crops (BBS, 2006). It implies biological characteristics. Therefore, some of the important Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out SR = Na / (Na + Ca ). Where, all the ions were expressed The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of ground water of different respectively which are presented in Fig. 4. of these sources were 45.8%, 29.18%,22.59%, 13.33% and indicate high sodicity that can break down the soil physical 0.05) increased in respect of surface water. SCAR of ground -1 The Sodium Ratio (SR) of ground water of different sources that about 57% of total cultivable lands are irrigated. Both physical and chemical properties of irrigation is necessary on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) in meq l . sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and 16.33% respectively which are presented in Fig. 5. structure (Khodapanah et al., 2009). The ground water of water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Results and discussion -1 -1 (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface and groundwater is used for the purpose. At present to be known to assess its suitability for irrigation (Michael, samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman Terokhada) of Khulna district were 2.57 dS m , 2.83 dS m , SAR of surface water was higher than that of ground water in Paikgacha fell under ‘Fair class’ and others under ‘Very poor Paikgacha was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia Gupta and Gupta (1987) suggested that alkalinity hazard -1 -1 -1 MAR of ground water was higher than that of surface water in Khulna district were 0.74, 0.87, 0.65, 0.49 and 0.58 more than 70% of the irrigated area is served by 1992).Characteristics of irrigation water that define its observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical Different hydro-chemical properties of irrigation water of 2.73 dS m , 2.17 dS m and 1.93 dS m respectively. The EC Dumuria, Dighalia and Paikgacha and the reverse condition class’ (Wilcox, 1955). and Terokhada. On the other hand, the SCAR of surface -1 Phultala, Paikgacha and Terokhada but the reverse condition groundwater and less than 30% by surface water (Sattar, quality vary with the source of the water. There are regional maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance analysis. These were later used for various chemical should be determined through the index called Residual Khulna District were compared with the national and of surface water of these sources were 2.03 dS m , 1.07 dS was in Phultala and Terokhada but statistically exhibited water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance respectively. The SR of surface water of these sources were -1 -1 -1 -1 was in Dumuria and Dighalia. Statistically, the MAR of 2009).Boro rice in Bangladesh of different variety covering survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) to be calculated as: m , 0.57 dS m , 1.43 dS m and 0.6 dS m respectively insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) between Sodium to Calcium activity Ratio (SCAR) level) among the locations. According to the classification of 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.78 and 0.73 respectively which are differences in water characteristics, mainly based on international water quality standards set for irrigation. This ground water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% more than 4.5 million ha, is entirely irrigated production, geology and climate. The chemical constituents of the samples were collected from 5 Upazilas among 9 of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). may be attributed to variations in natural (geochemical) which are presented in Fig. 3. ground and surface water. SAR of ground water of Phultala Gupta and Gupta (1987), the ground water of Paikgacha and presented in Fig. 8. RSBC = HCO - - Ca2+ significance level) in respect of surface water in all sources of The Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR) of ground mostly with underground water. As a result, besides the Upazilas of the district. The groundwater samples were The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was 3 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Terokhada as well as the surface water of Dighalia are irrigation water can affect plant growth directly through processes and anthropogenic activities within the region. water. MAR of ground water exhibited insignificant difference water of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia,

274 Irrigation water quality of surface and ground water used for Boro rice 54(3) 2019

References Michael AM (1992), Irrigation Theory and Practices. Vikas Publishing House Limited, New Delhi, India, p 740. Ayers RS and Westcott DW (1985), Water Quality for Moss J and Kress M (2013), Turf Irrigation Water Quality: A Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Ed. UN Food Concise Guide, Division of Agricultural Sciences and and Agriculture Organization, Rome 29(1): 1-117. Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL and Davis JG Oklahoma, USA. (2011), Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Fact Sheet Nargis F, Miah TH, Khanam TS and Sarwer RH (2009), No. 0.506. Profitability of mv Bororice production under shallow BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2006), Statistical tubewell irrigation system in some selected areas of Yearbook of Bangladesh, Statistics Division, Ministry tangail district, Department of Agricultural of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 20(1&2): 237–244. BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001a), Bangladesh NDLI (National Digital library of India) Soil Science and significance level). HT of ground water exhibited Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of Bureau of Statistics: Cultural survey report of Khulna Agricultural Chemistry. Lecture: 27: Assessment of insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the Paikgacha and other sources exhibited insignificantly District, 2007. irrigation water quality. Tamil Nadu Agricultural locations but, H of surface water of Dighalia was significantly difference but, surface water exhibited insignificant University, India. T BPC (Bangladesh Population Census) (2001b), Bangladesh (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of Dumuria and other sources difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations. Raghunath IIM (1987), Groundwater. 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern -1 Bureau of Statistics. Cultural survey report upazilas of exhibited insignificant difference.The high value (> 120 mg l ) The PI of both of ground and surface water was high due to Ltd., New Delhi, India. - + Khulna District, 2007. of HT in both of ground and surface water indicates hard water the high content of HCO3 and Na of the sources. All the (Hem, 1970). According to the Total Hardness classification samples both of ground and surface water are suitable for DoE (Department of Environment) (1997), The Environment Sattar MA (2009), Cost effective, environment friendly Boro (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967), the surface water and the ground irrigation as its value exceeds 65 (NDLI, n.d.). Conservation Rules 1997. Bangladesh Gazette no. rice cultivation, IWM Division, BRRI, Gazipur. water of the study area is very hard (150-300 mg l-1). The DA-1, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Sawyer CN and McCarty PL (1967), Chemistry for Sanitary conclusion ground water quality beyond the permissible limit, however Bangladesh, pp 1324-1327. Engineers, and classification of naturally soft and surface water fulfills the requirement of irrigation water naturally hard waters to sources and hardness of their EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH Fipps G (2013), Irrigation Water Quality Standards and quality in case of total hardness by DoE (1997). water supplies, Journal of Hydrology, New York, was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface Salinity Management Strategies. A and M Agrilife U.S.A. Extension Service. Texas, USA. Shammi M, Karmakar B, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Rahman Gupta SK and Gupta IC (1987), Management of Saline Soils R and Uddin MK (2016), Assessment of Salinity and Water. Oxford and IBH publication Company. Hazard of Irrigation Water Quality in Monsoon Season New Delhi, India, p 399. of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh Hem JD (1970), Study and Interpretation of the Chemical and Adaptation Strategy. Pollution 2(2): 183-197. Characteristics of Natural Water. United States The SR of surface water was higher than that of ground water Kelly’s ratio (KR) ground water sources, Paikgacha showed suitability (KR < 1) Todd DK (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley water of these sources were 15.8, 18.4, 15.47, 22 and 19.87 Geological Survey. WSP 1473, Washington, DC, p 363. in all the locations except Phultala. The SR of ground water for irrigation and Phultala showed unsuitability (KR > 3); International Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, -1 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface meq l respectively which are presented in Fig. 9. The Kelly’s Ratio (KR) of ground water of different sources others were in the between ranges (Kelly, 1963). Among the Jackson ML (1962), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, UK. water in Paikgacha. Statistically, the SR of ground water of (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of surface water sources all but Terokhada showed unsuitability Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA. UCCC (University of California Committee of Consultants) RSBC of ground water was higher than that of surface water Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha Khulna district were 2.22, 4.184, 1.679, 0.6933 and 1.7 (KR > 3) for irrigation (Kelly, 1963). So, it can be concluded Jackson ML (1967), Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of (1974) Guidelines for interpretation of water quality in all the locations except Paikgacha. The RSBC of ground was decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and respectively. The KR of surface water of these sources were that, most of the water resources are more subjected to India Private Limited. New Delhi, p 498. for irrigation. Technical Bulletin, University of water was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in respect of 3.33, 3.902, 4.1033, 5.53 and 1.776 respectively which are Permeability Index (PI) Terokhada. But, the SR of surface water exhibited Sodium hazard in the study area (Shammi et al., 2016). water. EC and H of collected surface water samples was California committee of consultants, California, USA, surface water in Phultala and Dighalia. RSBC of ground presented in Fig. 10. T Kelly WP (1963), Use of Saline Irrigation Water. Soil Science insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction pp 20-28. water of Phultala was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in Total Hardness (H ) The Permeability Index (PI)of ground water of different 95(4): 355-391. locations. All the SR of both of surface and ground water are T to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2004), good (SR< 1) for irrigation purposes (NDLI, n.d.). As, the SR respect of Dumuria, Paikgacha and Terokhada. On the other The KR of surface water was higher than that of ground sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Khodapanah L, Sulaiman WNA and Khodapanah N (2009), water in all the locations except Phultala. The KR of ground The Total Hardness (H ) of ground water of different sources Terokhada) of Khulna district were 87.29%, 95.71%, 88.10%, all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No Soil survey laboratory manual. soil survey of ground water is low than surface water (except Phultala) is hand, the RSBC of surface water exhibited insignificant T Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different water exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% significance (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha and Terokhada) of 75.52% and 89.44%respectively. The PIof surface water of SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in investigation report no. 42, version 4.0, USDA-NRCS, preferable to use for irrigation. difference (at 5% significance level) among the locations.The Purposes in Eshtehard District. European Journal of level) in respect of surface water of all the locations. Khulna district were 600.13, 534, 615.12, 484 and 429 mg l-1 these sources were 94.68%, 99.48%, 104.93%, 96.63%and Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the Nebraska, USA. RSBC of both of ground and surface water was high due to Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran 36(4): 543-553. Statistically, the KR of ground water of Phultala was respectively. The H of surface water of these sources were 106.01% respectively which are presented in Fig. 12. sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) - T the high content of HCO of the sources. All the samples -1 sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that 3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased and Paikgacha was 403.52, 228.9, 189.25, 316.55 and 208.9 mg l respectively Lanyon LE and Heald WR(1982), Magnesium, Calcium, (1976), Quality Criteria for Water, EPA-440/9-76-023. both of ground and surface water are very high alkaline water The PI of surface water was higher than that of ground water should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is Strontium and Barium In: Methods of soil analysis. The residual sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC) of ground water decreased in respect of Dumuria, Dighalia and Terokhada. which are presented in Fig. 11. Wilcox LV (1955), Classification and use of irrigation (> 10 meq l-1) and plants suffer with alkaline hazard by using in all locations and statistically, the PI of ground water was easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, Part II. 2nd Ed., Agronomy. American Society of of different sources (Dumuria, Phultala, Dighalia, Paikgacha On the other hand, the KR of surface water exhibited waters. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, as irrigation (Gupta and Gupta, 1987). H of ground water was higher than that of surface water in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in respect of surface water the surface water should use for irrigation with proper Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA 09: and Terokhada) of Khulna district were 28.6, 41.2, 29.6, insignificant difference (at 5% significance level) among the T Washington, D.C., USA, p 19. 20.37 and 26.13 meq l-1 respectively. The RSBC of surface locations. Among the ground water sources, Among the all the locations but exhibited insignificant difference (at 5% in Paikgacha and Dighalia. The PI of ground water of treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir. 252-255.